[转帖]论反动----上海老范

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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">动</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">范海辛</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反动顾名思义为反对行动,即反对变革、反对革命,维持现状、维护传统之意,故反动一词可等同于反革命。反动或反革命原本是政治学中一术语,与道德伦理无涉,但在当下中国这个特殊语境下,反动被赋予了论理学的内涵,使反动与邪恶同义。更有甚者,因为反动被等同于邪恶,故反动不仅是错误的,而且是有罪的。其罪之来源并非仅仅是因了伦理上的邪恶,而在于反动被引申为反对当局、反对政府,而反对的含义中又包含了批评。因此当下的中国,反动一词在内涵与外延上都被扩大了,凡是批评政府某一具体政策、举措的,都可被指称为广义的反动,当然,狭义的反动在特殊的语境中,主要还是指那些对统治集团心怀敌意的思想与言论。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反动一词在当下的意义溢出与误用实则非常有害,有必要对之厘清。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现在加诸于反动一词之上的,有两重误解,其一为以进步为善,以反动为恶;其二为,反动即是反政府。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">先论其一。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">进步为善、反动为恶的理念并非古已有之,而是近现代以来随着工业革命而发生的。在中世纪的欧洲,意识形态是基督教的一统天下,在其教义里,未来并不是值得期许与憧憬的天堂,而是“世界末日”与“末日审判”。在儒教统治下的中国,黄金时代仅存于传说与想象中的尧舜禹时代,人们普遍认同“天不变,道亦不变”和“不易为庸”的“中庸”观念。佛教的印度则无所谓进步与反动,因为他们相信历史是循环或轮回的。总之,进步、变革和革命等字眼在传统的农耕文化中,一直是遭贬斥的,至少也是中性的,人们也从无以进步为荣、以保守、反动为耻的伦理观念。只是随着欧洲工业革命的发生,进步、革命等字眼才逐渐变得流行起来,因为这意味着物质财富的增加和社会变得更美好。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">及至十九世纪下半叶达尔文和马克思主义理论的创立,使崇尚进步与发展的观念增加了科学的内容,因而更加流行。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命、进步与发展在整个</span><font face="Times New Roman">20</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪基本成为一种流行的意识形态,在某些国家和地区甚至具有了压倒性的优势。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人们的观念之所以发生从中世纪的以传统保守为荣到现代的以保守反动为恶的变化,并不仅仅因为某种理论的创立,而是因为现代科技的进步使人们的物质生活发生了翻天覆地的变化,一句话,是物质决定了精神、实践改变了观念。这说明革命、进步观念的发生有其历史的必然性。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但现在的问题在于,革命、进步等行为发生的必然性是有着许多规定性的,并不是不要任何条件就可以随时随地发生、并且每一次发生都会导致好的结果的。这也从反面说明,反动、保守也具有在某种条件下的合理性与必然性,也不是被某些人认为的是一种无条件的恶、是阻碍人民富祉增加的一种错误行为。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命与反动(保守)都是人们为了维护、增进自己利益而采取的一种社会行为,都是为达某一目标而使用的工具或手段。但是在一些缺乏理性、满脑子形而上学观念的人看来,革命是无条件的善,反动和保守则是无条件的恶,甚至认为,革命本身就是目的。在文革中“一切为了革命”的口号曾经响彻神州大地,在当时的统治集团与民众看来,此口号乃天经地义,几乎无人对之提出异议。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">文革的高烧消退之后,社会的理性开始增加,这时人们认识到,稳定也是维护利益的手段,于是“稳定压倒一切”成为主流观念。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">稳定是何?稳定即是保守、即是反动。反什么动?反动乱之动,反缺乏合理性的改革与革命。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当社会不变革会损害大部分人的利益时,社会的变革就会发生。变革发生后会建立有利于大部分人利益的制度。这时,就需要社会稳定来巩固革命的政权与制度。若在此时有人主张应该继续革命、彻底革命,砸烂一切秩序与规章,那么这种革命就是错误的、邪恶的,针对这种革命的反动则是正当的、正确的。