『无责任转载』鬼佬对022的分析。。。

4. Missile BoatMenace
4.导弹艇
4.1 Type-022 stealth
4.1 022隐形导弹艇
China maintains the world’s largest fleet of missile boats, rivaled numericallyonly by Iran. The backbone of the PLAN missile boat flotillas is the extremelymodern, and potent, Type-022 ‘Houbei’ class stealth catamaran.
中国拥有全世界数量最多的导弹艇舰队，只有伊朗的导弹艇的数量能与之媲美。022双体穿浪隐形船极为现代化，能力极强，是中国海军导弹艇支队的骨干。




The biggest deal about the Type-022 is not its stealth, or its innovativewave-piercing catamaran hull, or its powerful anti-ship punch; it’s that thereare around 70 of these boats in service!

The Type-022 has program has maintained relative secrecy with no officialfigures of the number of boats ordered, and most observer’s estimates arearound 40 hulls. My analysis suggests a figure higher still. The Type-022srarely have hull numbers painted on them, but the Chinese have inadvertentlyassisted the most dedicated amateur analysts by painting each in a uniquecamouflage scheme – no two boats are painted the same! So someone with a enoughpatience could filter through the masses of photos of these boats and cataloguethe ‘signature’ camouflage, thus allowing a reasoned estimate of forcestrength. I am that sad, although I gave up after the first few hundred photos!I’ve identified 64 distinct profiles.

022引起最大争议的并非是它的隐形或者是它那极为新颖的穿浪双体船体，或者是它那极强的反舰能力；而是围绕着它居然有70艘已经入役了。


022项目装备的数目一直是相对保密的，没有关于订船数量的官方数字，大部分观察者预测是40艘左右。我的分析该船的数目会更多。022很少会刷上它们的舷号，但是中国那独一无二的涂装却深深的暴露了它。那些最敬业的业余分析师通过那涂装——每艘船的涂装花纹都是不一样的----来计算022的数量。有足够耐心的人通过对022那些海量的照片来进行删选，把022的迷彩编成目录，从而对022的数量进行合理的推算。我蛮悲剧的，在看了第一批上百的照片后就放弃了，但是我已经辨认出64艘不同的船了。
We can speculate that the USN could use similar analysis of the upper deckcamouflage to use satellites to automatically identify and track each of theclass.

Errors, such as double-counting a hull, repainting of hulls etc, are probablycancelled out by the fact that I stopped my analysis without studying everyavailable photo, and that there are boats out there which I simply haven’tseen. 70 is pretty reasonable, and whatever the figure it amounts to a hugefleet and reflects incredible resource dedication and industrial capacity giventhat it has amassed over just 5-6 years!

The hull of the boat is based on wave-piercing catamaran technology transferredto Chinafrom Australian firm AMD Marine Consulting (not Austal!) for fast ferries. Avery similar AMD design shows the characteristic twin hull form:
我们可以推测，美国军队能通过卫星的自动识别和自动追踪来对022的上甲板建筑的迷彩进行类似的分析。

有些错误，像对同一艘船数了两次，船体的重新粉刷等都可能被排除，在没有看完每张照片后我是不会停止我的分析的。而就我所算的，70艘是一个比较可信的数字，这个数字意味着一支庞大的舰队。这同时反映了中国能在5-6年间聚集了令人难以置信的海量资源和工业实力。

高速穿浪船体技术是由澳大利亚的澳大利亚先进多船体设计咨询公司（AMD）转让给中国的（不是澳斯特公司Austal，译者注：也是澳大利亚的一个船厂）。下图是AMD公司设计的和022很像的双体船。





Civilian models are powered by diesels and can achieve 35-40kts, typical ofmissile boats. The large exhausts of the Type-022, which vent between the hullsto reduce infrared signature, suggest gas turbines, potentially increasing topspeed and acceleration. There are several related designs in Chinese civilianservice as ferries or rescue boats.

