tulipe原创翻译之——能源[2006.06.10]最新更新-超级军网

Alternative Energy  Canola and soya to the rescueMay 4th 2006| <city wst="on"></city>AUSTIN<city></city>     <place wst="on"></place><state wst="on"></state>TEXAS<state></state><place></place>From the economist print edition  As petrol prices rise, policymakers and venture capitalists are suddenly embracing funky alternatives. Will the fad last?  In his long career in country music, Willie Nelson has always been on the leftish side of things. Now at 73, he is in the vanguard. Mr Nelson, who lives on a ranch outside <city wst="on"></city><place wst="on"></place>Austin<place></place><city></city>, powers his Mercedes with the help of vegetable oil. He has even created his own line of this cleaner-burning diesel blend, “BioWillie”, which is distributed at several sites in <state wst="on"></state><place wst="on"></place>Texas<place></place><state></state> and is going national, too. Mr Nelson argues that it will help <country-region wst="on"></country-region><place wst="on"></place>America<place></place><country-region></country-region>’s farmers, truckers and the environment while, at the same time, reducing dependence on foreign oil.  可再生能源  用油菜和大豆解燃眉之急  随着原油价格的上涨，政府决策者和风险投资家们一下子都成了时髦的可再生能源的拥趸。这一潮流能长久吗？  Willie Nelson在他从事乡村音乐事业的生涯中总是对事物持激进的态度。如今，73岁的他仍然走在时代的前列。住在Austin郊外一处农场的Nelson先生，是使用植物燃油发动他的奔驰车的。他甚至自己建立了一家使用这种清洁燃烧的混合柴油燃料的运输公司——“生物Willie”。其路线遍布德州并将向全国范围发展。Nelson先生宣称说他的公司能够帮助美国的农民、卡车司机和美国的环境，同时也会减少美国对进口石油的依赖。

With enough petrol prices causing havoc in <place wst="on"></place><city wst="on"></city>Washington<city></city>, <state wst="on"></state>DC<state></state><place></place>, everyone is casting about for alternatives. Soyabeans, canola (rapeseed ), switchgrass, anything, is being investigated. Even George Bush, a former oilman with a devout following in the industry, called last week for more research into ethanol and biodiesel—two key types of biofuels—and boldly predicted that “ethanol will release gasoline consumption”. Jim Woolsey, a former head of the CIA and a borderline neoconservative, notes that developing biofuels is in the national interest, since it is high time <place wst="on"></place><country-region wst="on"></country-region>America<country-region></country-region><place></place> weaned itself off Saudi oil and thus stopped funding fanatical Wahhabism. 华盛顿早已经受够了高油价带来的麻烦了，每个人都在寻找可再生能源。从大豆、油菜（油菜籽）到柳枝稷（Switchgrass）每种东西都有人在研究。即使是乔治-布什这位对石油工业极为忠心耿耿的前石油人，上个星期也提出要增加对乙醇和生物柴油——两种主要的生物燃料——的研究，他还大胆地预测说“乙醇燃料将缓解人们对汽油的消费需求”。Jim Woolsey一位前CIA高层和新保守主义者认为发展生物燃料关乎（美国的）国家利益，因为现在该是美国戒断自己对沙特石油的依赖进而停止资助瓦哈比主义（见译注1）的时候了。

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-12 8:07:40编辑过]

