从多角度分析日俄战争

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日俄战争</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="8" year="1904"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,在中国东北的大地上,爆发了一场世界罕见的战争:两个强盗——日本与沙俄帝国为了重新瓜分在中国东北和朝鲜的利益,进而争夺亚洲及太平洋霸权而大打出手。而主战场并非日本与俄国领土,而是泱泱大国——中国,而当时中国的政府——大清皇朝竟不顾自己国家人民的死活,居然无耻的宣布中立!对于这段屈辱史,是每一个有良知的中国人都不能忘记的。下面我们以全新的角度去了解这场战争。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; tab-stops: 225.0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">历史背景:</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1894</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,朝鲜爆发内乱,日本人趁火打劫,出兵入侵朝鲜,进而对中国发动侵略战争——甲午中日战争。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1895</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,中国战败,在日本马关签订了屈辱的《马关条约》,不但勒索了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">亿两白银,还强迫清政府割让辽东半岛与台湾及其附属岛屿,并将朝鲜列入自己的势力范围。日本人的疯狂扩张触犯了妄图独吞中国东北的沙俄帝国利益。因此,沙俄串通德国与法国,强迫日本将辽东半岛“退还”中国。可恶的沙俄以“还辽有功”与“共同防日”,从清政府手里骗得在东北修筑中东铁路的特权。贪婪的俄(俄国人)还在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1898</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年强行租借大连与旅顺口,并窃取修筑中东铁路支线的特权。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,八国联军侵华,俄除了派兵入侵北京,还趁火打劫入侵中国东北。在签订了《辛丑条约》后,拒不退兵,而且加紧向朝鲜渗透。而日本人一直对退出辽东半岛耿耿于怀,事后,内阁通过十年扩军计划,准备以武力迫使俄让步。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1903</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,扩军计划基本完成。羽翼丰满的日本人马上向俄叫板。两国政府为了做战争准备,都采用举行会谈而施放假和平的烟雾。在同年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月举行会谈,至第二年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日,由于俄的傲慢——在会谈中一直不肯做出让步而导致会谈破裂,因此两国断交,大<span style="COLOR: blue;">战</span>一触即发。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战前两国的外交活动:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《孙子兵法》日:其上伐谋,其下伐交,其下攻城。可见伐交的重要。如果爆发战争,是非常伤国力的。如果能通过伐交解决问题,不失为上策。当时俄在欧洲虽然沦为二等国家,但其在中亚与远东地区扩张特别厉害,严重威胁英国在中亚的利益(当时英国也在中亚搞扩张,多次对中亚小国阿富汗发动战争),而且英国人担心俄国占领中国东北以后,会南下与它争夺长江流域的势力范围以及影响它经苏伊士运河与远东各国进行的海上贸易。因此英国人要想办法削弱俄的国力,免得日后养虎为患。要削弱敌人的国力简单而有效的办法是扶植敌人的敌人。因此,英国人选择了日本,两个“臭味相投”的“流氓”穿上了一条裤子。而一直推行“门户开放”政策的美国人,看到俄出兵霸占东北,妄图独吞整个东北亚乃至整个亚洲与太平洋的霸权,俄占领中国东北后,美要求俄国保证美国在东北的工商业利益和门户开放政策的顺利实施。俄对此置之不理。严重影响美国人在东北亚地区的利益,因此美国把俄看作是它在中国推行门户开放政策的主要障碍,所以也积极煽动日本向俄开战,以便通过战争削弱日、俄双方的力量。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1903</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,美国向日本表示,一旦日、俄</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战,美国的政策将有利于日本。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月,美国再次表示,它坚决支持日本对俄作战。美国人又选择了和日本穿一条裤子。日本人可谓左右逢源,不费吹灰之力,就有两个“傻帽”送上门来。说实话,如果没有这两个国家的支持,日本人断然不敢这么早就敢发动战争(后面会解释)。相反,想当年俄那边还懂得通过“伐交”,联合法、德两国,逼着小日本“归还”辽东半岛。而现在俄却处处树敌,就连清政府也恨透了他。虽说法国是其盟友,支持其远东政策,但是,法国对俄的是有限的,因为法国国内政局不稳,自顾不暇。而且,俄国把主要兵力调到远东,削弱<span style="COLOR: blue;">俄</span>国在欧洲的力量,降低了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1893</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年俄、法军事同盟的意义。这是法国所不乐意的。同时它也不愿意过分得罪英国。而其盟友德国,却心怀鬼胎,认为日、俄之争,无论谁胜,对它都有利,都能加强它的外交地位。所以</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">德国希望日俄之间爆发战争。一则俄国兵力东调,必然减轻俄法军事同盟对德国的压力,二则它可以做军火生意,借日俄战争发财。为此德国采用圆滑的<span style="COLOR: blue;">政策</span>,一面在财政上援助俄国,一面向日本提供军火和军事技术。因此,当是俄国人的处境是很糟糕,而<span style="COLOR: blue;">其</span>对于英国、美国与小日本结盟置之不理,没有想过在外交上采用</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">连横策略,破坏其联盟。伐交的失败,为俄以后的失败埋下伏笔。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战前两国军力对比:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">俄陆军有常备军</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">113.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万人、预备役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">350</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万人,主要部署在欧洲部分;而远东地区仅有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万,而且分散在中国东北、滨海地区和外贝加尔地区。海军主要有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个舰队,主力部署在波罗的海与黑海地区。其远东地区的太平洋第一分舰队辖作战舰艇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">63</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">艘,总排水量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万吨,主要部署在旅顺口与海</span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">参崴</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">海军基地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小日本经过近十年的扩军,拥有陆军常备军近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万、预备役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万、后备役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万人,主要部署在本州与九州地区。海军有作战舰艇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">多艘,总排水量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">26</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万吨,主要部署在佐世保、吴港、对马海军基地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战前双方的作战意图:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">俄虽然总体兵力与国力远大于小日本,但是在远东地区并不占优势。且远东地区的部队缺乏训练、战斗力低下。俄军的作战计划是:以海军阻止日军登陆,陆军主力部署在海城、辽阳地区;以陆军一步守住旅顺口(由海军照应)与乌苏里江,另一部兵力在鸭绿江岸边构筑工事,迟滞小日本的进攻;待增援部队到达以后转入反攻,先将日本逐出东北与朝鲜,而后在日本本土登陆。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">由于</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">国力的限制,日本人必然要采用积极进攻,速战速决的战术,因此小日本的作战企图:先偷袭俄的第一分舰队,打击其士气,然后寻机将其歼灭,夺取制海权;以陆军一部登陆朝鲜,向鸭绿江推进,实施钳制作战;主力在辽东半岛登陆,攻占旅顺口,然后集结地面部队主力北进,赶在俄国增援部队到达之前,歼灭俄军于辽、沈地区。作战过程:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日俄战争</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="8" year="1904"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,在中国东北的大地上,爆发了一场世界罕见的战争:两个强盗——日本与沙俄帝国为了重新瓜分在中国东北和朝鲜的利益,进而争夺亚洲及太平洋霸权而大打出手。而主战场并非日本与俄国领土,而是泱泱大国——中国,而当时中国的政府——大清皇朝竟不顾自己国家人民的死活,居然无耻的宣布中立!对于这段屈辱史,是每一个有良知的中国人都不能忘记的。下面我们以全新的角度去了解这场战争。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; tab-stops: 225.0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">历史背景:</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1894</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,朝鲜爆发内乱,日本人趁火打劫,出兵入侵朝鲜,进而对中国发动侵略战争——甲午中日战争。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1895</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,中国战败,在日本马关签订了屈辱的《马关条约》,不但勒索了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">亿两白银,还强迫清政府割让辽东半岛与台湾及其附属岛屿,并将朝鲜列入自己的势力范围。日本人的疯狂扩张触犯了妄图独吞中国东北的沙俄帝国利益。因此,沙俄串通德国与法国,强迫日本将辽东半岛“退还”中国。可恶的沙俄以“还辽有功”与“共同防日”,从清政府手里骗得在东北修筑中东铁路的特权。贪婪的俄(俄国人)还在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1898</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年强行租借大连与旅顺口,并窃取修筑中东铁路支线的特权。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,八国联军侵华,俄除了派兵入侵北京,还趁火打劫入侵中国东北。在签订了《辛丑条约》后,拒不退兵,而且加紧向朝鲜渗透。而日本人一直对退出辽东半岛耿耿于怀,事后,内阁通过十年扩军计划,准备以武力迫使俄让步。