龙腾转帖 苏联入侵新疆

he Soviet invasion of Xinjiang was a militarycampaign in the Chinese northwestern region of Xinjiang in1934. White Russian forces assisted the Soviet Red Army.[3]

苏联入侵新疆是1934年发生在中国西北地区的新疆的一次军事行动。白俄军队帮助了苏联红军。

Background

背景

In 1934, MaZhongying's Chinese Muslim troops, supported by the Kuomintanggovernment of the Republic of China were on the verge of defeatingthe Soviet puppet Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Urumqi (1933–34) in the KumulRebellion.

1934年，在哈密暴动的乌鲁木齐之战（1933-34年）中，由中华民国国民党政府支持的马仲英的中国穆斯林部队，即将击败苏联傀儡盛世才。

General Ma Zhongying, a Hui (ChineseMuslim), had earlier attended the Whampoa Military Academy in Nanjing in 1929,when it was run by Chiang Kai-shek, who was also the head of theKuomintang and leader of China.[4][5]

马仲英将军，回族，1929年在南京参加了黄埔军校，当时该校由蒋介石运营，蒋介石同时也是国民党和中国的领袖。

Ma Zhongying then was sent back to Gansu province aftergraduating from the academy and fought in the KumulRebellion where, with encouragement from the Kuomintangcentral government of the Republic of China, he tried to overthrow the proSoviet provincial government first led by Governor Jin Shurenthen ShengShicai.

马仲英从黄埔军校毕业后被派回甘肃省，并参加了哈密暴动，受到中华民国国民党中央政府的鼓励，他试图推翻前苏联的（新疆）省政府，该省政府起初由金树仁领导后来由盛世才领导。

Soviet Union invades Republic ofChina

苏联入侵中华民国

In 1934, two brigades of about 7,000 Soviet Russian GPU troops, backed by tanks, airplanesand artillery with mustard gas, crossed the border to assist ShengShicai in gaining control of Xinjiang. The brigades were named"Altayiiskii" and "Tarbakhataiskii".[6]Sheng's Manchu army was being severely beaten by an alliance of the Han ChineseIli army led by the Han general ZhangPeiyuan, and the Chinese Muslim 36th Division led bythe Chinese Muslims general Ma Zhongying.[7]Ma fought under the banner of the Kuomintang Republicof China government. The joint Soviet-White Russian force was called"The Altai Volunteers". Soviet soldiers disguised themselves inuniforms lacking markings, and were dispersed among the White Russians.[8]

1934年，两个团共大约7000人的苏联地面部队，在坦克、飞机以及装备了芥子气的火炮团的支援下，越过中苏边界，以帮助盛世才控制新疆。这两个团分别命名为"Altayiiskii" 和"Tarbakhataiskii"。由张培元领导的中国汉族伊犁军和由马仲英领导的中国穆斯林第36师组成的联军已经重创了盛世才的满洲部队。马仲英是在中华民国国民党政府的旗帜下作战的。苏联与白俄的联合军队称为“阿尔泰志愿军”。苏联士兵穿着没有标志的军服以隐蔽自己，并且分散在白俄军队之中。

Despite his early successes, Zhang's forces wereoverrun at Kuljaand Chuguchak,and he committed suicide after the battle at Muzart Passto avoid capture.

尽管张培元早期较为成功，但是他的军队在伊犁和塔城被过度使用，在木扎尔特山口之战后，他自杀成仁以避免被俘。

Even though the Soviet Russians were superior to the36th Division in both manpower and technology, they were held off for weeks andtook severe casualties. The 36th Division managed to halt the Soviet forcesfrom supplying Sheng with military equipment. Chinese Muslim troops led by Ma Shih-ming managed to hold offthe superior Russian forces armed with machine guns, tanks, and planes forabout 30 days.[9]

尽管苏俄军队在人力及技术上都强过第36师，但是苏俄军队仍然被拖延了几周并遭到了严重的伤亡。第36师设法阻止了苏俄军队为盛世才提供军事装备。由马世明领导的中国穆斯林军队设法拖延了苏俄军队达30天，而苏俄军队不仅人数占优而且还装备了机关枪、坦克和飞机。

When reports that the Chinese forces had defeated andkilled the Soviets reached Chinese prisoners in Urumqi, they werereportedly so jubilant that they jumped around in their cells.[10]

当关于中国军队击败并杀死了苏联人的消息传到位于乌鲁木齐的中国囚犯的耳中时，据报道，他们非常兴奋，在牢房里又蹦又跳。

Ma Hushan, Deputy Divisional Commander of the 36thdivision, became well known for victories over Russian forces during theinvasion.[11]

第36师副师长，马虎山，因为在对抗苏联入侵中取得胜利而一战成名。

At this point, ChiangKai-shek was ready to send HuangShaohong and his expeditionary force which he assembled to assist MaZhongying against Sheng, but when Chiang heard about the Soviet invasion, hedecided to withdraw to avoid an international incident if his troops directlyengaged the Soviets.[12]

这时，蒋介石准备派遣黄绍竑去领导他组建的远征军去帮助马仲英与盛世才作战，但是当蒋介石听到苏联入侵的消息后，他决定撤回远征军，以防止他的部队遭遇苏军从而造成国际事件。