The program started at least in 2000 when satellite imagery of the lead yard,Jiangnan in Shanghai,shows a slightly smaller catamaran design in civilian colours. In 2004production Type-022s started to be turned out at Jiangnan. The Type-022s aresignificantly larger than the “prototype” or proof-of-concept hull at about 45mlength. Production was extended to other yards to meet demand. By 2008 buildingof Type-022s at Jiangnan had slowed to a trickle or ceased completely, and theyard is now being redeveloped. It is not clear whether construction ius continuingelsewhere but it appears that the bulk of the fleet has been built.
该船的民用型号是使用喷水泵推，速度能达到35-40节，是导弹艇的典范。022所产生的大量废气会在双体船的船体之间排放，这样就能大大降低红外信号。建议使用燃气轮机，这样能大大提高最高速度和加速度。一些相关设计被中国民用船只采用比如渡轮和救援船。

该项目始于2000年，据卫星图片显示，在上海江南造船厂的主码头里有一些稍微小点的设计成带民用色彩的双体船。在2004年，江南造船厂开始生产022.量产版明显比原型概念验证版的要大，约有45米长。同时为了迎合扩建022的需求，该船的生产扩展到其他码头。在2008年，江南造船厂开始停建022了，同时造022的码头在改建中。现在尚未清楚022是否在其他地方制造，但是就现在看来，大批量的舰队已经形成了。





The boats were also produced in Guangzhou starting in 2005/6.
这些船同时也在广州进行制造，始于2005年6月。




Each Type-022 boat carries 8 x JY-83 anti-ship missiles. These have a range ofabout 200km with external targeting, or about 18-25km when relying on theboat’s onboard radar for targeting (depending on size of target. Calculationusing http://radarproblems.com/calculators/horizon.htm)
External targeting is more probable, certainly in optimal employment, and theType-022 has various sensors including a stealthy fold-down datalink antenna.Variants of this missile are generally claimed to have been responsible for thestriking of Israel’scorvette Ahi Hanit off the Lebanese coast in July 2006, although that waspossibly a much smaller missile.
每艘022携带有8枚鹰击83反舰导弹。在有外界数据链的指引下在200公里外就能展开攻击，用该船自己携带的雷达的话，攻击范围是18-25公里（不过具体范围取决于目标大小，具体计算方式请看http://radarproblems.com/calculators/horizon.htm）。外界数据链指引的可能性更大，当然是在最佳部署情况下，同时022拥有很多的传感器包括一台隐形数据链路的天线。该导弹的变种通常被认为是在2006年7月在黎巴嫩海岸攻击以色列护卫舰Ahi Hanit号的罪魁祸首，当然那个导弹是缩水版。





Operationally the Type-022 appears to operate using pack tactics with four ormore boats. With each boat carrying 8 missiles, that equates to up to 32anti-ship missiles per attack. Saturation attacks have long been discussed butare obviously hard to pull-off and have never been employed in a real war.Type-022 appears to be built and operated with such attacks in mind. A typicalType-022 base has at least 8 boats based there, such as this one:
在使用022上，中国海军似乎采用4艘船或者更多船编队的策略。每艘船能带8枚导弹，那么意味着每波次攻击多达32枚导弹。饱和攻击已经是老生常谈了，但是很明显是很难真正实现的，也没有真正在实战中实现过。022似乎是基于该思想而建并加以运用的。一般的022基地起码有8艘船，比如下图展示的基地：



The Type-022 compares favorably to other missile boats in many respects. Ofparticular relevance is the new Kuang Hua IV class of the Taiwanese navy. Onpaper these are also stealthy, though less so than the Type-022. Stealth issuch a large part of Type-022’s design that even small details like the windowshave RCS reducing saw-tooth edges.The Kuang Hua is significantly smaller,particularly in internal volume, and less well armed in both anti-ship missiles(4 x HF-II) and guns (1-2 crewed 20mm guns or more commonly 2 crewed .50calmachine guns).


Although the 30mm AK-630 CIWS is reasonably effective against aircraft andmissiles at point range, it has a limited arc of fire the Type-022 lacks anyair-defences at the rear:
022在很多方面能和其他导弹艇想媲美。特别与之相关的是台湾海军的新导弹艇光华-6。在纸面上它们都算是隐形的，但是和022比光华-6差的远了。隐形设计占022设计中的一个巨大部分，即便是在小小的细节里像窗户啊都设计成锯齿状来降低RCS（译者注：RCS是雷达散射截面，和被雷达发现的概率密切相关）。而光华-6的显然很小，特别是在内容体积上，不能够很好的兼容反舰导弹（4枚雄风-2）和机炮（1到2台人操20毫米口径机炮或者是更普通的.50口径的人操机炮）。



Generally there is a school of thought that missile boats are not a seriousthreat to ‘real’ navies. One popular theory propagated by the Royal Navy isthat the missile boats would be easily sunk by shipboard helicopters beforethey could get within range of launching their missiles. This is a validargument for a RN frigate operating in the Arabian Sea,approached by Iranian boats. Indeed RN Lynx helicopters armed with Sea Skuamissiles proved very effective in both the Falklandsand Gulf wars. But this argument appears less convincing when the Type-022 istaken as the adversary. It is relatively stealthy, operating in littorals,employing data links to achieve long range targeting and deployed in hugequantities. It’s also worth remembering that in a scenario where China was facing a major navy (even Taiwan’s) theopposing helicopter force would be subject to distraction of submarine hunting,and quite possibly air-supremacy. Most countries do not equip their shipboardhelicopters with anti-ship missiles anyway.