</span><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">简言之,革命与保守(反动)都是增进与维护我们利益的手段或工具,有时我们需要用革命的手段,有时则需要用保守或反动的方式来增进、维护我们的利益,何时该用何种手段完全要视当时当地的具体情况,绝对不存在革命优于保守的定律,就如不存在锯子优于榔头的定律一样。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命与反动(保守)间的既对立又统一的辩证关系,恰似生物学领域内的变异与遗传。它们之间,变异相当于革命,反动(保守)相当于遗传。如果像当下流行的以反动为邪恶的话,那么革命者人人应当以变异为荣,以遗传为耻。在这种情况下,革命者夫妇很可能会生下一个猪八戒来,整个生物界将因遗传的缺失而走向死亡。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现在的生物界之所以欣欣向荣是因为生物界总是相当保守的,因为在</span><font face="Times New Roman">99</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%以上的情况下都是遗传在起作用,变异起作用的比例非常之低。社会领域里,革命与反动(保守)的比例似乎也应如此,稳定应该成为社会的常态,七八年来一次的革命应改为至少七八十年来一次。当然,任何比喻都是跛足的,稳定成为常态并不能成为因循守旧的理由,相反,我们这个社会仍然需要在生活的各个领域进行大量的创新、改良与变革。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我们之所以提倡创新和持续不断的改良而对大规模的社会革命持一种谨慎、保守的反动态度,原因在于各自的成本不同。社会生活具体事务上的创新与改良付出的成本低、风险可控,而大规模的社会革命成本巨大、风险难以掌控。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所以说,革命不一定崇高美好,反动不一定罪恶腐朽,具体如何,全要看其时其地的具体情况。此其一。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其二,反动是否等于反政府?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">明白了反动的本意,再来讨论这个问题就容易多了。既然反动有反对动乱、维护稳定之意,那么反动显然不能等同于反政府。再说政府负有维护社会稳定之责,故政府往往是保守、反动的。因此之故,当局于</span><font face="Times New Roman">1997</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年对刑法进行了修改,将原来刑法中的“反革命罪”与“反革命煽动罪”改成了“颠覆罪”与“煽动颠覆罪”,纠正了政治生活中对反动、反革命的误读。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命成功之初制订反革命罪来保护新生的革命政权,其罪名与实际是相符的。因为当时欲图推翻政府、颠覆政权的人,基本上都是反对革命的。但现在情况不同了,欲图颠覆政权者,有些是反对</span><font face="Times New Roman">49</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年那场革命的,有些则与那场革命无关;甚至有些人真诚地是为了维护革命成果的(他们认为现在是资本主义复辟)。在这种情况下,反革命的罪名显然已无法涵盖颠覆行为了。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刑法的此一修改意义重大,不仅使罪名名实相符,也标明共产党开始由革命党向执政党转变。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但刑法修改的意义并未引起政治理论家的重视,相反,有关当局仍旧视其不能容忍的政治言论为反动。在网吧中,每一台电脑上都有公安的警告,谓民众不能利用互联网浏览黄色与反动网站。这里所谓的反动并非指反对革命、改革的言论,相反多是鼓吹自由民主变革、批判中共专制保守的革命言论。公安的此一做法说轻了是无知无识、指称不当,说重了是知法犯法、无法无天。因为我国刑法中并无反动罪,其次即使是法律禁止的言论,公民仍有浏览权(散布有罪,浏览无罪)。其次,以反动指称反政府之言论,容易混淆罪与非罪的界线。“煽动颠覆”是以反政府的面貌出现的,对政府具体举措的批评也可以归为反政府行为。但前者是刑事犯罪,后者是公民的宪法权利。公安无权以反动之名剥夺公民批评政府的宪法权利。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">辨明反动的本意,指出反动与邪恶、与反政府无关,这不是什么高深的理论问题。成为问题的是,何以如此简单明了的问题,中共执政五十多年来至今未能搞清楚?难道当局养了那么多御用学者都是弱智?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">论</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">动</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">范海辛</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反动顾名思义为反对行动,即反对变革、反对革命,维持现状、维护传统之意,故反动一词可等同于反革命。反动或反革命原本是政治学中一术语,与道德伦理无涉,但在当下中国这个特殊语境下,反动被赋予了论理学的内涵,使反动与邪恶同义。