美国海军历年主力舰只线图以及英文原版资料！（23楼起不 ...

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猫猫是否在整点资料

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啊~打完收工。

<P>企业级航母——1950年，美国海军开始设计，1958年开始建造，历时3年，耗资4.5亿美元，到1961年，建造出了世界上第一艘核动力航空母舰“企业”号。“企业”号核动力航空母舰，满载排水量90970吨，载机90架，人员编制5833人，其中航空联队2480人。1964年，“企业”号航母进行了总航程达30000千米的无补给环球航行。30年来，“企业”号航母仅更换过3次燃料，累计航程却已达926500千米，相当于绕地球航行了23圈。“企业”号航空母舰曾多次参加大型海上军事联合演习，武力威慑和其它各类地区性军事行动。在1962年10月的古巴导弹危机中，参加了封锁古巴周围1000千米海域的行动。现部署在太平洋舰队。</P>
<P>“埃塞克斯”级航母——在罗斯福总统的大力支持下，美国决定在1940财年建造11艘、1941财年建造2艘“埃塞克斯”级大型航母。但由于各种原因，最后只有5艘航母开工。珍珠港一战使美国彻底清醒过来。美国政府和国会做出了加快建造“埃塞克斯”级的决定。计划在1942财年造10艘、1943财年造3艘、1944财年造6艘。“埃塞克斯”级由此成为二战中美国海军的主力航母。它的基本性能是，全长265.79米，宽28.35米，标准排水量27200吨，满载排水量34800吨，最大航速32.7节，15节时续航力15000海里。其飞行甲板长约262米，宽约29米，载机100－103架。编制舰员3442人，其中军官382人。</P>
<P>　　“埃塞克斯”级航母装有127mm高炮12门，并装有40mm高炮32门（或68门）和20mm高炮46门（或55门）。它的防护能力也有很大增强，舰体被分为更多的水密隔舱。堪称奇迹的是，在激烈的太平洋战场上，该级航母虽屡受重创，却没有一艘被击沉。该级航母最后建成24艘，其中17艘在二战期间服役，7艘在战后服役。</P>
<P>福莱斯特级航母——
共建4艘，于50年代服役。是美国战后建造的第一级航空母舰，为装备新式喷气式专门设计。该级舰首次采用蒸汽弹射器，飞行甲板吸取英国航空母舰的设计经验，将传统的直通式飞行甲板改为斜角、直通混合布置的飞行甲板。1992年，“福莱斯特”号用作训练航空母舰，该级舰目前只剩下唯一的一艘“独立”号，驻泊日本横须贺基地。 </P>
</P>
福莱斯特　 ForrestalCVA-59　　　1955年建成　　1993年退役

萨拉托加　 SaratogaCVA-60　 　　1956年建成　　1994年退役

突击者　　 RangerCVA-61　 　　　1957年建成　　1993年退役

独立　 　　IndependenceCVA-62　 1959年建成
</P>
开始建造日期：1952年7月14日</P>
下水日期：1954年12月11日</P>
开始服役日期：1955年10月1日</P>
载员：舰员2950名，航空人员3100名，海军陆战队72名</P>
排水量：
　　标准59500吨，满载76300吨
　　改装后标准59500吨，满载80600吨</P>
船体：长319.4米，宽39.3米</P>
吃水深度：10.7米</P>
飞行甲板：长301.8米，宽76.2米</P>
主要武器装备：
　　改装前：8门12.7毫米火炮
　　改装后：2座8联装“海麻雀”舰对空导弹发射装置，3座“密集阵”近战火炮系统，4座SRBOC诱饵发射装置，1台SLQ-26“女水妖”拖曳式诱饵</P>
舰载飞机：80架</P>
　　F-14“雄猫”战斗机，F/A-18“大黄蜂”战斗/攻击机，EA-6B“徘徊者”电子战飞机，E-2C“鹰眼”预警机，S-3“海盗”直升机，SH-3“海王”直升机，SH-60“海鹰”直升机，SPS-48C远程3维对空搜索雷达，SPS-49对空搜索雷达，SPS-67水面搜索雷达，SPS-64导航雷达，Mk-95火力控制系统，SLQ-29电子对抗系统，WLR-1雷达预警系统，WLR-3雷达预警系统，WLR-11雷达预警系统</P>
动力装置：8台“福斯特”锅炉，4台威斯汀豪斯蒸汽轮机，4轴</P>
推进功率：19.4万千瓦</P>
最大航速：33节</P>
续航力：8000海里（航速20节）</P>
　　“福莱斯特”号航空母舰是美国海军的第一艘超级航空母舰，与过去的航空母舰相比，“福莱斯特”号航空母舰作了许多重大的改进。它是第一艘专门为供喷气式飞机使用而设计的航空母舰，装有斜角甲板，可以供飞机同时起飞和降落。“福莱斯特”号航空母舰这些重大改革，为以后的美国航空母舰设计奠定了基础。</P>
　　1967年7月29日，“福莱斯特”号航空母舰在越南沿海执行任务。一架F－4“鬼怪”战斗机上的“祖尼”火箭自行发射，击中停在“福莱斯特”号航空母舰甲板上的一架A－4“天鹰”攻击机，强烈的碰撞使机腹的油桶和一枚453.6千克重的炸弹脱落，导致大量的JP5喷气推进燃料溅到甲板上，并引起大火，炸弹爆炸。当时甲板上停着许多满载燃料和弹药准备起飞的飞机，于是一连串的爆炸在所难免。更为严重的是，汽油和弹片从甲板上的舱口炸入下层，使下层甲板也燃起熊熊大火。这次事件导致134名人员丧生，64人受伤。</P>
　　30多年中，“福莱斯特”号航空母舰共执行过21次任务部署。1992年2月，“福莱斯特”号航空母舰成为美国海军飞行员和后勤人员的训练航空母舰。同年9月，它开进费城海军造船厂，进行原定为期14个月的合面检查和维修。1993年3月，美国海军宣布中止对“福莱斯特”号的检查和维修。1993年9月，“福莱斯特”号宣告退役。现停泊在罗德岛，将来可能会改装成博物馆。</P>
小鹰级航母——小鹰号航母是美国在役的最后一级常规动力航母“小鹰级”的首舰，由纽约船厂建造。1956年12月27日开工，1960年5月21日下水，1961年4月29日完工。1956年在第一次部署在越南中机舱发生火灾，1973年重新设计改装为一艘多用途航母。1/1988到7/1991在费城海军船厂检修。在1988年7月取代了部署在日本的独立号，计划于2008年退役，将会被CVN77取代。</P>
开始建造日期：1956年2月27日</P>
下水日期：1960年5月21日</P>
开始服役日期：1961年4月29日</P>
载员：舰员2930名，其中军官155名；航空人员2480名，其中军官320名</P>
排水量：标准61170吨，满载81700吨,主机采用4台蒸汽轮机，209000KW，4轴推进，航速32节。续航力4000海里/30节，12000海里/20节；</P>
船体：长318.5米，宽39.5米</P>
飞行甲板：长326米，宽76.8米</P>
吃水深度：10.8米</P>
武器装备：</P>
　　3座8联装“海麻雀”舰对空导弹发射装置，3座“密集阵”近战武器系统，4座SRBOC电子对抗诱饵发射装置，1台SLQ－36“女水妖”拖曳式诱饵</P>
舰载飞机：80架</P>
　　F-14D战斗机20架，F/A-18战斗机36架，E-2C预警机和EA-6B电子干扰机各4架，6架S-3B反潜机，6架直升机，2架ES-3A。
　　SPS-49对空搜索雷达，SPS-10F水面搜索雷达，SPS-64导航雷达，Mk-95火力控制系统</P>
动力装置：8台锅炉，4台蒸汽轮机</P>
推进功率：20.9万千瓦</P>
最大航速：30节</P>
　　1962年10月7日，“小鹰”号航空母舰加入美国海军第七舰队，取代“中途岛”号航空母舰，成为第七舰队的旗舰。同年12月初曾访问香港。</P>
　　1963年6月6日，美国前总统肯尼迪登上“小鹰”号，观看军事表演。而后，他在给和他一起登上“小鹰”号的宋庆龄的一封信中写道：“我希望你和我一样，对‘小鹰’号维持和平和投入战争的巨大威力，以及这些强大的航空母舰和它们的护卫舰队帮助全世界，包括远方国家维护自由的作用留下深刻的印象。”</P>
　　1965年11月26日至1966年5月14日，“小鹰”号到越南参战，其间它的飞机共出动1万多架次，投下10700吨炸弹。</P>
　　1987年至1991年，“小鹰”号根据美国海军舰艇延长服役年限计划，在费城海军造船厂进行了为期4年的彻底改造，使它的服役年限从原来计划的30年增加到50年，而且配备了各种先进的F-14、F/A-18、EA-6B、S-3A/B、E-2CA飞机和SH-60直升机，大大地增强了它的空中、水面和水下立体作战能力。</P>
小鹰”号预计将服役到2008年。 </P>
　　在“小鹰”号上工作的人员多达5480人，其中包括舰员2930(军官154人)、航空兵人员2480人(军官320人)、司令部人员70人(军官25人)。舰上配舰长和副舰长各1人，下设10个部门和1个舰载机联队。舰长为海军上校军衔，副舰长为中校或上校军衔。美海军对航空母舰舰长和副舰长的要求非常严格，规定：只有在舰上架机起降过800-1200次、有4000-6000小时飞行纪录、担任过飞行中队长或航母舰载机联队长职务的优秀指挥军官才有资格担任航母舰长和副舰长。</P>
　　“小鹰”号航母设有作战、航空、航海、武器、轮机、医务、牙医、供应、安全和飞机中级维修等10个部门。每个部门配部门长和部门长助理各1人，下设若干分队。各部门中，以作战、航空和飞机中级维修这3个部门最为重要。</P>
　　作战部门负责制定作战计划、组织战备训练、完成指定的情报搜集、鉴别与传送、对空中飞机实施作战控制、进行视觉与电子通信、实施电子战、提供气象与海浪预报等，下设作战训练、情报、通信、电子战、气象等分队，分别由作战官、训练官、情报官、通信官、电子战官、气象官等领导。</P>