Regardless of the above assessment, many observers regard the Type-022 as adoctrinal dinosaur, a hang-over from the PLAN’s Soviet influenced strategies ofthe past and that PLAN should only be spending on blue-water assets. Aninteresting perspective worth thinking about.

I created a model of Type-022 missile boat for Google Earth, it’s far fromperfect but if you are curious you can Download it HERE
一般学院派的理论是导弹艇对“真正的”海军很难产生严重的威胁。皇家海军的一个流行的理论是导弹艇能被舰载直升机在它们抵达导弹攻击射程前轻易击沉。而该理论得到了皇家海军的护卫舰在阿拉伯海完虐伊朗导弹艇的事例的有效支持。事实上，皇家海军的山猫直升机带着海贼鸥导弹在马岛战争和海湾战争中得到了证明。但是该理论在面对022导弹艇时就显得不怎么靠谱了。该导弹艇相对隐形能力强，在近海活动，拥有数据链路系统能远程瞄准目标，同时部署数量极为庞大。同时应该记住的是中国在面对一支主力海军时（甚至是台湾的）对方的直升机不光要把注意力分给反潜还要分给空优。而且绝大多数国家的舰载直升机根本带不了反舰导弹。

不管上面的评估，很多观察家都把022称为教条主义下产生的古董，中国海军受到过去苏联战略影响而产生的一个大坑，中国海军应该把所有的资源都投入到建设一支蓝水海军里，我认为这是一个有趣的方面值得大家思考。我做了一个022的模型上传到了google earth 上面，它还是很不完美的的，但是如果你很好奇的话，你可以点击此处来进行下载。



原文地址：http://www.militaryphotos.net/fo ... Chinese-Naval-Power

译文地址：http://www.ltaaa.com/bbs/forum.p ... D111%26typeid%3D111

4. Missile BoatMenace
4.导弹艇
4.1 Type-022 stealth
4.1 022隐形导弹艇
China maintains the world’s largest fleet of missile boats, rivaled numericallyonly by Iran. The backbone of the PLAN missile boat flotillas is the extremelymodern, and potent, Type-022 ‘Houbei’ class stealth catamaran.
中国拥有全世界数量最多的导弹艇舰队，只有伊朗的导弹艇的数量能与之媲美。022双体穿浪隐形船极为现代化，能力极强，是中国海军导弹艇支队的骨干。




The biggest deal about the Type-022 is not its stealth, or its innovativewave-piercing catamaran hull, or its powerful anti-ship punch; it’s that thereare around 70 of these boats in service!

The Type-022 has program has maintained relative secrecy with no officialfigures of the number of boats ordered, and most observer’s estimates arearound 40 hulls. My analysis suggests a figure higher still. The Type-022srarely have hull numbers painted on them, but the Chinese have inadvertentlyassisted the most dedicated amateur analysts by painting each in a uniquecamouflage scheme – no two boats are painted the same! So someone with a enoughpatience could filter through the masses of photos of these boats and cataloguethe ‘signature’ camouflage, thus allowing a reasoned estimate of forcestrength. I am that sad, although I gave up after the first few hundred photos!I’ve identified 64 distinct profiles.

022引起最大争议的并非是它的隐形或者是它那极为新颖的穿浪双体船体，或者是它那极强的反舰能力；而是围绕着它居然有70艘已经入役了。


022项目装备的数目一直是相对保密的，没有关于订船数量的官方数字，大部分观察者预测是40艘左右。我的分析该船的数目会更多。022很少会刷上它们的舷号，但是中国那独一无二的涂装却深深的暴露了它。那些最敬业的业余分析师通过那涂装——每艘船的涂装花纹都是不一样的----来计算022的数量。有足够耐心的人通过对022那些海量的照片来进行删选，把022的迷彩编成目录，从而对022的数量进行合理的推算。我蛮悲剧的，在看了第一批上百的照片后就放弃了，但是我已经辨认出64艘不同的船了。
We can speculate that the USN could use similar analysis of the upper deckcamouflage to use satellites to automatically identify and track each of theclass.

