超级军网[0327]《纽约时报》中国新建气冷核反应堆消息２则
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/energy-environment/25chinanuke.html?_r=1&ref=china
A Radical Kind of Reactor
中国新建新型反应堆
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — While engineers at Japan’s stricken nuclear power plant struggle to keep its uranium fuel rods from melting down, engineers in China are building a radically different type of reactor that some experts say offers a safer nuclear alternative.
中国石岛－当日本工程师正在为防止铀燃料棒融化而奋战时，中国正在修建一种完全不同的反应堆。部分专家表示它将为更安全的利用核能提供一个新的选项。
Engineers have been trained to oversee the controls on a test pebble-bed reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing.
The technology will be used in two reactors here on a peninsula jutting into the Yellow Sea, where the Chinese government is expected to let construction proceed even as the world debates the wisdom of nuclear power.
在北京附近的实验性球床堆，工程师们已经接收了十年的操作训练。正当世界各国为核能争论不休的时侯，中国政府希望将这项技术用于黄海半岛上的两个新建反应堆上。【译者：球床反应堆算气冷堆的一种】
Rather than using conventional fuel rod assemblies of the sort leaking radiation in Japan, each packed with nearly 400 pounds of uranium, the Chinese reactors will use hundreds of thousands of billiard-ball-size fuel elements, each cloaked in its own protective layer of graphite.
日本目前导致辐射泄露的是传统的燃料组件，每个组件装填４００磅的铀。相对于这种老式技术，中国的新型反应堆将使用数十万个台球大小的燃料单元，每个单元有都被独立封装在石墨保护层中。
The coating moderates the pace of nuclear reactions and is meant to ensure that if the plant had to be shut down in an emergency, the reaction would slowly stop on its own and not lead to a meltdown.
保护层会将核反应保持在适度强度。这意味着，如果反应堆在紧急情况下被关闭，反应将自动逐步停止，而不会出现融堆的情况。
The reactors will also be cooled by nonexplosive helium gas instead of depending on a steady source of water — a critical problem with the damaged reactors at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi power plant. And unlike those reactors, the Chinese reactors are designed to gradually dissipate heat on their own, even if coolant is lost.
该反应堆的还可以使用不会有爆炸危险的氦气进行冷却，对比日本福岛核电站必须使用稳定的水来冷却，这是导致福岛电站损害的关键原因。中国的新型反应堆与传统设计不同，它可以在外部冷却失效时，依靠自生逐渐散发热量。
If the new plants here prove viable, China plans to build dozens more of them in coming years.
如果该新型电站被证实可行，中国计划在未来几年新建数十座同类电厂。
The technology under construction here, known as a pebble-bed reactor, is not new. Germany, South Africa and the United States have all experimented with it, before abandoning it over technical problems or a lack of financing.
该项目中使用的技术被成为球床反应堆，它并不是一个新技术。德国、南非和美国都已经进行过相关实验，但都由于发生技术问题或是资金短缺而终止。
But as in many other areas of alternative energy, including solar panels and wind turbines, China is now taking the lead in actually building the next-generation technology. The government has paid for all of the research and development costs for the two pebble-bed reactors being built here, and will cover 30 percent of the construction costs.
正像在太阳能、风能等其它新能源领域中一样，中国目前在下一代核电技术中取得了领先地位。中国政府支付了在建的球床反应堆的全部研发费用，这相当于全部项目的３０％。
Despite Japan’s crisis, China still plans to build as many as 50 nuclear reactors over the next five years — more than the rest of the world combined. Most of this next wave will be of more conventional designs.
尽管日本发生了核危机，中国仍然计划在未来５年建设多达５０座的核反应堆，超过了世界其他国家的总和。不过它们中的大多数还会使用传统的设计。
But if the pebble-bed approach works as advertised, and proves cost effective, China hopes it can eventually adopt the technology on a broad scale to make nuclear power safer and more feasible as it deals with the world’s fastest growing economy and the material expectations of its 1.3 billion people.
一旦球床反应堆如同宣传的那样奏效，并且在经济上证实可承受，中国希望这种技术最终能更广泛的使用，使核电更加安全可行，以满足这个世界增长最快的经济体的增长和１３亿人的能源需求。
Western environmentalists are divided on the safety of pebble-bed nuclear technology.
西方环保人士对这种球床反应堆技术的安全性看法不一。
Thomas B. Cochran, the senior scientist on nuclear power for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an American group, said that such reactors would probably be less dangerous than current nuclear plants, and might be better for the environment than coal-fired plants.
美国自然资源保护委员会的资深核电科学家Thomas B. Cochran表示，这种反应堆可能比现行的反应堆更安全，而且在环境影响上比煤电更好。
“Over all, in terms of design,” he said, “it would appear to be safer, with the following caveat: the safety of any nuclear plant is not just a function of the design but also of the safety culture of the plant.”
“总的来说，安全只是指在设计层面上。”他警告说，“核电站的安全并非只取决于设计，而是整个电站的安全文化。”
The executives overseeing construction of the new Chinese reactors say that engineers are already being trained to oversee the extensively computerized controls for the plant, using a simulator at a test reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing, apparently without mishap.
中国新反应堆的管理人员表示，在北京附近的一个实验性的反应堆，工程师们已经在那里进行了十年的训练，以操作这个广泛计算机控制的电站。
But Greenpeace, the international environmentalist group, opposes pebble-bed nuclear reactors, questioning whether any nuclear technology can be truly safe. Wrapping the uranium fuel in graphite greatly increases the volume of radioactive waste eventually requiring disposal, said Heinz Smital, a Greenpeace nuclear technology specialist in Germany.
But he said the waste is far less radioactive per ton than spent uranium fuel rods — one of the big sources of trouble at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
但全球性环保团体绿色和平组织对球床反应堆持反对态度，它质疑是否真的核安全技术存在。该组织的一位德国核技术专家说，将铀燃料包裹在石墨球中增加了最终需要处理的放射性废料数量。
但他同时也说，球床堆平均每吨产生的放射性要远低于传统的废铀燃料棒。在福岛事故中，这种燃料棒是问题的主要来源之一。
China is building a repository for high-level nuclear waste, like conventional fuel rods, in the country’s arid west. But the far less radioactive spheres, or pebbles, like those from the Shidao reactors will not require such specialized storage; China plans to store the used pebbles initially at the power plants, and later at lower-level radioactive waste disposal sites near the reactors.
中国已经西部干旱地区建造了高放射性废料存放点，以储存传统的废弃燃料棒。但新反应堆的球体废料放射性远低于传统废料，将无法满足这些存放点的储存条件。中国计划先在核电站保存这些球体废料，然后在核电站附近的低放射性存放点储存。
Whatever fears the rest of the world may have about China’s nuclear ambitions, the environmental cost-benefit analysis contains at least one potential positive: More nukes would let China reduce the heavy reliance on coal and other fossil fuels that now make it the world’s biggest emitter of global-warming gases.
无论世界其他国家对中国的核电雄心如何担忧，根据环境效费比分析发展核电至少有一个积极的后果，“中国现在已经是世界最大的温室气体排放国，而使用核能可以让中国降低对煤和其它化石能源的严重依赖。”
“China epitomizes the stark choices that we face globally in moving away from current forms of coal-based electricity,” said Jonathan Sinton, the top China specialist at the International Energy Agency in Paris. “Nuclear is an essential alternative” to coal, he said. “It’s the only one that can provide the same quality of electricity at a similar scale in the medium and long term.”
“在从煤电模式转型的问题上，全球都面临着无法避免的抉择，而中国只是这个背景的缩影。”巴黎国际能源署首席中国专家Jonathan Sinton说，“核能是代替煤的基本替换选择，它是唯一能够在中长期提供类似质量和范围的能源，”
Chinese leaders have been largely unwilling to engage in the global debate on climate change. But they have made a priority of reducing urban air pollution — which kills thousands of people every year and is largely caused by burning coal — and of improving mine safety. Coal mining accidents killed more than 2,400 people in China last year alone.
中国的领导人并不情愿被卷入全球的气候变化的争论中，但他们已经把降低城市空气污染的和煤矿安全问题放到了优先地位。中国每年数千人死于空气污染，这很大程度是由于以煤为燃料，而煤矿事故去年造成了超过２４００人死亡。
China’s biggest electric company, the state-owned Huaneng Group, now aims to prove that the technology can work on a commercial scale by building the two pebble-bed reactors — each capable of meeting the residential power needs of an American city of 75,000 to 100,000 people. The reactors are expected to go into operation in about four years.
中国最大的电力公司，国有华能集团，现在期待通过新建两个球床反应堆验证其商业可行性 。每个反应堆能够满足相当于美国75000-100000人城市的电力需求。这些电站预计将在４年内开始运作。
The plants’ foundations have already been laid, their steel reinforcing bars pointing skyward, on a desolate landscape dominated by thatch-roofed huts and last season’s cornfields. Chinese safety regulations require that all nuclear plants be located at least 30 miles from the nearest city, in this case Rongcheng, which has a population of one million.
