龙腾翻译【为了忘却的纪念】 美国学者：在越战中，中国 ...

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Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge

越战中，中国对北越的支持起了决定性作用


“Best turn it into a bigger war…I’m afraid you really ought to send more troops to the South…Don’t be afraid of U.S. intervention, at most it’s no worse than having another Korean War. The Chinese army is prepared, and if America takes the risk of attacking North Vietnam, the Chinese army will march in at once. Our troops want a war now.” [1]
-- Mao speaking to the North Vietnamese in 1964

毛主席1964年接见北越人士的讲话：

“最好搞成大战，我认为你们应该送更多的军队去南方，不要害怕美国介入，最坏也不过再来一场朝鲜战争。中国军队已经准备好了，如果美国人冒险进攻北越，中国军队将立即开动。我们的部队现在想干上一仗”。


So why did the powerful modern nations of France and the United States lose two wars in Vietnam to a third rate military power like North Vietnam? This is the logical question that many historians have asked and attempted to answer since the Second Vietnam War ended in April 1975 with the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese tanks. Some historians have stressed the support of the Communist party and its leadership, others point to the support of the Vietnamese people, and still other historians explain the North Vietnamese victory as an effect of the post-colonial nationalism wave that swept through Asia after the Second World War. However, few historians, with the possible exception of Qiang Zhai, among others, attribute the victory of the Vietnamese Communists in both Vietnam Wars to the considerable support provided by the communist colossus of the north, the People’s Republic of China. [2]

为什么强力的现代化国家法国和美国在两场战争中会输给越南这种三流军事能力的国家？在1975年4月当第二次越南战争以西贡沦陷于北越坦克而结束之后，很多历史学家提出了这个逻辑性问题并试图给出解答。一些历史学家强调了GCD的支持及其领导，而其他历史学家将北越的胜利看作二战后席卷亚洲的反殖民主义的胜利。然而，其他历史学家中的少数几人（包括Qiang Zhai）将越南共产主义者的胜利归功于北方共产主义巨人（中华人民共和国）提供的支持。

This Chinese military support, to include equipment, advisors and planning assistance, provided from 1949-1975, would prove in both the First and Second Indochina Wars to be decisive. This substantial military support would give the People‘s Army of Vietnam an edge to resist Western forces and eventually subjugate the Republic of South Vietnam. This support, for various reasons, has never really been acknowledged by most popular histories of the conflict. This is perhaps due to the fact that such acknowledgement of the massive Chinese military support provided challenges many cherished myths of Vietnamese Communist military brilliance and the “heroic struggle” against overwhelming western imperialists. Two recent histories bear this out. Case in point A Military History of China, edited by David A. Graff makes no mention of Chinese support for Vietnam while Bruce A. Elleman’s Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989, dismisses Chinese support in a mere two sentences. [3] However, unless this decisive Chinese support is properly understood by students of both Vietnam wars the answer to the question of why North Vietnam won will remain incomplete and misunderstood. This paper will attempt to outline the Chinese communist support in both wars and explain exactly why this support was so decisive.
1949-1975年间，在第一次和第二次印支战争中，中国提供的军事援助，包括装备、顾问及战略规划帮助，被证明是起决定性作用的。这种实质性的军事支援，给予了越南人民军一个优势，以抵抗西方力量并最终征服南越共和国。由于种种原因，该项支援从来没有被关于该冲突的大众历史文献所承认。这可能是由于：若承认大规模的中国军事支援，将挑战越南共产主义者所珍视的“推翻西方帝国主义者的辉煌而英勇的战斗”的传说。最近的两份历史文献体现了这一点。比如，由David A. Graff编写的《中国军事历史》一书没有提及中国对越南的支持，同时，Bruce A. Elleman所著的《现代中国战争》一书提及中国对越南的支持仅仅只用了两句话。然而，除非“中国在两次越战中对于北越的决定性的支援”被学者们适当的理解，否则“为什么北越会赢得战争”这个问题的答案将会是不完整的也是令人困惑的。本文试图概述中国在两次越战中对北越的支援，并说明为什么这种支援是决定性的。