Battle of Tutung

头屯河之战

In 1934, two Soviet Russian GPU brigades, consisting of about 7,000troops backed by tanks, planes, and artillery, attacked the 36th division nearTutung. The battle raged for several weeks on the frozen Tutung River.36th Division troops dressed in sheepskins in the snow, and stormed Sovietmachine gun posts with swords to defeat a Soviet pincerattack. Soviet planes bombed the 36th Division with mustard gas.Both sides suffered heavy casualties before Ma Zhongying ordered the 36thDivision to withdraw.[13][14]

1934年，由大约7000人组成的、由坦克飞机和火炮支援的、两个团的苏俄地面部队，攻击位于头屯河附近的第36师部队。在冰冻的头屯河上，战斗持续了几个星期。第36师军人在雪地里穿着羊皮服，用剑猛攻苏联机枪岗哨，从而击败了苏联的钳形攻势。苏联飞机用芥子气轰炸第36师。在马仲英命令第36师撤退之前，双方都遭到了严重的伤亡。

Battle of Dawan Cheng

大宛城之战

Ma Zhongying was chased by a mixture of WhiteRussian, Mongol, and collaborationist Chinese forces. As he pulled back hisforces, Ma Zhongying encountered a Soviet armored car column of a few hundredsoldiers near Dawan Cheng. The 36th Division wiped out nearly the entirecolumn, after engaging the Soviets in fierce melee combat, and toppled thewrecked Russian armored cars down the mountain. When a WhiteRussian force showed up, Ma Zhongying withdrew.[13][15][16]

马仲英被一支混合部队追赶，包括白俄、蒙古人以及通敌叛国的中国军队。在撤退途中，在大宛城附近，马仲英遭遇了一支苏联装甲卡车车队，车上大约有几百名士兵。经过激烈的混战，第36师几乎全歼了整个车队，并将苏军装甲卡车推下山崖。当一支白俄军队出现时，马仲英撤退了。

During the Battle of Dawan Cheng, Ma Zhongying forthe last time tried to retake initiative from invading Soviet troops. He dug full-profiletrenches in a narrow mountain pass and blocked the advance of Soviet troops forweeks. However, mustard gas air bombings of his positions, affecting about 20%of his troops, forced him to withdraw his forces on the end of February 1934from Dawan Cheng to Turpan.

大宛城之战，是马仲英最后一次试图从入侵的苏俄军队手中夺回主动权。他赶在苏联军队之前几周就在一个狭窄的山口挖掘全尺寸的战壕，以封锁山口。然而，（苏军）用芥子气轰炸他的阵地，约20%的军人受到影响，迫使他在1934年2月撤出大宛城转向吐鲁番。

Conclusion of operations

战役结局

During Ma Zhongying's retreat, he and 40 of hisChinese Muslim troops, fully armed, hijacked lorries at gunpoint from Sven Hedin,who was on an expedition from the Nanjing KMT government. When Hedin showed him his passports fromNanjing, Ma Zhongying's men, who weretechnically under Nanjing's command, respondedby saying: "This has nothing to do with Nanking.There's a war on here, and no passports are valid in wartime."

在马仲英撤退途中，他和40名全副武装的中国穆斯林军人，劫持了斯文赫定的卡车，而后者是获得南京国民党政府批准的探险队。当斯文赫定向他们出示他从南京获得的护照时，技术上仍应听从南京命令的、马仲英的人回应道“这与南京无关，这儿是战场，战时什么护照都没用”。

The Chinese Muslim forces also reminded Sven thatsince they were serving Nanjingtoo, the lorries should be put under their command. Chang, who was in theservice of General Ma Chung-ping, one of Ma Zhongying's subordinate generals,explained: "Military matters come before everything else! Nothing can beallowed to interfere with them. Nanking countsfor nothing in a war in Sinkiang. For that matter, we are under Nanking too,and it ought to be in both your interest and Nanking'sto help us."[17][18][19]

中国穆斯林军队还提醒斯文赫定，既然他们也为南京服务，那么卡车就应该由军队掌握。马仲英的下级将军之一MaChung-ping的服务人员，张，解释道“军事优先，什么事情都不能干扰（军事）。在新疆战争中南京啥也不是。就此而言，我们也在南京领导下，这件事一方面对你们有利，另一方面也算南京对我们的帮助”。

Hedin and his party were detained in Korla by Soviet andWhite Russian forces. Hedin personally met a General Volgin.

