纪念哈勃19周年花絮集锦Hubble Trivia 2009

对比下光学图像和蓝色的辐射带可以看到在每个星系集群（团）的大多数星系里存在两个暗物质块。这显示了每个集群中的星系不像热气团那样减慢速度。Object Name: 1ES 0657-55.8
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/M.Markevitch et al.
Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.
Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.
大图下载地址：
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... /format/xlarge_web/

2# 内阁首辅
An Accelerating Universe
加速膨胀的宇宙By witnessing bursts of light from faraway exploding stars, Hubble helped astronomers discover dark energy. This mysterious, invisible energy exerts a repulsive force that pervades our universe.
借助由遥远的恒星爆炸发出的光，哈勃帮助天文学家发现了暗能量。这个神秘的，无形的能量施加的斥力贯穿我们的宇宙。
Several years later, Hubble provided evidence that dark energy has been engaged in a tug of war with gravity for billions of years. Dark energy, which works in opposition to gravity, shoves galaxies away from each other at ever-increasing speeds, making the universe expand at an ever-faster pace.
若干年之后，哈勃提供的证据表明暗能量与引力相互拉扯已经数十亿年。暗能量的作用方向与引力是相反的，以日益增加的速度推动星系相互远离，使宇宙的膨胀越来越快。
But dark energy wasn’t always in the driver’s seat. By studying distant supernovae, Hubble traced dark energy all the way back to 9 billion years ago, when the universe was less than half its present size. During that epoch, dark energy was struggling with gravity for control of the cosmos, obstructing the gravitational pull of the universe’s matter even before it began to win the cosmic tug of war. Dark energy finally won the struggle with gravity about 5 billion years ago.
但是暗能量并非总是处于主导地位。通过研究遥远的超新星，哈勃跟踪暗能量至9亿年前，当宇宙小于目前尺度的一半。在现阶段，暗能量与引力相互拉扯控制宇宙，阻碍引力主导宇宙。暗能量最终赢得与引力的竞争大约在50亿年前。
By knowing more about how dark energy behaves over time, astronomers hope to gain a better understanding of what it is. Astronomers still understand almost nothing about dark energy, even though it appears to comprise about 70 percent of the universe’s energy
随着时间的推移，为了通过更多的了解暗能量的行为，天文学家希望对这些有一个更好的了解。天文学家仍然对暗能量了解甚少，甚至它似乎占据了70%的宇宙能。
Object Name: Extended Groth Strip (EGS)
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Davis (University of California, Berkeley)


2# 内阁首辅
An Accelerating Universe
加速膨胀的宇宙By witnessing bursts of light from faraway exploding stars, Hubble helped astronomers discover dark energy. This mysterious, invisible energy exerts a repulsive force that pervades our universe.
借助由遥远的恒星爆炸发出的光，哈勃帮助天文学家发现了暗能量。这个神秘的，无形的能量施加的斥力贯穿我们的宇宙。
Several years later, Hubble provided evidence that dark energy has been engaged in a tug of war with gravity for billions of years. Dark energy, which works in opposition to gravity, shoves galaxies away from each other at ever-increasing speeds, making the universe expand at an ever-faster pace.
若干年之后，哈勃提供的证据表明暗能量与引力相互拉扯已经数十亿年。暗能量的作用方向与引力是相反的，以日益增加的速度推动星系相互远离，使宇宙的膨胀越来越快。
But dark energy wasn’t always in the driver’s seat. By studying distant supernovae, Hubble traced dark energy all the way back to 9 billion years ago, when the universe was less than half its present size. During that epoch, dark energy was struggling with gravity for control of the cosmos, obstructing the gravitational pull of the universe’s matter even before it began to win the cosmic tug of war. Dark energy finally won the struggle with gravity about 5 billion years ago.
但是暗能量并非总是处于主导地位。通过研究遥远的超新星，哈勃跟踪暗能量至9亿年前，当宇宙小于目前尺度的一半。在现阶段，暗能量与引力相互拉扯控制宇宙，阻碍引力主导宇宙。暗能量最终赢得与引力的竞争大约在50亿年前。
By knowing more about how dark energy behaves over time, astronomers hope to gain a better understanding of what it is. Astronomers still understand almost nothing about dark energy, even though it appears to comprise about 70 percent of the universe’s energy
随着时间的推移，为了通过更多的了解暗能量的行为，天文学家希望对这些有一个更好的了解。天文学家仍然对暗能量了解甚少，甚至它似乎占据了70%的宇宙能。
Object Name: Extended Groth Strip (EGS)
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Davis (University of California, Berkeley)