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1903</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,扩军计划基本完成。羽翼丰满的日本人马上向俄叫板。两国政府为了做战争准备,都采用举行会谈而施放假和平的烟雾。在同年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月举行会谈,至第二年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日,由于俄的傲慢——在会谈中一直不肯做出让步而导致会谈破裂,因此两国断交,大<span style="COLOR: blue;">战</span>一触即发。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战前两国的外交活动:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《孙子兵法》日:其上伐谋,其下伐交,其下攻城。可见伐交的重要。如果爆发战争,是非常伤国力的。如果能通过伐交解决问题,不失为上策。当时俄在欧洲虽然沦为二等国家,但其在中亚与远东地区扩张特别厉害,严重威胁英国在中亚的利益(当时英国也在中亚搞扩张,多次对中亚小国阿富汗发动战争),而且英国人担心俄国占领中国东北以后,会南下与它争夺长江流域的势力范围以及影响它经苏伊士运河与远东各国进行的海上贸易。因此英国人要想办法削弱俄的国力,免得日后养虎为患。要削弱敌人的国力简单而有效的办法是扶植敌人的敌人。因此,英国人选择了日本,两个“臭味相投”的“流氓”穿上了一条裤子。而一直推行“门户开放”政策的美国人,看到俄出兵霸占东北,妄图独吞整个东北亚乃至整个亚洲与太平洋的霸权,俄占领中国东北后,美要求俄国保证美国在东北的工商业利益和门户开放政策的顺利实施。俄对此置之不理。严重影响美国人在东北亚地区的利益,因此美国把俄看作是它在中国推行门户开放政策的主要障碍,所以也积极煽动日本向俄开战,以便通过战争削弱日、俄双方的力量。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1903</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,美国向日本表示,一旦日、俄</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战,美国的政策将有利于日本。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月,美国再次表示,它坚决支持日本对俄作战。美国人又选择了和日本穿一条裤子。日本人可谓左右逢源,不费吹灰之力,就有两个“傻帽”送上门来。说实话,如果没有这两个国家的支持,日本人断然不敢这么早就敢发动战争(后面会解释)。相反,想当年俄那边还懂得通过“伐交”,联合法、德两国,逼着小日本“归还”辽东半岛。而现在俄却处处树敌,就连清政府也恨透了他。虽说法国是其盟友,支持其远东政策,但是,法国对俄的是有限的,因为法国国内政局不稳,自顾不暇。而且,俄国把主要兵力调到远东,削弱<span style="COLOR: blue;">俄</span>国在欧洲的力量,降低了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1893</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年俄、法军事同盟的意义。这是法国所不乐意的。同时它也不愿意过分得罪英国。而其盟友德国,却心怀鬼胎,认为日、俄之争,无论谁胜,对它都有利,都能加强它的外交地位。所以</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">德国希望日俄之间爆发战争。一则俄国兵力东调,必然减轻俄法军事同盟对德国的压力,二则它可以做军火生意,借日俄战争发财。为此德国采用圆滑的<span style="COLOR: blue;">政策</span>,一面在财政上援助俄国,一面向日本提供军火和军事技术。因此,当是俄国人的处境是很糟糕,而<span style="COLOR: blue;">其</span>对于英国、美国与小日本结盟置之不理,没有想过在外交上采用</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">连横策略,破坏其联盟。伐交的失败,为俄以后的失败埋下伏笔。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战前两国军力对比:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">俄陆军有常备军</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">113.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万人、预备役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">350</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万人,主要部署在欧洲部分;而远东地区仅有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万,而且分散在中国东北、滨海地区和外贝加尔地区。海军主要有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个舰队,主力部署在波罗的海与黑海地区。其远东地区的太平洋第一分舰队辖作战舰艇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">63</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">艘,总排水量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万吨,主要部署在旅顺口与海</span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">参崴</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">海军基地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小日本经过近十年的扩军,拥有陆军常备军近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万、预备役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万、后备役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万人,主要部署在本州与九州地区。海军有作战舰艇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">多艘,总排水量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">26</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万吨,主要部署在佐世保、吴港、对马海军基地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">交战前双方的作战意图:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">俄虽然总体兵力与国力远大于小日本,但是在远东地区并不占优势。且远东地区的部队缺乏训练、战斗力低下。俄军的作战计划是:以海军阻止日军登陆,陆军主力部署在海城、辽阳地区;以陆军一步守住旅顺口(由海军照应)与乌苏里江,另一部兵力在鸭绿江岸边构筑工事,迟滞小日本的进攻;待增援部队到达以后转入反攻,先将日本逐出东北与朝鲜,而后在日本本土登陆。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">由于</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">国力的限制,日本人必然要采用积极进攻,速战速决的战术,因此小日本的作战企图:先偷袭俄的第一分舰队,打击其士气,然后寻机将其歼灭,夺取制海权;以陆军一部登陆朝鲜,向鸭绿江推进,实施钳制作战;主力在辽东半岛登陆,攻占旅顺口,然后集结地面部队主力北进,赶在俄国增援部队到达之前,歼灭俄军于辽、沈地区。作战过程:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鬼子阴险,偷袭旅顺口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="8" year="1904"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">晚十时二十分,日本海军联合舰队在总司令东乡平八郎中将率领下,来到俄旅顺口海军基地外围,其下令舰队放慢前进速度,实行灯火管制。于是,舰队小心翼翼的摸索而进。突然间,两艘担任警戒俄驱逐舰在小日本的联合舰队右前方出现。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队司令浅井命令:将炮口对准敌舰,如果对方开炮,立即还击,为了避免接触,</span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">舰队向右改变航向。上帝好像每次都眷顾小日本——每每小日本在战争开始的时候搞偷袭,都非常幸运,小日本第一驱逐队在俄这两艘担负警戒任务的驱逐舰的眼皮底下“溜”了。由于在夜暗中突然改变航向,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队与尾随其后的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队失去了联系。随着时间一分一秒的过去,第一驱逐队离旅顺口基地的俄舰队越来越近。在岸上俄的探照灯的照射下,俄的舰队的位置与配置被小日本发现了。时针指向零时二十分,浅井司令发出了攻击命令,顿时海面上火光闪闪。此时,失去联系的策</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队也追了上来(据说当时被俄担负警戒任务的驱逐舰发现,但是,由于当时的战斗条令混乱,只是要求如发现可疑舰只,应立即返回报告不得单独与其交战,居然没有要求使用无线电报告,一群傻帽)。由于俄的麻痹大意,在大战在即的当天晚上,是俄国太平洋舰队司令斯达尔克夫人的命名日。斯达尔克下令所有军舰</span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">停泊在旅顺外港,撤掉防雷网,让战舰都挂上节日的舷灯,夜晚打开探照灯,把内港</span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的出入口照得通明。他还通知舰队“没有特别命令,不准采取军事行动”。军官们都上岸参加舞会去了,舰上只有少数士兵值勤,所有炮弹居然没有上镗。因此,在遭受小日本偷袭的很长时间里,都未能组织有效的反击。而进行反击的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">狄爱娜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号巡洋舰,居然没有一发炮弹命中,而且很快发现孤立还击,马上又溜走了。而其他的舰艇不是逃跑、就是胡乱开炮。真正意义上的反击只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">诺维克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号巡洋舰,但由于孤军奋战,势单力薄,被打得遍体鳞伤后,边施放鱼雷边逃走了。战斗发生50分钟后,大部分军舰已经跑到炮台的有效射程内,稍稍缓过神来反击了。而这时日本联合舰队的第3驱逐队已经进入炮台的射程范围,并开始遭受打击。东乡平八郎意识到单靠军舰与坚固的炮台作战是要吃亏的,因此下令全部舰只集结在敌有效射程之外,而后命令第4驱逐队去仁川执行任务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">此役,俄第一太平洋分舰队不但军舰和人员遭到较为严重的损失,而且,士气大受打击,以致很长时间不敢出击。当然,战斗已经打响了,俄的海军部队马上在旅顺口基地外围布置了大量的水雷进行防御。战斗结束不久,小日本为了封锁旅顺港,其联合舰队先后三次对旅顺港进行闭塞封锁,共沉船</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">17</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艘,并且大量布雷,虽未达到预期目的,但给沙俄舰队出入旅顺港造成了很大困难。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">仁川海战:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在日本联合舰队开赴旅顺口途中(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7 </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日晨),虏获一艘俄国商船,从中得知了俄太平洋第一分舰队的军舰配置情况,其中在仁川港驻有俄的2艘军舰。因此,在偷袭旅顺口以后,东乡平八郎命令第4驱逐队赶赴仁川,接应“千代田”号巡洋舰,然后对敌仁川支队发动进攻。而此时,“千代田”号巡洋舰情况很糟糕,因为“千代田”号的两侧,停泊着俄国的巡洋舰“瓦良格”号和炮舰“高丽人”号,“千代田”号被两舰夹在中间。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">正当“千代田”号舰长在当天晚上提心吊胆逃跑的时候,奇迹发生了,俄这两艘军舰居然没有理会。“千代田”号安然脱险在贝克岛附近与第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队会合。原因在于他们居然不知道战争已经爆发,可想而知当时俄军队内部的组织制度与情报通报制度是何等混乱。