Background 背景

As with most historical events one must first understand, in broad general terms, the background and context to a specific point in time. A brief review of the historical Sino-Vietnamese relationship sets the tone for more recent events, in many respects. Ties between China and Vietnam have existed for centuries; in fact, throughout history Vietnam has depended upon and looked towards China repeatedly for not only cultural but political assistance as circumstances warranted. Vietnam was considered by China to be part of her tributary system, or sphere of influence if you will, where by the lesser state, Vietnam, would acknowledge the leadership of Imperial China in return for trade and defense as required. In the 18th century, for example Chinese troops intervened in Vietnam to assist a threatened ruler and again less successfully in the latter half of the 19th century against France expanding her influence in the area, with the so-called “Black Flag” forces. This concern for Vietnam would continue with China declaring war on France on 27 August 1884, in fact, due to French expansion into Northern Vietnam. [4]
总的来说，对于大多数历史事件，人们首先需要了解某特定时刻的背景及其来龙去脉。在很多方面，简要的回顾历史上的中越关系可以为近代的事件设定基调。中国与越南的关系已经存在了几个世纪，实际上，在整个历史上，只要条件允许，越南都反复的依靠并指望中国提供文化及政治上的帮助。中国将越南作为朝贡体系的一部分，或者说是势力范围之一。作为较弱小的一方：越南，承认中华帝国的领导权，作为回报，中国可准许越南的贸易要求并给予其保护。比如，在18世纪，中国军队进入越南以帮助一位受到威胁的统治者；在19世纪下半叶，中国 “黑旗军”帮助越南抵抗法国人，法国人意图在该地区扩张影响力，不过抵抗行动不够成功。实际上，由于法国人在北越扩张，中国于1884年8月27日对法宣战。


This traditional relationship between China and Vietnam was not always harmonious as many have pointed out, since, for obvious reasons, no nation enjoys domination by a more powerful neighbor.
正如很多人已经指出的：中越之间的这种关系并不总是和谐的，原因是众所周知的，没有哪个国家乐意被一个强大得多的邻居所支配。


The Chinese Vietnamese Communist ties had existed for decades, in fact, before the first Chinese military advisor arrived in North Vietnam in 1950. The life of Nguyen That Thanh, who would ultimately be known to the world under the pseudonym Ho Chi Minh, best personifies the close relationship that existed between the two communist parties, and ultimately the two armies.

实际上，在1950年第一批中国军事顾问团抵达北越之前，中越共产主义者之间的关系已经存在了几十年。Nguyen That Thanh（最终以其化名“胡志明”而被世界所熟知）的一生，就是两党两军之间所存在的紧密联系的最佳象征。

The ties go back to right after the First World War, in fact. In 1920 Ho would be one of 285 delegates, and the only “Comrade Indochinese Delegate,” that founded the French Communist Party in Tours. [5] Ho made an impassioned speech at the conference listing France’s crimes in Vietnam “…we have not only been oppressed and exploited shamelessly, but also tortured and poisoned…we have been poisoned with opium, alcohol, etc.” [6]
实际上，中越之间的这种关系可追溯到第一次世界大战刚结束。在1920年，285名代表在卢瓦尔图省建立法国共XX，胡志明是代表之一，并是唯一的一位 “印支代表”。在听取法国在越南的犯罪行为的大会上，胡志明做了慷慨激昂的演讲：“我们不仅遭到无耻的压迫及剥削，而且遭到折磨和毒害，我们被鸦片、酒精等等所毒害”。


The following year the Chinese Communist Party would be formed in 1921. The party from the beginning would serve as a rallying point for disgruntled Vietnamese such as Ho, and others, wanting to resist French rule in Vietnam. [7] After several years of training in Moscow, Ho eventually made his way to China, the then front lines of the revolution, to assist Mikhail Borodin, the Communist International, or COMINTERN representative to the new Nationalist government of Sun Yat-sen. Organizing Vietnamese revolutionaries in Canton, Ho lectured at the famous Nationalist Whampoa Military Academy, meeting such communist luminaries such as Zhou Enlai and others, before returning to Moscow after the Chinese Nationalist-Communist split in 1927. [8] He would also organize the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 which in time would become the Vietnamese Worker Party. A dedicated COMINTERN agent who traveled on a Soviet passport, Ho was known as Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) during this period and would only be known as Ho Chi Minh (Ho the Enlightened ) after 1943. He would travel between Asia and Moscow before finally returning to China in 1938 to serve as an advisor to the Chinese Communist 8th Route Army, along with other senior Vietnamese revolutionaries. [9] Ho became quite proficient in Chinese and would translate Mao’s celebrated work, “On the Protracted War,” from Chinese into French. [10]