“中途岛”级航母——
开始建造日期：1943年10月27日
下水日期：1945年3月20日</P>
开始服役日期：1945年9月10日</P>
载员：改装前4120名；改装后舰员2500名，航空人员2200名</P>
排水量：标准51700吨，满载65200吨</P>
船体：改装前长274.3米，宽34.4米；改装后长306.6米，宽34.4米</P>
吃水深度：9.75米</P>
飞行甲板：改装前长292.8米，宽41.5米；改装后长306.6米，宽78.3米</P>
武器装备：</P>
　　改装前：8门12.7毫米火炮，28门20毫米火炮，42门40毫米火炮；</P>
　　改装后：10门2联装7.62毫米火炮，2座8联装“海麻雀”舰对空导弹发射装置，2座“密集阵”近战火炮武器系统，4座SRBOC诱饵发射装置，1台SLQ-25“女水妖”拖曳式诱饵</P>
　　舰载飞机：75架</P>
　　F/A-18“大黄蜂”战斗/攻击机，EA-6B“徘徊者”电子战飞机，E-2C“鹰眼”空中早期预警机，S-3“海盗”反潜飞机，SH-3“海王”直升机，SH-60“海鹰”直升机，SPS-49对空搜索雷达，SPS-67水面搜索雷达，SPS-65导航雷达，2部Mk-115火力控制系统，WLR-1雷达预警系统，WLR-10雷达预警系统，WLR-10雷达预警系统</P>
动力装置：12台锅炉，4台威斯汀豪斯蒸汽轮机，4轴</P>
推进功率：15.8万千瓦</P>
航速：32节</P>
续航力：8000海里（航速25节）</P>
　　“中途岛”号航空母舰下水的时候，是当时海上最大的航空母舰，其吨位是现在核动力航空母舰的2/3。在海上航行时，“中途岛”号航空母舰每天要烧掉455000升油，所以每3天就得补充一次燃料。</P>
　　为了展示“中途岛”级航空母舰舰载机的远程攻击能力，1950年2月7日，一架P2V-3C“海王星”战斗机从停泊在佛罗里达海边的“福兰克林·罗斯福”号航空母舰上起飞，然后飞过巴哈马群岛、巴拿马运河、中美洲海岸和墨西哥，于2月8日在美国西海岸的旧金山降落。全程8143公里，历时25小时59分钟，创造了当时航空母舰飞机飞行的最远距离。</P>
　　美国海军原先准备建造5艘“中途岛”级航空母舰，“中途岛”号是第一艘，为纪念中途岛海战而命名。而后又造了两艘“福兰克林·罗斯福”号和“珊瑚海”号。后来的两艘建造计划取消。</P>
　　“中途岛”号于1992年4月宣布退役。它将作为博物馆而保留下来。在其47年的使用期间，共有20多万名美国海军官兵为其效力。</P>
　　它曾经3次赴越南作战，作战飞机起飞12000多架次，击落越南战争中的头3架和最后一架米格机。在海湾战争中，它的飞机共起飞3000多架次。</P>
　　“中途岛”号部署在日本横须贺美国海军基地的时间长达17年。</P>
<P>“尼米兹”级航母——目前美国共有9艘核动力航空母舰。除“企业”号航母外，其余8艘均是“尼米兹”级航母，它们分别是“尼米兹”号、“艾森豪威尔”号、“卡尔·艾森”号、“罗斯福”号、“林肯”号、“华盛顿”号、“斯坦尼斯”号和“杜鲁门”号。自服役以来，“尼米兹”级航母就一直充当美国在全球称霸的工具。</P>

</P>
<P>  排水量：88,896吨(满载)
　　尺度： 317 x 40.8 x 11.3 米
最大尺度： 331.6 x 78.3 x 11.3 米
　　动力：2台A4W核反应堆，4轴推进，280,000马力，航速30+节。主机采用4台蒸汽轮机，209000千瓦，4轴推进，航速32节。
　　编制：接近5000人(舰员2930名，其中军官155名，航空人员2480名，其中军官320名。)
　　装甲：机库，飞行甲板和弹药库，反应堆有装甲保护
主要武器：3座8联装“海麻雀”舰对空导弹发射装置，3座MK15密集阵，4座MK36-S-RBOC发射装置
　　飞机：80+架(F-14D战斗机20架，F/A-18战斗机36架，E-2C预警机和EA-6B电子干扰机各4架，6架S-3B反潜机，6架直升机，2架ES-3A。)
　　
　　
　　说明：全新设计的核动力航母，虽然仍然是攻击航母系列的延续，但它的主要角色是战术而不是战略。该级舰的建造将延续到21世纪，但是CVN77和以后的航母将会有大的改进。CVN77和以后的航母将会是新一级。
　　
　　设计：基于以前的航母方案，但做了较大的内部改进。该级舰目前仍在连续的评估阶段，因此该级舰的每一艘和前一艘相比都有明显的不同。 因此该级舰没有两艘是一样的。
现代化改装：所有该级舰在大修/换装核料期间都将按最新的标准进行改装</P>

<P>搁浅“巨鲸”——生不逢时的“合众国”号</P>
<P>第二次世界大战之后，美国海军为了使航母能起降喷气式飞机和带核炸弹的舰载轰炸机，决定建造吨位远大于“中途岛”级的超大型航母，研制代号为CV-58，CV-58计划得到了美国国防1949年度预算的承认，并被命名为“合众国”号（United States）。1949年4月18日，“合众国”号在纽波特纽斯造船厂开工建造。然而5天后的4月23日，又突然决定中止建造，使“合众国”号成为世界上最短命的航母。</P>
<P>原来，在争夺国防军费预算上，美国海军和空军存在着深刻的矛盾。海军主张优先发展大型航母，而空军则主张优先发展能搭载核炸弹的B-36战略轰炸机。也许是“一山容不得二虎”，也许是财大气粗的美国也无力同时支持两个大型研制项目，在国会听证会上，海军派和空军派吵得一塌糊涂，难分高下。最初是海军派占了上风，这使得“合众国”号得以建造。然而，好景不长。1949年3月，支持海军的福莱斯特国防部长卸任，新上台的国防部长明显支持空军，上任伊始便决定停建CV-58航母，这使得福莱斯特和海军头面人物极为不快，失意的福莱斯特不久便撒手人寰。
　　福莱斯特力主推荐的“合众国”号航母的确不同凡响。它的基准排水量66 850吨，满载排水量67 920吨，比二战中最大型的“中途岛”级又上了一个台阶。全长331.6米，水线长313.9米，水线宽38.1米，最大宽度57.9米，高度30.8米。飞机库的天井高8.6米，飞机库为260.9×34.4米，飞行甲板315.2×57.9米。舰载机包括：攻击/轰炸机18架，战斗机80架。最大航速33节，续航力12 000海里（20节），全舰预计有官兵4 127人。它最大特点是可搭载携带核炸弹的舰载机</P>

衣阿华级战列舰——
<P>1938年 5月，美国海军确定 南达科他级战列舰 的后续新型高速 战列舰 的设计方案—— 依阿华级战列舰 。在保持 南达科他级战列舰 防护水平的基础上重点提高航速，设计航速高达33节。该级战列舰是美国海军最后建成的吨位最大的一级战列舰。搭载轻量化的50倍口径406毫米主炮。考虑进行两洋作战，受巴拿马运河船闸限制，采用限制船体最大宽度，拉长舰体的设计措施，但影响了适航性。 </P>
<P>1938年 5月17日 到 1940年 7月19日 ，共有6艘“依阿华”级战列舰的建造预算获得通过。 1942年 8月27日 首舰“依阿华”(BB61)号下水。 1942年 12月7日 “新泽西”(BB62)号下水。 1943年 12月7日 “威斯康星”(BB64)号下水。 1944年 1月29号“密苏里”(BB63)号下水。 1945年 8月，“伊利诺伊”号(BB65)在建造到总工程量的22％时停工，该舰没有完工下水。 1950年 1月“肯塔基”号(BB66)下水，但随后停建。后将舰艏拆移，更换到因与驱逐舰“艾登”号相撞而舰艏损坏的“威斯康星”号上，20世纪60年代初，8座锅炉拆装到2艘“萨克拉门托”级快速战斗支援舰后，整舰被拆毁。 </P>
<P>第二次世界大战期间，衣阿华级战列舰以其高速性以及强大的高射火力伴随航空母舰特遣舰队和支援两栖登陆作战。衣阿华级“密苏里”号战列舰服役后不久，即因1945年9月2日作为日本无条件投降的签字地点而声名远扬。 </P>
<P>“依阿华”号、“新泽西”号、“威斯康星”号1949年编入预备役。1951年9月重新入役，参加 朝鲜战争 。1958年3月再次编入预备役。 1968年 4月，“新泽西”号单独重返现役，进行现代化改装后参加越南战争。1969年再次退役。 </P>
<P>1981年 － 1989年 间，在美国总统 罗纳德·里根 的支持下，四艘“依阿华”级战列舰经过大规模现代化改装后，再次重返现役。舰上安装了“战斧”巡航导弹、“鱼叉”舰舰导弹、“密集阵”近程防御系统，以及无人飞机弹射器，更新电子设备。 1990年 “依阿华”号、“新泽西”号由于美军的军费减少，1990年再次退役封存。1990年11月“威斯康星”号、“密苏里”号开赴 波斯湾 ，参加了海湾战争。战后不久，“威斯康星”号退出现役。 1992年 3月31号，“密苏里”号退出现役。 </P>
<P>
</P>
主要性能指标（设计时）： 标准排水量： 44500吨 满载排水量： 55710吨 装甲总重： 18466吨 全长： 270.4米 水线长： 262.1米 最大宽度： 33米 最大吃水深： 11米 主机功率： 212000马力 最大航速： 33节 续航力： 15900海里／17节 主炮： 9门50倍口径406毫米（3座3联装） 副炮： 20门127毫米（10座双联装） 舰载机： 4架；弹射器：2台