这些电站的基础工作已经开始，建筑工地原为荒凉的茅草屋和玉米地，但现在遍布钢筋骨架高指天空。中国的安全条例要求所有的核电站必须至少距离城市３０里，在这个项目中最近的城市是拥有一百万人口的榕城。
It was only three days after a tsunami swamped Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi plant that China’s legislature approved its five-year plan calling for dozens of new nuclear reactors. As the severity of that crisis became evident, Beijing said it would “temporarily suspend“ the approval of new nuclear reactors, but would allow construction to proceed at more than two dozen other nuclear projects already under way.
仅仅在海啸袭击日本福岛电站的３天后，中国的立法机关就批准了新建十多个核反应堆的五年计划。考虑到日本核危机的严重性，北京表示他将暂停审批新的核电项目，但现有的超过３０个其它核电项目将继续进行。
By coincidence, China’s cabinet and its national energy bureau had both given final approval for the pebble-bed reactors here in Shidao in the two weeks before the earthquake, said Xu Yuanhui, the father of China’s pebble-bed nuclear program.
中国球床反应堆之父，许远辉（音译）表示，在日本地震前２周，中国国务院和国家能源局就已经同时批准了石岛球床反应堆的项目，
China’s nuclear safety agency has met since the Japanese earthquake and reviewed the Shidao’s project plans and site preparation, and has indicated it will be the next project to receive safety clearance.
在日本地震后，中国核安全局重新评估了石岛的项目计划和地址准备，并且确认该项目将会获得安全许可。
“The conclusion is clear that it is all ready to start to pour concrete,” said Dr. Xu, a former Tsinghua University professor who is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building the reactors here.
前清华大学教授许博士说，“结论很明确，一切都准备完毕只需开始浇筑水泥”。他现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理，该公司承建了反应堆的建造。
Germany led the initial research into pebble-bed nuclear reactors and built its own research version in the 1960s. That reactor closed after an accident, caused by a jammed fuel pebble that released traces of radiation — coincidentally nine days after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, at a time of greatly increased worry about nuclear safety. Dr. Xu said that China, learning from the German mishap, had designed its reactors to keep the pebbles from jamming.
德国是最早开始球床反应堆研究的国家，它在６０年代建造了研究反应堆。１９８６年切尔诺贝利事故引发了大众对于核安全的极大担忧，恰巧在９天后，球床堆一个燃料球发生小故障释放出少量辐射，反应堆因此被关闭。徐博士表示，中国从德国的事故上吸取了教训，重新设计了燃料球以保证不发生类似状况。
South Africa tried hard until last summer to build a pebble-bed reactor but ran into serious cost overruns.
南非直到去年夏天还在努力尝试建立球床反应堆，但现在导致了严重的费用超支。
In the United States, the federal government and companies have spent heavily on pebble-bed research. But there has been little appetite for actually building new nuclear reactors — of any sort — since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.
在美国，联邦政府和企业也在球床反应堆上投入巨大。但在１９７９年三里岛核事故后，美国对实际建设任何新型反应堆的愿望都不高。
“The Chinese had a determination to build, to show the technology to work, and a commitment to get it done,” said Andrew Kadak, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology nuclear engineer specializing in pebble-bed reactors. “In the U.S. we didn’t have, and still don’t have, the commitment.”
“中国决心建造这样一个反应堆来验证技术，然后确保它能够被顺利的完成。”马塞诸塞州技术研究所的球床反应堆专家Andrew Kadak表示，“在美国，我们以前没有，现在也不会有这种保证。”
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/global/25chinaside.html?ref=energy-environment
Pressing Ahead Where Others Have Failed
当别国在新反应堆上受阻时，中国取得了进展
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — In pursuing pebble-bed nuclear reactors, China is pressing ahead with a nuclear technology that other countries have struggled to master. In some ways, its progress is a result of being less adventurous than foreign researchers.
中国石岛：在研发球床反应堆过程中，所有国家均受阻于一项核技术，而中国取得了进展。但某种意义上是，这是通过相对其它国家更保守来达到的。
Rather than heating water, as conventional reactors do, pebble-bed systems heat gas. And for decades, Western engineers studied pumping the hot gas directly through a turbine to produce electricity. Most recently South Africa tried this approach, only to experience huge cost overruns that led to its program being largely shut down last year.
与传统反应堆加热水不同，球床系统加热气体。数十年来，西方工程师研究了将热气直接通过涡轮机发电。最近的一次尝试在南非，该项目去年被关闭，唯一的原因是费用严重超支。
Chinese engineers have chosen instead to use conventional steam turbines of the sort already found in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants all over the world. Rather than spinning a turbine directly, the hot gas — helium — from the reactor is used to heat coils full of water that, in turn, produce steam to spin the turbines. (China itself already produces some of the world’s most advanced steam turbines.)
与西方不同，中国工程师选择使用传统的蒸汽轮机发电，而不是直接使用气体轮机。蒸汽轮机可以在全世界化石和核能电站中见到。从燃料堆中导出高温氦气，不是直接驱动汽轮机，而是通过加充满水的管道，然后产生蒸汽驱动蒸汽轮机。（中国已经可以自主研发某些世界最先进的蒸汽轮机）
The drawback of using a steam turbine in a pebble-bed reactor is that some of the heat is lost in the transfer from the helium to the water. So the process is slightly less efficient than South Africa’s design.
在汽轮堆中使用蒸汽轮机的缺点是，部分的热量在从氦气传输到水时损失。因此这个过程比南非的设计效率稍低。
And yet, “we saw from the technical point of view, the helium turbine is not ready for industrial use,” said Xu Yuanhui, who oversaw the construction of China’s experimental reactor as a Tsinghua University professor. He is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building two pebble-bed reactors here for Huaneng Group, China’s largest electric utility.
另外，清华大学教授许远辉表示，“从技术上说，氦气轮机的工业运用还不成熟，”。许远辉过去主管中国实验反应堆的建设，现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理。该公司负责为中国最大的电力企业华能集团建造２个球床反应堆。
Pebble-bed nuclear reactors have a variety of passive safety features that are intended to let the core cool on its own without human intervention — instead of melting down — if something goes wrong.
球床反应堆有许多自身的安全特点，可以保证一旦发生问题，反应堆能够在没有人工干预的情况下自发冷却，而不是融化。
Thousands of pinhead-size grains of uranium are embedded in each pebble: spheres of graphite and ceramic that resemble dull gray billiard balls. The graphite helps limit the pace of nuclear fission. If the reactor’s equipment breaks down, the pebbles are supposed to warm up only a little further and then reach a stable temperature at which there is little risk of a meltdown.
数千个大头针头大小的铀被包裹在球体中，每个球体由石墨和陶瓷构成，灰黑色台球大小。石墨帮助控制核反应的强度。如果反应堆装置损坏，球体温度只会增加不大的幅度，最终达到一个融化风险很小的稳定状态。
The helium used in pebble-bed reactors has several safety advantages over water. Water can release hydrogen gas, which explodes on contact with air — as has happened repeatedly, for example, at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan. Water turning to steam can also expand explosively.
球床堆中的氦气与水相比有几个安全优势。水会释放出氢气，当和空气接触时导致爆炸。类似的情况在日本福岛核电站事故中多次发生。水在转换成蒸汽过程中也会导致爆炸。
In a conventional reactor, if the water drains and fuel rods are exposed in reactors or the storage pools of used rods, meltdown can occur. But in a pebble-bed reactor, if an accident causes the helium to escape, the helium itself has only negligible radioactivity; the pebbles are supposed to cool gradually on their own.
在传统反应堆中，一旦冷却水耗尽并且燃料棒仍插在反应堆或者燃料棒储存池中，就会发生融化。但在球床堆里，如果事故导致氦气溢出，氦气只会产生微不足道的辐射，而燃料球可以依靠自生逐渐冷却。
Greenpeace has warned that if the pebbles ever became extremely hot, they might burn. But Dr. Xu said that his team had done many tests and had never been able to get the pebbles to burn even at very high temperatures.
绿色和平组织警告说，燃料球温度过高可能导致炸裂。然而许博士表示，他们的小组做过许多测试，即使在非常高的温度，燃料球也从未炸裂过。
Dr. Xu, who shortly before the Japanese accident led a rare private tour of the experimental pebble-bed reactor outside Beijing, said that while the technology was safe, the reactors still needed to prove themselves to be as cost-effective as conventional nuclear power plants.
“The safety is no question,” Dr. Xu said, “but the economics are not so clear.”
在日本核事故前不久，徐博士曾经罕见的引领过一个私人访问团参观北京郊外的的球床反应堆【？】。他说，虽然技术安全，但是反应堆还需要证实自己在效费比与传统电站方面相当。“安全不是问题，但是经济可行性上还不是很清楚。”
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注:
【？】处表示可能有理解错误====================================================
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/energy-environment/25chinanuke.html?_r=1&ref=china
A Radical Kind of Reactor
中国新建新型反应堆
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — While engineers at Japan’s stricken nuclear power plant struggle to keep its uranium fuel rods from melting down, engineers in China are building a radically different type of reactor that some experts say offers a safer nuclear alternative.
中国石岛－当日本工程师正在为防止铀燃料棒融化而奋战时，中国正在修建一种完全不同的反应堆。部分专家表示它将为更安全的利用核能提供一个新的选项。
Engineers have been trained to oversee the controls on a test pebble-bed reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing.