接下来，在1921年，中国共XX成立。对于试图反抗法国在越南的统治的胡志明等不满者来说，中国共XX从一开始就是他们的聚焦点。在莫斯科接受几年的训练后，胡志明来到中国并投身革命前线，当时鲍罗廷是共产国际派驻在孙中山国民党政府的代表，而胡志明是鲍罗廷的助手。胡志明在广东将越南革命者组织起来，并在著名的黄埔军校授课，还会见了中国共XX的杰出人物如周恩来等，直到1927年国共分裂，胡志明才返回莫斯科。他于1930年组建了印支共XX，即越南工人党的前身。作为献身共产国际的代表，胡志明使用苏联护照旅行，在这个阶段他以“Nguyen Ai Quoc”（爱国者Nguyen）而闻名，而在1943年之后他以“胡志明”（启迪者胡）而闻名。胡志明在亚洲与莫斯科之间穿梭，1938年他回到中国，与其他越南资深革命者一起，成为中国八路军的顾问。胡志明逐渐对中文非常熟练，并将毛泽东的名著“论持久战”由中文翻译为法语。

Second World War and French Reoccupation 二战及法国的再占领
Seasoned by years of training and his experiences China Ho would found the Viet Minh independence movement in 1941, the Vietnamese Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or Viet Minh. He would spend the remainder of the war organizing in the north of Vietnam and attempting to remain out of French and Chinese jail. During the war the Viet Minh would consolidate their power in the north of Vietnam with history teacher turned General Vo Nguygen Giap building communist forces reaching some 5,000 in number. [11]

由于多年的训练以及在中国的经验，胡志明变得经验丰富，他在1941年发起了越南独立运动，或者说“越南独立联盟”，用越南话说就是“Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi”。他将战争幸存人员在北越组织起来，并使其免于落入法国或中国的监狱。在战争中，越南独立联盟在北越巩固了他们的力量，从历史老师成长为将军的武元甲建立了共产主义军队，人数达到5000人。

By the time the Second World War ended in August of 1945, with the collapse of Imperial Japan, the organized and disciplined Vietnamese communists and Ho were perfectly positioned to move into the power vacuum left in the wars wake in Vietnam. In September of 1945 Ho would proclaim the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with American Office of Strategic Service (OSS) officers beside him in Hanoi. Nationalist Chinese and British troops that same month arrived to take the surrender of the Japanese forces, with reoccupation by the returning French soon afterwards. A period of unease settled over Vietnam with the French and Vietnamese negotiated over the future of Vietnam, with Ho at one point traveling to Paris for unsuccessful meetings with the French government. Ho would formally request military aid to include advisors and equipment from Stalin and the USSR in 1945, with no response to these requests given in return. [12] The Chinese in the future would not make the same mistake.

当二战于1945年8月结束时，随着日本帝国主义的崩溃，组织性纪律性良好的越南共产主义者占有了绝佳的位置以填补战争波浪留下的权力真空。1945年9月，在美国战略服务办公室官员的陪同下，胡志明在河内宣布成立越南民主共和国。中国国民党军队及英国军队在同月抵达河内，并解除了日本军队对其的包围，而不久之后，法国人返回并重新占领了越南。一段令人焦虑的岁月降临到越南头上，胡志明一度去巴黎与法国政府展开了不成功的会谈，以谈判越南的未来。他在1945年向斯大林正式要求军事援助，包括装备及顾问，但是苏联对于这些要求没有任何回应。中国人将来不会犯相同的错误。

First Indochina War 第一次印支战争

The First Vietnam War would finally begin in December of 1946 as the French attempted to disarm the Viet Minh Self Defense Forces in Hanoi and full scale fighting broke out. [13] By early 1947 the French had driven the Viet Minh out of the major cities throughout the country but the communists controlled the countryside in the north with a growing army of some 50,000 men capable of standing up to the best the professional French Army and Navy could throw at them. [14] The war settled down to a deadly affair of guerrilla war, ambush and counter ambush as the Vietnamese and French forces fought for control of Vietnam and the population.

1946年12月，第一次越南战争打响了，法国人试图解除越南独立联盟在河内的自卫队的武装，全面战争由此爆发。到了1947年早间，法国人已经将越南独立联盟逐出全国的主要城市，但是共产主义者控制住了北越的农村，他们的军队人数上升到5万人，可以抵挡住法国可以投放的最好的职业陆军及海军力量。战争发展成致命的游击战争，法国人与越南人展开伏击与反伏击，以控制越南及其人民。