3# 内阁首辅

Hubble provided solid evidence that galaxies grew over time to become the giant galaxies we see today.
哈勃提供了可靠的证据关于星系演化成我们现在所看到的巨型星系。
The telescope snapped images of galaxies in the faraway universe in a series of unique observations: the Hubble Deep Fields, the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field,and as part of an armada of observatories in the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey. Some of the galaxies existed when the cosmos was only 700 million years old. The observations provided the deepest views of the cosmos in visible, ultraviolet, and near-infrared light.
哈勃空间望远镜以一系列独特的视角拍摄了遥远的星系的图像：哈勃深空场，大天文台起源深空巡天，哈勃超深空场，作为国际全波段扩展巡天的一个天文台舰队。当宇宙只有7亿年历史的时候就有一些星系存在了。这些观测图像在可见光，紫外，近红外波段提供了宇宙最深度的观测。In the most recent foray into the universe’s farthest regions, Hubble uncovered a rich tapestry of at least 50,000 galaxies. The galaxies unveiled by Hubble are smaller than today’s giant galaxies, reinforcing the idea that large galaxies built up over time as smaller galaxies collided and merged. Many of the galaxies are ablaze with star birth.
在最近对宇宙最深处的进军，哈勃发现了涵盖了至少50.000个星系的丰富多彩的世界。这些被哈勃揭露的星系比今天的巨型星系要年轻许多，使天文学家增强了对巨型星系是由年轻的星系不断碰撞合并而形成的认识。许多星系随着恒星的诞生而点燃生命之火。
By studying galaxies at different epochs, astronomers can see how galaxies change over time. The process is analogous to a very large scrapbook of pictures documenting the lives of children from infancy to adulthood.
通过研究星系的不同时期，天文学家能够观测星系整个的演化过程。这个进程类似于一个非常大的图片记录剪贴薄，记录了儿童的生命从婴儿到成年整个的过程。
The deep views also revealed that the early universe was a fertile breeding ground for stars. Observations showed that the universe made a significant portion of its stars in a torrential firestorm of star birth that abruptly lit up the pitch-dark heavens just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Though stars continue to be born today in galaxies, the star-birth rate is about half the rate of the opulent early years.
宇宙深度的图像也显示了在早期的宇宙是滋生恒星的肥沃的土壤。观测揭示了宇宙在大爆炸后数亿年后如疾风骤雨般诞生了许多恒星，照亮了漆黑的夜空。虽然今天的星系里还有恒星继续诞生，但是恒星的出生率大约是早期宇宙的一半了。http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-18-f-print.jpg