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">00</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">许,“高丽人”号从仁川港起航,前往旅顺口。在外面等待的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队位于前面的“浅间”号、</span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“高千穗”号以及“千代田”号立即掩护运兵船,鱼雷艇队兵分两路,</span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从“高丽人”号两侧向敌接近,摆开了攻击的架势。惊恐万状的“高丽人”号,一边开炮一边向港内撤退。小日本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艘运兵船在敌眼皮底下迅速登陆。当登陆确认完成后,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队对敌下战书。由于列强的军舰与商船担心被误中,纷纷催促“瓦良格”号和“高丽人”号出港。两艘俄舰无可奈何,只好在桅杆上升起战旗,于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日零时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分起锚,向八尾岛驶去。由于仁川港没有像旅顺口那样的坚固的炮台,</span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">且在数量占优</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,因此,小日本的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">驱逐队的炮手们可以冷静沉着瞄准。与此同时,“瓦良格”号发射的炮弹多达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1300</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">发,但没有一发命中,显得十分狼狈,说明平时训练不力。最后两舰被迫自沉。在仁川港内的俄货轮“松花江”为避免被敌缴获,也自沉了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"></p></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">金州之战:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于小日本联合舰队通过不断的攻击与封锁旅顺口,限制了俄舰队的活动,为陆军在朝鲜与辽东登陆创造了条件。在朝鲜登陆的日本第一集团军在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月底来到鸭绿江边。由于俄军的战略判断有误,在鸭绿江边布防的俄军只有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人左右,且分散配置。因此,日第一集团军很快就渡过鸭绿江,击溃俄东满支队,并且占领九连城、凤凰城,前出太子河。威胁辽阳俄军的后方。为了切断辽阳与旅顺口俄军的联系,</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="5" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,日第二集团军开始在辽东半岛貔子窝登陆,目标直指旅顺的门户——金州地峡,企图从北面攻占旅顺。金州地峡是辽东半岛的咽喉要道,形势险要,具有重要的战略地位。<span style="COLOR: black;">俄军西伯利亚第五团</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千多人在这里驻守,其防御重点放在控制金州的南山(扇子山)上。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">俄军在这里设有炮台和坚固的防御工事。日军首先破坏普兰店铁桥和沿途电话线,切断了俄军在旅顺和辽阳之间的陆上通讯联系。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月中旬,日军分</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">路攻打金州,连攻两天未克。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="26" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">26</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,日军趁雷雨之夜,以</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个师,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍于俄方守军的兵力,配备</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多门大炮,在军舰炮火的掩护下,再次猛攻金州。由于俄军<span style="COLOR: black;">配备了杀伤力极大的马克沁重机枪,且有坚固防御工事。当一波又一波的日军呐喊着冲向俄军阵地时,迎接他们的是密如雨点的子弹,战斗变成了屠杀。但日军不为尸山血海所动,毫无畏惧决死冲锋,当天下午南山阵地终被攻克。此时,</span>日军经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个小时的激烈战斗,虽然伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千多人,但攻下了金州的南山地区,截断了旅顺俄军的后援之路。虽然俄军伤亡只有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">百多人,但其余的守军却都被日军的疯狂吓得逃跑。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">俄海军的反击:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">旅顺港初战之后,俄军在旅顺港附近水域设置大量水雷以御强敌。同时,俄海军名将马</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #e4eaf2; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 1.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">卡洛夫被沙皇任命为太平洋分舰队司令。马卡洛夫对旅顺海军进行重新整编,采取以驱逐舰为主力的积极进攻战术,在老铁山以南海域重创日军3艘驱逐舰,鼓舞了俄军士气。</span></span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="15" year="2006"><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">5</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">15</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日</span></span></chsdate><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">,日舰“春日”号返航时遇到浓雾,撞沉了“吉野”号,</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">300</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">多名官兵丧生。同日,“初濑”和“八岛”触水雷沉没。这一天被日军称为“帝国海军灾祸日”。然而天意弄人,当俄太平洋分舰队司令马卡洛夫中将亲率旗舰“彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克”号出海增援(被日本间谍得知),触上日军布下的水雷,与其他</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">600</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">多名官兵丧生。由于名将的阵亡,导致俄海军的反击彻底中止。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">辽阳之战:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="19" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日独立第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">师团在辽东半岛大孤山登陆。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月,占领岫岩,</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 30</font></span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,与第2集团军一个师团合编为第4集团军,占领析木城,前出海城.</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月底,日第2集团军又占领大连湾,获得了新的补给基地。6月初,日第2集团军挥师北上,在得利寺击退南下救援旅顺口的俄南下支队.然后乘胜追击,<span style="COLOR: blue;">沿着向</span>辽阳进攻.5月29日,日第三集团军在从辽东半岛的盐大澳附近登陆,进逼大连.至此,小日本共有3个集团军<span style="COLOR: blue;">形成了合围辽阳之势</span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">辽阳是中国在东北南部的战略要地,为加强在中国东北地区日军的统一指挥,日本于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="20" year="2006"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">20</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">成立了“满洲军总司令部”,任命大山岩元帅为总司令,儿玉源太郎大将为总参谋长,统一指挥各军,准备进攻辽阳.小日本进攻辽阳的战略目的是为解除第三集团军围攻旅顺口的后顾之忧.日本参战兵力为<span lang="EN-US">13.5万,火炮474门.俄军为阻止日军北上,在辽阳集结了2个集群共15.2万人的兵力,606门大炮,修筑了坚固的工事,布置了三道防线并且在阵前埋下大量地雷。虽然俄军在兵力和武器的数量方面均占优势,但由于指挥官库罗帕特金采取消极防御的方针,只把一半左右的兵力投入战斗,其余的作为预备队。</span></span></span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而日方将全部兵力都投入战斗,造成了对俄军的相对优势。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">8 </font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月下旬,日、俄两军在辽阳展开会战。日军决定对俄军实行围歼。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman"> 24</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,辽阳会战开始。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日军第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集团军从东南方向迂回俄军东集群左翼</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,目的是把俄军的注意力吸引过来,使俄军把预备队调到这边,为第二、四集团军进攻俄军的右翼</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">创造有利条件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 26</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,日军第四、二军分别向俄军发起进攻,均被击退。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">俄军左翼的战斗进行的非常激烈。当日第一集团军出现在俄军左翼时,库罗帕特金急忙把预备队调来。马尔丁诺夫上校指挥的预备团在调动途中,改变运动方向,秘密来到右翼,与这里的日军展开白刃战,打退了日军。于是,出现了有利于俄军的形势。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但俄军东部集群指挥部没有利用这一有利形势,扩大战果,失去一次很好的战机。</span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">库罗帕特金过高估计日军实力,命令俄军撤至第二防御地带。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,总攻开始。