It was during these early years of the war that the Chinese military support of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) began on a rather minor scale. This military aid started in March of 1946 as the Chinese Communist First Regiment of the Southern Guangdong People’s Force crossed into Vietnam in order to avoid Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist 46th and 64th Armies during the Chinese Civil War. [15] In addition to avoiding destruction this Chinese Regiment would begin to lay the groundwork for training and advising the less mature Vietnamese forces. This one thousand man unit of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, PLA, would provide officers to the Vietnamese Advanced Infantry School and Cadre Training Center in North Vietnam with some 830 personnel trained by the year 1947. [16] Direct contact to include cable traffic and funding existed at this early point between the two communist movements.
在战争的早期阶段，中国对越南人民军的支援开始从一个较小的规模起步。该军事援助始于1946年3月，当时处于中国内战期间，为避开蒋介石的国民党第46军和第64军，广东人民军共产主义第一团进入了越南。为了避免被消灭，该中国团开始为欠成熟的越南军队提供建议并打下训练的基础。中国人民解放军的这个一千人的单位为位于北越的越南高级步兵学校及干部培训中心提供官员，到1947年共培训了830人。在这两个共产主义运动的早期，就存在着这种直接的接触，包括电缆通讯及资金援助。


The strategic balance of power, in Asia and perhaps across the globe, was forever altered with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in October of 1949. After two years of relatively small scale guerrilla warfare dating from 1947 in Vietnam, the conflict would now expand and become much more deadly. With the arrival of Chinese communist troops along the Sino-Vietnamese border, the inevitable end was in sight for the French in Vietnam. As General Giap would write years later, “This great historic event, which altered events in Asia and throughout the world, exerted a considerable influence on the war of liberation of the Vietnamese people. Vietnam was no longer in the grip of enemy encirclement, and was henceforth geographically linked to the socialist bloc.” [17]

亚洲及全球的战略平衡，由于1949年10月中华人民共和国的建立而被永久的改变了。在越南，从1947年开始，在经过两年规模相对较小的游击战争后，冲突规模扩大并变得更为致命。随着中国共产主义者军队到达中越边界，法国在越南的不可避免的终结已经在望了。正如武元甲将军在几年后所写：“这个历史性事件改变了亚洲及世界的事务，对于越南人民的解放战争施加了可观的影响。越南从此不再处于敌人的包围之中，而是在地理上与社会主义阵营连接在一起”。

Understandably enough Ho and the Viet Minh wasted no time in sending representatives northward to ask for support and assistance from the new communist government. Diplomatic recognition would be granted to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in January of 1950 by the PRC, the first nation to do so, followed soon by Stalin and the USSR also granting recognition. [18] Stalin, as the senior member of the communist firm, had informed Mao during meetings in Moscow soon afterwards that providing support and assistance to the Vietnamese struggle was a responsibility, and financial obligation, of the Chinese and the PRC. [19] This would not be an obligation that the Chairman would shirk from, far from it, he would honor Stalin's wishes and support the Vietnamese communist cause for the next 25 years. Mao would see Vietnam as one of three areas of Western imperialism bordering on China that threatened the PRC, the other two areas being Taiwan and Korea. Additionally Mao sincerely believed in supporting “national liberation movements in colonial nations” and fancied himself as the champion of non-European peoples across the globe. [20]

可以理解，胡志明及越南独立联盟没有浪费任何时间，立即向北派出代表，向这个新的共产主义政府寻求支援及帮助。1950年1月，中国在外交上正式承认越南民主共和国，这是世界上第一个给予这种承认的国家，随后苏联也给予正式承认。作为共产主义阵营的老大哥，在于莫斯科举行的会议中，斯大林告诉毛泽东：为越南的斗争提供支援及帮助是中国及解放军的责任及财政义务。毛主席不会推卸该项责任，远远不是，实际上他尊重斯大林的愿望并在未来的25年里支持越南共产主义事业。毛主席将越南视为帝国主义与中国接壤并威胁着人民共和国的三个地区之一，另两个地区是台湾和朝鲜。此外，毛太祖真诚的相信 “殖民地国家的民族解放运动”，并将他自己想象为全球非欧洲人的捍卫者。

For the USSR and Stalin it was a low risk gamble.  Its allies, the Chinese under Mao, and the Koreans and Vietnamese, could potentially tie down so much U.S. and Western strength in Asia that the global balance of power might shift, allowing the Soviets to strike westwards into Europe. Stalin discounted a Third World War and the west’s reaction since Germany and Japan were post-war shells, proclaiming “Should we fear this [world war]? In my opinion, we should not…If a war is inevitable, then let it be waged now, and not in a few years time.” [21] The die would be cast for warfare in Asia, and possibly elsewhere.

