[原创翻译]路透社：珠海航展标志中国雄心

原文：http://cn.reuters.com/article/co ... CNL5E8MG0J820121116

AIRSHOW-China pushes exports, flags ambitions at arms fair

航展 -- 中国推动武器出口，标志军火市场雄心

By Tim Hepher

ZHUHAI, China, Nov 16 (Reuters) - China is flexing its muscles as an arms exporter with a growing array of indigenous weaponry, offering something for most budgets in the global arms bazaar and revealing its wider ambitions to strategic rivals and watchful neighbours.

珠海，中国，11月16日（路透社）-- 随着日益增加的国产武器序列，中国正在展示它作为军火出口国的实力，提供能够在全球军火市场赢得多数预算的玩意以及在战略对手和警惕的邻居面前，显露更大的雄心。

As a new leadership was anointed in Beijing and the world looked on to see what direction it might take over the next decade, military officials from Africa to Southeast Asia were shopping for Chinese weapons in the country's south.

随着北京的新一届领导人被选定，当全世界都在关注他们掌权的下一个十年会如何发展时，从非洲到东南亚的军官们正在中国的南部购买该国的武器。

Change has come fast in China, now the world's second-largest economy, and with its rise has come a new sense of military assertiveness with a growing budget to develop modern warfare equipment including aircraft carriers and drones.

作为目前世界第二大经济体，中国快速变革的时代到来了，随着它的崛起，一种新的军事自信感出现了，不断增长的预算用来发展现代化的作战装备，包括航空母舰和无人驾驶飞机。

All the signs point to newly named Communist Party chief Xi Jinping, who is slated to become president next March, continuing China's aggressive military modernisation.

种种迹象都表明，最新就任的中共中央总书记、将在明年三月被提名为国家主席的XJP，正在继续实施中国的进攻性军事现代化进程。

Now the world's fourth-largest arms exporter, China laid out its wares this week at an air show in Zhuhai, a palm-lined port between Macau and Hong Kong that becomes a heavily armed industry showcase every other November.

作为目前世界上第四大军火出口国，中国本周在珠海航展上推出了它的新产品。珠海是一个生长着成排棕榈树的港口城市，位于澳门和香港之间，每隔一年的11月，这里就会变成全副武装的工业展示橱窗。

In the 10 years to 2011, China's foreign military sales have increased 95 percent, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

根据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所（SIPRI）统计，在2011年前的10年间，中国的对外军事销售额已经增长了95%。

Among dozens of items shown publicly for the first time this week were Chinese attack helicopters, missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles and air defences. As usual, the exhibit halls contained everything from shoulder-fired weapons to cruise missiles.

本周，在数十种首次公开展示的展品当中，包括中国的攻击直升机、导弹、无人驾驶飞行器和防空武器。像往常一样，展厅里包含了所有的东西，从肩射式武器到巡航导弹。

"China is getting more aggressive in the export market as its own industrial base develops," said Doug Barrie, senior fellow for Military Aerospace at the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies.

“随着中国自身工业基础的发展，中国正在出口市场上具有更多的积极性。”总部设在伦敦的国际战略研究所军用航空航天资深研究员巴里·道说。

"It looks at Russia and the U.S. as examples of how you can use the export arena to help develop your own industries."

“它把俄罗斯和美国视为例子，学习如何利用出口领域来帮助发展本国工业。”

Between them, Washington and Moscow account for more than half of the world's $410 billion in arms sales, but opportunities abound for China as the United States looks to cut its military spending to manage its mounting debt.

在他们之间，华盛顿和莫斯科占据了全世界军火销售总额4100亿美元的一半以上。但是，随着美国为了管理日益高涨的债务而寄望于削减军费开支，中国获得了机会。

Still, U.S. spending dwarfs that of China. In its annual report on the Chinese military, the Pentagon in May estimated Beijing's total 2012 spending would be between $120 billion and $180 billion. Washington will spend $614 billion on its military this year.