斯文赫定和他的队伍被苏联和白俄军队扣留在库尔勒。赫定个人会见了沃尔金将军。

Torgut Mongols and White Russians served under the Sovietforces and joined them in occupying numerous cities.[20]
The Russians first advanced from Davan-ch'eng andthen to Korla via Toqsun and Qara-shahr. The Torgut and Russian army marchedinto Korla on March 16. Russian Cossacks were seen serving in the Sovietforces. Ma Zhongying had warned Sven Hedin to avoid Dawan Cheng due to thebattle going on between Chinese Muslim and Russian forces.[21]

土尔扈特部蒙古人及白俄军队为苏联服务，共同参与了对众多城镇的占领。
俄国人先到大宛城，然后通过托克逊和焉耆到达库尔勒。3月16日，土尔扈特部和苏俄军队行军至库尔勒。有人看见哥萨克人在苏联军队中服役。马仲英此前曾警告过斯文赫定，让他避开大宛城，因为中国穆斯林军队与俄国军队正在此作战。

General Volgin then met with Hedin, and startedverbally attacking Ma Zhongying by saying: "General Ma is hated and abusedeverywhere, and he has turned Sinkiang into a desert. But he is brave and energeticand sticks at nothing. He isn't afraid of anything, whether aeroplanes orsuperior numbers. But now a new era has begun for Sinkiang. Now there is to beorder, peace and security in this province. General Sheng Shih-ts'ai is goingto organize the administration and put everything on its legs again."[21]

沃尔金将军会见了斯文赫定，并在口头上攻击马仲英，他说“马将军在哪都被憎恨被辱骂，他把新疆变成了一片沙漠。不过，他为人勇敢、精力充沛而且从不犹豫。不管是飞机还是占优的人数，他都不怕。但是，现在新疆开始了一个新时代。现在，这个省秩序井然、和平安宁。盛世才将军将组织政府，把各项事务纳入正轨”。

General Ma Zhongying's retreating army often hijackedlorries to assist in their retreat. Volgin noted that Ma Zhongying oftendestroyed Russian lorries during battle. A White Russian informed Sven that"We have been coming here from Qara-shahr all day, troop after troop. Twothousand Russians arrived to-day, half White, half Red. There are a thousandTorguts here; and two thousand troops of all arms have gone straight on toKucha to attack Ma Chung-ying without touching Korla. Most of the two thousandwho are in Korla now will continue westward to-morrow. We were five thousandstrong when we started from Urumchi."

马仲英将军撤退中的部队经常劫持卡车以帮助撤退。沃尔金注意到马仲英经常在战斗中摧毁俄军的卡车。一个白俄（军官）告诉斯文赫定“我们花了一整天时间从焉耆来到这儿，一支部队接着一支部队。今天有2000俄国人到达，一半是白俄军，另一半是红军。这儿还有1000土尔扈特蒙古人。另外有2000武装人员没有经过库尔勒直接开往库车去攻击马仲英。目前在库尔勒的2000人中的大部分明天将继续西进。我们从乌鲁木齐出发时总共有5000人”。

When the White Russian started to brag about whattheir army had done, Sven Hedin concluded that the Russian was lying, giving asone example of these lies the White Russian's exaggerated number of lorriesthey used.[22]

当白俄（军官）开始吹嘘他们的所作所为时，斯文赫定认定俄国人在撒谎，谎言之一是白俄夸大了他们使用的卡车的数目。

The Mongol soldiers were reported to have ill treatedthe people of Korla.[23]

据报道，蒙古士兵虐待了库尔勒的居民。

Sven met another two White Russian officers servingunder the Soviets, Colonel Proshkukarov and General Bekteev (aka GeneralBektieieff), who demanded an explanation as to why Hedin's lorries were in theservice of Ma Zhongying's forces.[23]

斯文赫定会见了服务于苏联红军的另两位白俄军官：Proshkukarov上校和Bekteev将军，他们要求斯文赫定解释为什么他的卡车在为马仲英服务。

Before Ma Zhongying himself retreated from the frontline, he sent an advance guard of 800 troops under General Ma Fu-yuanto defeat the pro Soviet Uyghur forces of Hoja-Niyaz,who were armed with weapons supplied by the USSR, and to assist Ma Zhancangin the Battle of Kashgar (1934) to destroy the First East Turkestan Republic.Thomson-Glover stated that the Soviets gave Hoya Niyaz "nearly 2,000rifles with ammunition, a few hundred bombs and three machine guns."[24]Hoja Niyaz's Uighur forces were defeated by the advance guard at Aksu,and he fled to Kashgarwith 1,500 troops on January 13, 1934. During the Battle of Kashgar, he and theTurkic forces failed in all of their attacks to defeated the Chinese Muslimforces trapped in the city, suffering severe casualties.[25]Ma Fuyuan's 800 Chinese Muslim troops, along with 1,200 conscripts, routed andbulldozed the East Turkestani army of 10,000.[26]

在马仲英自己从前线撤回之前，他预先派了一支由马福源将军领导的800人的队伍，去帮助马占仓攻打喀什（1934年），以击败前苏联的和卓尼亚孜的维吾尔军队，从而摧毁第一东突厥斯坦共和国，该维吾尔军队由苏联提供武器装备。Thomson-Glover说，苏联给了和卓尼亚孜“差不多2000条步枪及其弹药、几百枚炸弹以及三架机关枪”。在阿克苏的前哨战中，和卓尼亚孜的W族军队被打败，他与1500名军人于1934年1月13日逃往喀什。在喀什之战中，和卓尼亚孜被躲在城中的中国穆斯林军队打得大败亏输，遭受了严重的伤亡。马福源的800名中国穆斯林军人以及1200名征召的军人，推平了东突厥斯坦的10000名军人。