日军第一、二、</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个集团军兵分</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">路同时对俄军发动猛攻。日军在南面遇到俄军的顽强抵抗。日第一集团军从东面攻打俄军。在这里俄军本来拥有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍于敌的优势兵力,可是库罗帕特金没有及时组织反击,使黑木于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日夜攻占了馒头山,接着,日第一集团军在进攻俄军主阵地时受到巨大伤亡,给养和弹药严重不足,处于俄军优势兵力的威胁之下,准备于</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="3" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日晨</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">撤回太子河左岸。由于库罗帕特金担心被包围,在已出现了对俄军有利的形势下,竟在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日凌晨下令俄军放弃阵地,从辽阳撤到奉天(今沈阳)。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="4" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,日军进驻辽阳。在这次会战中,日军伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,俄军伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">辽阳战役对日俄战争的整个战局有决定性意义。俄军屡败,对解救旅顺要塞彻底绝望,</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #e4eaf2; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 1.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">对继续与日军作战失去信心,俄国国内呼吁</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">"</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">对日和谈</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">"</span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">的舆论日盛。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">沙河之战:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">辽阳失守后,沙皇政府为扭转战局,命令库罗帕特金抓紧时机组织反攻。九月末,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">俄国从欧洲调来的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个军陆续到达前线,</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在前线的俄军已增加到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">21</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,火炮758门.而日军只有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">2万人,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">火炮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">488</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">门</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。然而由于库罗帕特金没有做好必要的准备和战前动员,缺少战地地图,山炮和运输装备,军事行动缓慢。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="9" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,俄军一部向本溪湖的日军第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集团军逼近,对其左翼展开进攻;另一部进抵太子河左岸。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,日军转入反攻,在沙河地区</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="60" unitname="公里"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">战线上展开激战。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">至</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="20" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,双方均因丧失进攻能力而转入防御,双方隔河对峙,一直持续到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月奉天会战开始.此战日本人伤亡2万余人,俄军伤亡高达4</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">.1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">旅顺口之战:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于俄军欧洲援军部队陆续东北,使到日本人感到北线压力过大。为了尽快结束战争(国库已经空虚),这时日本军事当局决定把全部后备力量投入旅顺战场,希望尽快攻下旅顺。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">旅顺口是沙俄精心经营多年的海军要塞,俄国太平洋舰队的重要基地,旅顺阵地纵深大约有五六公里</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">依山而筑</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">固若金汤。俄军兵力约</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">火炮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">646</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">门,在火力上占有优势</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。旅顺口战略地位重要,这个海湾四周几乎全被一列大约海拔二百多米的山峦包围着</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">易守难攻</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">只有一个狭窄的出海口</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">沿海山头上炮台林立</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">要想从海上攻入海湾是根本不可能的。拿下旅顺口只能先占领周边的山头。日本只有占领旅顺,才能完全掌握制海权,并抽出第三军北上增援,因此,日军决定不惜付出任何代价攻占旅顺。旅顺口战役是日俄战争中持续时间最长,战斗最激烈的一场攻坚战。日军第三集团军在乃木将军指挥下,在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">—</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月间已占领了辽东半岛的许多据点。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月初,日军占领了旅顺外围地区,加强了第三集团军的力量,配置了</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="280" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">280</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">口径的攻城炮,在旅顺外围构筑了炮兵阵地和工事,把俄军围困在港内。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在这种危险情况下,俄国远东总督阿列克谢耶夫命令太平洋舰队司令维特格甫梯撤到海参崴。但他没有突围逃生的信心,迟迟未动。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="10" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,维特格甫梯在接到撤向海参崴的强行命令后,俄国舰队进行过突围的尝试,但失败了,又只得返回旅顺港。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 19</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日黎明,日军向旅顺港发起第一次进攻,进攻的方向为旅顺口东北侧的东鸡冠山。乃木组织敢死队进行强攻,俄军拼死抵抗。由于俄军的防线与堡垒坚固,火力又猛,加上使用了新式</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">应用跳雷和可操纵的应用</span><span style="COLOR: #cc0033; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">地雷,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">使到日军进攻的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天中伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千人。日军的第一次进攻失败了。但是,日军在辽阳的胜利给第三集团军进攻旅顺造成了有利条件,但同时也使日军产生轻敌心理。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 19</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,日军发起第二次攻势,主攻目标是二○三高地(原本高地标高</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="204" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">204</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,但是由于日军猛烈炮击,战后标高</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="203" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">203</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,故得此名)。经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天激战,日军损失</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千人,只占领了长山和一些工事,没有攻下二○三高地。日本统帅部为迅速拿下旅顺,给第三军增加</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个师的兵力。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="26" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">26</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,日军对旅顺组织第三次进攻,战斗异常激烈。乃木倾全军之力鏖战</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">昼夜,以伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千人的代价,于</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="5" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">终于占领了二○三高地,彻底切断了旅顺港俄海军与陆军的联系。但是,由于俄军并没有及时把炮台炸毁,以至炮台能迅速的被日军使用。因此二○三高地的失守,基本上决定了旅顺俄军的命运。