尽管如此，美国的开支仍然远超中国。今年五月，五角大楼在关于中国军力的年度报告中估计，北京2012年总军费开支可能在1200亿到1800亿美元之间。华盛顿今年的军费开支将达到6140亿美元。

Most of Beijing's trade is done with small states outside of the European Union, which like the United States, put China under an arms embargo after the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests in 1989.

北京的大多数交易对象都是欧盟之外的小国，欧盟像美国一样，在89年事件后对中国实行武器禁运。

Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran and Myanmar are among China's biggest clients, with aircraft at the top of their shopping lists, SIPRI data shows.

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的数据显示，中国最大的客户包括巴基斯坦、孟加拉国、伊朗和缅甸，飞机是他们采购最多的商品。

Beijing does not release official figures for arms sales. Foreign estimates put the figure at about $2 billion in 2011.

北京没有公布军火交易的官方数字。外国估计，这个数字在2011年大约是200亿美元。

STAR OF SHOW: STEALTH FIGHTER

航展明星：隐形战斗机

The undisputed star of the show this week was a sleek, quarter-sized model of China's second stealth fighter, dubbed the J-31 by most Western analysts.

本周航展上无可争议的明星，是一架外表光滑、四分之一大小的中国第二种隐形战斗机模型，大多数西方分析家称之为歼-31。

Although officially a concept plane, it bore what industry bible Aviation Week called a "striking resemblance" to a mystery jet that flew briefly at the end of October.

虽然官方只把它当作概念机，它已经博得了行业圣经《航空周刊》的关注，《航空周刊》称它与一种曾在10月底短暂飞行的神秘飞机“惊人地相似”。

Photographs of the jet leaked, or orchestrated to look like a leak, and emerged on the Internet days before this week's Communist Party Congress and leadership handover, and confirmed China's place in a select club of stealth-capable nations.

这种飞机的照片泄漏出来，或者说经过精心策划而类似于泄漏，并在本周的共产党全国代表大会及领导层交接的几天前出现在互联网上。它确认了中国在具有隐形能力的少数国家俱乐部中的地位。

"China has stood up," said John Pike, director of Virginia-based GlobalSecurity.org, an expert on industry strategy.

“中国已经站起来了。”位于弗吉尼亚州的“全球安全”网站主管、工业战略专家约翰·派克说。

Only the United States has successfully produced more than one stealth jet and the challenges facing China's less experienced developers are undoubtedly immense.

只有美国已经成功生产出了一种以上的隐形飞机，对于缺乏经验的中国开发人员来说，面临的挑战无疑是巨大的。

The unveiling also served as a reminder to its neighbours of China's growing clout as tensions rise over rival claims for territory in the East China Sea and South China Sea.

这种飞机的公布，同样是对中国邻国的一种提醒，对于中国东海和中国南海领土主权争议引发的紧张局势，中国的影响力正在不断上升。

"China is doing this as part of a political equation," said Robert Hewson, editor of IHS Jane's Air-Launched Weapons. "It has had a rapidly staged coming out but I am surprised to see it here so soon."

“中国正在把这些作为政治方程式的一部分。”IHS简氏集团空射武器编辑罗伯特·休森说。“它已经有了快速上演的展示，但是我很惊讶地看到它这么快。”

By mixing domestic and international messages, the model also filled a void left by the absence of top Chinese government officials distracted by the transition in Beijing.

通过混合的国内和国际消息，该模型还填补了中国政府高级官员由于北京权力过渡分流而缺席带来的空缺。

BASIC BUT RELIABLE

基础但是可靠

The business end of the show is about present-day realities.

本次航展的商业端是关于当今的现实。

After relying heavily on Russian and to a lesser extent Israeli technology in the 1990s, China is pushing exports of home-grown equipment to expand its influence in areas like Africa where it is busy buying land and forging new allies.

经历了1990年代严重依赖于俄罗斯并在较小程度上借鉴以色列技术的阶段后，中国正在推动国产装备的出口，以扩大它在非洲等地区的影响力。在非洲，中国正在忙于购买土地并建立新的联盟。

"The Chinese used to simply produce cheap knockoffs of their basic Russian equipment. They have made very considerable advances, but still have problems, particularly with engines," said Simon Wezeman, senior researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

“中国人曾经仅仅生产俄制基础装备的廉价仿制品。他们已经取得了相当大的进步，但仍然存在问题，特别是在发动机方面。”斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所高级研究员西蒙·韦泽曼说。

"On some technology, they are now competitive on technology with European arms exports and very competitive on price."