The technology will be used in two reactors here on a peninsula jutting into the Yellow Sea, where the Chinese government is expected to let construction proceed even as the world debates the wisdom of nuclear power.
在北京附近的实验性球床堆，工程师们已经接收了十年的操作训练。正当世界各国为核能争论不休的时侯，中国政府希望将这项技术用于黄海半岛上的两个新建反应堆上。【译者：球床反应堆算气冷堆的一种】
Rather than using conventional fuel rod assemblies of the sort leaking radiation in Japan, each packed with nearly 400 pounds of uranium, the Chinese reactors will use hundreds of thousands of billiard-ball-size fuel elements, each cloaked in its own protective layer of graphite.
日本目前导致辐射泄露的是传统的燃料组件，每个组件装填４００磅的铀。相对于这种老式技术，中国的新型反应堆将使用数十万个台球大小的燃料单元，每个单元有都被独立封装在石墨保护层中。
The coating moderates the pace of nuclear reactions and is meant to ensure that if the plant had to be shut down in an emergency, the reaction would slowly stop on its own and not lead to a meltdown.
保护层会将核反应保持在适度强度。这意味着，如果反应堆在紧急情况下被关闭，反应将自动逐步停止，而不会出现融堆的情况。
The reactors will also be cooled by nonexplosive helium gas instead of depending on a steady source of water — a critical problem with the damaged reactors at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi power plant. And unlike those reactors, the Chinese reactors are designed to gradually dissipate heat on their own, even if coolant is lost.
该反应堆的还可以使用不会有爆炸危险的氦气进行冷却，对比日本福岛核电站必须使用稳定的水来冷却，这是导致福岛电站损害的关键原因。中国的新型反应堆与传统设计不同，它可以在外部冷却失效时，依靠自生逐渐散发热量。
If the new plants here prove viable, China plans to build dozens more of them in coming years.
如果该新型电站被证实可行，中国计划在未来几年新建数十座同类电厂。
The technology under construction here, known as a pebble-bed reactor, is not new. Germany, South Africa and the United States have all experimented with it, before abandoning it over technical problems or a lack of financing.
该项目中使用的技术被成为球床反应堆，它并不是一个新技术。德国、南非和美国都已经进行过相关实验，但都由于发生技术问题或是资金短缺而终止。
But as in many other areas of alternative energy, including solar panels and wind turbines, China is now taking the lead in actually building the next-generation technology. The government has paid for all of the research and development costs for the two pebble-bed reactors being built here, and will cover 30 percent of the construction costs.
正像在太阳能、风能等其它新能源领域中一样，中国目前在下一代核电技术中取得了领先地位。中国政府支付了在建的球床反应堆的全部研发费用，这相当于全部项目的３０％。
Despite Japan’s crisis, China still plans to build as many as 50 nuclear reactors over the next five years — more than the rest of the world combined. Most of this next wave will be of more conventional designs.
尽管日本发生了核危机，中国仍然计划在未来５年建设多达５０座的核反应堆，超过了世界其他国家的总和。不过它们中的大多数还会使用传统的设计。
But if the pebble-bed approach works as advertised, and proves cost effective, China hopes it can eventually adopt the technology on a broad scale to make nuclear power safer and more feasible as it deals with the world’s fastest growing economy and the material expectations of its 1.3 billion people.
一旦球床反应堆如同宣传的那样奏效，并且在经济上证实可承受，中国希望这种技术最终能更广泛的使用，使核电更加安全可行，以满足这个世界增长最快的经济体的增长和１３亿人的能源需求。
Western environmentalists are divided on the safety of pebble-bed nuclear technology.
西方环保人士对这种球床反应堆技术的安全性看法不一。
Thomas B. Cochran, the senior scientist on nuclear power for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an American group, said that such reactors would probably be less dangerous than current nuclear plants, and might be better for the environment than coal-fired plants.
美国自然资源保护委员会的资深核电科学家Thomas B. Cochran表示，这种反应堆可能比现行的反应堆更安全，而且在环境影响上比煤电更好。
“Over all, in terms of design,” he said, “it would appear to be safer, with the following caveat: the safety of any nuclear plant is not just a function of the design but also of the safety culture of the plant.”
“总的来说，安全只是指在设计层面上。”他警告说，“核电站的安全并非只取决于设计，而是整个电站的安全文化。”
The executives overseeing construction of the new Chinese reactors say that engineers are already being trained to oversee the extensively computerized controls for the plant, using a simulator at a test reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing, apparently without mishap.
中国新反应堆的管理人员表示，在北京附近的一个实验性的反应堆，工程师们已经在那里进行了十年的训练，以操作这个广泛计算机控制的电站。
But Greenpeace, the international environmentalist group, opposes pebble-bed nuclear reactors, questioning whether any nuclear technology can be truly safe. Wrapping the uranium fuel in graphite greatly increases the volume of radioactive waste eventually requiring disposal, said Heinz Smital, a Greenpeace nuclear technology specialist in Germany.
But he said the waste is far less radioactive per ton than spent uranium fuel rods — one of the big sources of trouble at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
但全球性环保团体绿色和平组织对球床反应堆持反对态度，它质疑是否真的核安全技术存在。该组织的一位德国核技术专家说，将铀燃料包裹在石墨球中增加了最终需要处理的放射性废料数量。
但他同时也说，球床堆平均每吨产生的放射性要远低于传统的废铀燃料棒。在福岛事故中，这种燃料棒是问题的主要来源之一。
China is building a repository for high-level nuclear waste, like conventional fuel rods, in the country’s arid west. But the far less radioactive spheres, or pebbles, like those from the Shidao reactors will not require such specialized storage; China plans to store the used pebbles initially at the power plants, and later at lower-level radioactive waste disposal sites near the reactors.
中国已经西部干旱地区建造了高放射性废料存放点，以储存传统的废弃燃料棒。但新反应堆的球体废料放射性远低于传统废料，将无法满足这些存放点的储存条件。中国计划先在核电站保存这些球体废料，然后在核电站附近的低放射性存放点储存。
Whatever fears the rest of the world may have about China’s nuclear ambitions, the environmental cost-benefit analysis contains at least one potential positive: More nukes would let China reduce the heavy reliance on coal and other fossil fuels that now make it the world’s biggest emitter of global-warming gases.
无论世界其他国家对中国的核电雄心如何担忧，根据环境效费比分析发展核电至少有一个积极的后果，“中国现在已经是世界最大的温室气体排放国，而使用核能可以让中国降低对煤和其它化石能源的严重依赖。”
“China epitomizes the stark choices that we face globally in moving away from current forms of coal-based electricity,” said Jonathan Sinton, the top China specialist at the International Energy Agency in Paris. “Nuclear is an essential alternative” to coal, he said. “It’s the only one that can provide the same quality of electricity at a similar scale in the medium and long term.”
“在从煤电模式转型的问题上，全球都面临着无法避免的抉择，而中国只是这个背景的缩影。”巴黎国际能源署首席中国专家Jonathan Sinton说，“核能是代替煤的基本替换选择，它是唯一能够在中长期提供类似质量和范围的能源，”
Chinese leaders have been largely unwilling to engage in the global debate on climate change. But they have made a priority of reducing urban air pollution — which kills thousands of people every year and is largely caused by burning coal — and of improving mine safety. Coal mining accidents killed more than 2,400 people in China last year alone.
中国的领导人并不情愿被卷入全球的气候变化的争论中，但他们已经把降低城市空气污染的和煤矿安全问题放到了优先地位。中国每年数千人死于空气污染，这很大程度是由于以煤为燃料，而煤矿事故去年造成了超过２４００人死亡。
China’s biggest electric company, the state-owned Huaneng Group, now aims to prove that the technology can work on a commercial scale by building the two pebble-bed reactors — each capable of meeting the residential power needs of an American city of 75,000 to 100,000 people. The reactors are expected to go into operation in about four years.
中国最大的电力公司，国有华能集团，现在期待通过新建两个球床反应堆验证其商业可行性 。每个反应堆能够满足相当于美国75000-100000人城市的电力需求。这些电站预计将在４年内开始运作。
The plants’ foundations have already been laid, their steel reinforcing bars pointing skyward, on a desolate landscape dominated by thatch-roofed huts and last season’s cornfields. Chinese safety regulations require that all nuclear plants be located at least 30 miles from the nearest city, in this case Rongcheng, which has a population of one million.
这些电站的基础工作已经开始，建筑工地原为荒凉的茅草屋和玉米地，但现在遍布钢筋骨架高指天空。中国的安全条例要求所有的核电站必须至少距离城市３０里，在这个项目中最近的城市是拥有一百万人口的榕城。
It was only three days after a tsunami swamped Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi plant that China’s legislature approved its five-year plan calling for dozens of new nuclear reactors. As the severity of that crisis became evident, Beijing said it would “temporarily suspend“ the approval of new nuclear reactors, but would allow construction to proceed at more than two dozen other nuclear projects already under way.
仅仅在海啸袭击日本福岛电站的３天后，中国的立法机关就批准了新建十多个核反应堆的五年计划。考虑到日本核危机的严重性，北京表示他将暂停审批新的核电项目，但现有的超过３０个其它核电项目将继续进行。
By coincidence, China’s cabinet and its national energy bureau had both given final approval for the pebble-bed reactors here in Shidao in the two weeks before the earthquake, said Xu Yuanhui, the father of China’s pebble-bed nuclear program.