Ma Zhongying, and his army retreated to Kashgar, arrivingon April 6, 1934. GPU Soviet troops did not advance beyond Turfan. Ma waschased by provincial forces of White Russians, Mongols, and Sheng Shicai'sChinese troops from Manchuria, all the way toAksu, but the pursuit gradually abated. Ma arrived in Sven Hedin's hijackedlorry, with the final part of his army, the rear guard, behind the advanceguard. His forces were reported to be superior in hand-to-hand combat, but theSoviets continued to bomb his positions.[27]

马仲英和他的军队在1934年4月6日撤退至喀什。苏联军队未能提前越过吐鲁番。马仲英被白俄军队、蒙古人以及来自于满洲的盛世才的部队所追赶，这些军队都赶往阿克苏，不过，追击慢慢的停止了。马仲英与后卫部队、前哨部队及余部乘坐抢来的斯文赫定的卡车到达喀什。据报道，他的部队擅长白刃战，不过，苏联人继续轰炸他的阵地。

General Ma told the British consulate in Kashgar thathe immediately required assistance against the Russians, pointing out that heowed allegiance to the Chinese government, and that he intended to save Xinjiang fromthe grip of the Russians. Ma Zhongying consolidated his position at Maral Bashiand Fayzabad, establishing defensive lines against the Soviet/provincialattack. MaHushan directed the defense against the provincial forces. Bombing runscontinued at Maralbashi in June, Ma Zhongying ordered his forces to shift fromKashgar to Khotan. However, for unknown reasons, Ma Zhongying himself crossedthe border into the Soviet Union and was neverheard from again.[28]

马仲英将军告诉英国驻喀什的领事官员：他需要立即的援助以抵抗俄国人，他指出：他效忠中国政府，他试图将新疆从俄国的掌握中解救出来。马仲英巩固了其在巴楚和法扎巴德的阵地，建立了防御线以抵抗苏联及地方武装的攻击。马虎山指挥了抵抗地方武装的战斗。6月，对巴楚的轰炸仍在持续，马仲英命令他的部队离开喀什转赴和田，然而，因为未知的原因，马仲英本人越过边界进入苏联，从此再也没有他的消息。

Captured Russian equipment俘获的苏联装备
The 36th Division was severely lacking in arms.Rifles and other equipment dated around 1930 were seized from the Russians asbooty to augment their own arms.[29]

第36师严重缺乏武器。当时从俄国手中夺取了约1930件步枪及其它装备，作为战利品用于扩充其自身的武装。

Soviet Russian Casualties苏联的伤亡
In Novosibirsk a hospital for Soviet wounded for theirinvasion of Xinjiang was disguised as a "hospital for the injured from theManchurian War", it was "discovered" by the Evening Standardreporter Bosworth Goldman.[30]

在新西伯利亚，一座收治入侵新疆的苏联伤员的医院被伪装为“收治满洲战争伤员的医院”。该事实被《标准晚报》的通讯员BosworthGoldman发现。

Goldman's account of the hospital stated that:
"Men were sitting about in a gloomy hall, manyof them with some part of their body hidden in bandages; they ranged innationality from Laplanders to pure Mongols... I asked some of them where theyhad been, and they replied that they had been fighting in the southern Altai,in co-operation with some Chinese, against 'anti-social elements' disturbingthe advance of the class warfare banner into Sinkiang... Later, other men withwhom I spoke about this struggle often told me that they had never heard of ahospital at Novosibirsk.On the other hand, an occupant of the one I visited told me it was 'the best ofthe three'.
[31]

关于该医院，Goldman的描述是：
“人们坐在一个黑暗的大厅里，其中的很多人身上缠着绷带；他们的种族从拉普兰人到纯粹的蒙古人……我问其中一些人他们从哪儿来，他们回答在中国人的协同下、高举阶级战争的旗帜进入新疆、在南阿尔泰作战，以反对‘反社会主义的行动’……后来，与我谈起这次战斗的其他人，经常告诉我说，他们从未听说过在新西伯利亚有这样一家医院。另一方面，我所访问过的一位当地人告诉我‘这次（战争）是三次中最好的一次’”。

Civilian casualties

平民伤亡

Uyghur, Chinese Muslims, and other civilians fledfrom Soviet poison gas bombs, which were taking a heavy toll among the civilianpopulation. One Turki (Uyghur) complained about Tungan soldiers (ChineseMuslims), saying: "I am under Allah's protection, No man can harm me. Butthese Tungans are no men. They are wild beasts roaming about the streets. It ishopeless to talk to wild beasts. They always have their rifles and pistolsready. They do not understand any other language." The Soviets bombed atwill in civilian centers. All day, the doctors heard tragic stories. A ChineseMuslim boy had a septic wound from a splinter from a Soviet airplane bomb. Hisparents and brother were killed by the bomb.[20]

从苏联毒气弹中逃脱的W族人、中国穆斯林和其他平民，占平民总人数的很大比重。一个W族人抱怨回族士兵（中国穆斯林）说“我在真主的保佑之下，没有人可以伤害我。但是这些回族人不是人。他们是漫游在大街上的野兽。没办法同野兽交谈。他们经常让他们的步枪和手枪处于待命状态。他们也不懂任何其他语言”。苏联人随意轰炸市民中心。医生们整天都听到悲惨的故事。一个中国穆斯林男孩被苏联飞机投下的炸弹的碎片击中而得了败血症，他的父母和兄弟被炸弹炸死。

he Soviet invasion of Xinjiang was a militarycampaign in the Chinese northwestern region of Xinjiang in1934. White Russian forces assisted the Soviet Red Army.[3]

苏联入侵新疆是1934年发生在中国西北地区的新疆的一次军事行动。白俄军队帮助了苏联红军。

Background

背景

In 1934, MaZhongying's Chinese Muslim troops, supported by the Kuomintanggovernment of the Republic of China were on the verge of defeatingthe Soviet puppet Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Urumqi (1933–34) in the KumulRebellion.