此后日军不断从高地用</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="280" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">280</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">重炮炮击对面高地、旅顺内港和市区,除铁甲舰“塞瓦斯托波尔号”和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艘小型舰以外,旅顺口的俄国舰队几乎全部丧失了战斗力。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="15" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,旅顺陆防司令康特拉琴科将军阵亡(在堡垒中中炮身亡)。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">旅顺俄军由施特塞尔指挥。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">29</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">31</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日,日军先后攻占了旅顺东北的二龙山和松树林等炮台。当时港内俄军尚有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千人和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">61</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">门大炮,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万多发炮弹。但是,陷入困境中的施特塞尔决定向日本投降,他不顾其他俄军将领的反对。在</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="1" year="1905"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">派军使<span style="COLOR: blue;">去</span>日军请降。消息传来,激起俄军官兵的强烈愤慨。他们愤怒地毁坏工事和弹药,爆炸声和大火继续了一整夜。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="2" year="2006"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,旅顺俄军与日方正式签订了投降书。日军占领了旅顺。旅顺战役进行了</span><font face="Times New Roman"> 5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月之久,日军参战人数约有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万,死伤近一半。俄军损失约</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,其中有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当了俘虏。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">旅顺口的失陷,使日军完全掌握了制海权,日俄战争发生了重大转折。施特塞尔</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的行动给俄国造成了无可挽回的损失。此战日本人采用的战术呆板,对坚固的堡垒采用人海战术去强攻。其实,当时</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">203</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">高地山下与山脚有一大片树林,如果日军采用火攻,借助烟雾的掩护,可以以小的代价夺取。俄军的失败在于海上援军的增援太迟,倘若战争一开始,俄军马上在欧洲抽调舰队支援,肯定能在旅顺陷落前赶到,与港内的海军配合,<span style="COLOR: blue;">夺取制海权。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奉天之战</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日军占领旅顺口,使日俄战争发生重大的转折。日军决定乘胜攻占沈阳。日军统帅<span style="COLOR: blue;">部</span>抽调部分兵力担任辽南的防守任务,把第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集团军调往沈阳战场。而第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集团军所辖的第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">师团得以扩编为鸭绿江集团军(第五集团军),转进奉天东南赛马集,其余各师团相继北上,参加奉天之战。奉天会战前夕,日军有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,火炮</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">992</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">门,机枪</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艇。库罗帕特金指挥下的俄军总兵力达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">33</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,火炮</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1494</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">门,机枪</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">56</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艇。俄军在兵力和炮火方面占优势。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="19" year="1905"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">19</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,库罗帕特金命令俄军向太子河左岸的日军进攻。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="25" year="2006"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">25</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,俄军</span><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人攻打位于奉天西南</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="40" unitname="公里"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的黑沟台战略点,战斗持续</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">昼夜,俄军未能夺取这个战略点。黑沟台战斗结束后,日、俄双方在奉天展开了会战。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="20" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,日军开始对奉天全线进攻,以俄军右翼为主攻方向。日鸭绿江集团军向俄军左翼迂回,占领清河城,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">并向抚顺方向发展进攻,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从左侧对俄军造成威胁。接着日军第一、二、四集团军同时向俄军左侧并进,目的是诱使库罗帕特金把预备队从右翼调到左翼。库罗帕特金急忙调预备队迎战。这正中了日军的圈套。日第三集团军迂回到俄军右翼,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">从辽阳西北渡过浑河向奉天西北方向出击。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一、四集团军继续留在俄军左侧,配合鸭绿江军牵制俄军左翼。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="27" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,第二集团军从左侧撤出,和第三集团军从右翼进行突击。库罗帕特金又被迫把预备队从左翼调到右翼,使俄军陷<span style="COLOR: blue;">于</span>疲于奔命的混乱状态。从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日起日军发动全线进攻,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">1</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">集团军扩大包围圈,完成对俄军左翼的包围;第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">4</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">集团军进攻万宝山;第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">2</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">集团军进攻二台子、长滩之间俄军;第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">集团军担任主攻,攻击俄军右翼,占新民屯后绕到俄军后方,威胁奉天</span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">—</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">铁岭铁路。此时,库罗帕特金始发觉日军正以重兵迂回其右翼,急将部分预备队从左翼调回右翼,但为时已晚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">7</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日晨,俄军右翼第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">2</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">集团军被迫收缩并开始北撤。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="9" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,俄军对日第三集团军进行反击,但没有奏效。此时,日军突破了俄军左侧防线,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日鸭绿江集团军占领抚顺;</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集团军攻占旧站,与逼近</span><span style="COLOR: #cc0033; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奉天</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">市区的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集团军形成包围俄军于奉天城下之势</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。俄军已身陷重围。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日夜间,库罗帕特金下令北撤,退守四平一线。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">俄军在撤退中陷入混乱,遗弃大批物资及日军俘虏。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="10" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,日军占领奉天。会战结束。奉天会战是日俄战争中最后一次大战。这次会战日军伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,俄军</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">伤亡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">6.7</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">万人,被俘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">2.2</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">万</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人。