中国球床反应堆之父，许远辉（音译）表示，在日本地震前２周，中国国务院和国家能源局就已经同时批准了石岛球床反应堆的项目，
China’s nuclear safety agency has met since the Japanese earthquake and reviewed the Shidao’s project plans and site preparation, and has indicated it will be the next project to receive safety clearance.
在日本地震后，中国核安全局重新评估了石岛的项目计划和地址准备，并且确认该项目将会获得安全许可。
“The conclusion is clear that it is all ready to start to pour concrete,” said Dr. Xu, a former Tsinghua University professor who is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building the reactors here.
前清华大学教授许博士说，“结论很明确，一切都准备完毕只需开始浇筑水泥”。他现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理，该公司承建了反应堆的建造。
Germany led the initial research into pebble-bed nuclear reactors and built its own research version in the 1960s. That reactor closed after an accident, caused by a jammed fuel pebble that released traces of radiation — coincidentally nine days after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, at a time of greatly increased worry about nuclear safety. Dr. Xu said that China, learning from the German mishap, had designed its reactors to keep the pebbles from jamming.
德国是最早开始球床反应堆研究的国家，它在６０年代建造了研究反应堆。１９８６年切尔诺贝利事故引发了大众对于核安全的极大担忧，恰巧在９天后，球床堆一个燃料球发生小故障释放出少量辐射，反应堆因此被关闭。徐博士表示，中国从德国的事故上吸取了教训，重新设计了燃料球以保证不发生类似状况。
South Africa tried hard until last summer to build a pebble-bed reactor but ran into serious cost overruns.
南非直到去年夏天还在努力尝试建立球床反应堆，但现在导致了严重的费用超支。
In the United States, the federal government and companies have spent heavily on pebble-bed research. But there has been little appetite for actually building new nuclear reactors — of any sort — since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.
在美国，联邦政府和企业也在球床反应堆上投入巨大。但在１９７９年三里岛核事故后，美国对实际建设任何新型反应堆的愿望都不高。
“The Chinese had a determination to build, to show the technology to work, and a commitment to get it done,” said Andrew Kadak, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology nuclear engineer specializing in pebble-bed reactors. “In the U.S. we didn’t have, and still don’t have, the commitment.”
“中国决心建造这样一个反应堆来验证技术，然后确保它能够被顺利的完成。”马塞诸塞州技术研究所的球床反应堆专家Andrew Kadak表示，“在美国，我们以前没有，现在也不会有这种保证。”
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/global/25chinaside.html?ref=energy-environment
Pressing Ahead Where Others Have Failed
当别国在新反应堆上受阻时，中国取得了进展
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — In pursuing pebble-bed nuclear reactors, China is pressing ahead with a nuclear technology that other countries have struggled to master. In some ways, its progress is a result of being less adventurous than foreign researchers.
中国石岛：在研发球床反应堆过程中，所有国家均受阻于一项核技术，而中国取得了进展。但某种意义上是，这是通过相对其它国家更保守来达到的。
Rather than heating water, as conventional reactors do, pebble-bed systems heat gas. And for decades, Western engineers studied pumping the hot gas directly through a turbine to produce electricity. Most recently South Africa tried this approach, only to experience huge cost overruns that led to its program being largely shut down last year.
与传统反应堆加热水不同，球床系统加热气体。数十年来，西方工程师研究了将热气直接通过涡轮机发电。最近的一次尝试在南非，该项目去年被关闭，唯一的原因是费用严重超支。
Chinese engineers have chosen instead to use conventional steam turbines of the sort already found in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants all over the world. Rather than spinning a turbine directly, the hot gas — helium — from the reactor is used to heat coils full of water that, in turn, produce steam to spin the turbines. (China itself already produces some of the world’s most advanced steam turbines.)
与西方不同，中国工程师选择使用传统的蒸汽轮机发电，而不是直接使用气体轮机。蒸汽轮机可以在全世界化石和核能电站中见到。从燃料堆中导出高温氦气，不是直接驱动汽轮机，而是通过加充满水的管道，然后产生蒸汽驱动蒸汽轮机。（中国已经可以自主研发某些世界最先进的蒸汽轮机）
The drawback of using a steam turbine in a pebble-bed reactor is that some of the heat is lost in the transfer from the helium to the water. So the process is slightly less efficient than South Africa’s design.
在汽轮堆中使用蒸汽轮机的缺点是，部分的热量在从氦气传输到水时损失。因此这个过程比南非的设计效率稍低。
And yet, “we saw from the technical point of view, the helium turbine is not ready for industrial use,” said Xu Yuanhui, who oversaw the construction of China’s experimental reactor as a Tsinghua University professor. He is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building two pebble-bed reactors here for Huaneng Group, China’s largest electric utility.
另外，清华大学教授许远辉表示，“从技术上说，氦气轮机的工业运用还不成熟，”。许远辉过去主管中国实验反应堆的建设，现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理。该公司负责为中国最大的电力企业华能集团建造２个球床反应堆。
Pebble-bed nuclear reactors have a variety of passive safety features that are intended to let the core cool on its own without human intervention — instead of melting down — if something goes wrong.
球床反应堆有许多自身的安全特点，可以保证一旦发生问题，反应堆能够在没有人工干预的情况下自发冷却，而不是融化。
Thousands of pinhead-size grains of uranium are embedded in each pebble: spheres of graphite and ceramic that resemble dull gray billiard balls. The graphite helps limit the pace of nuclear fission. If the reactor’s equipment breaks down, the pebbles are supposed to warm up only a little further and then reach a stable temperature at which there is little risk of a meltdown.
数千个大头针头大小的铀被包裹在球体中，每个球体由石墨和陶瓷构成，灰黑色台球大小。石墨帮助控制核反应的强度。如果反应堆装置损坏，球体温度只会增加不大的幅度，最终达到一个融化风险很小的稳定状态。
The helium used in pebble-bed reactors has several safety advantages over water. Water can release hydrogen gas, which explodes on contact with air — as has happened repeatedly, for example, at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan. Water turning to steam can also expand explosively.
球床堆中的氦气与水相比有几个安全优势。水会释放出氢气，当和空气接触时导致爆炸。类似的情况在日本福岛核电站事故中多次发生。水在转换成蒸汽过程中也会导致爆炸。
In a conventional reactor, if the water drains and fuel rods are exposed in reactors or the storage pools of used rods, meltdown can occur. But in a pebble-bed reactor, if an accident causes the helium to escape, the helium itself has only negligible radioactivity; the pebbles are supposed to cool gradually on their own.
在传统反应堆中，一旦冷却水耗尽并且燃料棒仍插在反应堆或者燃料棒储存池中，就会发生融化。但在球床堆里，如果事故导致氦气溢出，氦气只会产生微不足道的辐射，而燃料球可以依靠自生逐渐冷却。
Greenpeace has warned that if the pebbles ever became extremely hot, they might burn. But Dr. Xu said that his team had done many tests and had never been able to get the pebbles to burn even at very high temperatures.
绿色和平组织警告说，燃料球温度过高可能导致炸裂。然而许博士表示，他们的小组做过许多测试，即使在非常高的温度，燃料球也从未炸裂过。
Dr. Xu, who shortly before the Japanese accident led a rare private tour of the experimental pebble-bed reactor outside Beijing, said that while the technology was safe, the reactors still needed to prove themselves to be as cost-effective as conventional nuclear power plants.
“The safety is no question,” Dr. Xu said, “but the economics are not so clear.”
在日本核事故前不久，徐博士曾经罕见的引领过一个私人访问团参观北京郊外的的球床反应堆【？】。他说，虽然技术安全，但是反应堆还需要证实自己在效费比与传统电站方面相当。“安全不是问题，但是经济可行性上还不是很清楚。”
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注:
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/energy-environment/25chinanuke.html?_r=1&ref=china
A Radical Kind of Reactor
中国新建新型反应堆
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — While engineers at Japan’s stricken nuclear power plant struggle to keep its uranium fuel rods from melting down, engineers in China are building a radically different type of reactor that some experts say offers a safer nuclear alternative.
中国石岛－当日本工程师正在为防止铀燃料棒融化而奋战时，中国正在修建一种完全不同的反应堆。部分专家表示它将为更安全的利用核能提供一个新的选项。
Engineers have been trained to oversee the controls on a test pebble-bed reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing.
The technology will be used in two reactors here on a peninsula jutting into the Yellow Sea, where the Chinese government is expected to let construction proceed even as the world debates the wisdom of nuclear power.
在北京附近的实验性球床堆，工程师们已经接收了十年的操作训练。正当世界各国为核能争论不休的时侯，中国政府希望将这项技术用于黄海半岛上的两个新建反应堆上。【译者：球床反应堆算气冷堆的一种】
Rather than using conventional fuel rod assemblies of the sort leaking radiation in Japan, each packed with nearly 400 pounds of uranium, the Chinese reactors will use hundreds of thousands of billiard-ball-size fuel elements, each cloaked in its own protective layer of graphite.