<P>南达科他级战列舰——南达科他级战列舰是美国海军在北卡罗来纳级战列舰基础上改进设计的一种战列舰。</P><P>南达科他级战列舰保持与北卡罗来纳级相同的最大舰宽，缩小水线长度，减少不必要的重量，重点优化装甲防护，增加侧舷装甲带倾斜角度以及甲板装甲厚度，提高防护水平。采用球鼻型舰艏以降低舰体阻力，并增大了主机功率。南达科他级战列舰被公认是攻防平衡的条约型战列舰。该级舰于1938年5月批准建造，同级四艘：南达科他号(BB57)、印第安纳号(BB58)、马萨诸塞号(BB59)、亚拉巴马号(BB60)，均于1942年间服役。</P><P>1942年11月14日“南达科他”号与“华盛顿”号战列舰和日海军“雾岛”号战列舰编队遭遇，“南达科他”号虽遭到攻击损伤严重，但是舰体并没有受到大的损坏。“麻萨诸塞”号1942年11月参加了北非的登陆行动，炮击停泊在卡萨布兰卡港未完工的法国战列舰“让·巴尔”号，使其丧失了战斗力。 南达科他级战列舰在太平洋战争中，多被用作防空火力平台为快速航空母舰特混舰队提供空中保护，以及为两栖登陆作战提供对岸火力支援。</P><P>战后1947年该级舰开始陆续退役，1962年至1965年相继报废处理。1965年“麻萨诸塞”号成为麻萨诸塞州的一个纪念馆开始对公众开放。“亚拉巴马”号也作为博物馆予以保留。</P>主要性能指标（设计时）<P>设计排水量：35000吨满载排水量：45200吨全长：207.4米水线长：203米最大宽度：33米水线最大宽度：33米最大吃水深：10.5米主机功率：130000马力最大航速：27节续航力：17000海里/15节主炮：9门45倍口径406毫米（3座三联装）副炮：20门38倍口径127毫米（10座双联装）舰载机：3架；弹射器：2台</P>

实力强劲啊。

长滩号让人印象深刻~

<B>以下是引用<I>cities_hunter</I>在2005-2-6 4:35:14的发言：</B>
长滩号让人印象深刻~

第一艘核动力巡洋舰，第一艘装备相控阵雷达的巡洋舰，绰号“灰夫人”。

]]

<B>以下是引用<I>gatotomcat</I>在2005-2-6 17:09:05的发言：</B>
？


<P>不是，是在这里：http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/</P>
<P>另外，美国海军官方网站上也有不少好东西，进入主页后有很让人热血沸腾的背景音乐和空地对话录音，爽啊。点击这里进入</P>

<P>FAS Global Security .很多图片资料是一样的但Global Security 更祥细</P>

<B>以下是引用<I>Fan1</I>在2005-2-6 20:16:28的发言：</B>


<P>FAS Global Security .很多图片资料是一样的但Global Security 更祥细</P>

有否网址，我去看看

<B>以下是引用<I>gatotomcat</I>在2005-2-6 22:04:29的发言：</B>
&gt;

有否网址，我去看看

<P>www.globalsecurity.org</P>

<B>以下是引用<I>Fan1</I>在2005-2-7 10:16:57的发言：</B>
看

<P>www.globalsecurity.org</P>

收到，多谢兄弟！

<P>要是在介绍的时候来几张照片就更安逸了。</P><P>楼主辛苦了！</P>

真是不错

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-2-12 22:04:45编辑过]

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-2-8 13:27:10编辑过]

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-2-8 13:30:29编辑过]

Originally commissioned as ballistic missile submarines, the two remaining members of this class of submarine have been converted to special operations attack submarines, with a capacity for carrying and delivering special operations forces added.

The 慴oomers? converted to dual DDS carriers are huge compared to STURGEON SSNs. On the SSBN the SEALs and crew can be berthed without 慼ot racking?- three men sharing two bunks on a rotating basis. Enough exercise equipment can be loaded for the SEALs (and crew) to maintain the physical conditioning required for mission success. Mission planning, briefings, and operations can be conducted with minimum crew disruption. Submarine crew training and casualty drills can be conducted with minimum impact on the SEALs. Both the submarine crew and SEAL teams can better maintain operational proficiency.
<P>USS KAMEHAMEHA (SSN 642) is a BENJAMIN FRANKLIN class fleet ballistic missile submarine, built in 1965, recently completed conversion to a drydeck shelter/swimmer delivery platform. USS KAMEHAMEHA is now a very capable attack submarine with extensive modifications to enable her to conduct missions in support of special warfare operations.
<p>
<P>In March of 1994 USS JAMES K. POLK (SSN 645) completed a 19-month conversion from ballistic missile submarine to attack/special warfare submarine at Newport News Shipbuilding. She then changed homeports to Norfolk where she was a mainstay at Submarine Squadron SIX. As the only dual dry-deck shelter submarine in the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, POLK made three deployments to the Mediterranean Sea. The submarine held its inactivation ceremony 08 January 1999 at Naval Station Norfolk after nearly 33 years of service.
<p>
<P>The inactivation of the POLK leaves the KAMEHAMEHA (SSN 642) as the Navy's only former ballistic missile submarine equiped with Dry Deck Shelters (DDSs). </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Displacement</B>8,250 tons submerged<B>Length</B>425 feet <B>Beam</B>33 feet <B>Speed</B>25+ knots submerged <B>Depth</B>Greater than 800 feet<B>Complement</B>143 (approx.) <B>Horizontal Tubes</B>Four Tubes <B>Vertical Tubes</B>12 Vertical Launch System Tubes <B>Special Operations</B>2 Dry Deck Shelers
2 SEAL Delivery Vehicle [SDV] <B><B>Unit Operating Cost
Annual Average </B></B>~$13,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC] </P>

The USS NARWHAL (SSN-671) was the quietest of submarines at the time of her commissioning, the result of a natural circulation reactor. She has been modified for special missions, and is fitted to operate a Remotely Opearted Vehicle. She was decommissioned in 1999. The USS Narwhal (SSN 671) was built as the prototype platform for an ultra-quiet natural circulation reactor design. This allows for operation with the large water circulating pumps, a major source of radiated noise, secured. It is similar to the Sturgeon design in other respects. NARWHAL used new engineering technology and several other innovations that led to advances in the submarine development program, laying important groundwork for the LOS ANGELES and OHIO class submarines which followed her. She was truly a one ship class.
<P>According to some reports <I>Narwhal</I> was employed for intelligence collection, and was fitted with a structure, called a "turtleback" -- just forward of her rudder that some have suggested may possibly be for remote-controlled underwater vehicles. However, a more prosaic explanation suggest that the big bulge on her stern is a casing for TB-23 towed array fitted with the new BQQ-5D sonar.

During her career, Narwhal was highly decorated, receiving the Navy Unit Commendation, three Meritorious Unit Commendations and five Battle Efficiency "E" awards. She has conducted 17 deployments to all corners of the world. Most recently, during her 1998 deployment to the Mediterranean, Narwhal was underway 86 percent of the time, conducting numerous international exercises and two extended operations of vital importance to national security.
<P>After commissioning, NARWHAL was assigned to Submarine Detachment TWO in New London CT. She made her first deployment in the summer of 1970 and was eventually assigned to Submarine Squadron TWO in New London. In November 1979, NARWHAL was reassigned to Submarine Squadron FOUR in Charleston SC which was her home until she was transferred to Submarine Squadron SIX in Hampton Roads during October 1994. USS Narwhal was inactivated on 16 January 1999 at Naval Station Norfolk, and She will began the decommissioning process at Newport News Shipbuilding later in the month. Newport News Shipbuilding is the only private source with the knowledge, experience, and facilities required to prepare for and accomplish the defueling and inactivation of SSN 671. </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Displacement</B>5,350 tons submerged <B>Length</B>314 feet <B>Beam</B>38 feet <B>Speed</B>20-plus knots <B>Power Plant</B>One S5G nuclear reactor,
two steam turbines, one shaft, 17,000 shp <B>Armament</B>Torpedoes, four torpedo tubes
Harpoon
Tomahawk <B>Complement</B>141 <B><B>Unit Operating Cost
Annual Average </B></B>~$17,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC] <B>Builder</B>General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division </P>

<P>The USS Glenard P. Lipscomb (SSN 685) was the US Navy second prototype design using a turbo-electric power plant similar to the Tullibee. The Glenard P. Lipscomb was generally similar to the SSN-637 Sturgeon class, apart from the use of submarine turbo-electric drive [TEDS] rather than the standard geared drive. Intended to test the potential advantages of this propulsion system for providing quieter submarine operations, the substantially larger and heavier machinery also resulted in slower speeds. Those disadvantages, along with reliability issues, led to the decision not to utilize this design on the follow-on SSN-688 Los Angeles class of submarines. Although serving as a test platform, the "Lipscomb Fish" was a fully combat-capable attack submarine. </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Displacement</B>6,480 tons submerged <B>Length</B>365 feet <B>Beam</B>32 feet <B>Speed</B>20-plus knots <B>Power Plant</B>One nuclear reactor, turbine-electric drive, one shaft <B>Armament</B>Torpedoes, four torpedo tubes
Harpoon
Tomahawk <B>Complement</B>141 <B>Builder</B>General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division </P>

<P>The LOS ANGELES class SSN specifically included ASW against Soviet submarines trying to sink the US carrier and ASUW against capital ships in the Soviet surface action group [SAG]. The LOS ANGELES class SSN was designed almost exclusively for Carrier Battlegroup escort; they were fast, quiet, and could launch Mk48 and ADCAP torpedoes, Harpoon Anti-Ship Missiles (no longer carried), and both land attack and anti-ship (no longer carried) Tomahawk cruise missiles. The new submarines showed another step improvement in quieting and an increase in operating speed to allow them to support the CVBG. Escort duties included conducting ASW sweeps hundreds of miles ahead of the CVBG and conducting attacks against the SAG.
<P>Submarines of the LOS ANGELES Class are among the most advanced undersea vessels of their type in the world. While anti-submarine warfare is still their primary mission, the inherent characteristics of the submarine's stealth, mobility and endurance are used to meet the challenges of today's changing global geopolitical climate. Submarines are able to get on station quickly, stay for an extended period of time and carry out a variety of missions including the deployment of special forces, minelaying, and precision strike land attack.