库罗帕特金因屡吃败仗,被沙皇降为“满洲”第一集团军司令,由利涅维奇接任远东陆军总司令的职务。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对马海战:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日本联合舰队在远东给予俄太平洋舰队的一系列沉重打击</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">使沙皇政府十分震惊。为此,沙俄政府決定組建第二太平洋舰队,尽快赶赴远东解救被日海军困在旅顺口的太平洋舰队,并任命原海军参谋长罗热斯特文斯基为舰队司令官,全权负责舰队的组建和指挥。经过这位性格孤僻、固执但颇讲效益的海军上将几个月的努力,第二太平洋<span style="COLOR: blue;">舰队</span>终于建成</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">虽说舰队已经建成</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">但是</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">俄海军士兵文化素质太低</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">对这些高科技装备并不很熟练</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">尤其在故障维修方面</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">这就是舰队迟迟未能出发与迟到的原因之一(迟到的另一个重要的原因是英国人的刁难,该舰队沿途几乎没有得到任何补给)。</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="26" year="1904"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">年</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">26</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">,俄国沙皇尼古拉二世登上了停泊在塔林港的舰队旗舰</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">苏沃洛夫</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">号战列舰,检阅了舰队。在沙皇的祝福声中,这支由</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘战列舰、</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘巡洋舰、</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘驱逐舰、</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘医疗船</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">由贵族妇女自愿参加组成</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">、</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘工作船</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">和其他后勤辅助舰船组成的第二太平洋舰对离开芬兰湾,驶向遥远的远东水域。然而,整个舰队</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">12000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">名俄海军官兵,万万沒有想到,他们踏上的不仅是一段长达</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">18000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">公里的漫长而艰苦的征程,也是一条通向死亡之路。</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="3" year="1904"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1904</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">年</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman"> 3</font></span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日,舰队抵达丹吉雨并重新编队。</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月中旬,舰队绕过了好望角。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="9" year="1905"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">年</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">抵达马达加斯加的贝岛进行休整。此时,舰队获悉旅顺失守,整个第一太平洋舰队覆沒的消息。罗热斯特文斯基请求返航,但沙皇命令他继续东行。此时,许多人主张返回彼得堡,只有罗热斯特文斯基固执地遵照沙皇命令继续东航,于</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="16" year="2006"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">16 </font></span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日驶出贝岛。</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">年</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月,俄国又派出涅波加多夫少将率领第三太平洋分舰队,前往加强第二太平洋分舰队。</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">年</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月中旬,两舰队在越南西贡湾会合后,驶向海参崴。两舰队共有主力舰</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">38</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘,和</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">1 3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">艘辅助舰。这样一支庞大的舰队驶往海参崴有</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">条路可走,即对马海峡和津轻海峡,其中对马航线最近。从对马海峡到海参崴只有</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN;">天的航行。罗热斯特文斯基在沒有同任何人商量的情況下就选择了对马航线</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><p></p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="27" year="2006"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月<span lang="EN">27</span>日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">,在对马海峡南口五岛列岛以西海区担负侦察监视任务的日海军侦察船<span lang="EN">“</span>信浓丸<span lang="EN">”</span>透过黑夜和海雾首先发現了缓缓北上的俄国<span lang="EN">“</span>奥勒尔<span lang="EN">”</span>医疗船的灯光,那些贵族妇女们公然违抗了罗热斯特文斯基的灯火管制命令。拂晓,<span lang="EN">“</span>信浓丸<span lang="EN">”</span>看清了俄国大舰队。<span lang="EN">“</span>信浓丸<span lang="EN">”</span>一面对其监视,一面立即向联合舰队司令部发出了预先定好的<span lang="EN">“</span>今天天气晴朗,但海浪很高<span lang="EN">”</span>的密码电报,其译文为<span lang="EN">“</span>发现敌舰队<span lang="EN">”</span>。此时<span lang="EN">,</span>这份电报没有迅速传递到联合舰队司令部<span lang="EN">(</span>由于当时的无线电通信性能差<span lang="EN">),</span>却被俄国舰队无意中接受到<span lang="EN">.</span>这个情报马上传送到舰队司令罗热斯特文斯基手上<span lang="EN">,</span>而罗热斯特文斯基却对此情报置之不理<span lang="EN">,</span>错失了反击的机会<span lang="EN">,</span>毕竟海参崴港里面还有一定的军舰可以接应<span lang="EN">.</span>接到<span lang="EN">“</span>信浓丸<span lang="EN">”</span>的报告后,东乡大将旗舰<span lang="EN">“</span>三笠<span lang="EN">”</span>号战舰即刻升起了<span lang="EN">Z</span>字旗,号令日本联合舰队出击。东乡旗下兵力有:<span lang="EN">4 </span>艘战列舰、<span lang="EN">23</span>艘巡洋舰、<span lang="EN">20</span>艘驱逐舰、<span lang="EN">1</span>艘海防舰 一共有<span lang="EN">48</span>艘各战战斗舰艇。出战前一段精神讲话<span lang="EN">:</span>帝国兴亡,在此一战<span lang="EN">!</span>我军将士务必全力奋战<span lang="EN">.</span>即率领舰队去迎击沙俄舰队。中午<span lang="EN">13</span>时<span lang="EN">45</span>分,两舰队在对马海峡的沖岛附近相遇了。当时俄国的总計共<span lang="EN">38</span>艘的各式舰艇正排着整齐的三列纵队缓缓前行,航向東北,日舰队航向西南,双方航向交错。<span lang="EN"> <p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">当两舰队相距<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="海里"><span lang="EN">4</span>海里</chmetcnv>时,日舰队突然来了一个<span lang="EN">180</span>度的<span lang="EN">U</span>型转弯。东乡的目的是为了按照孙子兵法所学“占上风处者得利”,日本舰队实际上可利用北风可吹散硝烟,防止敌炮弹溅出的浪花迷惑炮手射线,而风朝俄国人刮,会给俄舰水线上的炮口造成威胁。日本舰队在<span lang="EN">U</span>型转弯处付出了代价,因为定点转弯时为俄国人提供一个固定射击点,所以几乎每艘日舰都在转弯点上受到了炮火的洗礼,而且日舰在转弯时无法发炮。罗热斯特文斯基上将立刻抓住了有利时机,<span lang="EN">14</span>时<span lang="EN">8</span>分,俄舰在<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="10000" unitname="米"><span lang="EN">10000</span>米</chmetcnv>距离上 首先开炮。俄国战列舰<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="305" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN">305</span>毫米</chmetcnv>的前主炮炮火给日舰沉重打击。<span lang="EN">3</span>艘日舰受重伤,<span lang="EN">1</span>艘丧失活动能力。日舰队完成其代价高昂的转弯后开始与俄舰队平行前进。不久,日本舰队利用其航速优势压向俄国舰队正前方,逼使俄舰队偏离原航向。