日本目前导致辐射泄露的是传统的燃料组件，每个组件装填４００磅的铀。相对于这种老式技术，中国的新型反应堆将使用数十万个台球大小的燃料单元，每个单元有都被独立封装在石墨保护层中。
The coating moderates the pace of nuclear reactions and is meant to ensure that if the plant had to be shut down in an emergency, the reaction would slowly stop on its own and not lead to a meltdown.
保护层会将核反应保持在适度强度。这意味着，如果反应堆在紧急情况下被关闭，反应将自动逐步停止，而不会出现融堆的情况。
The reactors will also be cooled by nonexplosive helium gas instead of depending on a steady source of water — a critical problem with the damaged reactors at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi power plant. And unlike those reactors, the Chinese reactors are designed to gradually dissipate heat on their own, even if coolant is lost.
该反应堆的还可以使用不会有爆炸危险的氦气进行冷却，对比日本福岛核电站必须使用稳定的水来冷却，这是导致福岛电站损害的关键原因。中国的新型反应堆与传统设计不同，它可以在外部冷却失效时，依靠自生逐渐散发热量。
If the new plants here prove viable, China plans to build dozens more of them in coming years.
如果该新型电站被证实可行，中国计划在未来几年新建数十座同类电厂。
The technology under construction here, known as a pebble-bed reactor, is not new. Germany, South Africa and the United States have all experimented with it, before abandoning it over technical problems or a lack of financing.
该项目中使用的技术被成为球床反应堆，它并不是一个新技术。德国、南非和美国都已经进行过相关实验，但都由于发生技术问题或是资金短缺而终止。
But as in many other areas of alternative energy, including solar panels and wind turbines, China is now taking the lead in actually building the next-generation technology. The government has paid for all of the research and development costs for the two pebble-bed reactors being built here, and will cover 30 percent of the construction costs.
正像在太阳能、风能等其它新能源领域中一样，中国目前在下一代核电技术中取得了领先地位。中国政府支付了在建的球床反应堆的全部研发费用，这相当于全部项目的３０％。
Despite Japan’s crisis, China still plans to build as many as 50 nuclear reactors over the next five years — more than the rest of the world combined. Most of this next wave will be of more conventional designs.
尽管日本发生了核危机，中国仍然计划在未来５年建设多达５０座的核反应堆，超过了世界其他国家的总和。不过它们中的大多数还会使用传统的设计。
But if the pebble-bed approach works as advertised, and proves cost effective, China hopes it can eventually adopt the technology on a broad scale to make nuclear power safer and more feasible as it deals with the world’s fastest growing economy and the material expectations of its 1.3 billion people.
一旦球床反应堆如同宣传的那样奏效，并且在经济上证实可承受，中国希望这种技术最终能更广泛的使用，使核电更加安全可行，以满足这个世界增长最快的经济体的增长和１３亿人的能源需求。
Western environmentalists are divided on the safety of pebble-bed nuclear technology.
西方环保人士对这种球床反应堆技术的安全性看法不一。
Thomas B. Cochran, the senior scientist on nuclear power for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an American group, said that such reactors would probably be less dangerous than current nuclear plants, and might be better for the environment than coal-fired plants.
美国自然资源保护委员会的资深核电科学家Thomas B. Cochran表示，这种反应堆可能比现行的反应堆更安全，而且在环境影响上比煤电更好。
“Over all, in terms of design,” he said, “it would appear to be safer, with the following caveat: the safety of any nuclear plant is not just a function of the design but also of the safety culture of the plant.”
“总的来说，安全只是指在设计层面上。”他警告说，“核电站的安全并非只取决于设计，而是整个电站的安全文化。”
The executives overseeing construction of the new Chinese reactors say that engineers are already being trained to oversee the extensively computerized controls for the plant, using a simulator at a test reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing, apparently without mishap.
中国新反应堆的管理人员表示，在北京附近的一个实验性的反应堆，工程师们已经在那里进行了十年的训练，以操作这个广泛计算机控制的电站。
But Greenpeace, the international environmentalist group, opposes pebble-bed nuclear reactors, questioning whether any nuclear technology can be truly safe. Wrapping the uranium fuel in graphite greatly increases the volume of radioactive waste eventually requiring disposal, said Heinz Smital, a Greenpeace nuclear technology specialist in Germany.
But he said the waste is far less radioactive per ton than spent uranium fuel rods — one of the big sources of trouble at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
但全球性环保团体绿色和平组织对球床反应堆持反对态度，它质疑是否真的核安全技术存在。该组织的一位德国核技术专家说，将铀燃料包裹在石墨球中增加了最终需要处理的放射性废料数量。
但他同时也说，球床堆平均每吨产生的放射性要远低于传统的废铀燃料棒。在福岛事故中，这种燃料棒是问题的主要来源之一。
China is building a repository for high-level nuclear waste, like conventional fuel rods, in the country’s arid west. But the far less radioactive spheres, or pebbles, like those from the Shidao reactors will not require such specialized storage; China plans to store the used pebbles initially at the power plants, and later at lower-level radioactive waste disposal sites near the reactors.
中国已经西部干旱地区建造了高放射性废料存放点，以储存传统的废弃燃料棒。但新反应堆的球体废料放射性远低于传统废料，将无法满足这些存放点的储存条件。中国计划先在核电站保存这些球体废料，然后在核电站附近的低放射性存放点储存。
Whatever fears the rest of the world may have about China’s nuclear ambitions, the environmental cost-benefit analysis contains at least one potential positive: More nukes would let China reduce the heavy reliance on coal and other fossil fuels that now make it the world’s biggest emitter of global-warming gases.
无论世界其他国家对中国的核电雄心如何担忧，根据环境效费比分析发展核电至少有一个积极的后果，“中国现在已经是世界最大的温室气体排放国，而使用核能可以让中国降低对煤和其它化石能源的严重依赖。”
“China epitomizes the stark choices that we face globally in moving away from current forms of coal-based electricity,” said Jonathan Sinton, the top China specialist at the International Energy Agency in Paris. “Nuclear is an essential alternative” to coal, he said. “It’s the only one that can provide the same quality of electricity at a similar scale in the medium and long term.”
“在从煤电模式转型的问题上，全球都面临着无法避免的抉择，而中国只是这个背景的缩影。”巴黎国际能源署首席中国专家Jonathan Sinton说，“核能是代替煤的基本替换选择，它是唯一能够在中长期提供类似质量和范围的能源，”
Chinese leaders have been largely unwilling to engage in the global debate on climate change. But they have made a priority of reducing urban air pollution — which kills thousands of people every year and is largely caused by burning coal — and of improving mine safety. Coal mining accidents killed more than 2,400 people in China last year alone.
中国的领导人并不情愿被卷入全球的气候变化的争论中，但他们已经把降低城市空气污染的和煤矿安全问题放到了优先地位。中国每年数千人死于空气污染，这很大程度是由于以煤为燃料，而煤矿事故去年造成了超过２４００人死亡。
China’s biggest electric company, the state-owned Huaneng Group, now aims to prove that the technology can work on a commercial scale by building the two pebble-bed reactors — each capable of meeting the residential power needs of an American city of 75,000 to 100,000 people. The reactors are expected to go into operation in about four years.
中国最大的电力公司，国有华能集团，现在期待通过新建两个球床反应堆验证其商业可行性 。每个反应堆能够满足相当于美国75000-100000人城市的电力需求。这些电站预计将在４年内开始运作。
The plants’ foundations have already been laid, their steel reinforcing bars pointing skyward, on a desolate landscape dominated by thatch-roofed huts and last season’s cornfields. Chinese safety regulations require that all nuclear plants be located at least 30 miles from the nearest city, in this case Rongcheng, which has a population of one million.
这些电站的基础工作已经开始，建筑工地原为荒凉的茅草屋和玉米地，但现在遍布钢筋骨架高指天空。中国的安全条例要求所有的核电站必须至少距离城市３０里，在这个项目中最近的城市是拥有一百万人口的榕城。
It was only three days after a tsunami swamped Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi plant that China’s legislature approved its five-year plan calling for dozens of new nuclear reactors. As the severity of that crisis became evident, Beijing said it would “temporarily suspend“ the approval of new nuclear reactors, but would allow construction to proceed at more than two dozen other nuclear projects already under way.
仅仅在海啸袭击日本福岛电站的３天后，中国的立法机关就批准了新建十多个核反应堆的五年计划。考虑到日本核危机的严重性，北京表示他将暂停审批新的核电项目，但现有的超过３０个其它核电项目将继续进行。
By coincidence, China’s cabinet and its national energy bureau had both given final approval for the pebble-bed reactors here in Shidao in the two weeks before the earthquake, said Xu Yuanhui, the father of China’s pebble-bed nuclear program.
中国球床反应堆之父，许远辉（音译）表示，在日本地震前２周，中国国务院和国家能源局就已经同时批准了石岛球床反应堆的项目，
China’s nuclear safety agency has met since the Japanese earthquake and reviewed the Shidao’s project plans and site preparation, and has indicated it will be the next project to receive safety clearance.
在日本地震后，中国核安全局重新评估了石岛的项目计划和地址准备，并且确认该项目将会获得安全许可。
“The conclusion is clear that it is all ready to start to pour concrete,” said Dr. Xu, a former Tsinghua University professor who is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building the reactors here.