These 360 foot, 6,900-ton ship are well equipped to accomplish these tasks. Faster than her predecessors and possessing highly accurate sensors, weapons control systems and central computer complexes, the LOS ANGELES Class is armed with sophisticated MK-48 Advanced Capability anti-submarine/ship torpedoes, Tomahawk land attack cruise missiles, and mines.
<P>These submarines were built in three successive variants:
SSNs 688-718 - Original Los Angeles class
SSNs 719-750 - Starting with SSN 719 and beyond the last 31 hulls of the class have 12 vertical launch tubes for the Tomahawk cruise missile, along with an upgraded reactor core.
SSNs 751-773 - The final 23 hulls [SSN 751 and later] referred to as "688I" (for improved), are quieter, incorporate an advanced BSY-1 sonar suite combat system and the ability to lay mines from their torpedo tubes. They are configured for under-ice operations in that their forward diving planes have been moved from the sail structure to the bow and the sail has been strengthened for breaking through ice. The USS MEMPHIS (SSN 691) has been modified to serve as a test and evaluation platform for advanced submarine systems and equipment, while retaining her combat capability.
<P>The submarines are outfitted with a wide variety of antennas, transmitters and receivers necessary to support accomplishment of their assigned tasks. Interior communication is possible on a wide range of circuits and sound powered phones which do not require electrical power and are reliable in battle situations. Various alarm and indicating circuits enable the Officer of the Deck and the Engineering Officer of the Watch to continuously monitor critical parameters and equipment located throughout the ship.
<P>The nuclear power plant gives these boats the ability to remain deployed and submerged for extended periods of time. To take advantage of this, the ship is outfitted with auxiliary equipment to provide for the needs of the crew. Atmosphere control equipment replenishes oxygen used by the crew, and removes carbon dioxide and other atmosphere contaminants. The ship is equipped with two distilling plants which convert salt water to fresh water for drinking, washing and the propulsion plant. Sustained operation of the complex equipment and machinery on the ship requires the support of repair parts carried on board. The ship carries enough food to feed a crew of over one hundred for as long as 90 days.</P>

<P></P>
<P>Los Angeles class submarines are divided into two watertight compartments. The forward compartment houses all the living spaces, weapons systems, control centers, and sonar/fire control computers. The after compartment houses the nuclear reactor and the ship's propulsion equipment.</P>
<P>1. Engine Room. The engine room houses all the propulsion machinery, as well as the Ship's Service Turbine Generators that supply the ship's electricity, and the evaporator, which distills water for the propulsion plant and other shipboard use.</P>
<P>2. Control Room/Attack Center. Located in the upper level of the forward compartment is the control room--the heart of the ship. The Officer of the Deck stands his watch here, controlling all activities on board. In control, the ship's location is continually determined and plotted, the course and depth are controlled, and all sonar contacts are tracked. The control room also functions as the attack center, where all of the ship's weapon systems are controlled from.. The sail helps to add stability to the submerged vessel. Additionally it houses all of the periscopes and antennae. In the forward top portion of the sail is the bridge. When the ship is on the surface, the Officer of the Deck will shift his watch to the bridge. Here he has clear view of all the surrounding waters, in addition to getting a breath of fresh air and seeing the welcome sun.</P>
<P>4. Mess Decks, Berthing, and Wardroom. The middle level of the forward compartment is dedicated to the crew's living spaces. Here is found the mess decks and galley which, when underway, serve four meals a day, one every six hours (allowing for all watchstanders to get a hot meal). Also here are the berthing spaces. Here is the only personal space that a crewman gets--his bed (known as a "rack". These racks are stacked three tall throughout the berthing spaces and have only a curtain to close them off from the rest of the boat. With this as the only private area on board, it is not uncommon to find pictures of family and friends put up on the wall in a rack along with personal cassette and CD players for entertainment. The wardroom&gt; is the officers own room. Here is a big table around which the officers eat, train, and work</P>
<P>5. Torpedo Room. The lower level of the forward compartment is the Torpedo Room. This room stores the ship's weapons which include Mk48 ADCAP torpedoes, Tomahawk cruise missiles, and mines. The torpedo room houses the handling equipment and access to the ship's four torpedo tubes. Weapons are moved from their stowage positions, loaded into the tubes, and readied for launch all in this room by the ship's Torpedomen. The torpedo room also houses controls for the vertical launch tubes which add 12 more Tomahawk cruise missiles to the ship's load.</P>
<P>6. Sonar Sphere. Housed in the very forward end of the submarine is the sonar sphere. This is an array of over 1,000 hydrophones which makes up part of the advanced BQQ-5E sonar suite. Out in front of the ship, positions the sphere as far as possible from the ship's own noise, thereby giving it the best listening conditions.</P>
<p>
<P>SSN 688-class submarines, which will comprise 68% of the attack submarine force in 2015, must be modernized to ensure that they remain effective against increasingly sophisticated undersea adversaries. The use of COTS and open systems architecture (OSA) will enable rapid (annual) updates to both software and hardware, and the use of COTS-based processors means that sonar system computing power can grow at the same rate as commercial technology. </P>
<P>The creation of the Acoustic Rapid COTS Insertion (A-RCI) program was based on a detailed review of the U.S. acoustic advantage compared to foreign nuclear and diesel electric submarines. This program is the centerpiece of the Los Angeles (SSN 688)-class modernization effort. SSN 688 class submarines, which will comprise 68% of the attack submarine force in 2015, must be modernized to ensure that they remain effective when operating against increasingly sophisticated undersea adversaries. The use of COTS and Open Systems Architecture (OSA) will enable rapid (annual) updates to both software and hardware, and the use of COTS-based processors means that sonar system computing power can grow at the same rate as the commercial world.
<p>
<P>A-RCI is a four phased transformation of existing sonar systems (AN/BSY-1, AN/BQQ-5, or AN/BQQ-6) to a more capable and flexible COTS/OSA-based system. It also will provide the submarine force with a common sonar system. The process is designed to minimize the impact of fire-control and sonar system upgrades on a ship's operational schedule, and will be accomplished without the need for major shipyard availabilities. Phase I, which commenced in November 1997, will enhance towed-array processing. Phase II will provide additional towed- and hull-array software upgrades. Phase III will upgrade the spherical array, and Phase IV will upgrade the high-frequency sonar system on SSN 688I-class submarines. Each phase will install improved processing and control and display workstations. The current installation plan completes all SSNs through Phase III by FY03. </P>
<P>Between 1998 and 2001 the US will retire 11 Los Angeles class submarines that have an average of 13 years left on their 30-year service lives. SSN-688 class submarines could operate for much longer than 30 years; one of the shipbuilders stated that 10 to 20 years of additional service would not be unreasonable. Past Navy actions indicate that extending a submarine's service life may be feasible. After a 5-year study was completed on the SSN-637 class submarine--the predecessor of the SSN-688 class--the design life was extended from 20 years to 30 years, with a possible extension to 33 years on a case-by-case basis. The 18 SSN-688 class submarines that will be refueled at their mid-life could make good candidates for a service life extension because they could operate for nearly 30 years after the refueling. After these submarines serve for 30 years, they could undergo a 2-year overhaul and serve for one more 10-year operating cycle, for a total service life of 42 years. The cost for the additional overhaul of SSN-688 class submarines would be about $406 million per boat.
<p>
<P>Eight older Los Angeles-class submarines, without a vertical launch system, could be refueled at a cost of $210 million more than it would cost to inactivate them. </P>
FY2000 - SSN 713 Houston
FY2001 - SSN 698 Bremerton
FY2001 - SSN 699 Jacksonville
FY2001 - SSN 714 Norfolk
FY2005 - SSN 716 Salt Lake City
FY2006 - SSN 717 Olympia
FY2007 - SSN 718 Honolulu
FY2008 - SSN 710 Augusta
<P>These submarines can still be used in strike missions, however, by firing Tomahawk land attack missiles through their torpedo tubes. </P>
<p>
<P>The existing DOD guidance calls for a force of 50 attack submarines, although some studies have called for raising the number of subs to as many as 72. Existing plans are sufficient to meet the goal of 50 boats, although higher numbers would require modification to these plans. According to Navy secretary Richard Danzig, as of October 1999 the Joint Chiefs of Staff were studying options for increasing the size and capability of the submarine force. The three options under review include by converting older Ohio-class SSBN submarines to so-called SSGNs at a cost of $420 million; refueling and extending by 12 years the service life of perhaps eight Los Angeles-class (SSN 688) subs at a cost per copy of $200 million; or building new Virginia-class (SSN 774) subs at a rate of at least four over the next five years, at a cost of roughly $2 billion per boat. The FY2000 Defense Authorization bill requires the Navy to study converting four of the oldest Tridents to the new SSGN configuration. </P>
<P>The JCS Submarine Force Structure Study, completed in November 1999, concluded that the optimal force structure would be 68 attack submarines by 2015 and 76 by 2025, with the minimum being at least 55 by 2015 and 62 by 2025. The first would be to refuel some Los Angeles-class submarines previously scheduled to be decommissioned. </P>
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</P>

Specifications<B>Builders</B>Newport News Shipbuilding Co.
General Dynamics Electric Boat Division.
<B>Power Plant</B>One S6G reactor
one shaft at 35,000 shp
Improved Performance Machinery Program Phase I [on 688 Improved] <B>Length</B>360 feet (109.73 meters) <B>Beam</B>33 feet (10 meters) <B>Displacement</B>6,927 tons (6210 metric tons) submerged <B>Speed</B>Official: 20+ knots (23+ miles per hour, 36.8 +kph)
Actual: 30-32 knots maximum submerged speed <B>Operating Depth</B>official: "greater than 800 feet"
Actual: 950 feet [300 meters] test depth
Actual: 1475 feet [450 meters] collapse depth <B>Hull</B>HY-80 Steel <B>Crew</B>13 Officers, 116 Enlisted
<P><B>Departments</B>
Combat
Engineering
Executive
NAVOPS
Medical
Supply </P><B>Armament</B>Harpoon and Tomahawk ASM/LAM missiles from VLS tubes
MK-48 torpedoes from four 533-mm torpedo tubes (<I>Seawolf</I> has 8) <B>Combat Systems</B>AN/BPS-5 surface search radar
AN/BPS-15 A/16 navigation and fire control radar