Alternative Energy  Canola and soya to the rescueMay 4th 2006| <city wst="on"></city>AUSTIN<city></city>     <place wst="on"></place><state wst="on"></state>TEXAS<state></state><place></place>From the economist print edition  As petrol prices rise, policymakers and venture capitalists are suddenly embracing funky alternatives. Will the fad last?  In his long career in country music, Willie Nelson has always been on the leftish side of things. Now at 73, he is in the vanguard. Mr Nelson, who lives on a ranch outside <city wst="on"></city><place wst="on"></place>Austin<place></place><city></city>, powers his Mercedes with the help of vegetable oil. He has even created his own line of this cleaner-burning diesel blend, “BioWillie”, which is distributed at several sites in <state wst="on"></state><place wst="on"></place>Texas<place></place><state></state> and is going national, too. Mr Nelson argues that it will help <country-region wst="on"></country-region><place wst="on"></place>America<place></place><country-region></country-region>’s farmers, truckers and the environment while, at the same time, reducing dependence on foreign oil.  可再生能源  用油菜和大豆解燃眉之急  随着原油价格的上涨，政府决策者和风险投资家们一下子都成了时髦的可再生能源的拥趸。这一潮流能长久吗？  Willie Nelson在他从事乡村音乐事业的生涯中总是对事物持激进的态度。如今，73岁的他仍然走在时代的前列。住在Austin郊外一处农场的Nelson先生，是使用植物燃油发动他的奔驰车的。他甚至自己建立了一家使用这种清洁燃烧的混合柴油燃料的运输公司——“生物Willie”。其路线遍布德州并将向全国范围发展。Nelson先生宣称说他的公司能够帮助美国的农民、卡车司机和美国的环境，同时也会减少美国对进口石油的依赖。

With enough petrol prices causing havoc in <place wst="on"></place><city wst="on"></city>Washington<city></city>, <state wst="on"></state>DC<state></state><place></place>, everyone is casting about for alternatives. Soyabeans, canola (rapeseed ), switchgrass, anything, is being investigated. Even George Bush, a former oilman with a devout following in the industry, called last week for more research into ethanol and biodiesel—two key types of biofuels—and boldly predicted that “ethanol will release gasoline consumption”. Jim Woolsey, a former head of the CIA and a borderline neoconservative, notes that developing biofuels is in the national interest, since it is high time <place wst="on"></place><country-region wst="on"></country-region>America<country-region></country-region><place></place> weaned itself off Saudi oil and thus stopped funding fanatical Wahhabism. 华盛顿早已经受够了高油价带来的麻烦了，每个人都在寻找可再生能源。从大豆、油菜（油菜籽）到柳枝稷（Switchgrass）每种东西都有人在研究。即使是乔治-布什这位对石油工业极为忠心耿耿的前石油人，上个星期也提出要增加对乙醇和生物柴油——两种主要的生物燃料——的研究，他还大胆地预测说“乙醇燃料将缓解人们对汽油的消费需求”。Jim Woolsey一位前CIA高层和新保守主义者认为发展生物燃料关乎（美国的）国家利益，因为现在该是美国戒断自己对沙特石油的依赖进而停止资助瓦哈比主义（见译注1）的时候了。
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-12 8:07:40编辑过]