Errors, such as double-counting a hull, repainting of hulls etc, are probablycancelled out by the fact that I stopped my analysis without studying everyavailable photo, and that there are boats out there which I simply haven’tseen. 70 is pretty reasonable, and whatever the figure it amounts to a hugefleet and reflects incredible resource dedication and industrial capacity giventhat it has amassed over just 5-6 years!

The hull of the boat is based on wave-piercing catamaran technology transferredto Chinafrom Australian firm AMD Marine Consulting (not Austal!) for fast ferries. Avery similar AMD design shows the characteristic twin hull form:
我们可以推测，美国军队能通过卫星的自动识别和自动追踪来对022的上甲板建筑的迷彩进行类似的分析。

有些错误，像对同一艘船数了两次，船体的重新粉刷等都可能被排除，在没有看完每张照片后我是不会停止我的分析的。而就我所算的，70艘是一个比较可信的数字，这个数字意味着一支庞大的舰队。这同时反映了中国能在5-6年间聚集了令人难以置信的海量资源和工业实力。

高速穿浪船体技术是由澳大利亚的澳大利亚先进多船体设计咨询公司（AMD）转让给中国的（不是澳斯特公司Austal，译者注：也是澳大利亚的一个船厂）。下图是AMD公司设计的和022很像的双体船。





Civilian models are powered by diesels and can achieve 35-40kts, typical ofmissile boats. The large exhausts of the Type-022, which vent between the hullsto reduce infrared signature, suggest gas turbines, potentially increasing topspeed and acceleration. There are several related designs in Chinese civilianservice as ferries or rescue boats.

The program started at least in 2000 when satellite imagery of the lead yard,Jiangnan in Shanghai,shows a slightly smaller catamaran design in civilian colours. In 2004production Type-022s started to be turned out at Jiangnan. The Type-022s aresignificantly larger than the “prototype” or proof-of-concept hull at about 45mlength. Production was extended to other yards to meet demand. By 2008 buildingof Type-022s at Jiangnan had slowed to a trickle or ceased completely, and theyard is now being redeveloped. It is not clear whether construction ius continuingelsewhere but it appears that the bulk of the fleet has been built.
该船的民用型号是使用喷水泵推，速度能达到35-40节，是导弹艇的典范。022所产生的大量废气会在双体船的船体之间排放，这样就能大大降低红外信号。建议使用燃气轮机，这样能大大提高最高速度和加速度。一些相关设计被中国民用船只采用比如渡轮和救援船。

该项目始于2000年，据卫星图片显示，在上海江南造船厂的主码头里有一些稍微小点的设计成带民用色彩的双体船。在2004年，江南造船厂开始生产022.量产版明显比原型概念验证版的要大，约有45米长。同时为了迎合扩建022的需求，该船的生产扩展到其他码头。在2008年，江南造船厂开始停建022了，同时造022的码头在改建中。现在尚未清楚022是否在其他地方制造，但是就现在看来，大批量的舰队已经形成了。





The boats were also produced in Guangzhou starting in 2005/6.
这些船同时也在广州进行制造，始于2005年6月。




Each Type-022 boat carries 8 x JY-83 anti-ship missiles. These have a range ofabout 200km with external targeting, or about 18-25km when relying on theboat’s onboard radar for targeting (depending on size of target. Calculationusing http://radarproblems.com/calculators/horizon.htm)
External targeting is more probable, certainly in optimal employment, and theType-022 has various sensors including a stealthy fold-down datalink antenna.Variants of this missile are generally claimed to have been responsible for thestriking of Israel’scorvette Ahi Hanit off the Lebanese coast in July 2006, although that waspossibly a much smaller missile.
每艘022携带有8枚鹰击83反舰导弹。在有外界数据链的指引下在200公里外就能展开攻击，用该船自己携带的雷达的话，攻击范围是18-25公里（不过具体范围取决于目标大小，具体计算方式请看http://radarproblems.com/calculators/horizon.htm）。外界数据链指引的可能性更大，当然是在最佳部署情况下，同时022拥有很多的传感器包括一台隐形数据链路的天线。该导弹的变种通常被认为是在2006年7月在黎巴嫩海岸攻击以色列护卫舰Ahi Hanit号的罪魁祸首，当然那个导弹是缩水版。