TB-16D passive towed sonar arrays
TB-23 passive "thin line" towed array
AN/BQG-5D wide aperture flank array
AN/BQQ-5D/E low frequency spherical sonar array
AN/BQS-15 close range active sonar (for ice detection);
MIDAS Mine and Ice Detection Avoidance System
SADS-TG active detection sonar
<p>Type 2 attack periscope (port)
Type 18 search periscope (starboard)
<p>AN/BSY-1 (primary computer);
UYK-7; UYK-43; UYK-44
<p>WLR-9 Acoustic Intercept Receiver
ESM
<B>Unit Cost</B>$900 million [1990 prices] <B><B>Unit Operating Cost
Annual Average </B></B>~$21,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC]
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</P>

Seawolf-class submarines were designed to operate autonomously against the world's most capable submarine and surface threats. The primary mission of the Seawolf was to destroy Soviet ballistic missile submariness before they could attack American targets. The Soviet submarines are one of the most survivable elements of their intercontinental ballistic missile arsenal. In addition to their capabilities in countering enemy submarines and surface shipping, Seawolf submarines are suited for battlespace-preparation roles. Incorporation of sophisticated electronics produces enhanced indications and warning, surveillance, and communications capabilities. These platforms are capable of integrating into a battle group's infrastructure, or shifting rapidly into a land-battle support role.
<P>The Seawolf features a strengthened sail, designed to permit operations under the polar ice cap for taking the fight to the Soviets in their own front yard. It sports an eight-tube, double-deck torpedo room to simultaneously engage multiple threats. It incorporates the latest in quieting technology to keep pace with the threat then posed by an aggressive Soviet Union.
<P>The Seawolf has the highest tactical speed of any US submarine. Much much of the design effort was focused on noise reduction, and it is expected that the fully coated boat will restore the level of acoustic advantage which the US Navy enjoyed for the last three decades. The Seawolf's propulsion system makes it ten times more quiet over its full range of operating speeds than the Improved-688 class and 70 times more quiet than the initial generation of Los Angeles 688-class submarines. The Seawolf's quieter propulsion system will also enable it to have twice the tactical speed as the I-688. Tactical speed is the speed at which a submarine is still quiet enough to remain undetected while tracking enemy submarines effectively. Overall, the Seawolf's propulsion system represents a 75-percent improvement over the I-688's -- the Seawolf can operate 75 percent faster before being detected. It is said that SEAWOLF is quieter at its tactical speed of 25 knots than a LOS ANGELES-class submarine at pierside.
<P>With twice as many torpedo tubes and a 30% increase in weapons magazine size over the Los Angeles (SSN 688)-class submarines, Seawolf is capable of establishing and maintaining battlespace dominance. Seawolf's inherent stealth enables surreptitious insertion of combat swimmers into denied areas. SSN 23 will incorporate special-operations force capabilities, including a dry deck shelter (DDS) and a new, specially designed combat swimmer silo. The DDS is an air-transportable device that piggy-backs on the submarine and can be used to store and launch a swimmer delivery vehicle and combat swimmers. The silo is an internal lock-out chamber that will deploy up to eight combat swimmers and their equipment at one time.
<P>Construction of the submarine has relied on a new welding material to join the steel into plates, hull subsections and large cylindrical sections. The Seawolf is the first American attack submarine to use a hull made entirely of high-pressure HY-100 steel -- previous sumarines used HY80 steel. HY-100 steel was first used in submarines in the early 1960s in the Navy's deep-diving SEA CLIFF and TURTLE,, which were capable of reaching depths in excess of 10,000 feet. More recently, the <I>Moray</I>, an advanced conventional submarine designed by the Dutch shipyard R.D.M. (Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij B.V), incorporated HY-100 steel to achieve an operational diving depth of 300 meters, and an incidental diving depth of 360 meters.

The SEAWOLF program began in the mid-1980s to ensure U.S. submarine superiority over Soviet counterparts well into the next century. The first U.S. attack submarine in decades designed from the keel up to accommodate the latest weapons, sensors, propulsion, and communication advancements, SEAWOLF exceeded expectations during lead ship sea trials in the summer of 1996. The test program included first underwater submergence, acoustics trials, engineering inspections and at-sea training for the crew. Seawolf (SSN 21) was commissioned on 19 July 1997 at Electric Boat Shipyard.
<P>Seawolf was projected to be the most expensive ever built, with a total program cost for 12 submarines estimated in 1991 at $33.6 billion in current dollars. As many as 29 submarines were planned. The Navy's plans for Seawolf would have resulted in spending 25 percent of the Navy's shipbuilding budget on a ship that was designed for threats that vanished with the end of the Cold War. In the 1992 State of the Union address, President Bush [and Defense Secretary Dick Cheney] proposed the rescission of $2,765,900,000 previously appropriated for the procurement of the second and third Seawolfs. Two Seawolf Class submarines were authorized by Congress, which in 1995 agreed to terminate the program at three boats. President Clinton endorsed the construction of SSN-23 as the most cost- effective method of retaining the vitality of the submarine industrial base while bridging the gap to the future New Attack Submarine. The Fiscal Year 1998 $153.4 million budget request was the final increment of funding required for the third SEAWOLF to complete the program. The program continues to be managed within the Congressionally mandated cost cap.
<P>On 10 December 1999 Electric Boat was awarded an $887,113,628 modification to previously awarded contract N00024-96-C-2108 for new efforts on USS JIMMY CARTER (SSN 23) to accommodate advanced technology for naval special warfare, tactical surveillance, and mine warfare operations. Work will be performed in Groton, Conn. (73%); Quonset Point, R.I.. (21%); and Newport News, Va. (6%), and is expected to be completed by June 2004. </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Builders</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division <B>Power Plant</B>One S6W reactor
one shaft at with 52,000 shp with pumpjet propulsor

Improved Performance Machinery Program Phase II one secondary propulsion submerged motor <B>Length</B>353 feet (107.6 meters) <B>Draft</B>35 feet (10.67 meters) <B>Beam</B>40 feet (12.2 meters) <B>Displacement</B>7,460 ton surface displacement
9,137 tons submerged displacement <B>Speed</B>Official: 25+ knots (28+ miles per hour, 46.3+ kph)
Actual: 35 knots maximum submerged speed
Actual: 20 knots tactical ["silent"] speed <B>Operating Depth</B>Official: "greater than 800 feet"
Actual: About 1600 feet
Jane's Fighting Ships: 2000 feet <B>Armament</B>eight 660-mm torpedo tubes
50 Tomahawk cruise missiles or
50 Harpoon antiship missiles or
50 Mark 48 ADCAP torpedoes or
up to 100 mines <B>Crew</B>12 Officers; 121 Enlisted </P>

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-2-8 13:45:18编辑过]

The Secretary of Defense in his October 1993 bottom-up review determined that production of the Seawolf class submarine would cease with the third submarine, and that the Navy should develop and build a new attack submarine as a more cost-effective follow-on to the Seawolf class, with construction beginning in fiscal year 1998 or 1999 at Electric Boat. The New Attack Submarine is the first U.S. submarine to be designed for battlespace dominance across a broad spectrum of regional and littoral missions as well as open-ocean, "blue water" missions. The program design goal is to produce a submarine flexible enough to carry out seven very different missions:
Covert Strike by launching land-attack missiles from vertical launchers and torpedo tubes;
Anti-Submarine Warfare with an advanced combat system and a flexible payload of torpedoes;
Anti-Ship Warfare, again, using the advanced combat system and torpedoes;
Battle Group Support with advanced electronic sensors and communications equipment;
Covert Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, using sensors to collect critical intelligence and locate radar sites, missile batteries and command sites as well as to monitor communications and track ship movements;
Covert Minelaying against enemy shipping; and
Special Operations, including search and rescue, reconnaissance, sabotage, diversionary attacks, and direction of fire support and strikes.
<P>The New Attack Submarine is designed for multi-mission operations and enhanced operational flexibility. SEAWOLF (SSN-21)-Class quieting has been incorporated in a smaller hull while military performance has been maintained or improved. Compared with the Seawolf, the NSSN is slower, carries fewer weapons, and is less capable in diving depth and arctic operations. On the other hand, the NSSN is expected to be as quiet as the Seawolf, will incorporate a vertical launch system and have improved surveillance as well as special operations characteristics to enhance littoral warfare capability. While the 688-I submarines are noisier than the improved Russian Akula class, the Seawolf is quieter than Akula and the upcoming Russian SSN-P-IX class. The primary design driver for the NSSN is acoustic quietness equal to that of the Seawolf, even at the cost of reducing maximum top speed. With a focus on the littoral battlespace, the New Attack Submarine has improved magnetic stealth, sophisticated surveillance capabilities, and Special Warfare enhancements.