对于苏联及斯大林来说，这是一场低危险的赌博。它的盟军：毛太祖治下的中国、以及朝鲜人及越南人，可以在亚洲潜在的牵制大量美国及西方的力量，从而改变全球的力量平衡，使得苏联可以向西打击欧洲。由于德国及日本已是战后的空壳，斯大林轻视一场第三次世界大战，他宣称：“我们该害怕世界大战吗？在我看来，我们不应该害怕。如果战争不可避免，那么现在就打，而不是几年后再打”。死亡将由于战争而被带到亚洲，以及其他可能的地方。




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Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge

越战中，中国对北越的支持起了决定性作用


“Best turn it into a bigger war…I’m afraid you really ought to send more troops to the South…Don’t be afraid of U.S. intervention, at most it’s no worse than having another Korean War. The Chinese army is prepared, and if America takes the risk of attacking North Vietnam, the Chinese army will march in at once. Our troops want a war now.” [1]
-- Mao speaking to the North Vietnamese in 1964

毛主席1964年接见北越人士的讲话：

“最好搞成大战，我认为你们应该送更多的军队去南方，不要害怕美国介入，最坏也不过再来一场朝鲜战争。中国军队已经准备好了，如果美国人冒险进攻北越，中国军队将立即开动。我们的部队现在想干上一仗”。


So why did the powerful modern nations of France and the United States lose two wars in Vietnam to a third rate military power like North Vietnam? This is the logical question that many historians have asked and attempted to answer since the Second Vietnam War ended in April 1975 with the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese tanks. Some historians have stressed the support of the Communist party and its leadership, others point to the support of the Vietnamese people, and still other historians explain the North Vietnamese victory as an effect of the post-colonial nationalism wave that swept through Asia after the Second World War. However, few historians, with the possible exception of Qiang Zhai, among others, attribute the victory of the Vietnamese Communists in both Vietnam Wars to the considerable support provided by the communist colossus of the north, the People’s Republic of China. [2]

为什么强力的现代化国家法国和美国在两场战争中会输给越南这种三流军事能力的国家？在1975年4月当第二次越南战争以西贡沦陷于北越坦克而结束之后，很多历史学家提出了这个逻辑性问题并试图给出解答。一些历史学家强调了GCD的支持及其领导，而其他历史学家将北越的胜利看作二战后席卷亚洲的反殖民主义的胜利。然而，其他历史学家中的少数几人（包括Qiang Zhai）将越南共产主义者的胜利归功于北方共产主义巨人（中华人民共和国）提供的支持。

This Chinese military support, to include equipment, advisors and planning assistance, provided from 1949-1975, would prove in both the First and Second Indochina Wars to be decisive. This substantial military support would give the People‘s Army of Vietnam an edge to resist Western forces and eventually subjugate the Republic of South Vietnam. This support, for various reasons, has never really been acknowledged by most popular histories of the conflict. This is perhaps due to the fact that such acknowledgement of the massive Chinese military support provided challenges many cherished myths of Vietnamese Communist military brilliance and the “heroic struggle” against overwhelming western imperialists. Two recent histories bear this out. Case in point A Military History of China, edited by David A. Graff makes no mention of Chinese support for Vietnam while Bruce A. Elleman’s Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989, dismisses Chinese support in a mere two sentences. [3] However, unless this decisive Chinese support is properly understood by students of both Vietnam wars the answer to the question of why North Vietnam won will remain incomplete and misunderstood. This paper will attempt to outline the Chinese communist support in both wars and explain exactly why this support was so decisive.
1949-1975年间，在第一次和第二次印支战争中，中国提供的军事援助，包括装备、顾问及战略规划帮助，被证明是起决定性作用的。这种实质性的军事支援，给予了越南人民军一个优势，以抵抗西方力量并最终征服南越共和国。由于种种原因，该项支援从来没有被关于该冲突的大众历史文献所承认。这可能是由于：若承认大规模的中国军事支援，将挑战越南共产主义者所珍视的“推翻西方帝国主义者的辉煌而英勇的战斗”的传说。最近的两份历史文献体现了这一点。比如，由David A. Graff编写的《中国军事历史》一书没有提及中国对越南的支持，同时，Bruce A. Elleman所著的《现代中国战争》一书提及中国对越南的支持仅仅只用了两句话。然而，除非“中国在两次越战中对于北越的决定性的支援”被学者们适当的理解，否则“为什么北越会赢得战争”这个问题的答案将会是不完整的也是令人困惑的。本文试图概述中国在两次越战中对北越的支援，并说明为什么这种支援是决定性的。