Operationally the Type-022 appears to operate using pack tactics with four ormore boats. With each boat carrying 8 missiles, that equates to up to 32anti-ship missiles per attack. Saturation attacks have long been discussed butare obviously hard to pull-off and have never been employed in a real war.Type-022 appears to be built and operated with such attacks in mind. A typicalType-022 base has at least 8 boats based there, such as this one:
在使用022上，中国海军似乎采用4艘船或者更多船编队的策略。每艘船能带8枚导弹，那么意味着每波次攻击多达32枚导弹。饱和攻击已经是老生常谈了，但是很明显是很难真正实现的，也没有真正在实战中实现过。022似乎是基于该思想而建并加以运用的。一般的022基地起码有8艘船，比如下图展示的基地：



The Type-022 compares favorably to other missile boats in many respects. Ofparticular relevance is the new Kuang Hua IV class of the Taiwanese navy. Onpaper these are also stealthy, though less so than the Type-022. Stealth issuch a large part of Type-022’s design that even small details like the windowshave RCS reducing saw-tooth edges.The Kuang Hua is significantly smaller,particularly in internal volume, and less well armed in both anti-ship missiles(4 x HF-II) and guns (1-2 crewed 20mm guns or more commonly 2 crewed .50calmachine guns).


Although the 30mm AK-630 CIWS is reasonably effective against aircraft andmissiles at point range, it has a limited arc of fire the Type-022 lacks anyair-defences at the rear:
022在很多方面能和其他导弹艇想媲美。特别与之相关的是台湾海军的新导弹艇光华-6。在纸面上它们都算是隐形的，但是和022比光华-6差的远了。隐形设计占022设计中的一个巨大部分，即便是在小小的细节里像窗户啊都设计成锯齿状来降低RCS（译者注：RCS是雷达散射截面，和被雷达发现的概率密切相关）。而光华-6的显然很小，特别是在内容体积上，不能够很好的兼容反舰导弹（4枚雄风-2）和机炮（1到2台人操20毫米口径机炮或者是更普通的.50口径的人操机炮）。



Generally there is a school of thought that missile boats are not a seriousthreat to ‘real’ navies. One popular theory propagated by the Royal Navy isthat the missile boats would be easily sunk by shipboard helicopters beforethey could get within range of launching their missiles. This is a validargument for a RN frigate operating in the Arabian Sea,approached by Iranian boats. Indeed RN Lynx helicopters armed with Sea Skuamissiles proved very effective in both the Falklandsand Gulf wars. But this argument appears less convincing when the Type-022 istaken as the adversary. It is relatively stealthy, operating in littorals,employing data links to achieve long range targeting and deployed in hugequantities. It’s also worth remembering that in a scenario where China was facing a major navy (even Taiwan’s) theopposing helicopter force would be subject to distraction of submarine hunting,and quite possibly air-supremacy. Most countries do not equip their shipboardhelicopters with anti-ship missiles anyway.

Regardless of the above assessment, many observers regard the Type-022 as adoctrinal dinosaur, a hang-over from the PLAN’s Soviet influenced strategies ofthe past and that PLAN should only be spending on blue-water assets. Aninteresting perspective worth thinking about.

I created a model of Type-022 missile boat for Google Earth, it’s far fromperfect but if you are curious you can Download it HERE
一般学院派的理论是导弹艇对“真正的”海军很难产生严重的威胁。皇家海军的一个流行的理论是导弹艇能被舰载直升机在它们抵达导弹攻击射程前轻易击沉。而该理论得到了皇家海军的护卫舰在阿拉伯海完虐伊朗导弹艇的事例的有效支持。事实上，皇家海军的山猫直升机带着海贼鸥导弹在马岛战争和海湾战争中得到了证明。但是该理论在面对022导弹艇时就显得不怎么靠谱了。该导弹艇相对隐形能力强，在近海活动，拥有数据链路系统能远程瞄准目标，同时部署数量极为庞大。同时应该记住的是中国在面对一支主力海军时（甚至是台湾的）对方的直升机不光要把注意力分给反潜还要分给空优。而且绝大多数国家的舰载直升机根本带不了反舰导弹。

不管上面的评估，很多观察家都把022称为教条主义下产生的古董，中国海军受到过去苏联战略影响而产生的一个大坑，中国海军应该把所有的资源都投入到建设一支蓝水海军里，我认为这是一个有趣的方面值得大家思考。我做了一个022的模型上传到了google earth 上面，它还是很不完美的的，但是如果你很好奇的话，你可以点击此处来进行下载。



原文地址：http://www.militaryphotos.net/fo ... Chinese-Naval-Power

译文地址：http://www.ltaaa.com/bbs/forum.p ... D111%26typeid%3D111