1934年，在哈密暴动的乌鲁木齐之战（1933-34年）中，由中华民国国民党政府支持的马仲英的中国穆斯林部队，即将击败苏联傀儡盛世才。

General Ma Zhongying, a Hui (ChineseMuslim), had earlier attended the Whampoa Military Academy in Nanjing in 1929,when it was run by Chiang Kai-shek, who was also the head of theKuomintang and leader of China.[4][5]

马仲英将军，回族，1929年在南京参加了黄埔军校，当时该校由蒋介石运营，蒋介石同时也是国民党和中国的领袖。

Ma Zhongying then was sent back to Gansu province aftergraduating from the academy and fought in the KumulRebellion where, with encouragement from the Kuomintangcentral government of the Republic of China, he tried to overthrow the proSoviet provincial government first led by Governor Jin Shurenthen ShengShicai.

马仲英从黄埔军校毕业后被派回甘肃省，并参加了哈密暴动，受到中华民国国民党中央政府的鼓励，他试图推翻前苏联的（新疆）省政府，该省政府起初由金树仁领导后来由盛世才领导。

Soviet Union invades Republic ofChina

苏联入侵中华民国

In 1934, two brigades of about 7,000 Soviet Russian GPU troops, backed by tanks, airplanesand artillery with mustard gas, crossed the border to assist ShengShicai in gaining control of Xinjiang. The brigades were named"Altayiiskii" and "Tarbakhataiskii".[6]Sheng's Manchu army was being severely beaten by an alliance of the Han ChineseIli army led by the Han general ZhangPeiyuan, and the Chinese Muslim 36th Division led bythe Chinese Muslims general Ma Zhongying.[7]Ma fought under the banner of the Kuomintang Republicof China government. The joint Soviet-White Russian force was called"The Altai Volunteers". Soviet soldiers disguised themselves inuniforms lacking markings, and were dispersed among the White Russians.[8]

1934年，两个团共大约7000人的苏联地面部队，在坦克、飞机以及装备了芥子气的火炮团的支援下，越过中苏边界，以帮助盛世才控制新疆。这两个团分别命名为"Altayiiskii" 和"Tarbakhataiskii"。由张培元领导的中国汉族伊犁军和由马仲英领导的中国穆斯林第36师组成的联军已经重创了盛世才的满洲部队。马仲英是在中华民国国民党政府的旗帜下作战的。苏联与白俄的联合军队称为“阿尔泰志愿军”。苏联士兵穿着没有标志的军服以隐蔽自己，并且分散在白俄军队之中。

Despite his early successes, Zhang's forces wereoverrun at Kuljaand Chuguchak,and he committed suicide after the battle at Muzart Passto avoid capture.

尽管张培元早期较为成功，但是他的军队在伊犁和塔城被过度使用，在木扎尔特山口之战后，他自杀成仁以避免被俘。

Even though the Soviet Russians were superior to the36th Division in both manpower and technology, they were held off for weeks andtook severe casualties. The 36th Division managed to halt the Soviet forcesfrom supplying Sheng with military equipment. Chinese Muslim troops led by Ma Shih-ming managed to hold offthe superior Russian forces armed with machine guns, tanks, and planes forabout 30 days.[9]

尽管苏俄军队在人力及技术上都强过第36师，但是苏俄军队仍然被拖延了几周并遭到了严重的伤亡。第36师设法阻止了苏俄军队为盛世才提供军事装备。由马世明领导的中国穆斯林军队设法拖延了苏俄军队达30天，而苏俄军队不仅人数占优而且还装备了机关枪、坦克和飞机。

When reports that the Chinese forces had defeated andkilled the Soviets reached Chinese prisoners in Urumqi, they werereportedly so jubilant that they jumped around in their cells.[10]

当关于中国军队击败并杀死了苏联人的消息传到位于乌鲁木齐的中国囚犯的耳中时，据报道，他们非常兴奋，在牢房里又蹦又跳。

Ma Hushan, Deputy Divisional Commander of the 36thdivision, became well known for victories over Russian forces during theinvasion.[11]

第36师副师长，马虎山，因为在对抗苏联入侵中取得胜利而一战成名。

At this point, ChiangKai-shek was ready to send HuangShaohong and his expeditionary force which he assembled to assist MaZhongying against Sheng, but when Chiang heard about the Soviet invasion, hedecided to withdraw to avoid an international incident if his troops directlyengaged the Soviets.[12]

这时，蒋介石准备派遣黄绍竑去领导他组建的远征军去帮助马仲英与盛世才作战，但是当蒋介石听到苏联入侵的消息后，他决定撤回远征军，以防止他的部队遭遇苏军从而造成国际事件。