Background 背景

As with most historical events one must first understand, in broad general terms, the background and context to a specific point in time. A brief review of the historical Sino-Vietnamese relationship sets the tone for more recent events, in many respects. Ties between China and Vietnam have existed for centuries; in fact, throughout history Vietnam has depended upon and looked towards China repeatedly for not only cultural but political assistance as circumstances warranted. Vietnam was considered by China to be part of her tributary system, or sphere of influence if you will, where by the lesser state, Vietnam, would acknowledge the leadership of Imperial China in return for trade and defense as required. In the 18th century, for example Chinese troops intervened in Vietnam to assist a threatened ruler and again less successfully in the latter half of the 19th century against France expanding her influence in the area, with the so-called “Black Flag” forces. This concern for Vietnam would continue with China declaring war on France on 27 August 1884, in fact, due to French expansion into Northern Vietnam. [4]
总的来说，对于大多数历史事件，人们首先需要了解某特定时刻的背景及其来龙去脉。在很多方面，简要的回顾历史上的中越关系可以为近代的事件设定基调。中国与越南的关系已经存在了几个世纪，实际上，在整个历史上，只要条件允许，越南都反复的依靠并指望中国提供文化及政治上的帮助。中国将越南作为朝贡体系的一部分，或者说是势力范围之一。作为较弱小的一方：越南，承认中华帝国的领导权，作为回报，中国可准许越南的贸易要求并给予其保护。比如，在18世纪，中国军队进入越南以帮助一位受到威胁的统治者；在19世纪下半叶，中国 “黑旗军”帮助越南抵抗法国人，法国人意图在该地区扩张影响力，不过抵抗行动不够成功。实际上，由于法国人在北越扩张，中国于1884年8月27日对法宣战。


This traditional relationship between China and Vietnam was not always harmonious as many have pointed out, since, for obvious reasons, no nation enjoys domination by a more powerful neighbor.
正如很多人已经指出的：中越之间的这种关系并不总是和谐的，原因是众所周知的，没有哪个国家乐意被一个强大得多的邻居所支配。


The Chinese Vietnamese Communist ties had existed for decades, in fact, before the first Chinese military advisor arrived in North Vietnam in 1950. The life of Nguyen That Thanh, who would ultimately be known to the world under the pseudonym Ho Chi Minh, best personifies the close relationship that existed between the two communist parties, and ultimately the two armies.

实际上，在1950年第一批中国军事顾问团抵达北越之前，中越共产主义者之间的关系已经存在了几十年。Nguyen That Thanh（最终以其化名“胡志明”而被世界所熟知）的一生，就是两党两军之间所存在的紧密联系的最佳象征。

The ties go back to right after the First World War, in fact. In 1920 Ho would be one of 285 delegates, and the only “Comrade Indochinese Delegate,” that founded the French Communist Party in Tours. [5] Ho made an impassioned speech at the conference listing France’s crimes in Vietnam “…we have not only been oppressed and exploited shamelessly, but also tortured and poisoned…we have been poisoned with opium, alcohol, etc.” [6]
实际上，中越之间的这种关系可追溯到第一次世界大战刚结束。在1920年，285名代表在卢瓦尔图省建立法国共XX，胡志明是代表之一，并是唯一的一位 “印支代表”。在听取法国在越南的犯罪行为的大会上，胡志明做了慷慨激昂的演讲：“我们不仅遭到无耻的压迫及剥削，而且遭到折磨和毒害，我们被鸦片、酒精等等所毒害”。


The following year the Chinese Communist Party would be formed in 1921. The party from the beginning would serve as a rallying point for disgruntled Vietnamese such as Ho, and others, wanting to resist French rule in Vietnam. [7] After several years of training in Moscow, Ho eventually made his way to China, the then front lines of the revolution, to assist Mikhail Borodin, the Communist International, or COMINTERN representative to the new Nationalist government of Sun Yat-sen. Organizing Vietnamese revolutionaries in Canton, Ho lectured at the famous Nationalist Whampoa Military Academy, meeting such communist luminaries such as Zhou Enlai and others, before returning to Moscow after the Chinese Nationalist-Communist split in 1927. [8] He would also organize the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 which in time would become the Vietnamese Worker Party. A dedicated COMINTERN agent who traveled on a Soviet passport, Ho was known as Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) during this period and would only be known as Ho Chi Minh (Ho the Enlightened ) after 1943. He would travel between Asia and Moscow before finally returning to China in 1938 to serve as an advisor to the Chinese Communist 8th Route Army, along with other senior Vietnamese revolutionaries. [9] Ho became quite proficient in Chinese and would translate Mao’s celebrated work, “On the Protracted War,” from Chinese into French. [10]