Unfortunately for Mr Bush’s political fortunes, a biofuels revolution will not happen in time to ease <country-region wst="on"><place wst="on">America</place></country-region>’s current pain at the pump. Right now—ethanol—a clean burning high-octane alcohol typically derived from corn in America, or sugar in Brazil—accounts for just 3% of America’s petrol use, though American cars can handle a 10% ethanol blend. Biodiesel is used even less.  不过，生物燃料革命并不能解决美国现在面临的油价高涨的痛苦处境，这对布什先生的政治前途可不是一个好消息。虽然，美国的汽车可以使用混有10%乙醇的混合燃料，但现在乙醇——一种清洁燃烧的高辛烷醇类，一般在美国提炼自玉米在巴西则由糖来提炼——只占全美燃料消耗量的3%。而生物柴油的使用量则更少。 But government policy is beginning to lift biofuels from obscurity. In <state wst="on">Montana</state>, <state wst="on">Hawaii</state> and <state wst="on">Minnesota</state> all petrol must contain 10% ethanol, while <place wst="on"><state wst="on">Washington</state></place> state requires petrol and diesel to contain 2% renewable fuel by volume. For both ethanol and biodiesel, Congress has mandated a near double of production by 2012. Both blends, notes Mr Woolsey approvingly, need little new infrastructure to support them (unlike, say, hydrogen fuel-cell cars). Ethanol can be dispensed at regular petrol stations and works, within limits, in today’s cars. Biodiesel fuelling stations, such as those for BioWillie, are popping up around in <place wst="on"><country-region wst="on">America</country-region></place>.  不过，政府的政策正在将生物燃料从不为人知推向前台。在蒙大拿、夏威夷和明尼苏达州所有的汽车燃油又要添加10%的乙醇，而华盛顿州则规定所出售的汽油和柴油燃料必须添加占容积2%的可再生燃料。国会已经下达了到2012年将乙醇和生物柴油的产量都增加一倍的法令。据Woolsey先生称，这两种混合燃料都不需要什么新的基础设施的配套支持（这一点与氢燃料电池汽车不同）。乙醇可以在普通的加油站加注并在现有的汽车上发挥一定的作用。而像“生物Willie”这样的生物柴油加油站也正在全美范围如雨后春笋般蓬勃发展。 All is not perfect. Ethanol is typically blended with regular fuel, and a widespread switchover to an ethanol blend (a result of another provision of last year’s energy bill) has contributed to some petrol shortages in <state wst="on"><place wst="on">Texas</place></state> and elsewhere, as the supply chain creaks into life. Sceptics argue that growing crops for ethanol will burn more petrol than it will save. But others are persuaded, despite the teething pains. “If I had to bet 100 bucks, I’d bet on biofuels,” says Hunter Lovins, co-author of “Natural Capitalism”, adding that she would favour them even over plug-in hybrids and hydrogen fuel cells. Rich investors are also bullish. Richard Branson, a British entrepreneur who heads the Virgin conglomerate, recently announced plans to invest up to $<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="400" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">400m</chmetcnv> in ethanol production.  世上没什么东西是完美的。乙醇必须与普通燃油混合使用，而随着乙醇混合燃料供应链的启动，换用乙醇混合燃料的普及（这是去年的另一个能源法案的产物）已经使德克萨斯及其他地方的燃料供应发生了短缺。而（乙醇混合燃料的）反对者则称种植提炼乙醇所需的作物消耗的燃料将比使用它而省下的燃料还要多。尽管万事开头难，但还是有很多人被这个项目打动了。“我愿意为生物燃料下100美元的赌注”，《自然资本论》一书的合著者Hunter Lovins说，她补充说她对生物燃料的偏爱甚至超过了混合动力和氢燃料电池。富有的投资者们也看好这个市场，英国维珍集团的创始人Richard Branson最近宣布，他计划投入4亿美元用于乙醇的生产。