“在一些技术上，他们现在与欧洲武器出口商相比，在技术方面有一定竞争力，在价格上非常有竞争力。”

China has sold defence systems and co-developed a derivative of a Russian fighter with Pakistan and done smaller deals with African countries. There is also interest from Latin America.

中国已经出售了防御系统，并且与巴基斯坦共同开发了一款俄罗斯战斗机的衍生品，与一些非洲国家进行了规模较小的交易。拉美国家也表示了兴趣。

Western analysts say China has a reputation for selling basic but reliable equipment with relatively few questions asked about its use, a key selling point.

西方分析家说，中国的声誉是销售基础但是可靠的装备，在使用方面具有相对较少的问题，这是一个关键的卖点。

But the range of products on display in Zhuhai is both increasing and gradually moving up in value, while remaining a decade or two behind the most advanced U.S. equipment.

但是，在珠海展览的产品范围，不仅数量增加，价值也在逐步提升，虽然它们比美国最先进的装备，仍然落后十至二十年。

COPYCAT APPROACH

模仿的手段

For the first time at Zhuhai, China showed an export version of a long-range surface-to-air missile, the truck-mounted FD-2000, and a Predator-style UAV called the Wing Loong.

在珠海作为第一次，中国展示了一种出口版本的远程地对空导弹：车载的FD-2000，还有一种类似捕食者的无人机，被称为“翼龙”。

There was also a focus on systems that build relationships such as the L-15 trainer, which won its first export deal to an unidentified country at the show.

关注焦点同样在于建立良好关系的系统，例如L-15教练机。在航展上，这种飞机与某不明国家赢得了它的第一项出口协议。

Admittedly, China's other reputation for copying what it cannot make is unlikely to disappear any time soon.

应该承认，中国的另一项声誉：复制它所不能研制的东西，不太可能会很快消除。

A parlour game among delegates is to tick off the similarities between Chinese systems and foreign platforms.

代表们在会客室里的一个游戏，就是列举出中国武器系统和国外平台之间的相似性。

"When you come and see these aircraft you relate them to what you have seen before. The K-8 is a Hawk, the J-10 a Eurofighter, the L-15 an Aermacchi M-346," said an officer with an African air force delegation, asking not to be identified.

“当你来看这些飞机，你会把它们与你以前见过的飞机联系起来。K-8是鹰式，歼-10是欧洲战斗机，L-15是马基公司的M-346。”某非洲空军代表团的一名官员如是说，他要求匿名。

"That is why some people don't want to send their planes here. You come back in five years and it's called a J-something."

“这就是有些人不愿意把他们的飞机送来的原因。你五年以后回来时，它就会被称为歼-某某。”

Organisers said a record 650 companies from 38 countries showed up to present exhibits at the ninth Zhuhai show.

组织者说，在第九届珠海航展上，来自38个国家的650家公司到场提供展品，这是个记录。

A few yards and a Chinese wall separate the military part of the show and Western aerospace suppliers striking deals with China's fledgling civil aerospace industry.

几码的距离和一道长城，隔离了航展的军用部分以及同羽翼未丰的中国民用航空工业达成协议的西方航空产品供应商。

This week's flying displays included a surprise debut of the Z-10 months after U.S. company United Technologies admitted selling software that helped Beijing develop its first modern military attack helicopter.

本周的飞行表演，包括直-10直升机令人惊奇的首秀。几个月前，美国联合技术公司承认，曾销售软件帮助北京研制它的第一种现代化军用攻击直升机。

"China's aviation industry is turning out reasonably decent products," said Pike in a telephone interview. "They are not there yet and they have a long way to go. But they are open for business."