前清华大学教授许博士说，“结论很明确，一切都准备完毕只需开始浇筑水泥”。他现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理，该公司承建了反应堆的建造。
Germany led the initial research into pebble-bed nuclear reactors and built its own research version in the 1960s. That reactor closed after an accident, caused by a jammed fuel pebble that released traces of radiation — coincidentally nine days after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, at a time of greatly increased worry about nuclear safety. Dr. Xu said that China, learning from the German mishap, had designed its reactors to keep the pebbles from jamming.
德国是最早开始球床反应堆研究的国家，它在６０年代建造了研究反应堆。１９８６年切尔诺贝利事故引发了大众对于核安全的极大担忧，恰巧在９天后，球床堆一个燃料球发生小故障释放出少量辐射，反应堆因此被关闭。徐博士表示，中国从德国的事故上吸取了教训，重新设计了燃料球以保证不发生类似状况。
South Africa tried hard until last summer to build a pebble-bed reactor but ran into serious cost overruns.
南非直到去年夏天还在努力尝试建立球床反应堆，但现在导致了严重的费用超支。
In the United States, the federal government and companies have spent heavily on pebble-bed research. But there has been little appetite for actually building new nuclear reactors — of any sort — since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.
在美国，联邦政府和企业也在球床反应堆上投入巨大。但在１９７９年三里岛核事故后，美国对实际建设任何新型反应堆的愿望都不高。
“The Chinese had a determination to build, to show the technology to work, and a commitment to get it done,” said Andrew Kadak, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology nuclear engineer specializing in pebble-bed reactors. “In the U.S. we didn’t have, and still don’t have, the commitment.”
“中国决心建造这样一个反应堆来验证技术，然后确保它能够被顺利的完成。”马塞诸塞州技术研究所的球床反应堆专家Andrew Kadak表示，“在美国，我们以前没有，现在也不会有这种保证。”
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/global/25chinaside.html?ref=energy-environment
Pressing Ahead Where Others Have Failed
当别国在新反应堆上受阻时，中国取得了进展
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — In pursuing pebble-bed nuclear reactors, China is pressing ahead with a nuclear technology that other countries have struggled to master. In some ways, its progress is a result of being less adventurous than foreign researchers.
中国石岛：在研发球床反应堆过程中，所有国家均受阻于一项核技术，而中国取得了进展。但某种意义上是，这是通过相对其它国家更保守来达到的。
Rather than heating water, as conventional reactors do, pebble-bed systems heat gas. And for decades, Western engineers studied pumping the hot gas directly through a turbine to produce electricity. Most recently South Africa tried this approach, only to experience huge cost overruns that led to its program being largely shut down last year.
与传统反应堆加热水不同，球床系统加热气体。数十年来，西方工程师研究了将热气直接通过涡轮机发电。最近的一次尝试在南非，该项目去年被关闭，唯一的原因是费用严重超支。
Chinese engineers have chosen instead to use conventional steam turbines of the sort already found in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants all over the world. Rather than spinning a turbine directly, the hot gas — helium — from the reactor is used to heat coils full of water that, in turn, produce steam to spin the turbines. (China itself already produces some of the world’s most advanced steam turbines.)
与西方不同，中国工程师选择使用传统的蒸汽轮机发电，而不是直接使用气体轮机。蒸汽轮机可以在全世界化石和核能电站中见到。从燃料堆中导出高温氦气，不是直接驱动汽轮机，而是通过加充满水的管道，然后产生蒸汽驱动蒸汽轮机。（中国已经可以自主研发某些世界最先进的蒸汽轮机）
The drawback of using a steam turbine in a pebble-bed reactor is that some of the heat is lost in the transfer from the helium to the water. So the process is slightly less efficient than South Africa’s design.
在汽轮堆中使用蒸汽轮机的缺点是，部分的热量在从氦气传输到水时损失。因此这个过程比南非的设计效率稍低。
And yet, “we saw from the technical point of view, the helium turbine is not ready for industrial use,” said Xu Yuanhui, who oversaw the construction of China’s experimental reactor as a Tsinghua University professor. He is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building two pebble-bed reactors here for Huaneng Group, China’s largest electric utility.
另外，清华大学教授许远辉表示，“从技术上说，氦气轮机的工业运用还不成熟，”。许远辉过去主管中国实验反应堆的建设，现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理。该公司负责为中国最大的电力企业华能集团建造２个球床反应堆。
Pebble-bed nuclear reactors have a variety of passive safety features that are intended to let the core cool on its own without human intervention — instead of melting down — if something goes wrong.
球床反应堆有许多自身的安全特点，可以保证一旦发生问题，反应堆能够在没有人工干预的情况下自发冷却，而不是融化。
Thousands of pinhead-size grains of uranium are embedded in each pebble: spheres of graphite and ceramic that resemble dull gray billiard balls. The graphite helps limit the pace of nuclear fission. If the reactor’s equipment breaks down, the pebbles are supposed to warm up only a little further and then reach a stable temperature at which there is little risk of a meltdown.
数千个大头针头大小的铀被包裹在球体中，每个球体由石墨和陶瓷构成，灰黑色台球大小。石墨帮助控制核反应的强度。如果反应堆装置损坏，球体温度只会增加不大的幅度，最终达到一个融化风险很小的稳定状态。
The helium used in pebble-bed reactors has several safety advantages over water. Water can release hydrogen gas, which explodes on contact with air — as has happened repeatedly, for example, at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan. Water turning to steam can also expand explosively.
球床堆中的氦气与水相比有几个安全优势。水会释放出氢气，当和空气接触时导致爆炸。类似的情况在日本福岛核电站事故中多次发生。水在转换成蒸汽过程中也会导致爆炸。
In a conventional reactor, if the water drains and fuel rods are exposed in reactors or the storage pools of used rods, meltdown can occur. But in a pebble-bed reactor, if an accident causes the helium to escape, the helium itself has only negligible radioactivity; the pebbles are supposed to cool gradually on their own.
在传统反应堆中，一旦冷却水耗尽并且燃料棒仍插在反应堆或者燃料棒储存池中，就会发生融化。但在球床堆里，如果事故导致氦气溢出，氦气只会产生微不足道的辐射，而燃料球可以依靠自生逐渐冷却。
Greenpeace has warned that if the pebbles ever became extremely hot, they might burn. But Dr. Xu said that his team had done many tests and had never been able to get the pebbles to burn even at very high temperatures.
绿色和平组织警告说，燃料球温度过高可能导致炸裂。然而许博士表示，他们的小组做过许多测试，即使在非常高的温度，燃料球也从未炸裂过。
Dr. Xu, who shortly before the Japanese accident led a rare private tour of the experimental pebble-bed reactor outside Beijing, said that while the technology was safe, the reactors still needed to prove themselves to be as cost-effective as conventional nuclear power plants.
“The safety is no question,” Dr. Xu said, “but the economics are not so clear.”
在日本核事故前不久，徐博士曾经罕见的引领过一个私人访问团参观北京郊外的的球床反应堆【？】。他说，虽然技术安全，但是反应堆还需要证实自己在效费比与传统电站方面相当。“安全不是问题，但是经济可行性上还不是很清楚。”
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注:
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/energy-environment/25chinanuke.html?_r=1&ref=china
A Radical Kind of Reactor
中国新建新型反应堆
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — While engineers at Japan’s stricken nuclear power plant struggle to keep its uranium fuel rods from melting down, engineers in China are building a radically different type of reactor that some experts say offers a safer nuclear alternative.
中国石岛－当日本工程师正在为防止铀燃料棒融化而奋战时，中国正在修建一种完全不同的反应堆。部分专家表示它将为更安全的利用核能提供一个新的选项。
Engineers have been trained to oversee the controls on a test pebble-bed reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing.
The technology will be used in two reactors here on a peninsula jutting into the Yellow Sea, where the Chinese government is expected to let construction proceed even as the world debates the wisdom of nuclear power.
在北京附近的实验性球床堆，工程师们已经接收了十年的操作训练。正当世界各国为核能争论不休的时侯，中国政府希望将这项技术用于黄海半岛上的两个新建反应堆上。【译者：球床反应堆算气冷堆的一种】
Rather than using conventional fuel rod assemblies of the sort leaking radiation in Japan, each packed with nearly 400 pounds of uranium, the Chinese reactors will use hundreds of thousands of billiard-ball-size fuel elements, each cloaked in its own protective layer of graphite.
日本目前导致辐射泄露的是传统的燃料组件，每个组件装填４００磅的铀。相对于这种老式技术，中国的新型反应堆将使用数十万个台球大小的燃料单元，每个单元有都被独立封装在石墨保护层中。
The coating moderates the pace of nuclear reactions and is meant to ensure that if the plant had to be shut down in an emergency, the reaction would slowly stop on its own and not lead to a meltdown.
保护层会将核反应保持在适度强度。这意味着，如果反应堆在紧急情况下被关闭，反应将自动逐步停止，而不会出现融堆的情况。
The reactors will also be cooled by nonexplosive helium gas instead of depending on a steady source of water — a critical problem with the damaged reactors at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi power plant. And unlike those reactors, the Chinese reactors are designed to gradually dissipate heat on their own, even if coolant is lost.