Can production be scaled up? A recent bioengineering breakthrough means that it should soon be possible to convert plant products far more efficiently to ethanol. This lends promise to cellulosic ethanol—a product that can be made from agricultural “waste”, such as corn cobs or weeds, which is widely available. (Once corn kernels and sugar-cane sap have been taken away for sugar, they leave plenty of stalks and leaves behind.) The most promising source of cellulosic ethanol, say experts, is switchgrass, a native American grass that grown naturally in the prairie heartland and thrives in the poor Mississippi Delta.  那生物燃料的产量还能增大吗？生物工程的一项最新突破告诉我们用农作物提炼乙醇的效率很快就可以得到提高。这项新技术赋予了纤维质提炼乙醇成功的希望，这种物质可以用大量存在的玉米棒、野草等“农业废物”来生产。（当玉米粒和甘蔗的汁液被分离用于制糖后，总会残留下大量的茎和叶。）而据专家说，最有希望的纤维乙醇生产原料是柳枝稷（Switchgrass），这种原产于美国的草天然遍布于中部的大草原和贫穷的密西西比河三角洲。 Biodiesel, as yet, is a smaller enterprise. Its plants require less capital than those for ethanol. It is growing fast—sales volume tripled, to <chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="75" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">75m</chmetcnv> gallons, between 2004 and 2005—but that is still a drop in the tanker of the 60 billion gallons of diesel that Americans consume each year. Much of the stuff is made from soyabeans, and Jeff Plowman of Austin Biofuels, a tiny start-up, notes that soyabean futures are tracking the price of heating oil for the first time. In <state wst="on"><place wst="on">Texas</place></state>, Mr Plowman also sees potential for cottonseed oil, a byproduct of cotton production. Elsewhere, there is even talk of producing biodiesel from pig manure. 而生物柴油的产业则要小一点。开展生物柴油的生产不需要像乙醇那样投入那么多资金。这一产业现在正在高速发展——在2004到2005年间其产量翻了三番达到了7500万加仑——但这和美国每年消耗的600亿加仑柴油比起来只是沧海一粟。这种燃料主要用大豆来生产，据Austin生物燃料公司的Jeff Plowman说，大豆期货已经史无前例的追随着原油价格而发生了上涨。在德州，Plowman先生还发现了棉花籽油——一种棉花生产的副产品的潜在价值。此外，甚至有人在讨论用猪粪生产生物柴油了。 A few hiccups have curbed the enthusiasm. In <state wst="on"><place wst="on">Minnesota</place></state>, a mandate to have 2% diesel made from soya was suspended last year when truckers began to complain of clogged filters. But it was fairly quickly reinstated. 一个不和谐的声音给人们的狂热提了个醒。在明尼苏达州，去年颁布了一项2%的柴油需要由大豆来生产的法令，而卡车司机们则开始抱怨这种燃料造成的机油滤清器堵塞。不过这一问题很快就得以解决。 Could biofuels, in addition to easing the strain on the environment and on wallets, help to save American farms? Some policymakers certainly hold out this dream, particularly in the <place wst="on">Midwest</place>, where ethanol and biodiesel production is concentrated. <state wst="on">Montana</state>’s Democratic governor, Brain Schweitzer, who uses biodiesel (made for example from canola) in his own Volkswagen Jetta, bubbles optimism about a technology that he hopes “will jump-start rural <country-region wst="on"><place wst="on">America</place></country-region>”. He points out that <country-region wst="on"><place wst="on">America</place></country-region> exports masses of wheat, soyabeans and corn, and talks of “convert[ing] those export acres to biofuels”. When the 2007 farm bill is debated, he hopes for “a vision that helps American farmers once again produce their own horsepower on their own farms”. This “vision” would include federal crop insurance for farmers who grow canola, safflower and camelina, bringing them up to the level of wheat and soyabeans. 生物燃料能够缓解美国环境、财政的吃紧，并帮助拯救美国农业吗？一些决策者确实持有这一梦想，特别是在乙醇和生物柴油生产集中的中西部地区。蒙大拿州的官员，Brain Schweitzer，就在他的大众捷达车上使用用油菜生产的生物柴油，鼓吹这一他认为“将给美国的农村地区注入活力”的技术的利好前景。他指出，美国向他国出口大量的小麦、大豆和玉米，并提出“将这些用于出口的农田转向生物燃料的生产”。现在2007年度的农业法案已经开始讨论了，他希望“能够看到一个让美国农民在自己的农产里生产自己的燃料，从而再次帮助他们的远景”。这个“远景”将包括联邦政府给与种植油菜、红花和亚麻荠的农民农业保险，从而将这些作物的种植量提高到小麦和大豆的水平。