<span lang="EN">“</span>三笠<span lang="EN">”</span>是<span lang="EN">1902</span>年在英国下水的新舰,排水量<span lang="EN">15140</span>吨,有<span lang="EN">4</span>门<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="305" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN">305mm</span></chmetcnv>主炮,最大战速<span lang="EN">24</span>节,带有瞬发引信的高爆炮弹。东乡冒着<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号的猛烈炮火向敌舰逼近。当双方距离接近至<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="6500" unitname="米"><span lang="EN">6500</span>米</chmetcnv>时,日军全舰队火炮突然一齐发射,第一波攻击就击伤了<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号,第二波齐射后,<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号又中弹,轮机舱进水 舰桥起火,罗热斯特文斯基和舰长双双负伤,炮塔失灵,无线电被击坏,俄舰队开战之初便丧失了指挥能力。<span lang="EN">14</span>时<span lang="EN">25</span>分,日本舰队采用<span lang="EN">“ T”</span>型射击队形,双方距离<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1800" unitname="米"><span lang="EN">1800</span>米</chmetcnv>,东乡下令使用穿甲弹,日军集中炮火把俄国三行纵列排头的<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号<span lang="EN">“</span>奥勒尔<span lang="EN">”</span>号<span lang="EN">“</span>波罗丁诺<span lang="EN">”</span>号等三艘主力战舰打成一堆水上废铁,瞬时火光沖天,哀号四起<span lang="EN">,</span>俄<span lang="EN">“</span>乌伊鲁<span lang="EN">”</span>号驱逐舰迅速向旗舰并拢,接走了罗热斯特文斯基和舰上的伤员。<span lang="EN"> <p></p></span></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">14</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">时<span lang="EN">50</span>分,俄国装甲舰<span lang="EN">“</span>奥西里亚比亚<span lang="EN">”</span>号也被打成一只蜂窝很快的也沉沒了。日落前日本战舰<span lang="EN">“</span>富士<span lang="EN">”</span>的一发炮弹再次击中<span lang="EN">“</span>波罗丁诺<span lang="EN">”</span>号炮塔,引起锅炉爆炸,旋即沉沒,全体官兵仅一名幸存。夜幕降临后,东乡下令驱逐舰前去收拾<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号,晚<span lang="EN"> 7</span>时在日舰两次鱼雷齐射后,排水量达<span lang="EN">13500</span>吨的<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号在跑了半个地球后找到了自己的坟墓。就在<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号被鱼雷击沉沒半小时后,俄舰<span lang="EN">“</span>亚历山大三世<span lang="EN">”</span>号也因连续引爆,沉下去了,舰上<span lang="EN">900</span>名官兵被日军俘虏。在夜战里,日军的驱逐舰像吃人鱼一样一直不停地追击着继续北上的俄国舰队,待机进攻,先后又使<span lang="EN">1</span>艘俄国战列舰和<span lang="EN">2</span>艘装甲巡洋舰被击毁,而日舰只损失<span lang="EN">2</span>艘驱逐舰,<span lang="EN">1</span>艘鱼雷艇。俄国海军少将恩奎斯特对于去海参崴已经绝望,趁黑夜中的混乱,他率领<span lang="EN">4</span>艘新式快速巡洋舰调头南下,企图开往中立国菲律宾逃生,而这时的东乡正率领日本舰队主力悄悄连夜赶往北方的郁陵岛附近设伏,等待继续赶往海参崴的残存俄国舰队。<span lang="EN"> <p></p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="28" year="2006"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">月<span lang="EN">28</span>日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">早晨,当涅波加多夫海军少将指挥的俄国第二和第三太平洋舰队残部开到郁陵岛以南<span lang="EN">60</span>海里处时,又被等待在这里的由<span lang="EN">28</span>艘各式战斗舰艇所組成的日本舰队包围。上午<span lang="EN">9</span>时日军旗舰<span lang="EN">“</span>三笠<span lang="EN">”</span>舰升起战斗信号,日本战列舰一齐开火,俄舰奋力还击,打到<span lang="EN">10</span>时<span lang="EN">45</span>分,身负重伤的<span lang="EN">“</span>尼古拉一世<span lang="EN">”</span>号舰长斯米雨诺夫沉重地说:今天我们的情況是不能再打了,除了投降,别无出路。他的话无疑代表了大家未敢说出的想法。涅波加多夫环顾四周,点头同意,他下令升起了白旗。就在海参崴港口前,俄国太平洋舰队投降了。<span lang="EN"> <p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">从日本舰队向俄国远征联合舰队发起攻击,到俄国原第三太平洋舰队司令涅波加多夫海军少将命令残存舰船向日本海军投降为止,这场恶战持续近<span lang="EN">30</span>个小时。进入对马海峡和日本海的<span lang="EN">38</span>艘俄国作战舰艇中,被击沉或自沉<span lang="EN">23</span>艘,被俘<span lang="EN"> 9</span>艘,逃往中立国港口<span lang="EN">3</span>艘,仅有<span lang="EN">3</span>艘驱逐舰突破重围驶入海参崴。海战中,俄国官兵战死</span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">5045</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">人,被俘</span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">5917</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">人。舰队司令罗热斯特文斯基上将的旗舰<span lang="EN">“</span>苏沃洛夫<span lang="EN">”</span>号被击沉,他本人身负重伤,被日军俘虏。日方仅损失<span lang="EN">2</span>艘驱逐舰、<span lang="EN">1</span>艘鱼雷艇,伤亡共<span lang="EN">700</span>余人。日本海军取得了空前的胜利。<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">为在战后谈判中夺取更大的权益,日军大本营决定占领库页岛<span lang="EN-US">(</span>萨哈林岛<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="6" year="1905"><span lang="EN-US">1905</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">6</span>日</chsdate>,日军独立第<span lang="EN-US">13</span>师团在该岛南端登陆。守岛俄军仅<span lang="EN-US">4000</span>人,作战失利。<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日,日军占领科尔萨科夫。<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日,该师主力在北部登陆,<span lang="EN-US">27</span>日占领亚历山大罗夫斯克。<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月底<span lang="EN-US">,</span>守岛俄军投降。至此,日俄两军的作战行动结束。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">对海战双方的评价:日军在海战前经过很好的侦查工作,及时掌握动态。并利用地理上的优势,以逸待劳。在作战的时候,战术使用得当,而且在海战中,首次使用无线电干扰技术,破坏敌军的通信<span lang="EN-US">,</span>同时日海军水兵的素质远比俄高。但是,日本战略也是很冒险,因为所有的舰艇几乎全部集中在对马海峡,倘若俄军袭击其后方,他们将会变得被动。而俄海军纪律性差,过早暴露行踪。战略上处于被动状态。作为舰队司令的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">罗热斯特文斯基</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">在选择路线的时候没有和其他将领协商<span lang="EN-US">.</span>造成重大的失误<span lang="EN-US">.</span>其实<span lang="EN-US">,</span>当时</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">罗热斯特文斯基采用逆向思维分析<span lang="EN">,</span>就会发觉<span lang="EN">,</span>日海军最佳拦截点应该在海峡地区<span lang="EN">,</span>尤其是对马海峡<span lang="EN">,</span>其次在津轻海峡里<span lang="EN">,</span>其舰队主力肯定在日本海机动,等待侦察船的报告,然后再去拦截,绝对不可能在其沿海地区<span lang="EN">.</span>他完全可以通过利用日本后防空虚的特点<span lang="EN">,</span>在夜里航行至日本沿海城市<span lang="EN">,</span>如大阪与神户<span lang="EN">,</span>毕竟当时日本没有宵禁<span lang="EN">,</span>一座大城市肯定会灯光<span lang="EN">,</span>而且当时海战并没有发展到夜战<span lang="EN">.</span>然后对其城市进行大规模的炮击<span lang="EN">,</span>定能吸引联合舰队回援<span lang="EN">,</span>化被动为主动<span lang="EN">.</span>在敌人回援的过程中<span lang="EN">,</span>可以考虑设伏或逃跑<span lang="EN">.</span>还有在截获敌人的电报后<span lang="EN">,</span>居然没有作出一点反应<span lang="EN">.</span>稍稍有思维的人都会知道<span lang="EN">,</span>自己肯定被发现了<span lang="EN">.</span>作为舰队司令的罗热斯特文斯基负有不可推卸的责任<span lang="EN">.<p></p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战争的结局<span lang="EN">:<p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日俄战争历时<span lang="EN">19</span>个月<span lang="EN">,</span>俄军参战兵力约<span lang="EN">120</span>万人<span lang="EN">;</span>日军参战兵力为<span lang="EN">110</span>万<span lang="EN">.</span>战争中<span lang="EN">,</span>俄军伤亡</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">、被俘</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">约<span lang="EN">27</span>万人,损失舰船<span lang="EN">98</span>艘,军费支出<span lang="EN">20</span>亿卢布。日军伤亡</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">、被俘</span><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">21</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">万,损失舰船<span lang="EN">91</span>艘,军费支出<span lang="EN">17.2</span>亿日元。日军虽然在战场上节节胜利,但人力、物力消耗殆尽,无力再战;俄国接连失利,国内局势日益严重,沙俄政府亦无心恋战。