接下来，在1921年，中国共XX成立。对于试图反抗法国在越南的统治的胡志明等不满者来说，中国共XX从一开始就是他们的聚焦点。在莫斯科接受几年的训练后，胡志明来到中国并投身革命前线，当时鲍罗廷是共产国际派驻在孙中山国民党政府的代表，而胡志明是鲍罗廷的助手。胡志明在广东将越南革命者组织起来，并在著名的黄埔军校授课，还会见了中国共XX的杰出人物如周恩来等，直到1927年国共分裂，胡志明才返回莫斯科。他于1930年组建了印支共XX，即越南工人党的前身。作为献身共产国际的代表，胡志明使用苏联护照旅行，在这个阶段他以“Nguyen Ai Quoc”（爱国者Nguyen）而闻名，而在1943年之后他以“胡志明”（启迪者胡）而闻名。胡志明在亚洲与莫斯科之间穿梭，1938年他回到中国，与其他越南资深革命者一起，成为中国八路军的顾问。胡志明逐渐对中文非常熟练，并将毛泽东的名著“论持久战”由中文翻译为法语。

Second World War and French Reoccupation 二战及法国的再占领
Seasoned by years of training and his experiences China Ho would found the Viet Minh independence movement in 1941, the Vietnamese Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or Viet Minh. He would spend the remainder of the war organizing in the north of Vietnam and attempting to remain out of French and Chinese jail. During the war the Viet Minh would consolidate their power in the north of Vietnam with history teacher turned General Vo Nguygen Giap building communist forces reaching some 5,000 in number. [11]

由于多年的训练以及在中国的经验，胡志明变得经验丰富，他在1941年发起了越南独立运动，或者说“越南独立联盟”，用越南话说就是“Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi”。他将战争幸存人员在北越组织起来，并使其免于落入法国或中国的监狱。在战争中，越南独立联盟在北越巩固了他们的力量，从历史老师成长为将军的武元甲建立了共产主义军队，人数达到5000人。

By the time the Second World War ended in August of 1945, with the collapse of Imperial Japan, the organized and disciplined Vietnamese communists and Ho were perfectly positioned to move into the power vacuum left in the wars wake in Vietnam. In September of 1945 Ho would proclaim the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with American Office of Strategic Service (OSS) officers beside him in Hanoi. Nationalist Chinese and British troops that same month arrived to take the surrender of the Japanese forces, with reoccupation by the returning French soon afterwards. A period of unease settled over Vietnam with the French and Vietnamese negotiated over the future of Vietnam, with Ho at one point traveling to Paris for unsuccessful meetings with the French government. Ho would formally request military aid to include advisors and equipment from Stalin and the USSR in 1945, with no response to these requests given in return. [12] The Chinese in the future would not make the same mistake.

当二战于1945年8月结束时，随着日本帝国主义的崩溃，组织性纪律性良好的越南共产主义者占有了绝佳的位置以填补战争波浪留下的权力真空。1945年9月，在美国战略服务办公室官员的陪同下，胡志明在河内宣布成立越南民主共和国。中国国民党军队及英国军队在同月抵达河内，并解除了日本军队对其的包围，而不久之后，法国人返回并重新占领了越南。一段令人焦虑的岁月降临到越南头上，胡志明一度去巴黎与法国政府展开了不成功的会谈，以谈判越南的未来。他在1945年向斯大林正式要求军事援助，包括装备及顾问，但是苏联对于这些要求没有任何回应。中国人将来不会犯相同的错误。

First Indochina War 第一次印支战争

The First Vietnam War would finally begin in December of 1946 as the French attempted to disarm the Viet Minh Self Defense Forces in Hanoi and full scale fighting broke out. [13] By early 1947 the French had driven the Viet Minh out of the major cities throughout the country but the communists controlled the countryside in the north with a growing army of some 50,000 men capable of standing up to the best the professional French Army and Navy could throw at them. [14] The war settled down to a deadly affair of guerrilla war, ambush and counter ambush as the Vietnamese and French forces fought for control of Vietnam and the population.

1946年12月，第一次越南战争打响了，法国人试图解除越南独立联盟在河内的自卫队的武装，全面战争由此爆发。到了1947年早间，法国人已经将越南独立联盟逐出全国的主要城市，但是共产主义者控制住了北越的农村，他们的军队人数上升到5万人，可以抵挡住法国可以投放的最好的职业陆军及海军力量。战争发展成致命的游击战争，法国人与越南人展开伏击与反伏击，以控制越南及其人民。

It was during these early years of the war that the Chinese military support of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) began on a rather minor scale. This military aid started in March of 1946 as the Chinese Communist First Regiment of the Southern Guangdong People’s Force crossed into Vietnam in order to avoid Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist 46th and 64th Armies during the Chinese Civil War. [15] In addition to avoiding destruction this Chinese Regiment would begin to lay the groundwork for training and advising the less mature Vietnamese forces. This one thousand man unit of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, PLA, would provide officers to the Vietnamese Advanced Infantry School and Cadre Training Center in North Vietnam with some 830 personnel trained by the year 1947. [16] Direct contact to include cable traffic and funding existed at this early point between the two communist movements.
在战争的早期阶段，中国对越南人民军的支援开始从一个较小的规模起步。该军事援助始于1946年3月，当时处于中国内战期间，为避开蒋介石的国民党第46军和第64军，广东人民军共产主义第一团进入了越南。为了避免被消灭，该中国团开始为欠成熟的越南军队提供建议并打下训练的基础。中国人民解放军的这个一千人的单位为位于北越的越南高级步兵学校及干部培训中心提供官员，到1947年共培训了830人。在这两个共产主义运动的早期，就存在着这种直接的接触，包括电缆通讯及资金援助。