The notion of American farmers defying the tide of capitalism to grow their own fuel is a glorious delusion. But Mr Schweitzer is right that Congress has some big decisions to make about biofuels. To what extent, if any, should government subsidies this nascent industry? Already it has received plenty of help. Ethanol producers get a tax credit 51 cents a gallon, much to the delight of industry powerhouses such as Archer Daniels Midland. There is also a 54 cents-a-gallon tariff on imports of ethanol from <country-region wst="on"><place wst="on">Brazil</place></country-region>. Starting with the removal of that tariff, Congress needs to rethink its wrong-headed energy policies. Nathanael Greene, of the Natural Resources Defence Council, argues that the federal government’s most important immediate step should be to enact a loan guarantee to create American’s first cellulostic ethanol plant, which would probably be built in <state wst="on"><place wst="on">Idaho</place></state>. 认为是美国农民的利益激起了资本家们纷纷投入到生产自己的燃料的事业的说法只是个华丽的幌子。不过，Schweitzer先生关于国会需要在生物燃料方面做出一些重大决策的想法是正确的。那么政府需要如果有的话在多大的范围内为这一方兴未艾的产业提供补贴呢？它已经得到了大量的资助了。乙醇生产商生产<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="加仑" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" tcsc="1">一加仑</chmetcnv>产品可以减51美分的税，这让Archer Daniel Midland这样的工业巨擎欣喜不已。而且美国还对产自巴西的乙醇征收54美分<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="加仑" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" tcsc="1">一加仑</chmetcnv>的关税。国会应该重新考虑它能源政策的错误导向，作为开始，国会应取消上述关税。国会自然资源保护委员会的Nathanael Greene说联邦政府当下最应该采取的行动是为可能在爱达荷州建立的美国首个纤维质乙醇生产厂提供贷款担保。 If biofuels do take off, environmentalists and policymakers will still be unable to relax. Mr Greene emphasizes, rightly, that biofuels are “not a sliver bullet”. His organization argues that although American production could rise to 100 billion gallons of biofuels by 2050, such changes also need to be combined with improved fuel efficiency and better city planning. (Environmentalists also worry about the pesticides involved in a big American agriculture push.) More flex-fuel vehicles, which can take up to 85% ethanol blended with petrol, would be particularly sensible. On such matters, the rest of the world has led the way. 即使生物燃料产业发展起来，环境保护主义者和政府决策者还是不能松懈。Greene先生强调，生物燃料“也不是万灵丹”（译注2）他所属的组织称即使美国的生物燃料产量能在2050年达到1000亿加仑，要让这一改革对解决能源问题起到作用仍然需要燃料利用效能提升和城市规划改进的配合。（环境保护主义者们还担心美国农业大规模需求推动杀虫剂用量的骤增。）发展更多能使用乙醇含量达85%的燃料的汽车是一个好主意。在这方面世界其他国家已经走在了美国前面。 译注：1. Wahhabism 沙特的伊斯兰教派，瓦哈比主义（Wahhabism）是沙特国家所奉行的官方意识形态。该伊斯兰教派通过在全球各地建造清真寺与古兰经学校来向全世界推广自己的教义。      2. Silver bullet: 直译为“银子弹”，英语俚语的意思为：a magical solution to a problem, e.g. a cure for cancer ( informal )        此处我认为应该译为灵丹妙药或万灵丹等意思。

今后，我关于能源问题的翻译文章都发在这个帖自里。所有文章内容并不代表楼主的看法。欢迎大家讨论与指正。另：此文并非于超大首发。我和一些志同道合的朋友正在创建一个翻译和分享《economist》杂志的网站。对此感兴趣的朋友也可与我联系。^_^

谢谢楼主的精彩翻译！！！！

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-12 8:17:58编辑过]