“中国航空工业正在转向合情合理的产品。”派克在接受电话采访时说。“这些产品还不存在，他们还有很长的路要走。但是，他们已经开门，迎接商机。”

原文：http://cn.reuters.com/article/co ... CNL5E8MG0J820121116

AIRSHOW-China pushes exports, flags ambitions at arms fair

航展 -- 中国推动武器出口，标志军火市场雄心

By Tim Hepher

ZHUHAI, China, Nov 16 (Reuters) - China is flexing its muscles as an arms exporter with a growing array of indigenous weaponry, offering something for most budgets in the global arms bazaar and revealing its wider ambitions to strategic rivals and watchful neighbours.

珠海，中国，11月16日（路透社）-- 随着日益增加的国产武器序列，中国正在展示它作为军火出口国的实力，提供能够在全球军火市场赢得多数预算的玩意以及在战略对手和警惕的邻居面前，显露更大的雄心。

As a new leadership was anointed in Beijing and the world looked on to see what direction it might take over the next decade, military officials from Africa to Southeast Asia were shopping for Chinese weapons in the country's south.

随着北京的新一届领导人被选定，当全世界都在关注他们掌权的下一个十年会如何发展时，从非洲到东南亚的军官们正在中国的南部购买该国的武器。

Change has come fast in China, now the world's second-largest economy, and with its rise has come a new sense of military assertiveness with a growing budget to develop modern warfare equipment including aircraft carriers and drones.

作为目前世界第二大经济体，中国快速变革的时代到来了，随着它的崛起，一种新的军事自信感出现了，不断增长的预算用来发展现代化的作战装备，包括航空母舰和无人驾驶飞机。

All the signs point to newly named Communist Party chief Xi Jinping, who is slated to become president next March, continuing China's aggressive military modernisation.

种种迹象都表明，最新就任的中共中央总书记、将在明年三月被提名为国家主席的XJP，正在继续实施中国的进攻性军事现代化进程。

Now the world's fourth-largest arms exporter, China laid out its wares this week at an air show in Zhuhai, a palm-lined port between Macau and Hong Kong that becomes a heavily armed industry showcase every other November.

作为目前世界上第四大军火出口国，中国本周在珠海航展上推出了它的新产品。珠海是一个生长着成排棕榈树的港口城市，位于澳门和香港之间，每隔一年的11月，这里就会变成全副武装的工业展示橱窗。

In the 10 years to 2011, China's foreign military sales have increased 95 percent, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

根据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所（SIPRI）统计，在2011年前的10年间，中国的对外军事销售额已经增长了95%。

Among dozens of items shown publicly for the first time this week were Chinese attack helicopters, missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles and air defences. As usual, the exhibit halls contained everything from shoulder-fired weapons to cruise missiles.

本周，在数十种首次公开展示的展品当中，包括中国的攻击直升机、导弹、无人驾驶飞行器和防空武器。像往常一样，展厅里包含了所有的东西，从肩射式武器到巡航导弹。

"China is getting more aggressive in the export market as its own industrial base develops," said Doug Barrie, senior fellow for Military Aerospace at the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies.

“随着中国自身工业基础的发展，中国正在出口市场上具有更多的积极性。”总部设在伦敦的国际战略研究所军用航空航天资深研究员巴里·道说。

"It looks at Russia and the U.S. as examples of how you can use the export arena to help develop your own industries."

“它把俄罗斯和美国视为例子，学习如何利用出口领域来帮助发展本国工业。”

Between them, Washington and Moscow account for more than half of the world's $410 billion in arms sales, but opportunities abound for China as the United States looks to cut its military spending to manage its mounting debt.

在他们之间，华盛顿和莫斯科占据了全世界军火销售总额4100亿美元的一半以上。但是，随着美国为了管理日益高涨的债务而寄望于削减军费开支，中国获得了机会。

Still, U.S. spending dwarfs that of China. In its annual report on the Chinese military, the Pentagon in May estimated Beijing's total 2012 spending would be between $120 billion and $180 billion. Washington will spend $614 billion on its military this year.