更有甚者,因为反动被等同于邪恶,故反动不仅是错误的,而且是有罪的。其罪之来源并非仅仅是因了伦理上的邪恶,而在于反动被引申为反对当局、反对政府,而反对的含义中又包含了批评。因此当下的中国,反动一词在内涵与外延上都被扩大了,凡是批评政府某一具体政策、举措的,都可被指称为广义的反动,当然,狭义的反动在特殊的语境中,主要还是指那些对统治集团心怀敌意的思想与言论。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反动一词在当下的意义溢出与误用实则非常有害,有必要对之厘清。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现在加诸于反动一词之上的,有两重误解,其一为以进步为善,以反动为恶;其二为,反动即是反政府。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">先论其一。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">进步为善、反动为恶的理念并非古已有之,而是近现代以来随着工业革命而发生的。在中世纪的欧洲,意识形态是基督教的一统天下,在其教义里,未来并不是值得期许与憧憬的天堂,而是“世界末日”与“末日审判”。在儒教统治下的中国,黄金时代仅存于传说与想象中的尧舜禹时代,人们普遍认同“天不变,道亦不变”和“不易为庸”的“中庸”观念。佛教的印度则无所谓进步与反动,因为他们相信历史是循环或轮回的。总之,进步、变革和革命等字眼在传统的农耕文化中,一直是遭贬斥的,至少也是中性的,人们也从无以进步为荣、以保守、反动为耻的伦理观念。只是随着欧洲工业革命的发生,进步、革命等字眼才逐渐变得流行起来,因为这意味着物质财富的增加和社会变得更美好。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">及至十九世纪下半叶达尔文和马克思主义理论的创立,使崇尚进步与发展的观念增加了科学的内容,因而更加流行。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命、进步与发展在整个</span><font face="Times New Roman">20</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪基本成为一种流行的意识形态,在某些国家和地区甚至具有了压倒性的优势。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人们的观念之所以发生从中世纪的以传统保守为荣到现代的以保守反动为恶的变化,并不仅仅因为某种理论的创立,而是因为现代科技的进步使人们的物质生活发生了翻天覆地的变化,一句话,是物质决定了精神、实践改变了观念。这说明革命、进步观念的发生有其历史的必然性。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但现在的问题在于,革命、进步等行为发生的必然性是有着许多规定性的,并不是不要任何条件就可以随时随地发生、并且每一次发生都会导致好的结果的。这也从反面说明,反动、保守也具有在某种条件下的合理性与必然性,也不是被某些人认为的是一种无条件的恶、是阻碍人民富祉增加的一种错误行为。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命与反动(保守)都是人们为了维护、增进自己利益而采取的一种社会行为,都是为达某一目标而使用的工具或手段。但是在一些缺乏理性、满脑子形而上学观念的人看来,革命是无条件的善,反动和保守则是无条件的恶,甚至认为,革命本身就是目的。在文革中“一切为了革命”的口号曾经响彻神州大地,在当时的统治集团与民众看来,此口号乃天经地义,几乎无人对之提出异议。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">文革的高烧消退之后,社会的理性开始增加,这时人们认识到,稳定也是维护利益的手段,于是“稳定压倒一切”成为主流观念。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">稳定是何?稳定即是保守、即是反动。反什么动?反动乱之动,反缺乏合理性的改革与革命。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当社会不变革会损害大部分人的利益时,社会的变革就会发生。变革发生后会建立有利于大部分人利益的制度。这时,就需要社会稳定来巩固革命的政权与制度。若在此时有人主张应该继续革命、彻底革命,砸烂一切秩序与规章,那么这种革命就是错误的、邪恶的,针对这种革命的反动则是正当的、正确的。</span><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">简言之,革命与保守(反动)都是增进与维护我们利益的手段或工具,有时我们需要用革命的手段,有时则需要用保守或反动的方式来增进、维护我们的利益,何时该用何种手段完全要视当时当地的具体情况,绝对不存在革命优于保守的定律,就如不存在锯子优于榔头的定律一样。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命与反动(保守)间的既对立又统一的辩证关系,恰似生物学领域内的变异与遗传。它们之间,变异相当于革命,反动(保守)相当于遗传。如果像当下流行的以反动为邪恶的话,那么革命者人人应当以变异为荣,以遗传为耻。在这种情况下,革命者夫妇很可能会生下一个猪八戒来,整个生物界将因遗传的缺失而走向死亡。