Clever though this is, it is just a stepping stone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and, in particular, laptops—the application that remains the industry's holy grail. It is not simply the case of slotting in a fuel cell in place of the battery. Instead, it involves switching from a battery to a hybrid power source that combines a battery with a fuel cell, argues Jim Balcom of PolyFuel, a leading maker of components for directmethanol fuel cells based in Mountain View, California. “People think it's batteries against fuel cells—it's not,” he says. “It's about battery augmentation.” In a laptop, the fuel cell will provide a constant amount of power, topped up by the battery during periods of peak demand. This hybrid power source will provide at least double the running time of today's battery-powered systems—with the option of using extra fuel cartridges. 虽然这很聪明，但它只能算是通往直接将燃料电池与便携设备整合的道路上的垫脚石，特别是对笔记本电脑而言——这一设备现在仍是工业界的圣杯。这不是简单的把燃料电池塞进原来普通电池的插槽的问题。相反，它包括从普通电池转向普通电池和燃料电池的混合能源，PolyFuel公司的Jim Balcom说，他所在的公司坐落于加利福尼亚的Mountain View, 是直接甲醇燃料电池元件方面的领跑者。“人们认为这是普通电池与燃料电池的竞争，其实不然”他说：“这是对电池的增大。”燃料电池将为笔记本电脑提供稳定的能源供应，而在能源需求较大的时候普通电池将会给它充电。这种混合能源——通过使用纯燃料充填部件——将比今天的普通电池提供至少多一倍的使用时间 The complexity of such systems, along with their high cost, relatively low efficiency (most prototypes still produce more heat than electrical power) and the unresolved question of standards for refill cartridges, collectively explain why fuel-cell-powered laptops have been perpetually two years away for so long, says Ms Bradford. But, she says, “I think it really could be two years away this time.” Laptops powered by direct-methanol fuel cells are getting close to market, she says; every year the prototypes get smaller and more efficient. Demand is clear, and today's lithium-ion battery technology is reaching its theoretical limits. 这种系统的复杂性，以及高成本和明显的低效能（大多数的样机发热量仍然比普通供电方式要高），还有没有解决的再充填标准问题，共同解释了为什么燃料电池供电的笔记本电脑总是离上市还有两年的原因，Bradford女士说。不过，她说，“我相信，这次它是真的离上市只有两年时间了。”由直接甲醇燃料电池供电的笔记本电脑正离上市越来越近，她说；每年新的样机都会变得更小和更加高效。需求是明显的，而今天的离电池技术也已经到了它的理论极限了。 Mr Balcom's firm has licensed its fuel-cell membrane technology to several large electronics firms, including NEC and Sanyo, the world's biggest maker of rechargeable batteries. PolyFuel's shipments of membranes are ramping up steadily, and the company's customers are preparing for commercial launch of fuel-cell-based portable devices in 2007-08, he says. They anticipate that 30% of laptops will incorporate fuel cells, “though we would be happy with 10%” says Mr Balcom. (Around <chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="65" unitname="m">65m</chmetcnv> laptops were sold in 2005.) Balcom先生的公司已经给予了数家大电子公司燃料电池薄膜技术的使用许可，其中包括世界上最大的充电电池生产商，NEC和三洋。PolyFuel公司的出货量稳步上升，而它的客户们则准备在2007到08年进行基于燃料电池的便携设备的商业部署，他说。他们估计30%的笔记本电脑将配有燃料电池，“虽然有10%我们就会很开心了”Balcom先生说。（2005年出售的笔记本电脑量大约有6500万台。）