双方均不愿意将战争继续下去。美国人趁机出面调停下。<chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="9" year="1905"><span lang="EN">1905</span>年<span lang="EN">8</span>月<span lang="EN">9</span>日</chsdate>,日、俄两国代表开始在美国的朴茨茅斯举行和谈,经过激烈的讨价还价,于<chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="5" year="1905"><span lang="EN">1905</span>年<span lang="EN">9</span>月<span lang="EN">5</span>日</chsdate>,双方签订了《朴次茅斯和约》。俄国全权代表维特和日本全权代表小村寿太郎分别代 表本国在和约上签字。和约的主要内容包括:俄国“承认日本于韩国<span lang="EN">(</span>朝鲜<span lang="EN">)</span>之政事、 军事、经济上均有特别之利益”,俄国不得阻碍干涉日本“对于韩国行指导保护及监理之必要处置”。和约还规定,俄国“将旅顺口,大连湾并其附近领土领水之租借权”移交给日本政府,包括租界地内一切公共建筑及财产;长春宽城子至旅顺口之铁路和一切支路,及其附属的一切权利财产,包括煤矿等等都移交给日本,还要把萨哈林岛<span lang="EN"> (</span>库页岛<span lang="EN">)</span>南部<span lang="EN">(</span>包括附近一切岛屿及其公共建筑和财产<span lang="EN">)</span>的主权永远交给日本。<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战争中双方的战略战术评价:<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">日本取胜的主要原因是:战前准备充分(日本把在甲午战争中向中国勒索的赔款的<span lang="EN">75%</span>用于发展军事工业。 日本每年财政预算中有<span lang="EN">40%</span>—<span lang="EN">50%</span>用于军费开支。<span lang="EN">1896</span>—<span lang="EN">1902</span>年间,日本的军事拨款多 达<span lang="EN">77300</span>万元。<span lang="EN">10</span>年扩军计划在战争爆发前已经完成)在“武士道”精神奴化教育下,官兵训练有素,士气较高;准备充分,装备优良;重视技术更新,采用新式武器<span lang="EN">(</span>火炮瞄准镜与<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="280" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN">280</span>毫米</chmetcnv>榴弹炮等<span lang="EN">)</span>;海军组建“六六舰队”<span lang="EN">(</span>万吨级主力舰、巡洋舰各<span lang="EN">6</span>艘,总计<span lang="EN">20</span>万吨<span lang="EN">)</span>;仿效德国建立参谋、指挥体系并制定军队作战条令,战术思想先进;海上实施突然袭击,掌握制海权;陆上则采取迂回、包围战法,集中优势兵力歼灭敌有生力量。更重要的是在外交上取得重大的胜利,因为日本政府的国库在战争的第二年已经空虚,整个国家都勒紧裤头过日子。没有英美的帮助(贷款4<span lang="EN">.1</span>亿美元,占日本军费开支约4<span lang="EN">0</span>%、军事技术支援以及外交上的帮助,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt;">在日本战争经费几乎耗尽的关键时刻,英国积极压迫俄国签署朴次茅斯和约,以免日本因陷入持久战而破产</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">)日本人根本无法打下去,但是,在战略上,对俄国的运输能力严重低估,没有想过通过破坏俄国西伯利亚大铁路(在战争爆发前还有<span lang="EN">2</span>段没有通车)而加快战争进程。如果能出动骑兵分队,穿过蒙古,伪装成俄军(因为俄军的人种多,不乏黄种人),对铁路进行破坏,尤其是铁路桥梁,这样不但能严重削弱敌人的补给与运输能力,而且还会牵制大量的俄军来保护这条它铁路(其实俄军向保护这条大铁路很不容易,因为铁路延绵几千公里)。如果能对重要桥梁进行彻底的破坏,定能釜底抽薪,加快战争的进程!还有战术进攻上也有问题,在敌人猛烈的火力面前,居然采用密集队形的冲击,导致了很大的伤亡。<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">俄军失败得主要原因:在战前严重低估日本的实力,对战争准备不足;政府腐败;军队的编制与装备不适合山地作战;官兵厌战,士气低落;军队缺乏训练,军事素质差;统帅部执行消极防御战略,指挥失当。面对日军在辽东地区大规模登陆活动,没有借此机会打击敌人的有生力量。更重要的是外交上的失败,倘若战前对英、美、日三国联盟进行连横策略,对英美开放在远东地区,在外交上孤立日本,日本人断然不可能发动战争。不过俄国也有值得称赞的地方,就是其</span><span class="large"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">俄国把铁路的运力发挥到了极致,在一段时间内,只让西伯利亚的铁路由西向东单向运输,甚至在铁路末端将空车烧毁,不使其返回。通过这种办法,俄军在短期内把屯于贝加尔湖一线的大量兵员和补给品运抵奉天(今沈阳)、铁岭、宽城子(今长春),迅速集结了<span lang="EN-US">3</span>个集团军,兵力达<span lang="EN-US">33</span>万,超过了<span lang="EN-US">27</span>万日军。而此前日军认为俄军<span lang="EN-US">"</span>无论如何不可能<span lang="EN-US">"</span>将足够的部队调集到南满。这使得俄军在丢失了旅顺和奉天,在对马海战遭到了惨败之后,仍能稳步后撤,依托中东铁路南下支线在昌图<span lang="EN-US">-</span>四平一线建立防御。</span></span><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><p></p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战争对双方的影响:<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">1900</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">—<span lang="EN">1903</span>年世界经济危机蔓延到俄国,使俄国大批工厂倒闭,生产急剧下降,工人失业。农民的处境也很糟糕,沉重的赋税压得他们透不过气来。二十世纪初,工人运动高涨,各工厂纷纷罢工,工人由经济要求发展为政治斗争,工人们提出了“打倒沙皇专制制度”的口号。在工人运动影响下,广大农民也掀起暴动。<span lang="EN">1903</span>年,在布尔什维克党的领导下,全国革命运动蓬勃发展。为缓和国内矛盾,转移视线,摆脱困境,沙皇统治者决定对日作战。然而战争的失败,损失巨大,引起俄国各族人民的愤怒,国内的形势更加混乱,最终导致<span lang="EN">1906</span>年资产阶级革命,从此走向衰落。太平洋舰队的全军覆没,导致了俄海军长达<span lang="EN">10</span>年以上的停滞发展。而</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">日本战胜沙皇俄罗斯,更加标志着日本成为东亚地区首屈一指的列强。日本的战争崛起,使中国和中华民族的灾难更加深重。日俄战争后,日本加快了侵略和奴役中国、朝鲜半岛的进程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">战争对中国的影响:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; LINE-HEIGHT: 50%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">日、俄两国军队和战舰在中国领土、领海恣意横行,野蛮厮杀,致使中国人民的生命、财产遭受巨大损失,死伤无以数计。野蛮地践踏了中国和朝鲜的神圣领土、主权和民族尊严。日俄战争使中国人民的生命财产遭到严重损失,据清史资料记载,仅辽阳一役,当地居民死于炮火者不下数千人,丧失财产和流离失所的人不计其数,日俄军队所及之地,纵横千里,几同赤地。仅盖平、海城一带遭到破坏的村庄就有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">300</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">个,遭难者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8400</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">家,约有男女</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">万多人。当年日本侵略者办的《盛京时报》也不得不承认,中国东北人民“陷于枪烟弹雨之中,死于炮林、雷阵之下者数万生灵,血飞肉溅,产破家倾,父子兄弟哭于途,夫妻亲朋呼于路,痛心疾首,惨不忍闻。”而且当年双方在东北经常以间谍罪名处决大量的中国百姓。战争给中国人民造成最小有几十万人伤亡。日俄战争不管谁胜,都会对中国产生非常严重的后果,如果俄国战胜,则东北三省与内蒙很可能要从中国的版图分割出去;日本人战胜,不是一些汉奸学者所说,日本为我们赢回了东北三省的主权,减少老毛子在北方的威胁,而是为中华民族最大的浩劫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; FONT-FAMILY: &quot; &quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">&shy;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #555555; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot; &quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot; &quot;;">——八年的抗日战争埋下了伏笔。日俄战争除了对中国的生命财产造成严重的破坏以外,也加速了清政府的灭亡。</span><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><p></p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战后的外交格局:<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">英国前首相丘吉尔说得好,世界上并无永恒的朋友,也没有永恒的敌人,只有永恒的利益。按理说,仗打完了,该“分赃”了。可是,英国与美国在战后并没有捞到什么好处。相反,美国人觉得俄国人战败,日本力量过大,担心日本日后影响到其在远东的扩张,因此,两国关系开始紧张。而德国人在这场战争中发了一笔横财,加上当时经济的发展,其军事力量越来越强大。对英国构成严重的威胁。此时,英国人为了对付德国人,又去拉笼俄国人。俄国人此时很糟糕,急需要外交上与经济上的支持,且其对德国人在日俄战争中“两头统吃”的做法极为不满,因此上了英国人的“贼船”。由于法国就在德国的西面,面对强邻,没有哪个国家会安心。因此跟俄国人一起上了英国人的“贼船”。由于德国人在远东地区力量薄弱,因此应起了在日俄战争中充当英美“打手”的日本人的垂涎,因此日本人也上了英国人的“贼船”。而德国人在这场战争中成了除中国以外最大的输家。<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战争对一战的影响:<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战争中广泛的使用迫击炮、轻机枪、新型步枪、地雷等新型武器。获得了将无线电,观察气球探照灯和高压电流铁网等用于军事的目的的初步经验,构筑有掩体掩蔽部,铁网和长达数十公里甚至上百公里的防御阵地代替过去的筑城工事,防御开始有中心,迂回包抄成了重要的作战模式,为战役学的产生创造了条件。由于在作战中采用战壕防御,使到手榴弹重新受到重视与发展。由于新式武器的使用和火力的增长,密集的步兵行动和格斗失去原有的作用,得到步炮协同作战的重要意义,军队开始较好的利用地利,和进行迫近作业。夜战得到推广。俄国炮兵在战斗条件下首次从掩蔽发射阵地进行射击。由于火力的增强,导致后勤的作用增大。战斗命令代替了军令。对海军的:必须进一步提高坚挺的速度,加强火力和装甲防护,提高抗水雷能力,大口径火炮成了舰队的主要武器,得到巡洋舰在敌人海上交通线作战的经验和海上夜战的经验,还有通讯问题,因为电磁干扰技术开始成熟。首次使用了潜艇和水雷,发展了水雷进攻战与水雷防御战,表明了陆海协同作战的意义。同时,战争中出现大规模的陆军登陆的现象,也引起部分军事家的注意。<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">战争对我们现代人的启示:<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">前事不忘,后事之师。<span lang="EN">100</span>年前日俄两个帝国主义国家在中国东北地区进行的这场战争,给人民带来了深重的灾难,中国人民永世不忘。如今,保留在日俄战争战场上的那些侵略者的碑、塔,已变成了侵略者的耻辱柱,成为进行国耻教育的课堂,它告诫人们牢记“落后就要挨打!”,激励一代又一代的人们为实现中华民族的伟大复兴而努力奋斗。<span lang="EN"><p></p></span></span></p>