尽管如此，美国的开支仍然远超中国。今年五月，五角大楼在关于中国军力的年度报告中估计，北京2012年总军费开支可能在1200亿到1800亿美元之间。华盛顿今年的军费开支将达到6140亿美元。

Most of Beijing's trade is done with small states outside of the European Union, which like the United States, put China under an arms embargo after the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests in 1989.

北京的大多数交易对象都是欧盟之外的小国，欧盟像美国一样，在89年事件后对中国实行武器禁运。

Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran and Myanmar are among China's biggest clients, with aircraft at the top of their shopping lists, SIPRI data shows.

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的数据显示，中国最大的客户包括巴基斯坦、孟加拉国、伊朗和缅甸，飞机是他们采购最多的商品。

Beijing does not release official figures for arms sales. Foreign estimates put the figure at about $2 billion in 2011.

北京没有公布军火交易的官方数字。外国估计，这个数字在2011年大约是200亿美元。

STAR OF SHOW: STEALTH FIGHTER

航展明星：隐形战斗机

The undisputed star of the show this week was a sleek, quarter-sized model of China's second stealth fighter, dubbed the J-31 by most Western analysts.

本周航展上无可争议的明星，是一架外表光滑、四分之一大小的中国第二种隐形战斗机模型，大多数西方分析家称之为歼-31。

Although officially a concept plane, it bore what industry bible Aviation Week called a "striking resemblance" to a mystery jet that flew briefly at the end of October.

虽然官方只把它当作概念机，它已经博得了行业圣经《航空周刊》的关注，《航空周刊》称它与一种曾在10月底短暂飞行的神秘飞机“惊人地相似”。

Photographs of the jet leaked, or orchestrated to look like a leak, and emerged on the Internet days before this week's Communist Party Congress and leadership handover, and confirmed China's place in a select club of stealth-capable nations.

这种飞机的照片泄漏出来，或者说经过精心策划而类似于泄漏，并在本周的共产党全国代表大会及领导层交接的几天前出现在互联网上。它确认了中国在具有隐形能力的少数国家俱乐部中的地位。

"China has stood up," said John Pike, director of Virginia-based GlobalSecurity.org, an expert on industry strategy.

“中国已经站起来了。”位于弗吉尼亚州的“全球安全”网站主管、工业战略专家约翰·派克说。

Only the United States has successfully produced more than one stealth jet and the challenges facing China's less experienced developers are undoubtedly immense.

只有美国已经成功生产出了一种以上的隐形飞机，对于缺乏经验的中国开发人员来说，面临的挑战无疑是巨大的。

The unveiling also served as a reminder to its neighbours of China's growing clout as tensions rise over rival claims for territory in the East China Sea and South China Sea.

这种飞机的公布，同样是对中国邻国的一种提醒，对于中国东海和中国南海领土主权争议引发的紧张局势，中国的影响力正在不断上升。

"China is doing this as part of a political equation," said Robert Hewson, editor of IHS Jane's Air-Launched Weapons. "It has had a rapidly staged coming out but I am surprised to see it here so soon."

“中国正在把这些作为政治方程式的一部分。”IHS简氏集团空射武器编辑罗伯特·休森说。“它已经有了快速上演的展示，但是我很惊讶地看到它这么快。”

By mixing domestic and international messages, the model also filled a void left by the absence of top Chinese government officials distracted by the transition in Beijing.

通过混合的国内和国际消息，该模型还填补了中国政府高级官员由于北京权力过渡分流而缺席带来的空缺。

BASIC BUT RELIABLE

基础但是可靠

The business end of the show is about present-day realities.

本次航展的商业端是关于当今的现实。

After relying heavily on Russian and to a lesser extent Israeli technology in the 1990s, China is pushing exports of home-grown equipment to expand its influence in areas like Africa where it is busy buying land and forging new allies.

经历了1990年代严重依赖于俄罗斯并在较小程度上借鉴以色列技术的阶段后，中国正在推动国产装备的出口，以扩大它在非洲等地区的影响力。在非洲，中国正在忙于购买土地并建立新的联盟。

"The Chinese used to simply produce cheap knockoffs of their basic Russian equipment. They have made very considerable advances, but still have problems, particularly with engines," said Simon Wezeman, senior researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

“中国人曾经仅仅生产俄制基础装备的廉价仿制品。他们已经取得了相当大的进步，但仍然存在问题，特别是在发动机方面。”斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所高级研究员西蒙·韦泽曼说。

"On some technology, they are now competitive on technology with European arms exports and very competitive on price."