Operating in the shallow waters of littoral areas imposes a different accoustic environment for which previous submarinen classes were optimized. As reported in ONR Ocean Science and Engineering Newsletter # 2 (Feb. 1997) it is well known that as a result of the selective frequency effect of the shallow-water sound channel, a band of frequencies exist in which the propagation is enhanced (i.e., the transmission loss is relatively small). This "optimum frequency" regime arises from the combined effect of the volume attenuation at the higher frequencies and the loss due to interaction with the sea bottom at the lower frequencies.
<p>Because of the proximity of the boundaries in shallow water, multipath transmission and multi-angle scattering from the sea bottom are concomitant characteristics of shallow-water acoustic reverberation. Consequently, long-range reverberation in shallow water is far more complex than the deep-water case. Because of interaction with the bottom, long range sound propagation in shallow water is characterized by separation of the constituent modes as a result of the differences in modal group velocities. This results in elongated, low amplitude signals. Further, because of the non-uniform effects of the interaction--e.g., the higher-angle modes suffer greater attenuation--only several modes may be needed to characterize the sound field. Hence, mode filtering is a useful approach for investigating multipath fields in shallow water.
<P>The spatial structure of the accoustic signal in the waveguide formed by the surface and bottom in shallwo water is significantly different from the that in the free field of deep water. Hence, due to modal interference in a waveguide, conventional beamforming techniques cannot be used. Several on mode filtering methods are possible source ranging and depth estimation in the shallow water wave guide. Signals of several modes may be separated, and after correction for arrival time and phase, these filtered normal modes may be recombined to obtain a compressed and enhanced signal.
<P>In some shallow water regions very strong and sharp summer thermoclines exist, and are accompanied by conspicuous internal waves. Anomalous attenuation of sound between 300 Hz and 1200 Hz is associated with these conditions, with very large variations (as much as 30 dB at some frequencies) in the frequency response of the transmission loss. These abnormally large attenuation can be attributed to internal wave-induced acoustic mode coupling. In particular, the internal waves cause a transfer of energy into the higher-order modes, which, since they interact more with the lossy bottom, leads to a frequency-dependent energy loss (or attenuation) in the sound wave.
<P>
Los Angeles Seawolf NSSN Length: 360 feet (110 meters) 353 feet (108 meters) 377 ft. (115 m) Beam: 33 feet (10 meters) 40 ft. (12.2 m) 34 ft. (10.4 m) Submerged displacement (long tons): 6,900 9,100 7,800 Submerged speed: 25+knots 25+knots 25+knots Depth: 800+ ft. (250 m) 800+ ft. (250 m) 800+ ft. (250 m)<B>Weapons</B>
Mk 48 ADCAP torpedoes x x x Tomahawk cruise missiles x x x Mk60 Captor mines x x x Advanced mobile mines x x x Unmanned underwater vehicles -- -- x
<p>The New Attack Submarine is engineered for maximum design flexibility, responsiveness to changing missions and threats, and affordable insertion of new technologies to ensure that it will continue to be the right submarine well into the 21st Century. Integrated electronic systems with Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components facilitate state-of-the-art technology introduction throughout the life of the class and avoid unit obsolescence. The Navy has never attempted such a large-scale integration effort on a submarine. While the BSY-1 and BSY-2 systems did have some level of integration, the NSSN combat system will have to be totally integrated. Both the BSY-1 combat system for the Improved Los Angeles-class and the BSY-2 combat system for the Seawolf-class submarines had problems that resulted in late delivery and increased costs.
<P>The Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) electronics packages also promote maximum flexibility for growth and upgrade. Coupled with the Modular Isolated Deck Structure (MIDS) and open-system architecture, this approach results in a lower cost and effective, command and control structure for fire control, navigation, electronic warfare, and communications connectivity.
<P>The New Attack Submarine's sonar system is state-of-the-art and has more processing power than today's entire submarine fleet combined to process and distribute data received from its spherical bow array, high-frequency array suite, dual towed arrays, and flank array suite.
<P>The New Attack Submarine's sail configuration houses two new photonics masts for improved imaging functions, and improved electronics support measures mast, and multi-mission masts that cover the frequency domain for full-spectrum, high data-rate communications. The sail is also designed for future installation of a special mission-configurable mast for enhanced flexibility and warfighting performance. </P>

<P></P>
<P>The VIRGINIA Class submarine program has been designed with long-term technological innovation in mind. The built-in flexibility of VIRGINIA, including incorporation of modular design techniques, open architecture, and COTS components, allows for technological insertion and innovation. As an example of the flexibility inherent in the design of VIRGINIA, the Navy anticipates placing an advanced sail on hulls 5-6 of the VIRGINIA Class. The new sail shape and size might well provide the required volume for advanced future payloads. </P>
<P>The new attack submarine is armed with a variety of weapons. It carries the most advanced heavyweight torpedoes, mines, Tomahawk cruise missiles, and Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs) for horizontal launch. In addition, Tomahawk missiles are carried in vertical launch tubes. The New Attack Submarine also features an integral Lock-Out/Lock-In chamber for special operations and can host Special Operations Forces' underwater delivery vehicles.
<P>Reducing acquisition and life-cycle costs is a major objective of the New Attack Submarine design and engineering process. Cost avoidance is anticipated through the application of concurrent engineering design/build teams, computer-aided design and electronic visualization tools, system simplification, parts standardization, and component elimination. These innovations are intended to ensure that the ship is affordable in sufficient numbers to satisfy America's future nuclear attack submarine force level requirements.
<P>The New Attack Submarine Program Office is applying the lessons learrned from successful government and industry programs of similar scope and complexity to improve producibility and lower costs. Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) teams bring the combined experience of the shipbuilders, vendors, designers and engineers, and ship operators to bear on the ship design. The early involvement of production people on these teams is intended to provide a match between the design and the shipbuilder's construction processes and facilites, a smoother transition from design to production, and reduction in the number of changes during construction. The ship is designed using a state-of-the-art digital database, which allows members of the IPPD teams to work from a single design database and provides three-dimensional electronic mockups throughout the design process.
<p>
<P>The Milestone I COEA examined twelve alternatives. The JROC reviewed and validated the key performance parameters (KPPs) for the selected new attack submarine design. The Milestone I DAB approved NSSN to enter Phase I in August 1994. The Milestone II DAB approved NSSN to enter the Demonstration and Validation Phase on June 30, 1995. </P>
<p>
<P>A number of systems that will be part of NSSN underwent testing in FY97. TB-29 towed array and the ADCAP Torpedo Block Upgrade III completed OPEVAL in September 1997. The Submarine Advanced Tomahawk Weapons Control System (Sub-ATWCS), Ring-laser Gyro Navigator and Doppler Sonar Velocity Log underwent operational testing as well. A scale model of the propulsor was tested. When USS SEAWOLF went to sea, the following equipment common or similar to NSSN were observed; propulsor, wide aperture array (WAA), impressed current cathodic protection system, and active shaft grounding system.
</P>

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-2-8 13:49:13编辑过]

Specifications<B>Contractors</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division [lead design authority]
Newport News Shipbuilding
Lockheed Martin Federal Systems (Combat System)
Raytheon Electronics Systems (Combat System) <B>Power Plant</B>One S9G pressurized water reactor
??,000 shp, one shaft with pumpjet propulsor
Improved Performance Machinery Program Phase III
one secondary propulsion submerged motor <B>Displacement</B>7,800 tons submerged <B>Length</B>377 feet <B>Draft</B>32 feet <B>Beam</B>34 feet <B>Speed</B>25+ knots submerged <B>Depth</B>Greater than 800 feet <B>Horizontal Tubes</B>Four 21" Torpedo Tubes <B>Vertical Tubes</B>12 Vertical Launch System Tubes <B>Weapons</B>38 weapons, including:
Vertical Launch System Tomahawk Cruise Missiles
Mk 48 ADCAP Heavyweight Torpedoes
Advanced Mobile Mines
Unmanned Undersea Vehicles
<B>Special Warfare</B>Dry Deck Shelter
Advanced SEAL Delivery System <B>Sonars</B>Spherical active/passive arrays
Light Weight Wide Aperture Arrays
TB-16, TB-29, and future towed arrays
High-frequency chin and sail arrays
<B>Countermeasures</B>1 internal launcher (reloadable 2-barrel)
14 external launchers <B>Crew</B>113 officers and men <B>Total Program</B>30 systems
Total program cost (TY$) $67034M
Average unit cost (TY$) $2110M

<B>Status</B>Full-rate production 1QFY07


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The Defense Science Board (DSB) task force on the 揝ubmarine of the Future?in its July 1998 report called for pursuing a vigorous technology development program in preparation for a new and more capable successor to the <I>Virginia</I> class in the 2020s. Dismissing the suggestion for a force mix that includes diesel-electric submarines, the panel 揻irmly reaffirmed?that the Virginia-class follow-on should be a 搇arge?nuclear ship offering high transit speed, independent logistics, and endurance ?as well as the substantial internal volume necessary for unconventional payloads, such as auxiliary vehicles. Suggesting that 搘eapon-specific interfaces?such as torpedo and Vertical Launch System tubes be avoided, the group postulated 搖sing 慴omb bay?techniques or other large aperture openings, coupled with external storage of rapid-response weapons.?In this concept, today抯 torpedo room would be supplanted by a free-flooding weapons bay reconfigurable for a variety of weapon and offboard sensor payloads.

The task force recommended that the traditional emphasis on SSN propulsion and quieting be shifted to 揷onnectivity, sensors, weapons, adjuvant vehicles, and interfaces with the water.?And finally, the panel suggested that DoD needs to broaden participation and reallocate taskings in the research, development, acquisition, and performance verification of new SSN designs. Thus, they recommended a 搘ide open look?at the future submarine by the Navy and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), with substantial industry input to the development of alternatives. Subsequently, DARPA and the Navy have signed a Memorandum of Agreement to study future fast-attack submarine design concepts, with a focus on advanced payloads and sensor systems.
<P>The Navy and industry have concluded that electric drive will be a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for retaining stealth margins (i.e., standoff and counterdetection) into the far future. This assumes potential adversaries will possess sensor and processor technology in the 2015 timeframe, which is similar to that which the US is developing now. Furthermore, electric drive provides the opportunity to use all (rather than only about 15 percent) of the useful reactor power for a wide range of high power, high energy, and high endurance payloads, which the future will bring. Today, some 85 percent of the design reactor power can only be used for propulsion. Other benefits include the flexibility that electric drive brings to naval architecture (eliminate the tyranny of the shaft through external motors), on-the-fly reapportionment of power to deal with casualties, battle damage, or countermeasures (for high-speed incoming weapons), and technology growth potential in related technologies. </P>

The USS George Washington (SSBN 598) was the world抯 first nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine. Arguably, it can be considered the submarine that has most influenced world events in the 20th Century. With its entry into service in December 1959 the United States instantly gained the most powerful deterrent force imaginable - a stealth platform with enormous nuclear firepower.
<P>These first nuclear-powered submarines armed with long-range strategic missiles were ordered on 31 December 1957, with orders to convert two attack submarine hulls to missile-carrying FBM Weapon System ships. With some compromise in delivery schedules, the Navy agreed in January 1958 to slip the launch dates for two hunter-killer Skipjack types of fast attack submarines, the just-begun attack submarine Scorpion (SSN-589) and the not-yet-started USS Sculpin (SSN-590). Funding was provided with a supplement to the FY 1958 ship construction programm on 11 February 1958.
<P>The first two are essentially of the hunter-killer type with a missile compartment inserted between the ship's control navigation areas and the nuclear reactor compartment. The keel of the first of these two ships had already been laid at Electric Boat, Groton, Connecticut, as the "Scorpion" and it was actually cut apart in order to insert the new 130 ft missile compartment ("Sherwood Forest"), thus extending the ship's length. At other shipyards, three more ships of the same type were built, making a total of five. The shipyards were Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. These were designated the 598 class ships since the first submarine, the USS George Washington was the SSBN-598. The term SSBN means Ship Submersible Ballistic (Nuclear) with the "Nuclear" referring to the ship's propulsive power.