The strategic balance of power, in Asia and perhaps across the globe, was forever altered with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in October of 1949. After two years of relatively small scale guerrilla warfare dating from 1947 in Vietnam, the conflict would now expand and become much more deadly. With the arrival of Chinese communist troops along the Sino-Vietnamese border, the inevitable end was in sight for the French in Vietnam. As General Giap would write years later, “This great historic event, which altered events in Asia and throughout the world, exerted a considerable influence on the war of liberation of the Vietnamese people. Vietnam was no longer in the grip of enemy encirclement, and was henceforth geographically linked to the socialist bloc.” [17]

亚洲及全球的战略平衡，由于1949年10月中华人民共和国的建立而被永久的改变了。在越南，从1947年开始，在经过两年规模相对较小的游击战争后，冲突规模扩大并变得更为致命。随着中国共产主义者军队到达中越边界，法国在越南的不可避免的终结已经在望了。正如武元甲将军在几年后所写：“这个历史性事件改变了亚洲及世界的事务，对于越南人民的解放战争施加了可观的影响。越南从此不再处于敌人的包围之中，而是在地理上与社会主义阵营连接在一起”。

Understandably enough Ho and the Viet Minh wasted no time in sending representatives northward to ask for support and assistance from the new communist government. Diplomatic recognition would be granted to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in January of 1950 by the PRC, the first nation to do so, followed soon by Stalin and the USSR also granting recognition. [18] Stalin, as the senior member of the communist firm, had informed Mao during meetings in Moscow soon afterwards that providing support and assistance to the Vietnamese struggle was a responsibility, and financial obligation, of the Chinese and the PRC. [19] This would not be an obligation that the Chairman would shirk from, far from it, he would honor Stalin's wishes and support the Vietnamese communist cause for the next 25 years. Mao would see Vietnam as one of three areas of Western imperialism bordering on China that threatened the PRC, the other two areas being Taiwan and Korea. Additionally Mao sincerely believed in supporting “national liberation movements in colonial nations” and fancied himself as the champion of non-European peoples across the globe. [20]

可以理解，胡志明及越南独立联盟没有浪费任何时间，立即向北派出代表，向这个新的共产主义政府寻求支援及帮助。1950年1月，中国在外交上正式承认越南民主共和国，这是世界上第一个给予这种承认的国家，随后苏联也给予正式承认。作为共产主义阵营的老大哥，在于莫斯科举行的会议中，斯大林告诉毛泽东：为越南的斗争提供支援及帮助是中国及解放军的责任及财政义务。毛主席不会推卸该项责任，远远不是，实际上他尊重斯大林的愿望并在未来的25年里支持越南共产主义事业。毛主席将越南视为帝国主义与中国接壤并威胁着人民共和国的三个地区之一，另两个地区是台湾和朝鲜。此外，毛太祖真诚的相信 “殖民地国家的民族解放运动”，并将他自己想象为全球非欧洲人的捍卫者。

For the USSR and Stalin it was a low risk gamble.  Its allies, the Chinese under Mao, and the Koreans and Vietnamese, could potentially tie down so much U.S. and Western strength in Asia that the global balance of power might shift, allowing the Soviets to strike westwards into Europe. Stalin discounted a Third World War and the west’s reaction since Germany and Japan were post-war shells, proclaiming “Should we fear this [world war]? In my opinion, we should not…If a war is inevitable, then let it be waged now, and not in a few years time.” [21] The die would be cast for warfare in Asia, and possibly elsewhere.

对于苏联及斯大林来说，这是一场低危险的赌博。它的盟军：毛太祖治下的中国、以及朝鲜人及越南人，可以在亚洲潜在的牵制大量美国及西方的力量，从而改变全球的力量平衡，使得苏联可以向西打击欧洲。由于德国及日本已是战后的空壳，斯大林轻视一场第三次世界大战，他宣称：“我们该害怕世界大战吗？在我看来，我们不应该害怕。如果战争不可避免，那么现在就打，而不是几年后再打”。死亡将由于战争而被带到亚洲，以及其他可能的地方。