该反应堆的还可以使用不会有爆炸危险的氦气进行冷却，对比日本福岛核电站必须使用稳定的水来冷却，这是导致福岛电站损害的关键原因。中国的新型反应堆与传统设计不同，它可以在外部冷却失效时，依靠自生逐渐散发热量。
If the new plants here prove viable, China plans to build dozens more of them in coming years.
如果该新型电站被证实可行，中国计划在未来几年新建数十座同类电厂。
The technology under construction here, known as a pebble-bed reactor, is not new. Germany, South Africa and the United States have all experimented with it, before abandoning it over technical problems or a lack of financing.
该项目中使用的技术被成为球床反应堆，它并不是一个新技术。德国、南非和美国都已经进行过相关实验，但都由于发生技术问题或是资金短缺而终止。
But as in many other areas of alternative energy, including solar panels and wind turbines, China is now taking the lead in actually building the next-generation technology. The government has paid for all of the research and development costs for the two pebble-bed reactors being built here, and will cover 30 percent of the construction costs.
正像在太阳能、风能等其它新能源领域中一样，中国目前在下一代核电技术中取得了领先地位。中国政府支付了在建的球床反应堆的全部研发费用，这相当于全部项目的３０％。
Despite Japan’s crisis, China still plans to build as many as 50 nuclear reactors over the next five years — more than the rest of the world combined. Most of this next wave will be of more conventional designs.
尽管日本发生了核危机，中国仍然计划在未来５年建设多达５０座的核反应堆，超过了世界其他国家的总和。不过它们中的大多数还会使用传统的设计。
But if the pebble-bed approach works as advertised, and proves cost effective, China hopes it can eventually adopt the technology on a broad scale to make nuclear power safer and more feasible as it deals with the world’s fastest growing economy and the material expectations of its 1.3 billion people.
一旦球床反应堆如同宣传的那样奏效，并且在经济上证实可承受，中国希望这种技术最终能更广泛的使用，使核电更加安全可行，以满足这个世界增长最快的经济体的增长和１３亿人的能源需求。
Western environmentalists are divided on the safety of pebble-bed nuclear technology.
西方环保人士对这种球床反应堆技术的安全性看法不一。
Thomas B. Cochran, the senior scientist on nuclear power for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an American group, said that such reactors would probably be less dangerous than current nuclear plants, and might be better for the environment than coal-fired plants.
美国自然资源保护委员会的资深核电科学家Thomas B. Cochran表示，这种反应堆可能比现行的反应堆更安全，而且在环境影响上比煤电更好。
“Over all, in terms of design,” he said, “it would appear to be safer, with the following caveat: the safety of any nuclear plant is not just a function of the design but also of the safety culture of the plant.”
“总的来说，安全只是指在设计层面上。”他警告说，“核电站的安全并非只取决于设计，而是整个电站的安全文化。”
The executives overseeing construction of the new Chinese reactors say that engineers are already being trained to oversee the extensively computerized controls for the plant, using a simulator at a test reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing, apparently without mishap.
中国新反应堆的管理人员表示，在北京附近的一个实验性的反应堆，工程师们已经在那里进行了十年的训练，以操作这个广泛计算机控制的电站。
But Greenpeace, the international environmentalist group, opposes pebble-bed nuclear reactors, questioning whether any nuclear technology can be truly safe. Wrapping the uranium fuel in graphite greatly increases the volume of radioactive waste eventually requiring disposal, said Heinz Smital, a Greenpeace nuclear technology specialist in Germany.
But he said the waste is far less radioactive per ton than spent uranium fuel rods — one of the big sources of trouble at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
但全球性环保团体绿色和平组织对球床反应堆持反对态度，它质疑是否真的核安全技术存在。该组织的一位德国核技术专家说，将铀燃料包裹在石墨球中增加了最终需要处理的放射性废料数量。
但他同时也说，球床堆平均每吨产生的放射性要远低于传统的废铀燃料棒。在福岛事故中，这种燃料棒是问题的主要来源之一。
China is building a repository for high-level nuclear waste, like conventional fuel rods, in the country’s arid west. But the far less radioactive spheres, or pebbles, like those from the Shidao reactors will not require such specialized storage; China plans to store the used pebbles initially at the power plants, and later at lower-level radioactive waste disposal sites near the reactors.
中国已经西部干旱地区建造了高放射性废料存放点，以储存传统的废弃燃料棒。但新反应堆的球体废料放射性远低于传统废料，将无法满足这些存放点的储存条件。中国计划先在核电站保存这些球体废料，然后在核电站附近的低放射性存放点储存。
Whatever fears the rest of the world may have about China’s nuclear ambitions, the environmental cost-benefit analysis contains at least one potential positive: More nukes would let China reduce the heavy reliance on coal and other fossil fuels that now make it the world’s biggest emitter of global-warming gases.
无论世界其他国家对中国的核电雄心如何担忧，根据环境效费比分析发展核电至少有一个积极的后果，“中国现在已经是世界最大的温室气体排放国，而使用核能可以让中国降低对煤和其它化石能源的严重依赖。”
“China epitomizes the stark choices that we face globally in moving away from current forms of coal-based electricity,” said Jonathan Sinton, the top China specialist at the International Energy Agency in Paris. “Nuclear is an essential alternative” to coal, he said. “It’s the only one that can provide the same quality of electricity at a similar scale in the medium and long term.”
“在从煤电模式转型的问题上，全球都面临着无法避免的抉择，而中国只是这个背景的缩影。”巴黎国际能源署首席中国专家Jonathan Sinton说，“核能是代替煤的基本替换选择，它是唯一能够在中长期提供类似质量和范围的能源，”
Chinese leaders have been largely unwilling to engage in the global debate on climate change. But they have made a priority of reducing urban air pollution — which kills thousands of people every year and is largely caused by burning coal — and of improving mine safety. Coal mining accidents killed more than 2,400 people in China last year alone.
中国的领导人并不情愿被卷入全球的气候变化的争论中，但他们已经把降低城市空气污染的和煤矿安全问题放到了优先地位。中国每年数千人死于空气污染，这很大程度是由于以煤为燃料，而煤矿事故去年造成了超过２４００人死亡。
China’s biggest electric company, the state-owned Huaneng Group, now aims to prove that the technology can work on a commercial scale by building the two pebble-bed reactors — each capable of meeting the residential power needs of an American city of 75,000 to 100,000 people. The reactors are expected to go into operation in about four years.
中国最大的电力公司，国有华能集团，现在期待通过新建两个球床反应堆验证其商业可行性 。每个反应堆能够满足相当于美国75000-100000人城市的电力需求。这些电站预计将在４年内开始运作。
The plants’ foundations have already been laid, their steel reinforcing bars pointing skyward, on a desolate landscape dominated by thatch-roofed huts and last season’s cornfields. Chinese safety regulations require that all nuclear plants be located at least 30 miles from the nearest city, in this case Rongcheng, which has a population of one million.
这些电站的基础工作已经开始，建筑工地原为荒凉的茅草屋和玉米地，但现在遍布钢筋骨架高指天空。中国的安全条例要求所有的核电站必须至少距离城市３０里，在这个项目中最近的城市是拥有一百万人口的榕城。
It was only three days after a tsunami swamped Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi plant that China’s legislature approved its five-year plan calling for dozens of new nuclear reactors. As the severity of that crisis became evident, Beijing said it would “temporarily suspend“ the approval of new nuclear reactors, but would allow construction to proceed at more than two dozen other nuclear projects already under way.
仅仅在海啸袭击日本福岛电站的３天后，中国的立法机关就批准了新建十多个核反应堆的五年计划。考虑到日本核危机的严重性，北京表示他将暂停审批新的核电项目，但现有的超过３０个其它核电项目将继续进行。
By coincidence, China’s cabinet and its national energy bureau had both given final approval for the pebble-bed reactors here in Shidao in the two weeks before the earthquake, said Xu Yuanhui, the father of China’s pebble-bed nuclear program.
中国球床反应堆之父，许远辉（音译）表示，在日本地震前２周，中国国务院和国家能源局就已经同时批准了石岛球床反应堆的项目，
China’s nuclear safety agency has met since the Japanese earthquake and reviewed the Shidao’s project plans and site preparation, and has indicated it will be the next project to receive safety clearance.
在日本地震后，中国核安全局重新评估了石岛的项目计划和地址准备，并且确认该项目将会获得安全许可。
“The conclusion is clear that it is all ready to start to pour concrete,” said Dr. Xu, a former Tsinghua University professor who is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building the reactors here.
前清华大学教授许博士说，“结论很明确，一切都准备完毕只需开始浇筑水泥”。他现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理，该公司承建了反应堆的建造。
Germany led the initial research into pebble-bed nuclear reactors and built its own research version in the 1960s. That reactor closed after an accident, caused by a jammed fuel pebble that released traces of radiation — coincidentally nine days after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, at a time of greatly increased worry about nuclear safety. Dr. Xu said that China, learning from the German mishap, had designed its reactors to keep the pebbles from jamming.