Battle of Tutung

头屯河之战

In 1934, two Soviet Russian GPU brigades, consisting of about 7,000troops backed by tanks, planes, and artillery, attacked the 36th division nearTutung. The battle raged for several weeks on the frozen Tutung River.36th Division troops dressed in sheepskins in the snow, and stormed Sovietmachine gun posts with swords to defeat a Soviet pincerattack. Soviet planes bombed the 36th Division with mustard gas.Both sides suffered heavy casualties before Ma Zhongying ordered the 36thDivision to withdraw.[13][14]

1934年，由大约7000人组成的、由坦克飞机和火炮支援的、两个团的苏俄地面部队，攻击位于头屯河附近的第36师部队。在冰冻的头屯河上，战斗持续了几个星期。第36师军人在雪地里穿着羊皮服，用剑猛攻苏联机枪岗哨，从而击败了苏联的钳形攻势。苏联飞机用芥子气轰炸第36师。在马仲英命令第36师撤退之前，双方都遭到了严重的伤亡。

Battle of Dawan Cheng

大宛城之战

Ma Zhongying was chased by a mixture of WhiteRussian, Mongol, and collaborationist Chinese forces. As he pulled back hisforces, Ma Zhongying encountered a Soviet armored car column of a few hundredsoldiers near Dawan Cheng. The 36th Division wiped out nearly the entirecolumn, after engaging the Soviets in fierce melee combat, and toppled thewrecked Russian armored cars down the mountain. When a WhiteRussian force showed up, Ma Zhongying withdrew.[13][15][16]

马仲英被一支混合部队追赶，包括白俄、蒙古人以及通敌叛国的中国军队。在撤退途中，在大宛城附近，马仲英遭遇了一支苏联装甲卡车车队，车上大约有几百名士兵。经过激烈的混战，第36师几乎全歼了整个车队，并将苏军装甲卡车推下山崖。当一支白俄军队出现时，马仲英撤退了。

During the Battle of Dawan Cheng, Ma Zhongying forthe last time tried to retake initiative from invading Soviet troops. He dug full-profiletrenches in a narrow mountain pass and blocked the advance of Soviet troops forweeks. However, mustard gas air bombings of his positions, affecting about 20%of his troops, forced him to withdraw his forces on the end of February 1934from Dawan Cheng to Turpan.

大宛城之战，是马仲英最后一次试图从入侵的苏俄军队手中夺回主动权。他赶在苏联军队之前几周就在一个狭窄的山口挖掘全尺寸的战壕，以封锁山口。然而，（苏军）用芥子气轰炸他的阵地，约20%的军人受到影响，迫使他在1934年2月撤出大宛城转向吐鲁番。

Conclusion of operations

战役结局

During Ma Zhongying's retreat, he and 40 of hisChinese Muslim troops, fully armed, hijacked lorries at gunpoint from Sven Hedin,who was on an expedition from the Nanjing KMT government. When Hedin showed him his passports fromNanjing, Ma Zhongying's men, who weretechnically under Nanjing's command, respondedby saying: "This has nothing to do with Nanking.There's a war on here, and no passports are valid in wartime."

在马仲英撤退途中，他和40名全副武装的中国穆斯林军人，劫持了斯文赫定的卡车，而后者是获得南京国民党政府批准的探险队。当斯文赫定向他们出示他从南京获得的护照时，技术上仍应听从南京命令的、马仲英的人回应道“这与南京无关，这儿是战场，战时什么护照都没用”。

The Chinese Muslim forces also reminded Sven thatsince they were serving Nanjingtoo, the lorries should be put under their command. Chang, who was in theservice of General Ma Chung-ping, one of Ma Zhongying's subordinate generals,explained: "Military matters come before everything else! Nothing can beallowed to interfere with them. Nanking countsfor nothing in a war in Sinkiang. For that matter, we are under Nanking too,and it ought to be in both your interest and Nanking'sto help us."[17][18][19]

中国穆斯林军队还提醒斯文赫定，既然他们也为南京服务，那么卡车就应该由军队掌握。马仲英的下级将军之一MaChung-ping的服务人员，张，解释道“军事优先，什么事情都不能干扰（军事）。在新疆战争中南京啥也不是。就此而言，我们也在南京领导下，这件事一方面对你们有利，另一方面也算南京对我们的帮助”。

Hedin and his party were detained in Korla by Soviet andWhite Russian forces. Hedin personally met a General Volgin.

斯文赫定和他的队伍被苏联和白俄军队扣留在库尔勒。赫定个人会见了沃尔金将军。

Torgut Mongols and White Russians served under the Sovietforces and joined them in occupying numerous cities.[20]
The Russians first advanced from Davan-ch'eng andthen to Korla via Toqsun and Qara-shahr. The Torgut and Russian army marchedinto Korla on March 16. Russian Cossacks were seen serving in the Sovietforces. Ma Zhongying had warned Sven Hedin to avoid Dawan Cheng due to thebattle going on between Chinese Muslim and Russian forces.[21]

土尔扈特部蒙古人及白俄军队为苏联服务，共同参与了对众多城镇的占领。
俄国人先到大宛城，然后通过托克逊和焉耆到达库尔勒。3月16日，土尔扈特部和苏俄军队行军至库尔勒。有人看见哥萨克人在苏联军队中服役。马仲英此前曾警告过斯文赫定，让他避开大宛城，因为中国穆斯林军队与俄国军队正在此作战。