3# 内阁首辅
Galaxies from the Ground Up
Hubble provided solid evidence that galaxies grew over time to become the giant galaxies we see today.
哈勃提供了可靠的证据关于星系演化成我们现在所看到的巨型星系。
The telescope snapped images of galaxies in the faraway universe in a series of unique observations: the Hubble Deep Fields, the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field,and as part of an armada of observatories in the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey. Some of the galaxies existed when the cosmos was only 700 million years old. The observations provided the deepest views of the cosmos in visible, ultraviolet, and near-infrared light.
哈勃空间望远镜以一系列独特的视角拍摄了遥远的星系的图像：哈勃深空场，大天文台起源深空巡天，哈勃超深空场，作为国际全波段扩展巡天的一个天文台舰队。当宇宙只有7亿年历史的时候就有一些星系存在了。这些观测图像在可见光，紫外，近红外波段提供了宇宙最深度的观测。In the most recent foray into the universe’s farthest regions, Hubble uncovered a rich tapestry of at least 50,000 galaxies. The galaxies unveiled by Hubble are smaller than today’s giant galaxies, reinforcing the idea that large galaxies built up over time as smaller galaxies collided and merged. Many of the galaxies are ablaze with star birth.
在最近对宇宙最深处的进军，哈勃发现了涵盖了至少50.000个星系的丰富多彩的世界。这些被哈勃揭露的星系比今天的巨型星系要年轻许多，使天文学家增强了对巨型星系是由年轻的星系不断碰撞合并而形成的认识。许多星系随着恒星的诞生而点燃生命之火。
By studying galaxies at different epochs, astronomers can see how galaxies change over time. The process is analogous to a very large scrapbook of pictures documenting the lives of children from infancy to adulthood.
通过研究星系的不同时期，天文学家能够观测星系整个的演化过程。这个进程类似于一个非常大的图片记录剪贴薄，记录了儿童的生命从婴儿到成年整个的过程。
The deep views also revealed that the early universe was a fertile breeding ground for stars. Observations showed that the universe made a significant portion of its stars in a torrential firestorm of star birth that abruptly lit up the pitch-dark heavens just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Though stars continue to be born today in galaxies, the star-birth rate is about half the rate of the opulent early years.
宇宙深度的图像也显示了在早期的宇宙是滋生恒星的肥沃的土壤。观测揭示了宇宙在大爆炸后数亿年后如疾风骤雨般诞生了许多恒星，照亮了漆黑的夜空。虽然今天的星系里还有恒星继续诞生，但是恒星的出生率大约是早期宇宙的一半了。http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-18-f-print.jpg