德国是最早开始球床反应堆研究的国家，它在６０年代建造了研究反应堆。１９８６年切尔诺贝利事故引发了大众对于核安全的极大担忧，恰巧在９天后，球床堆一个燃料球发生小故障释放出少量辐射，反应堆因此被关闭。徐博士表示，中国从德国的事故上吸取了教训，重新设计了燃料球以保证不发生类似状况。
South Africa tried hard until last summer to build a pebble-bed reactor but ran into serious cost overruns.
南非直到去年夏天还在努力尝试建立球床反应堆，但现在导致了严重的费用超支。
In the United States, the federal government and companies have spent heavily on pebble-bed research. But there has been little appetite for actually building new nuclear reactors — of any sort — since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.
在美国，联邦政府和企业也在球床反应堆上投入巨大。但在１９７９年三里岛核事故后，美国对实际建设任何新型反应堆的愿望都不高。
“The Chinese had a determination to build, to show the technology to work, and a commitment to get it done,” said Andrew Kadak, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology nuclear engineer specializing in pebble-bed reactors. “In the U.S. we didn’t have, and still don’t have, the commitment.”
“中国决心建造这样一个反应堆来验证技术，然后确保它能够被顺利的完成。”马塞诸塞州技术研究所的球床反应堆专家Andrew Kadak表示，“在美国，我们以前没有，现在也不会有这种保证。”
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原文地址：
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/global/25chinaside.html?ref=energy-environment
Pressing Ahead Where Others Have Failed
当别国在新反应堆上受阻时，中国取得了进展
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011
作者KEITH BRADSHER
发布时间：２０１１年３月２４日
SHIDAO, China — In pursuing pebble-bed nuclear reactors, China is pressing ahead with a nuclear technology that other countries have struggled to master. In some ways, its progress is a result of being less adventurous than foreign researchers.
中国石岛：在研发球床反应堆过程中，所有国家均受阻于一项核技术，而中国取得了进展。但某种意义上是，这是通过相对其它国家更保守来达到的。
Rather than heating water, as conventional reactors do, pebble-bed systems heat gas. And for decades, Western engineers studied pumping the hot gas directly through a turbine to produce electricity. Most recently South Africa tried this approach, only to experience huge cost overruns that led to its program being largely shut down last year.
与传统反应堆加热水不同，球床系统加热气体。数十年来，西方工程师研究了将热气直接通过涡轮机发电。最近的一次尝试在南非，该项目去年被关闭，唯一的原因是费用严重超支。
Chinese engineers have chosen instead to use conventional steam turbines of the sort already found in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants all over the world. Rather than spinning a turbine directly, the hot gas — helium — from the reactor is used to heat coils full of water that, in turn, produce steam to spin the turbines. (China itself already produces some of the world’s most advanced steam turbines.)
与西方不同，中国工程师选择使用传统的蒸汽轮机发电，而不是直接使用气体轮机。蒸汽轮机可以在全世界化石和核能电站中见到。从燃料堆中导出高温氦气，不是直接驱动汽轮机，而是通过加充满水的管道，然后产生蒸汽驱动蒸汽轮机。（中国已经可以自主研发某些世界最先进的蒸汽轮机）
The drawback of using a steam turbine in a pebble-bed reactor is that some of the heat is lost in the transfer from the helium to the water. So the process is slightly less efficient than South Africa’s design.
在汽轮堆中使用蒸汽轮机的缺点是，部分的热量在从氦气传输到水时损失。因此这个过程比南非的设计效率稍低。
And yet, “we saw from the technical point of view, the helium turbine is not ready for industrial use,” said Xu Yuanhui, who oversaw the construction of China’s experimental reactor as a Tsinghua University professor. He is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building two pebble-bed reactors here for Huaneng Group, China’s largest electric utility.
另外，清华大学教授许远辉表示，“从技术上说，氦气轮机的工业运用还不成熟，”。许远辉过去主管中国实验反应堆的建设，现在是中国核能源科技有限公司的副总经理。该公司负责为中国最大的电力企业华能集团建造２个球床反应堆。
Pebble-bed nuclear reactors have a variety of passive safety features that are intended to let the core cool on its own without human intervention — instead of melting down — if something goes wrong.
球床反应堆有许多自身的安全特点，可以保证一旦发生问题，反应堆能够在没有人工干预的情况下自发冷却，而不是融化。
Thousands of pinhead-size grains of uranium are embedded in each pebble: spheres of graphite and ceramic that resemble dull gray billiard balls. The graphite helps limit the pace of nuclear fission. If the reactor’s equipment breaks down, the pebbles are supposed to warm up only a little further and then reach a stable temperature at which there is little risk of a meltdown.
数千个大头针头大小的铀被包裹在球体中，每个球体由石墨和陶瓷构成，灰黑色台球大小。石墨帮助控制核反应的强度。如果反应堆装置损坏，球体温度只会增加不大的幅度，最终达到一个融化风险很小的稳定状态。
The helium used in pebble-bed reactors has several safety advantages over water. Water can release hydrogen gas, which explodes on contact with air — as has happened repeatedly, for example, at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan. Water turning to steam can also expand explosively.
球床堆中的氦气与水相比有几个安全优势。水会释放出氢气，当和空气接触时导致爆炸。类似的情况在日本福岛核电站事故中多次发生。水在转换成蒸汽过程中也会导致爆炸。
In a conventional reactor, if the water drains and fuel rods are exposed in reactors or the storage pools of used rods, meltdown can occur. But in a pebble-bed reactor, if an accident causes the helium to escape, the helium itself has only negligible radioactivity; the pebbles are supposed to cool gradually on their own.
在传统反应堆中，一旦冷却水耗尽并且燃料棒仍插在反应堆或者燃料棒储存池中，就会发生融化。但在球床堆里，如果事故导致氦气溢出，氦气只会产生微不足道的辐射，而燃料球可以依靠自生逐渐冷却。
Greenpeace has warned that if the pebbles ever became extremely hot, they might burn. But Dr. Xu said that his team had done many tests and had never been able to get the pebbles to burn even at very high temperatures.
绿色和平组织警告说，燃料球温度过高可能导致炸裂。然而许博士表示，他们的小组做过许多测试，即使在非常高的温度，燃料球也从未炸裂过。
Dr. Xu, who shortly before the Japanese accident led a rare private tour of the experimental pebble-bed reactor outside Beijing, said that while the technology was safe, the reactors still needed to prove themselves to be as cost-effective as conventional nuclear power plants.
“The safety is no question,” Dr. Xu said, “but the economics are not so clear.”
在日本核事故前不久，徐博士曾经罕见的引领过一个私人访问团参观北京郊外的的球床反应堆【？】。他说，虽然技术安全，但是反应堆还需要证实自己在效费比与传统电站方面相当。“安全不是问题，但是经济可行性上还不是很清楚。”
====================================================
注:
【？】处表示可能有理解错误
缓解能源紧张的局面
严格地说，这个新型的虽然是气冷的，但是核心是球床技术。
它视乎不大可能用于军事，它单位体积功率密度低，只有压水堆的几十分之一。
它视乎不大可能用于军事，它单位体积功率密度低，只有压水堆的几十分之一。
在北京附近的一个实验性的反应堆，工程师们已经在那里进行了十年的训练，以操作这个广泛计算机控制的电站。
不知道在哪里？？~~
搞了十年没人发现么？？
不知道在哪里？？~~
搞了十年没人发现么？？sinoon 发表于 2011-3-27 13:10 ![]()
清华大学的实验堆
清华大学的实验堆
JY们会不会发动逆袭cranenn 发表于 2011-3-27 15:46 ![]()
危险
危险
觉得是个好消息
这是个好消息啊，咱们有了世界领先的技术值得高兴，但是安全确实不能放松
不错啊
好消息，JY们。。。。在哪
确保安全是第一位
高温气冷推啊，CDer电网筒子有过详文科普的
sinoon 发表于 2011-3-27 13:10 ![]()
昌平，清华的地盘里头
昌平，清华的地盘里头
这文章没法洗地吧，在北京用实验堆进行试验了那么久，等到各处建设的时候都是成熟堆了，难道还有人说没有官住在附近？实验的时候可是3，4，5代兔子头都住北京呢。:D
高温气冷堆
这下完了
如果有人问起你会住在核电站边上之类的
可以拿兔子头目做靶子了
如果有人问起你会住在核电站边上之类的
可以拿兔子头目做靶子了
楼主辛苦了
看了核废料那段， 运营成本比传统核电站高是肯定的， 不过现在还是第一代技术，看以后会不会改进
童萌会长孙大炮 发表于 2011-3-27 13:13 ![]()
是五道口那个校区吗？那我不是很危险？上班时每天都能看到清华校园发生了什么事情！
是五道口那个校区吗？那我不是很危险？上班时每天都能看到清华校园发生了什么事情！
听起来挺不错的
zczfr 发表于 2011-3-27 12:58 ![]()
PLA8341 发表于 2011-3-27 19:03 ![]()
贰柒壹肆玖 发表于 2011-3-27 19:47 ![]()
文章看似在夸兔子，但其实是在说：我们也要加大投入啊，不能怕出事，要不然就被兔子甩在后面了。
难道同志们都没看明白吗？
难道同志们都没看明白吗？
这技术 的基础 是从德国买过来的~
清华号称是自主研发~
清华号称是自主研发~