General Volgin then met with Hedin, and startedverbally attacking Ma Zhongying by saying: "General Ma is hated and abusedeverywhere, and he has turned Sinkiang into a desert. But he is brave and energeticand sticks at nothing. He isn't afraid of anything, whether aeroplanes orsuperior numbers. But now a new era has begun for Sinkiang. Now there is to beorder, peace and security in this province. General Sheng Shih-ts'ai is goingto organize the administration and put everything on its legs again."[21]

沃尔金将军会见了斯文赫定，并在口头上攻击马仲英，他说“马将军在哪都被憎恨被辱骂，他把新疆变成了一片沙漠。不过，他为人勇敢、精力充沛而且从不犹豫。不管是飞机还是占优的人数，他都不怕。但是，现在新疆开始了一个新时代。现在，这个省秩序井然、和平安宁。盛世才将军将组织政府，把各项事务纳入正轨”。

General Ma Zhongying's retreating army often hijackedlorries to assist in their retreat. Volgin noted that Ma Zhongying oftendestroyed Russian lorries during battle. A White Russian informed Sven that"We have been coming here from Qara-shahr all day, troop after troop. Twothousand Russians arrived to-day, half White, half Red. There are a thousandTorguts here; and two thousand troops of all arms have gone straight on toKucha to attack Ma Chung-ying without touching Korla. Most of the two thousandwho are in Korla now will continue westward to-morrow. We were five thousandstrong when we started from Urumchi."

马仲英将军撤退中的部队经常劫持卡车以帮助撤退。沃尔金注意到马仲英经常在战斗中摧毁俄军的卡车。一个白俄（军官）告诉斯文赫定“我们花了一整天时间从焉耆来到这儿，一支部队接着一支部队。今天有2000俄国人到达，一半是白俄军，另一半是红军。这儿还有1000土尔扈特蒙古人。另外有2000武装人员没有经过库尔勒直接开往库车去攻击马仲英。目前在库尔勒的2000人中的大部分明天将继续西进。我们从乌鲁木齐出发时总共有5000人”。

When the White Russian started to brag about whattheir army had done, Sven Hedin concluded that the Russian was lying, giving asone example of these lies the White Russian's exaggerated number of lorriesthey used.[22]

当白俄（军官）开始吹嘘他们的所作所为时，斯文赫定认定俄国人在撒谎，谎言之一是白俄夸大了他们使用的卡车的数目。

The Mongol soldiers were reported to have ill treatedthe people of Korla.[23]

据报道，蒙古士兵虐待了库尔勒的居民。

Sven met another two White Russian officers servingunder the Soviets, Colonel Proshkukarov and General Bekteev (aka GeneralBektieieff), who demanded an explanation as to why Hedin's lorries were in theservice of Ma Zhongying's forces.[23]

斯文赫定会见了服务于苏联红军的另两位白俄军官：Proshkukarov上校和Bekteev将军，他们要求斯文赫定解释为什么他的卡车在为马仲英服务。

Before Ma Zhongying himself retreated from the frontline, he sent an advance guard of 800 troops under General Ma Fu-yuanto defeat the pro Soviet Uyghur forces of Hoja-Niyaz,who were armed with weapons supplied by the USSR, and to assist Ma Zhancangin the Battle of Kashgar (1934) to destroy the First East Turkestan Republic.Thomson-Glover stated that the Soviets gave Hoya Niyaz "nearly 2,000rifles with ammunition, a few hundred bombs and three machine guns."[24]Hoja Niyaz's Uighur forces were defeated by the advance guard at Aksu,and he fled to Kashgarwith 1,500 troops on January 13, 1934. During the Battle of Kashgar, he and theTurkic forces failed in all of their attacks to defeated the Chinese Muslimforces trapped in the city, suffering severe casualties.[25]Ma Fuyuan's 800 Chinese Muslim troops, along with 1,200 conscripts, routed andbulldozed the East Turkestani army of 10,000.[26]

在马仲英自己从前线撤回之前，他预先派了一支由马福源将军领导的800人的队伍，去帮助马占仓攻打喀什（1934年），以击败前苏联的和卓尼亚孜的维吾尔军队，从而摧毁第一东突厥斯坦共和国，该维吾尔军队由苏联提供武器装备。Thomson-Glover说，苏联给了和卓尼亚孜“差不多2000条步枪及其弹药、几百枚炸弹以及三架机关枪”。在阿克苏的前哨战中，和卓尼亚孜的W族军队被打败，他与1500名军人于1934年1月13日逃往喀什。在喀什之战中，和卓尼亚孜被躲在城中的中国穆斯林军队打得大败亏输，遭受了严重的伤亡。马福源的800名中国穆斯林军人以及1200名征召的军人，推平了东突厥斯坦的10000名军人。