4# 内阁首辅

Astronomers used Hubble to make the first visible-light snapshot of an extrasolar planet and to explore an exoplanet’s atmosphere.
天文学家使用哈勃第一次获得了系外行星的可见光图像并且探索了该行星的大气。
The Hubble images show the planet, named Fomalhaut b, as a tiny point source of light orbiting the nearby, bright southern star Fomalhaut, located 25 light-years away in the constellation Piscis Australis. An immense debris disk about 21.5 billion miles across surrounds the star. Fomalhaut b is orbiting 1.8 billion miles inside the disk’s sharp inner edge.
这张哈勃的图像显示的是一颗名为Fomalhaut b的行星，在轨道附近就像一个小点，它坐落造位于25光年外的南鱼座。一个大约215亿英里的巨大的碎片盘围绕着这个天体。Fomalhaut b的18亿英里的轨道在碎片盘内缘。
The telescope also for the first time sampled the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet, the Jupiter-sized planet HD 209458b. Hubble detected sodium, oxygen, and carbon.
哈勃也第一次对系外行星HD 209458b的大气进行了抽样分析。哈勃检测到纳，氧和碳。
Probing the atmosphere of another extrasolar planet, Hubble discovered carbon dioxide and methane, organic compounds that, under the right circumstances, can be by-products of life processes. The Jupiter-sized planet, called HD 189733b, is too hot for life. But the Hubble observations demonstrate that the basic chemistry for life can be measured on planets orbiting other stars.
基于对其他系外行星大气的探索，哈勃发现二氧化碳，甲烷，有机物在一定得环境下能创造出生命的进程。这个与木星类似的行星即类木行星HD 189733b，太热而不适合生命的生存。但是哈勃观察表明生命的基本化学成分可以来衡量一些行星是否适合生存。
Peering into the crowded bulge of our Milky Way Galaxy, Hubble looked farther than ever before to nab a group of planet candidates outside our solar system.
进入我们银河系拥挤的区域，哈勃以前所未有的观测深度在我们太阳系外发现了一群系外行星。
Astronomers used Hubble to conduct a census of Jupiter-sized extrasolar planets residing in the bulge of our Milky Way Galaxy. Looking at a narrow piece of sky, the telescope nabbed 16 potential alien worlds orbiting a variety of stars. Astronomers have estimated that about 5 percent of stars in the galaxy may have Jupiter-sized, star-hugging planets. This discovery means there are probably billions of such planets in our Milky Way.
天文学家使用哈勃在银河系隆起的区域调查了太阳系外的类木行星。看那狭窄的天空，哈勃在各个环绕恒星的轨道上捕获16个可能的外来世界，天文学家估计在一个星系里大约有5%的恒星可能有类木行星。这个发现意味着我们银河系可能有几十亿颗这样的类木行星。
Five of the newly found planet candidates represent a new extreme type of planet. Dubbed Ultra-Short-Period Planets, these worlds whirl around their stars in less than an Earth day. Astronomers made the discoveries by measuring the slight dimming of a star as a planet passed in front of it, an event called a transit.
5个新发现的行星代表了新的极端类型的行星。被称为超短周期行星，这些行星绕他们恒星公转的时间要少于一个地球日。天文学家做出这个发现是通过测量当一个行星从恒星前通过时光线的轻微变化，这类事件被称为凌日。
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This image, taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, shows the newly discovered planet, Fomalhaut b, orbiting its parent star, Fomalhaut.
这张图像，由NASA得哈勃空间望远镜的高级相机，展示了新发现的行星Fomalhaut b，围绕于恒星Fomalhaut。The small white box at lower right pinpoints the planet's location. Fomalhaut b has carved a path along the inner edge of a vast, dusty debris ring encircling Fomalhaut that is 21.5 billion miles across. Fomalhaut b lies 1.8 billion miles inside the ring's inner edge and orbits 10.7 billion miles from its star.
在右下角的白色小方块里是这颗行星的位置。Fomalhaut b位于该星系广阔的内缘，碎片环尘土飞扬似的环绕着总跨度为215亿英里的Fomalhaut。Fomalhaut b位于环内缘18亿英里，距离它的恒星107亿英里。
The inset at bottom right is a composite image showing the planet's position during Hubble observations taken in 2004 and 2006. Astronomers have calculated that Fomalhaut b completes an orbit around its parent star every 872 years.
在该插页底部右边是一个复合图像，该复合图像展示了在哈勃04.06年观测期间所标出的该行星的位置。天文学家计算了Fomalhaut b的公转周期为872年。The white dot in the center of the image marks the star's location. The region around Fomalhaut's location is black because astronomers used the Advanced Camera's coronagraph to block out the star's bright glare so that the dim planet could be seen. Fomalhaut b is 1 billion times fainter than its star. The radial streaks are scattered starlight. The red dot at lower left is a background star.
图像中间的那个白色的斑点标记出了这颗恒星的位置。在Fomalhaut附近的地区是黑色的是因为天文学家使用了先进的相机使得来自恒星明亮的星光杯阻挡，以至于暗淡的天体可以被看见。Fomalhaut b比他的恒星昏暗10亿倍。在左下红色的点式一颗背景星。
The Fomalhaut system is 25 light-years away in the constellation Piscis Australis.
This false-color image was taken in October 2004 and July 2006.
Object Names: Fomalhaut, HD 216956, Fomalhaut b
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite (University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