Business travellers are expected to be the keenest adopters of the new technology. But will they be allowed to use fuel cells on planes? Earlier this year the International Civil Aviation Organisation, which regulates such matters, voted to allow the use of direct-methanol fuel cells that meet certain criteria from January 2007—a “giant step”, says Ms Bradford. But so far the rules do not allow the use of borohydride fuel cells, such as the Medis design. Mr Lifton insists that there is no regulation that prevents the use of his company's device on aircraft, however, since “it is no more flammable or toxic than a T-shirt or a newspaper.” If regulators disagree, he says, “I'll sue them.” 上午旅行者被认为可能是新技术的最热情的尝试者。不过，他们会被允许在飞机上使用燃料电池吗？今年早些时候，负责管理这一问题的，国际民用航空器组织投票通过了从2007年起允许使用部分符合相关标准的直接甲醇燃料电池——这是一个“巨大的进步”，Bradford先生说。不过，规则不允许使用像Medis公司设计的那类硼氢化钠燃料电池。而Lifton先生则称没有规则会阻止他公司生产的设备用在航空器上面，因为“它不比一件T-恤或者一张报纸更加易燃或者有毒。”如果制定规则的人不同意，他说，“我会说服他们的。” In short, portable fuel cells must still overcome both technical and regulatory hurdles, but progress is being made on both fronts. Ms Bradford expects sales of <chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3" unitname="m">3m</chmetcnv> devices next year, and <chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="80" unitname="m">80m</chmetcnv> in 2012. Most people will use a fuel cell in a portable device long before they encounter one in a car, Mr Balcom predicts. And for the recipients of Medis's fuel cell, which provides a glimpse of this future, that could be as soon as this month. 总的来说，便携式燃料电池还要越过技术和规则两大阻碍，不过在这两方面现在都在取得进展。Bradford女士估计明年（燃料电池）将卖出300万块，而2012年将达到8000万块。Balcom先生预测大多数人将在燃料电池车之前用上燃料电池便携设备。而对于那些燃料电池的获赠者来说，这个月他们就可以抢先领略未来（的科技发展）了。 译注：1.
所謂直接甲醇燃料電池(Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)，它屬於質子交換膜燃料電池(PEMFC)中之一類，係直接使用液態甲醇為燃料供給來源，而不需透過重組器重組甲醇、汽油及天然氣等再取出氫以供發電。相較於質子交換膜燃料電池(PEMFC) ，直接甲醇燃料電池 (DMFC) 低溫生電、燃料成分危險性低與生電結構簡單等特性使直接甲醇燃料電池
(DMFC)成為可攜式電子產品應用的主流。直接甲醇燃料電池的運作原理 直接甲醇燃料電池含有陰陽兩個電極，而兩個電極間則為具有滲透性的薄膜所構成。其電解質為離子交換膜，薄膜的表面則塗有可以加速反應之觸媒。甲醇溶液透過陽極進入燃料電池，氧氣則由陰極進入燃料電池。經由觸媒的作用使得甲醇所含的氫原子 (hydrogen) 裂解成質子（proton）與電子（electron），其中質子被氧吸引到薄膜的另一邊，電子則經由外電路形成電流後到達陰極，與氧(O2)形成水(H2O)。
<table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0" style="MARGIN: auto auto auto 36pt; WIDTH: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td width="15%" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 15%; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"> </td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;">直接甲醇燃料電池(DMFC)反應式如下： 陽極： CH3OH + H2 O <shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_i1025" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 5.25pt;"><imagedata ohref="http://www.antig.com/t_chinese/tech/arrow.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Sj\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></imagedata></shape>CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- 陰極： 3/2O2 + 6H+ + 6e <shape id="_x0000_i1026" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 5.25pt;"><imagedata ohref="http://www.antig.com/t_chinese/tech/arrow.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Sj\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></imagedata></shape>3 H2O 全反應： CH3OH + 3/2O2 <shape id="_x0000_i1027" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 5.25pt;"><imagedata ohref="http://www.antig.com/t_chinese/tech/arrow.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Sj\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></imagedata></shape>CO2 + 2 H2O</td></tr></tbody></table>相关链接：http://www.antig.com/t_chinese/tech.html     2．International Civil Aviation Organisation：国际民用航空组织；是协调世界各国政府在民用航空领域内各种经济和法律事务、制定航空技术国际标准的重要组织。１９４４年１１月１日至１２月７日，５２个国家在美国芝加哥举行国际民用航空会议，签订了《国际民用航空公约》（简称芝加哥公约），并决定成立过渡性的临时国际民用航空组织。１９４７年４月４日芝加哥公约生效，国际民用航空组织正式成立，同年５月１３日成为联合国的一个专门机构。秘书处为处理日常工作的机构。总部设在加拿大的蒙特利尔。