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现在的生物界之所以欣欣向荣是因为生物界总是相当保守的,因为在</span><font face="Times New Roman">99</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%以上的情况下都是遗传在起作用,变异起作用的比例非常之低。社会领域里,革命与反动(保守)的比例似乎也应如此,稳定应该成为社会的常态,七八年来一次的革命应改为至少七八十年来一次。当然,任何比喻都是跛足的,稳定成为常态并不能成为因循守旧的理由,相反,我们这个社会仍然需要在生活的各个领域进行大量的创新、改良与变革。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我们之所以提倡创新和持续不断的改良而对大规模的社会革命持一种谨慎、保守的反动态度,原因在于各自的成本不同。社会生活具体事务上的创新与改良付出的成本低、风险可控,而大规模的社会革命成本巨大、风险难以掌控。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所以说,革命不一定崇高美好,反动不一定罪恶腐朽,具体如何,全要看其时其地的具体情况。此其一。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其二,反动是否等于反政府?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">明白了反动的本意,再来讨论这个问题就容易多了。既然反动有反对动乱、维护稳定之意,那么反动显然不能等同于反政府。再说政府负有维护社会稳定之责,故政府往往是保守、反动的。因此之故,当局于</span><font face="Times New Roman">1997</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年对刑法进行了修改,将原来刑法中的“反革命罪”与“反革命煽动罪”改成了“颠覆罪”与“煽动颠覆罪”,纠正了政治生活中对反动、反革命的误读。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">革命成功之初制订反革命罪来保护新生的革命政权,其罪名与实际是相符的。因为当时欲图推翻政府、颠覆政权的人,基本上都是反对革命的。但现在情况不同了,欲图颠覆政权者,有些是反对</span><font face="Times New Roman">49</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年那场革命的,有些则与那场革命无关;甚至有些人真诚地是为了维护革命成果的(他们认为现在是资本主义复辟)。在这种情况下,反革命的罪名显然已无法涵盖颠覆行为了。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刑法的此一修改意义重大,不仅使罪名名实相符,也标明共产党开始由革命党向执政党转变。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但刑法修改的意义并未引起政治理论家的重视,相反,有关当局仍旧视其不能容忍的政治言论为反动。在网吧中,每一台电脑上都有公安的警告,谓民众不能利用互联网浏览黄色与反动网站。这里所谓的反动并非指反对革命、改革的言论,相反多是鼓吹自由民主变革、批判中共专制保守的革命言论。公安的此一做法说轻了是无知无识、指称不当,说重了是知法犯法、无法无天。因为我国刑法中并无反动罪,其次即使是法律禁止的言论,公民仍有浏览权(散布有罪,浏览无罪)。其次,以反动指称反政府之言论,容易混淆罪与非罪的界线。“煽动颠覆”是以反政府的面貌出现的,对政府具体举措的批评也可以归为反政府行为。但前者是刑事犯罪,后者是公民的宪法权利。公安无权以反动之名剥夺公民批评政府的宪法权利。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">辨明反动的本意,指出反动与邪恶、与反政府无关,这不是什么高深的理论问题。成为问题的是,何以如此简单明了的问题,中共执政五十多年来至今未能搞清楚?难道当局养了那么多御用学者都是弱智?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">兹问题大,容笔者慢慢道来:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">笔者一向主张,现代化分为三个层面,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经济(器物)层面的现代化为:工业化、市场化、城市化</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">政治(制度)层面的现代化为:法治化、民主化</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">文化(思想)层面的现代化为:理性化、世俗化</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我国从</span><font face="Times New Roman">1840</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年开始的现代化历程,至今还停留在初级阶段。之所以步履蹒跚,主要原因在于文化思想层面的理性化与世俗化不足。