4# 内阁首辅
Hubble Photographs a Planet
Astronomers used Hubble to make the first visible-light snapshot of an extrasolar planet and to explore an exoplanet’s atmosphere.
天文学家使用哈勃第一次获得了系外行星的可见光图像并且探索了该行星的大气。
The Hubble images show the planet, named Fomalhaut b, as a tiny point source of light orbiting the nearby, bright southern star Fomalhaut, located 25 light-years away in the constellation Piscis Australis. An immense debris disk about 21.5 billion miles across surrounds the star. Fomalhaut b is orbiting 1.8 billion miles inside the disk’s sharp inner edge.
这张哈勃的图像显示的是一颗名为Fomalhaut b的行星，在轨道附近就像一个小点，它坐落造位于25光年外的南鱼座。一个大约215亿英里的巨大的碎片盘围绕着这个天体。Fomalhaut b的18亿英里的轨道在碎片盘内缘。
The telescope also for the first time sampled the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet, the Jupiter-sized planet HD 209458b. Hubble detected sodium, oxygen, and carbon.
哈勃也第一次对系外行星HD 209458b的大气进行了抽样分析。哈勃检测到纳，氧和碳。
Probing the atmosphere of another extrasolar planet, Hubble discovered carbon dioxide and methane, organic compounds that, under the right circumstances, can be by-products of life processes. The Jupiter-sized planet, called HD 189733b, is too hot for life. But the Hubble observations demonstrate that the basic chemistry for life can be measured on planets orbiting other stars.
基于对其他系外行星大气的探索，哈勃发现二氧化碳，甲烷，有机物在一定得环境下能创造出生命的进程。这个与木星类似的行星即类木行星HD 189733b，太热而不适合生命的生存。但是哈勃观察表明生命的基本化学成分可以来衡量一些行星是否适合生存。
Peering into the crowded bulge of our Milky Way Galaxy, Hubble looked farther than ever before to nab a group of planet candidates outside our solar system.
进入我们银河系拥挤的区域，哈勃以前所未有的观测深度在我们太阳系外发现了一群系外行星。
Astronomers used Hubble to conduct a census of Jupiter-sized extrasolar planets residing in the bulge of our Milky Way Galaxy. Looking at a narrow piece of sky, the telescope nabbed 16 potential alien worlds orbiting a variety of stars. Astronomers have estimated that about 5 percent of stars in the galaxy may have Jupiter-sized, star-hugging planets. This discovery means there are probably billions of such planets in our Milky Way.
天文学家使用哈勃在银河系隆起的区域调查了太阳系外的类木行星。看那狭窄的天空，哈勃在各个环绕恒星的轨道上捕获16个可能的外来世界，天文学家估计在一个星系里大约有5%的恒星可能有类木行星。这个发现意味着我们银河系可能有几十亿颗这样的类木行星。
Five of the newly found planet candidates represent a new extreme type of planet. Dubbed Ultra-Short-Period Planets, these worlds whirl around their stars in less than an Earth day. Astronomers made the discoveries by measuring the slight dimming of a star as a planet passed in front of it, an event called a transit.
5个新发现的行星代表了新的极端类型的行星。被称为超短周期行星，这些行星绕他们恒星公转的时间要少于一个地球日。天文学家做出这个发现是通过测量当一个行星从恒星前通过时光线的轻微变化，这类事件被称为凌日。
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This image, taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, shows the newly discovered planet, Fomalhaut b, orbiting its parent star, Fomalhaut.
这张图像，由NASA得哈勃空间望远镜的高级相机，展示了新发现的行星Fomalhaut b，围绕于恒星Fomalhaut。The small white box at lower right pinpoints the planet's location. Fomalhaut b has carved a path along the inner edge of a vast, dusty debris ring encircling Fomalhaut that is 21.5 billion miles across. Fomalhaut b lies 1.8 billion miles inside the ring's inner edge and orbits 10.7 billion miles from its star.
在右下角的白色小方块里是这颗行星的位置。Fomalhaut b位于该星系广阔的内缘，碎片环尘土飞扬似的环绕着总跨度为215亿英里的Fomalhaut。Fomalhaut b位于环内缘18亿英里，距离它的恒星107亿英里。
The inset at bottom right is a composite image showing the planet's position during Hubble observations taken in 2004 and 2006. Astronomers have calculated that Fomalhaut b completes an orbit around its parent star every 872 years.
在该插页底部右边是一个复合图像，该复合图像展示了在哈勃04.06年观测期间所标出的该行星的位置。天文学家计算了Fomalhaut b的公转周期为872年。The white dot in the center of the image marks the star's location. The region around Fomalhaut's location is black because astronomers used the Advanced Camera's coronagraph to block out the star's bright glare so that the dim planet could be seen. Fomalhaut b is 1 billion times fainter than its star. The radial streaks are scattered starlight. The red dot at lower left is a background star.
图像中间的那个白色的斑点标记出了这颗恒星的位置。在Fomalhaut附近的地区是黑色的是因为天文学家使用了先进的相机使得来自恒星明亮的星光杯阻挡，以至于暗淡的天体可以被看见。Fomalhaut b比他的恒星昏暗10亿倍。在左下红色的点式一颗背景星。
The Fomalhaut system is 25 light-years away in the constellation Piscis Australis.
This false-color image was taken in October 2004 and July 2006.
Object Names: Fomalhaut, HD 216956, Fomalhaut b
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite (University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