The President signed the FY 58 Supplemental Appropriation Act on 12 February 1958 funding the first three submarines. The construction, which had begun in January 1958, used funds "borrowed" from other Navy programs. The President authorized construction of submarines 4 and 5 on 29 July 1958.
<p>The USS George Washington (SSBN-598) slipped underwater on the first strategic FBM patrol on 15 November 1960. The USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599) departed for patrol on 31 January 1961. The USS George Washington (SSBN-598) resumed from patrol on 21 January 1961, coming alongside the tender USS Proteus (AS-19) at New London, Connecticut. The USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599) resumed from patrol on 8 March 1961, but she came alongside the same USS Proteus which had moved to Holy Loch, Scotland becoming the first SSBN to use Holy Loch as a refit and upkeep anchorage.
<p>On 1 July 1958, Submarine Squadron Fourteen was established.
<p>On 15 November 1960, the USS George Washington (SSBN-598) deployed on operational patrol with 16 POLARIS At (1200 nm) missiles 4 years 11 months after RADM William F. "Red" Raborn became the director of SP, and 3 years 11 months after the SECDEF authorized the POLARIS
<P>On 2 June 1964, the USS George Washington (SSBN-598). returned to Charleston, South Carolina, to off-load missiles in preparation for overhaul at General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division, shipyard in Groton, Connecticut. This ended the initial deployment of the first FBM submarine, with POLARIS A1's which began in November 1960. Finally on 14 October 1965, the USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) returned to the U.S., completing her initial deployment. She was the last of the first five SSBNs carrying the POLARIS A1 to return to the U.S. for overhaul. This marked the official retirement of the POLARIS A1 missile from active fleet duty. These first five boats were being refitted to carry POLARIS A3 missiles.
<p>
<P>in the early 1980s SSBN-598 <I>George Washington</I>, SSBN-599 <I>Patrick Henry </I>and SSBN-601 <I>Robert E Lee</I> had their missiles removed and were reclassified as attack submarines, a role in which they served for several years prior to decommissioning.</P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Builders:</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division; Newport News Shipbuilding; Mare Island; Portsmouth Naval Shipyard<B>Power Plant:</B>S5W Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor,
2 geared turbines at 15,000 shp to one shaft<B>Length:</B>381.6 feet ( meters)<B>Beam:</B>33 feet ( meters)<B>Displacement:</B>Light 5,400 tons
Surface 5,959-6,019 tons
Submerged 6709-6888Approx tons <B>Speed:</B>20 knots surfaced,
25 knots submerged<B>Test Depth:</B>700 feet<B>Crew:</B>Officers, Enlisted<B>Armament:</B>16 - tubes for Polaris missiles
6 - torpedo tubes</P>

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</P>

The USS Ethan Allen, (SSBN-608) operating in the Pacific as a unit of Joint Task Force 8 Operation Frigate-Bird," fired the only nuclear-armed POLARIS missile ever launched on 6 May 1962. A POLARIS A1 missile was launched from the USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608) while submerged in the Pacific, and its nuclear warhead was detonated over the South Pacific at the end of its programmed flight. The shot was made during the 1962 atomic tests and hit "right in the pickle barrel." The captain of the 608 was Paul Lacy, and ADM Levering Smith was aboard. To date, this is the only complete proof test of a U.S. strategic missile. With the ban on atmospheric testing, the chances of another similar test are remote.
<P>The USS John Marshall (SSBN-611) became the last submarine to give up her POLARIS A2's for POLARIS A3 capability when she went into overhaul on 1 November 1974.


<P>Some of these submarines were later reclassified as attack submarines under the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) agreements. </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Builders:</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division;
Newport News Shipbuilding<B>Power Plant:</B>S5W nuclear reactor
two geared steam turbines, one shaft<B>Length:</B>feet ( meters)<B>Beam:</B>feet ( meters)<B>Displacement:</B>Approx.00 tons (0 metric tons) submerged<B>Speed:</B>20+ knots (23+ miles per hour, 36.8 +kph)<B>Crew:</B>Officers, Enlisted<B>Armament:</B>16 tubes for Polaris, six torpedo tubes.<B>Date Deployed:</B></P>

<P>The USS James Monroe (SSBN-622) on 9 January 1968 became the first submarine with POLARIS A2's to enter overhaul and to receive POLARIS A3 capability.
<P>In 1974 the SSBN Extended Refit Program (ERP). was initiated. Previously, an operational SSBN was scheduled to undergo an overhaul approximately every 7 ?years, which resulted in taking it off line for almost 2 years. To increase the SSBNs at sea effectiveness, it was decided to initiate a program to accomplish some preventive/corrective maintenance (mini-overhaul) on SSBNs at its normal refit site. This was done by extending a normal 32-day refit/upkeep between patrols to provide a 60-day extended refit period. This was to be conducted at 4-year and 7 ?year intervals after initial deployment or overhaul of a SSBN. The time between overhauls was then extended to 10 years versus the 7 ?years. The first SSBN to undergo ERP was the USS James Madison (SSBN-627); the ERP was conducted at the Holy Loch, Scotland, tender refit site in September- November 1974.
<P>Lockheed commenced the TRIDENT I (C4) program in November of 1973 with the missile's IOC date established as 1979. The first of the new Ohio-Class submarines was authorized in 1974 but would not be available until 1979. Thus the Navy decided to borrow a page from the Extended Refit Program (ERP) book and a C3 to C4 SSBN "backfit" program was initiated in mid- 1976. Five additional SSBNs 629, 630, and 634 underwent a "pierside backfit" while three other SSBNs (627, 632, and 633) were backfitted during their normally-scheduled second shipyard overhauls.

On 10 June 1985, the White House announced the decision to dismantle a ballistic missile submarine to remain within the SALT II ceiling on MIRVed missiles. USS <I>Sam Rayburn</I> (SSBN-635) was selected to fulfill this requirement and was deactivated on 16 September 1985, with missile tubes filled with concrete and tube hatches removed.
<p>
<P>The USS <I>Sam Rayburn </I>was converted into a training platform - Moored Training Ship (MTS-635). The Sam Rayburn arrived for conversion on February 1, 1986, and on July 29, 1989 the first Moored Training Ship achieved initial criticality. Modifications included special mooring arrangements including a mechanism to absorb power generated by the main propulsion shaft. USS Daniel Webster (SSBN 626) was converted to the second Moored Training Ship (MTS2 / MTS 626) in 1993. The Moored Training Ship Site is located at Charleston, SC. The USS <I>Sam Rayburn </I>is scheduled to operate as an MTS until 2014 while undergoing shipyard availabilities at four year intervals. </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Builders:</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division. Mare Island Naval Shipyard Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Newport News Shipbuilding<B>Power Plant:</B>S5W nuclear reactor
two geared steam turbines, 15,000 SHP, one shaft<B>Length:</B>425 feet (129.6 meters)<B>Beam:</B>33 feet (10.06 meters)<B>Displacement:</B>
<P>light 6,650 tons
standard 7,250 tons
submerged 8,250 tons</P><B>Speed:</B>
<P>Surfaced 16-20 knots
submerged: 22 -25 knots</P><B>Test depth:</B>1,300 feet <B>Crew:</B>13 Officers, 130 Enlisted<B>Armament:</B>16 tubes for Polaris or Poseidon

<p>4 - 21" Torpedo Tubes (All Foward)
MK 14/16 Anti-ship Torpedo
MK 37 Anti-Submarine Torpedo
MK 45 ASTOR NuclearTorpedo
MK 48 Anti-Submarine Torpedo </P>

<P>Generally similar to the SSBN-616<I> Lafayette</I>-class, the twelve <I>Benjamin Franklin </I>(SSBN-640)-class submarines had a quieter machinery design, and were thus considered a separate class.
<P>Lockheed commenced the TRIDENT I (C4) program in November of 1973 with the missile's IOC date established as 1979. The first of the new Ohio-Class submarines was authorized in 1974 but would not be available until 1979. Thus the Navy decided to borrow a page from the Extended Refit Program (ERP) book and a C3 to C4 SSBN "backfit" program was initiated in mid- 1976. The first boat in this SSBN backfit was the Francis Scott Key (SSBN-657). Following the deployment on 20 October 1979 of TRIDENT I (C4) missiles on the Francis Scott, other selected SSBNs were backfitted with the C4 [referred to as follow-on backfits]. Two additional SSBNs of this class (655 and 658) underwent the "pierside backfit" while three others (640, 641, and 643) were backfitted during their normally-scheduled second shipyard overhauls.
<P>Two of these submarines [<I>Kamehameha </I>and <I>James K Polk</I>] were later converted to SEAL-mission capable attack submarines. In March of 1994 USS JAMES K. POLK (SSN 645) completed a 19-month conversion from ballistic missile submarine to attack/special warfare submarine at Newport News Shipbuilding. The January 1999 inactivation of the POLK leaves the KAMEHAMEHA (SSN 642) as the Navy's only former ballistic missile submarine equiped with Dry Deck Shelters (DDSs). </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Builders:</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division. Mare Island Naval Shipyard Newport News Shipbuilding<B>Power Plant:</B>One S5W nuclear reactor
two geared steam turbines, 15,000 SHP, one shaft<B>Length:</B>425 feet (129.6 meters)<B>Beam:</B>33 feet (10.06 meters)<B>Displacement:</B>light 6,650 tons
standard 7,250 tons
submerged 8,250 tons<B>Speed:</B>surface: 20+ knots (23+ miles per hour, 36.8 +kph)
submerged: 25 knots<B>Crew:</B>13 Officers, 130 Enlisted<B>Armament:</B>16 - tubes for Polaris and Poseidon
4 - torpedo tubes with Mk48 Torpedoes<B>Sensors:</B>BPS-11A or BPS-15 surface-search radar
BQR-7 sonar
BQR-15 towed-array sonar
BQR-19 sonar
BQR-21 sonar
BQS-4 sonar </P>