对于世俗化不足,许多人会感到奇怪,中国自古以来就是一个世俗化的国家,何以到</span><font face="Times New Roman">21</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪的今天还会有世俗化的问题?不错,中国几千年来基本上是无神论的儒家学说占统治地位,但儒家学说已演化成了一种宗教。宗教不一定非要有神仙鬼怪,它需要一套不容置疑的学说与相应的规制。在封建宗法社会,政教一体、政教不分是为常态,中国历代封建王朝,无论尊佛、尊道还是尊孔,基本上都是政教合一,皇帝不仅是世俗领袖,同时也是精神领袖。这种宗教化或非世俗化的传统社会主要特征有两点:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 39.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.75pt;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1、<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">王权或神权的合法性来源于神话和迷信。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 39.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.75pt;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2、<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">王权或神权之下无民众的个人私权利。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中国封建社会中统治者“奉天承运”或皇帝老儿乃“真龙天子”的神话以及外国关于上帝、先知的各种神话,都构成了统治者合法性的基石。被神话与迷信所蒙蔽的民众自然不知其权利,以为其本人只是上帝或君王的附属,人活着不是为了自己,而是为了上帝或君主或国家,否则便是“禽兽不如”。这种在现今看来不合理的状态之所以会长期存在,也是有其道理的,因为在当时社会不发达的状况下,如果没有权威,社会将会陷入丛林法则的野蛮状态。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">启蒙运动所要解决的正是宗教化带来的这两个问题(指神话与私权利)。那么启蒙运动又是凭什么来解决这两个问题的呢?西哲康德在一篇题为《什么是启蒙运动》(</span><font face="Times New Roman">1785</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年)的重要文章中写到:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“启蒙运动使人类从自我强加的受监护的状态中解放出来。在这种状态下人不依赖外在指导就不能运用自己的理智。这样一种我称之为‘自我强加的’【或‘该受谴责的’】受监护的状态不是由于缺乏理智,而是由于缺乏不借助于领导的帮助就没有勇气和决心来使用自己的理智。</span><font face="Times New Roman">Sapere aude[</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">敢于显示智慧</span><font face="Times New Roman">]</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">!要敢于运用自己的理智!这就是启蒙运动的口号。”(转引自卡尔</span><span lang="ZH-CN"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">波普尔《通过知识获得解放》中国美术学院出版社</span><font face="Times New Roman">1996</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><font face="Times New Roman">10</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月版</span><font face="Times New Roman">p.178-179</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中国虽说已到现代,但由于缺乏一场深刻到位的启蒙运动(</span><font face="Times New Roman">1919</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年的五四运动被当下众多学者认为是一场不彻底的启蒙运动,不彻底的原因是由于革命压倒了启蒙,是理性缺位的启蒙),意识形态领域距离理性化与世俗化尚有相当差距。虽说我们的革命曾经彻底地摒弃了神权与王权的神话,但由于民众普遍不敢使用自己的理智,故尔马上又有大量新神话涌现,使革命本身变为新宗教。革命后建立的仍旧是“政教合一”、具有相当浓厚的神圣化色彩的政权。革命等于高尚、反动等于邪恶就是这种意识形态的产物。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">改革开放运动在一定意义上也是一场世俗化运动,她打破了革命宗教得以存在的许多神话——公有制神话、计划经济神话,承认了民众私权利的正当性与合法性。但是在政治领域内尚有许多神话未被触及,至今仍被视为禁区。