Ma Zhongying, and his army retreated to Kashgar, arrivingon April 6, 1934. GPU Soviet troops did not advance beyond Turfan. Ma waschased by provincial forces of White Russians, Mongols, and Sheng Shicai'sChinese troops from Manchuria, all the way toAksu, but the pursuit gradually abated. Ma arrived in Sven Hedin's hijackedlorry, with the final part of his army, the rear guard, behind the advanceguard. His forces were reported to be superior in hand-to-hand combat, but theSoviets continued to bomb his positions.[27]

马仲英和他的军队在1934年4月6日撤退至喀什。苏联军队未能提前越过吐鲁番。马仲英被白俄军队、蒙古人以及来自于满洲的盛世才的部队所追赶，这些军队都赶往阿克苏，不过，追击慢慢的停止了。马仲英与后卫部队、前哨部队及余部乘坐抢来的斯文赫定的卡车到达喀什。据报道，他的部队擅长白刃战，不过，苏联人继续轰炸他的阵地。

General Ma told the British consulate in Kashgar thathe immediately required assistance against the Russians, pointing out that heowed allegiance to the Chinese government, and that he intended to save Xinjiang fromthe grip of the Russians. Ma Zhongying consolidated his position at Maral Bashiand Fayzabad, establishing defensive lines against the Soviet/provincialattack. MaHushan directed the defense against the provincial forces. Bombing runscontinued at Maralbashi in June, Ma Zhongying ordered his forces to shift fromKashgar to Khotan. However, for unknown reasons, Ma Zhongying himself crossedthe border into the Soviet Union and was neverheard from again.[28]

马仲英将军告诉英国驻喀什的领事官员：他需要立即的援助以抵抗俄国人，他指出：他效忠中国政府，他试图将新疆从俄国的掌握中解救出来。马仲英巩固了其在巴楚和法扎巴德的阵地，建立了防御线以抵抗苏联及地方武装的攻击。马虎山指挥了抵抗地方武装的战斗。6月，对巴楚的轰炸仍在持续，马仲英命令他的部队离开喀什转赴和田，然而，因为未知的原因，马仲英本人越过边界进入苏联，从此再也没有他的消息。

Captured Russian equipment俘获的苏联装备
The 36th Division was severely lacking in arms.Rifles and other equipment dated around 1930 were seized from the Russians asbooty to augment their own arms.[29]

第36师严重缺乏武器。当时从俄国手中夺取了约1930件步枪及其它装备，作为战利品用于扩充其自身的武装。

Soviet Russian Casualties苏联的伤亡
In Novosibirsk a hospital for Soviet wounded for theirinvasion of Xinjiang was disguised as a "hospital for the injured from theManchurian War", it was "discovered" by the Evening Standardreporter Bosworth Goldman.[30]

在新西伯利亚，一座收治入侵新疆的苏联伤员的医院被伪装为“收治满洲战争伤员的医院”。该事实被《标准晚报》的通讯员BosworthGoldman发现。

Goldman's account of the hospital stated that:
"Men were sitting about in a gloomy hall, manyof them with some part of their body hidden in bandages; they ranged innationality from Laplanders to pure Mongols... I asked some of them where theyhad been, and they replied that they had been fighting in the southern Altai,in co-operation with some Chinese, against 'anti-social elements' disturbingthe advance of the class warfare banner into Sinkiang... Later, other men withwhom I spoke about this struggle often told me that they had never heard of ahospital at Novosibirsk.On the other hand, an occupant of the one I visited told me it was 'the best ofthe three'.
[31]

关于该医院，Goldman的描述是：
“人们坐在一个黑暗的大厅里，其中的很多人身上缠着绷带；他们的种族从拉普兰人到纯粹的蒙古人……我问其中一些人他们从哪儿来，他们回答在中国人的协同下、高举阶级战争的旗帜进入新疆、在南阿尔泰作战，以反对‘反社会主义的行动’……后来，与我谈起这次战斗的其他人，经常告诉我说，他们从未听说过在新西伯利亚有这样一家医院。另一方面，我所访问过的一位当地人告诉我‘这次（战争）是三次中最好的一次’”。

Civilian casualties

平民伤亡

Uyghur, Chinese Muslims, and other civilians fledfrom Soviet poison gas bombs, which were taking a heavy toll among the civilianpopulation. One Turki (Uyghur) complained about Tungan soldiers (ChineseMuslims), saying: "I am under Allah's protection, No man can harm me. Butthese Tungans are no men. They are wild beasts roaming about the streets. It ishopeless to talk to wild beasts. They always have their rifles and pistolsready. They do not understand any other language." The Soviets bombed atwill in civilian centers. All day, the doctors heard tragic stories. A ChineseMuslim boy had a septic wound from a splinter from a Soviet airplane bomb. Hisparents and brother were killed by the bomb.[20]

从苏联毒气弹中逃脱的W族人、中国穆斯林和其他平民，占平民总人数的很大比重。一个W族人抱怨回族士兵（中国穆斯林）说“我在真主的保佑之下，没有人可以伤害我。但是这些回族人不是人。他们是漫游在大街上的野兽。没办法同野兽交谈。他们经常让他们的步枪和手枪处于待命状态。他们也不懂任何其他语言”。苏联人随意轰炸市民中心。医生们整天都听到悲惨的故事。一个中国穆斯林男孩被苏联飞机投下的炸弹的碎片击中而得了败血症，他的父母和兄弟被炸弹炸死。