<P>Strategic deterrence has been the sole mission of the fleet ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) since its inception in 1960. The SSBN provides the nation's most survivable and enduring nuclear strike capability. The <I>Ohio</I> class submarine replaced aging fleet ballistic missile submarines built in the 1960s and is far more capable.
<P>Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay hosted the commissioning of USS LOUISIANA (SSBN 743) 06 September 1997 at the TRIDENT Refit Facility Drydock. The commissioning of LOUISIANA completed the Navy's fleet of 18 fleet ballistic missile submarines. The ten Trident submarines in the Atlantic fleet were initially equipped with the D-5 Trident II missile. The eight submarines in the Pacific were initially equipped with the C-4 Trident I missile. In 1996 the Navy started to backfit the eight submarines in the Pacific to carry the D-5 missile.
FeaturesSSBN-726 class FBM submarines can carry 24 ballistic missiles with MIRV warheads that can be accurately delivered to selected targets from almost anywhere in the world's oceans. Earlier FBM ships carry 16 missiles. A cylindrical pressure hull structure of HY-80 steel is supported by circular frames and enclosed by hemispherical heads at both ends. The pressure hull provides an enclosure large enough for weapons, crew, and equipment with enough strength to enable the ship to operate deep enough to avoid easy detection.
<P>A streamlined (fish-shaped) outer hull permits the ship to move quietly through the water at high speeds. This outer hull surrounds the forward and aft end of the pressure hull and is not built to withstand deep submergence pressure. It is normally considered as the main ballast tanks. The superstructure is any part of the ship that is above the pressure hull. This would include the sail or fairwater area, and the area above the missile tubes. The streamlined hull was designed specifically for efficient cruising underwater; the Skipjack was the first nuclear-powered ship to adopt this hull form.
<P>The larger hulls accommodate more weapons of larger size and greater range, as well as sophisticated computerized electronic equipment for improved weapon guidance and sonar performance. Improved silencing techniques reduce the chances of detection.
<P>The <I>Ohio</I>-class submarines are specifically designed for extended deterrent patrols. To increase the time in port for crew turnover and replenishment, three large logistics hatches are fitted to provide large diameter resupply and repair openings. These hatches allow sailors to rapidly transfer supply pallets, equipment replacement modules and machinery components, significantly reducing the time required for replenishment and maintenance. The class design and modern main concepts allow the submarines to operate for 15+ years between overhauls. Each SSBN is at sea at least 66 percent of the time, including major overhaul periods of twelve months every nine years. One SSBN combat employment cycle includes a 70-day patrol and 25-day period of transfer of the submarine to the other crew, between-deployment maintenance, and reloading of munitions.

<P>Like all submarines in use by the U.S. Navy today, the Ohio class submarine is powered by a pressurized water reactor (PWR) driving steam turbines to a single propeller shaft. It can attain depths in excess of 800 feet at speeds in excess of 25 knots.
<P>
BackgroundThe STRAT-X study in 1967 recognized that the submarine-launched ballistic missile system was one of the more survivable legs in the Triad strategic nuclear deterrent system. However, it also recognized three important facts concerning American strategic defense capabilities which had assumed central significance in deliberations of U.S. defense planners. First, the submarine-launched ballistic system was recognized as the most survivable element in the triad of strategic nuclear deterrents. Second, though the POSEIDON missile provided an important upgrade of the system, the SSBN force itself was aging and would require replacement. Third, the threat of improved Soviet ASW capability made an enlarged SSBN operating area highly desirable.
<P>The Navy (SSPO) commenced studies of a new Undersea Long-range Missile System (ULMS), which culminated in the Deputy SECDEF approving a Decision Coordinating Paper (DCP) No. 67 on 14 September 1971 for the ULMS. The ULMS program was a long-term modernization plan which proposed development of a new, longer-range missile and a new, larger submarine, while preserving a nearer-term option to develop an extended range POSEIDON. In addition to the new ULMS (extended-range POSEIDON) missile, which was to achieve a range twice that of POSEIDON, the SECDEF decision described an even longer-range missile to be required for a new submarine, whose parameters it would, in part, determine. This second missile, subsequently termed ULMS II, was to be a larger, higher-performance missile than the extended-range POSEIDON and to have a range capability of approximately 6000 nm. The term TRIDENT (C4) replaced the extended-range missile (Advanced POSEIDON) nomenclature in May 1972, and the name TRIDENT II was used to designate the new longer range missile.
<P>On 14 September 1971 the Deputy SECDEF had approved the Navy's DCP No. 67, which authorized both a new, large, higher-speed submarine and the TRIDENT (C4) Missile System. It was also constrained to fit in the circular SSBN cylinder launch tube which just contained the C3 so that the new missile could be used in then-existing POLARIS submarines.
<P>A Navy decision was made in November 1971 to accelerate the ULMS program with increased funding for the ULMS SSBN. The SECDEF Program Budget Decision (PBD) of 23 December 1971 authorized the accelerated schedule with a projected deployment of the ship in 1978.
<P>The President signed the FY74 Appropriations Authorization Act providing funds for the first TRIDENT submarine on 15 November 1973, and on 25 July 1974 the Navy awarded a fixed-price incentive contract to General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division, for construction of this first TRIDENT SSBN.
<P>In 1974 the initial Ohio program was projecte to consist of 10 submarines deployed at Bangor Washington carrying the Trident-1 C-4 missile. By 1981 the program had been modified to include 15 boats, and at least 20 boats were planned by 1985. In 1989 the Navy anticipated a total fleet of at least 21 boats, while plans the following year envisioning a total of 24 boats, 21 of which would carry strategic missiles with the remaining three supporting other missions, such as special forces. However, in 1991 Congress directed the termination of the program with the 18th boat, citing anticipated force limits under the START-1 arms control agreement and the results of the Bush Administration's Major Warship Review, which endorsed capping the program at 18 boats.
<P>The first eight <I>Ohio</I> class submarines (Tridents) were originally equipped with 24 Trident I C-4 ballistic missiles. Beginning with the ninth Trident submarine, <I>USS Tennessee</I> (SSBN 734), all new ships are equipped with the Trident II D-5 missile system as they were built, and the earlier ships are being retrofitted to Trident II. Trident II can deliver significantly more payload than Trident I C-4 and more accurately. All 24 missiles can be launched in less than one minute.</P>
<P><I>Ohio</I>-class/<I>Trident</I> ballistic missile submarines provide the sea-based "leg" of the triad of U.S. strategic offensive forces. By the turn of the century, the 18 <I>Trident</I> SSBNs (each carrying 24 missiles), will carry 50 percent of the total U.S. strategic warheads. Although the missiles have no pre-set targets when the submarine goes on patrol, the SSBNs are capable of rapidly targeting their missiles should the need arise, using secure and constant at-sea communications links.</P>
<P>The Clinton Administration's Nuclear Posture Review was chartered in October 1993, and the President approved the recommendations of the NPR on September 18, 1994. As a result of the NPR, US strategic nuclear force structure will be adjusted to 14 Trident submarines -- four fewer than previously planned -- carrying 24 D-5 missiles, each with five warheads, per submarine. This will require backfitting four Trident SSBNs, currently carrying the Trident I (C- 4) missile, with the more modern and capable D-5 missile system. Under current plans, following START II's entry into force, the other four SSBNs will either be converted into special-purpose submarines or be retired.
<P>SSBN 726 Class Submarine shipboard equipment which requires significant maintenance during the planned operating cycle, industrial level maintenance, which is beyond the capability of Ship's Force, and which cannot be accomplished during the refit period (without unacceptable impact on other refit requirements), is supported by TRIDENT Planned Equipment Repair (TRIPER) program. TRIPER equipment is removed from the ship for refurbishment ashore, replaced with pre-tested, Ready for Issue units and the affected system restored to full operational condition prior to completion of the refit period. Replacement is accomplished on a planned basis at intervals designed to preclude the failure of the equipment or significant degradation of its associated system.
Recent Developments
<P>As of 1995 the Navy was studying an extension from 30 to 40 years for the SSBN-726 class submarines. While 30 years was long the standard number for submarine operating lifetime, the SSBNs would seem to have a rather more benign operating history than the SSNs. They typically operate at somewhat shallower depths, they do not experience nearly as many excursions from their normal operating depth, and they would not operate below their test depth with any degree of freqency. Consequently, it would be expected that they could have a longer operating life than attack submarines [just as fighters wear out so much faster than bombers or transports]. As of late 1998 Navy cost and planning factors assumed that the Ohio-class submarines would have an expected operating lifetime of at least 42 years: two 20-year operating cycles separated by a two-year refueling overhaul.
<P>As part of its long-term plan to divide the Trident fleet equally between the Atlantic and Pacific fleets, beginning in 2002 the Navy will transfer three of the 10 Trident subs now based at King's Bay to Bangor. Of the eight Trident submarines assigned to Bangor -- USS <I>Alaska</I>, USS <I>Nevada</I>, USS <I>Henry M. Jackson</I> and USS <I>Alabama</I> -- will convert from the older Trident I (C-4) missile to the more powerful Trident II (D-5) missile. The Nevada is scheduled to enter the Bremerton shipyard in early 2001 to begin its conversion, and the final pair are scheduled for the refitting in 2005 and 2006. </P>
<P>
Specifications<B>Builders:</B>General Dynamics Electric Boat Division.<B>Power Plant:</B>One S8G nuclear reactor
core reloaded every nine years
two geared steam turbines,
one shaft, output of 60,000 hp
<B>Length:</B>560 feet (170.69 meters)<B>Beam:</B>42 feet (10.06 meters)<B>Displacement:</B>Surfaced: 16,764 tons
Submerged:18,750 tons<B>Speed:</B>Official: 20+ knots (23+ miles per hour, 36.8 +kph)
Actual: 25 knots submerged speed <B>Operating Depth:</B>Official: "greater than 800 feet"
Actual: greater than 1,000 feet <B>Armament:</B>24 - tubes for Trident I and II,
4 - torpedo tubes with Mk48 Torpedoes<B>Sensors:</B>BQQ-6 Bow mounted sonar
BQR-19 Navigation
BQS-13 Active sonar
TB-16 towed array
<B>Crew:</B>15 Officers, 140 Enlisted<B>Unit Operating Cost
Annual Average </B>$50,00,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC] <B>Date Deployed:</B>November 11, 1981 (<I>USS Ohio</I>)</P>