“三个代表”理论的进步性在于,她正试图用世俗化的概念(生产力、文化、利益)来取代原来的神圣而又神秘的概念(阶级、先锋队),表现出了一种去神圣化的可喜趋向。</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">意识形态领域的世俗化一直是我国学者研究的盲区与禁区,在这里存有太多的误识误读与误解。所以波普尔认为人类应该通过知识、而非暴力来获得解放。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中国的现代化进程到了攻坚阶段,这个坚就是意识形态领域内的世俗化与去神圣化,那些我们认为不可言说的禁区与所谓的敏感话题,正是现代化需要攻破的最后几座堡垒。在这场现代化的攻坚战役中统治集团与知识精英负有“先知先觉”的义务。只有他们能率先解放思想,实事求是,或如康德所言</span><font face="Times New Roman">Sapere aude</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——敢于运用自己的理智,才能带领人民实现世俗化与现代化。</span></p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">经世俗化或去妖魔化后再来回眸反动,我们就会发现,反动(保守)并不是什么可怕或必须远离的东西,她其实一直深深扎根于我们的生活中。英国一位保守主义哲学家欧克肖特(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Michael Oakeshott 1901-1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)说得有理,“保守就是宁要熟悉的东西不要未知的东西,宁要试过的东西不要未试的东西,宁要事实不要神秘,宁要实际的东西不要可能的东西,宁要有限的东西不要无限的东西,宁要切近的东西不要遥远的东西,宁要充足不要过剩,宁要方便不要完美,宁要现在的欢笑不要乌托邦的极乐。宁要熟悉的关系与忠诚,不要更有利的依附的诱惑;保持、培养和享受比得到与扩大更重要;失去的悲痛比新奇或允诺的刺激更剧烈。保守就是按自己的收入水平生活,安于自己和自己环境的不那么完善,将这同样视为自己的财富。”(引自《政治中的理性主义》上海译文出版社</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">127</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">页)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">  该书译者<personname wst="on" productid="张汝伦">张汝伦</personname>先生评论道,“这似乎真是卑之无甚高论。但欧克肖特之所以在这里郑重其事加以提出,是因为在过去</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">500</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年,进步的信仰使得我们身上本来都有的保守气质越来越不明显。人们渴望变化,愿意为一个美好的许诺孤注一掷。在这种情况下,保守被视为反潮流,保守的人被视为反动分子,被人蔑视。在日常生活中,保守已愈来愈成为一个贬义词……欧克肖特的保守主义者并不反对变革,只是主张变革能小就不要大,宁慢而勿快,对一切革新持冷静批判的态度。”(同上书,译者序</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">24</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">-</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">25</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)因此反动不仅无罪,而且是必须的。“无论何时,只要稳定比改进更有利,确定性比推测更有价值,熟悉比完美更合意,一致同意的错误比有争议的真理更优越,疾病比治疗更可忍受,期望的满足比期望本身的‘正义’更重要,有某种规则比根本没规则的冒险更好,保守的气质就比任何别的气质更合适”(同上书,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">136</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">页)信哉斯言。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">  </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">  </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">  </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>
希望各位拍砖.
<div class="quote"><b>以下是引用<i>上海老范</i>在2006-6-26 22:15:00的发言:</b><br/>希望各位拍砖.</div><p>那就拍一拍,老范下不为例,哈哈</p>[em05]
我知道你反动就得小心点
哈。一个老反动啊。[em06]
看了半天,还是似懂非懂,继续学习!