“在一些技术上，他们现在与欧洲武器出口商相比，在技术方面有一定竞争力，在价格上非常有竞争力。”

China has sold defence systems and co-developed a derivative of a Russian fighter with Pakistan and done smaller deals with African countries. There is also interest from Latin America.

中国已经出售了防御系统，并且与巴基斯坦共同开发了一款俄罗斯战斗机的衍生品，与一些非洲国家进行了规模较小的交易。拉美国家也表示了兴趣。

Western analysts say China has a reputation for selling basic but reliable equipment with relatively few questions asked about its use, a key selling point.

西方分析家说，中国的声誉是销售基础但是可靠的装备，在使用方面具有相对较少的问题，这是一个关键的卖点。

But the range of products on display in Zhuhai is both increasing and gradually moving up in value, while remaining a decade or two behind the most advanced U.S. equipment.

但是，在珠海展览的产品范围，不仅数量增加，价值也在逐步提升，虽然它们比美国最先进的装备，仍然落后十至二十年。

COPYCAT APPROACH

模仿的手段

For the first time at Zhuhai, China showed an export version of a long-range surface-to-air missile, the truck-mounted FD-2000, and a Predator-style UAV called the Wing Loong.

在珠海作为第一次，中国展示了一种出口版本的远程地对空导弹：车载的FD-2000，还有一种类似捕食者的无人机，被称为“翼龙”。

There was also a focus on systems that build relationships such as the L-15 trainer, which won its first export deal to an unidentified country at the show.

关注焦点同样在于建立良好关系的系统，例如L-15教练机。在航展上，这种飞机与某不明国家赢得了它的第一项出口协议。

Admittedly, China's other reputation for copying what it cannot make is unlikely to disappear any time soon.

应该承认，中国的另一项声誉：复制它所不能研制的东西，不太可能会很快消除。

A parlour game among delegates is to tick off the similarities between Chinese systems and foreign platforms.

代表们在会客室里的一个游戏，就是列举出中国武器系统和国外平台之间的相似性。

"When you come and see these aircraft you relate them to what you have seen before. The K-8 is a Hawk, the J-10 a Eurofighter, the L-15 an Aermacchi M-346," said an officer with an African air force delegation, asking not to be identified.

“当你来看这些飞机，你会把它们与你以前见过的飞机联系起来。K-8是鹰式，歼-10是欧洲战斗机，L-15是马基公司的M-346。”某非洲空军代表团的一名官员如是说，他要求匿名。

"That is why some people don't want to send their planes here. You come back in five years and it's called a J-something."

“这就是有些人不愿意把他们的飞机送来的原因。你五年以后回来时，它就会被称为歼-某某。”

Organisers said a record 650 companies from 38 countries showed up to present exhibits at the ninth Zhuhai show.

组织者说，在第九届珠海航展上，来自38个国家的650家公司到场提供展品，这是个记录。

A few yards and a Chinese wall separate the military part of the show and Western aerospace suppliers striking deals with China's fledgling civil aerospace industry.

几码的距离和一道长城，隔离了航展的军用部分以及同羽翼未丰的中国民用航空工业达成协议的西方航空产品供应商。

This week's flying displays included a surprise debut of the Z-10 months after U.S. company United Technologies admitted selling software that helped Beijing develop its first modern military attack helicopter.

本周的飞行表演，包括直-10直升机令人惊奇的首秀。几个月前，美国联合技术公司承认，曾销售软件帮助北京研制它的第一种现代化军用攻击直升机。

"China's aviation industry is turning out reasonably decent products," said Pike in a telephone interview. "They are not there yet and they have a long way to go. But they are open for business."

“中国航空工业正在转向合情合理的产品。”派克在接受电话采访时说。“这些产品还不存在，他们还有很长的路要走。但是，他们已经开门，迎接商机。”