5# 内阁首辅

''蝌蚪星系'
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
These postage-stamp-size images reveal 36 young galaxies caught in the act of merging with other galaxies. These galaxies appear as they existed many billions of years ago. Astronomers have dubbed them "tadpole galaxies" because of their distinct knot-and-tail shapes, which suggest that they are engaging in galactic mergers.
这张邮票大小的图像揭示了36个年轻的星系与其他星系相互合并。这些星系似乎在数十亿年前就存在了。天文学家称他们为“蝌蚪星系”是由于他们独特的外形，从这些外形可以认为他们正在合并。
The galaxies were captured in 2004 in the Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) survey of thousands of distant galaxies. They are part of more than 165 tadpole galaxies in the HUDF studied recently by a team of astronomers. The team was looking for indications of black hole activity in these young galaxies. A characteristic signature of such activity is a fluctuation in brightness over time, an indication that a black hole is feasting on surrounding stars and gas. The flickering light does not come from the black hole itself but from the area immediately surrounding the black hole.
这些星系是从2004年哈勃空间望远镜超深空计划调查数以千计的遥远星系中筛选出来的。他们是最近由哈勃超深空计划中一组天文学家发现的超过165个蝌蚪星系的一部分。这个团队过去在一直寻找黑洞在年轻星系里的活动迹象。诸如这类活动的主要特征是星系的亮度随时间的波动，说明一个黑洞正在吞噬周围的恒星和气体。闪光不是来自黑洞本身，而是来自黑洞周围的区域。
Astronomers did not see brightness fluctuations in any of the tadpole galaxies they surveyed. They did, however, observe the fluctuations in 46 different faint galaxies in the HUDF. These galaxies existed millions of years after the tadpole galaxies. This result suggests that black holes did not begin eating when galaxies merged. Rather, it took several hundred million years for the gas and stars from the merger to arrive on the black hole's dinner plate and become visible as flickering light. This finding agrees with recent computer models which predicted that the feeding habits of black holes would become visible after galactic mergers.
天文学家没有看到明亮的波动在他们所调查的所有的蝌蚪星系中。然而，他们对哈勃超时空计划中46个不同的暗星系观察时看到了闪光。这些星系在蝌蚪星系几百万年后还存在。这个结果说明黑洞在星系合并时还没开始吞噬。相反，黑洞花了几亿年时间将气体和恒星吸引到它的吸积盘，然后才发光。这个发现支持了最近的电脑模拟，即在星系合并之后才能看见黑洞的吞噬习惯。
Each postage-stamp image is roughly 84,000 light-years on a side, which is about the size of our Milky Way Galaxy today. The tadpole galaxies are shown in the middle of each image and are considerably smaller than today's giant galaxies. The image was taken by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys.
每张邮票大小的图像大约84万光年为一边，这个大约相当于我们现在银河系的大小。蝌蚪星系在每张图像的中央展示，而且被认为今天的巨型星系。这个图像是由哈勃先进相机所拍摄。
Object Name: HUDF
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, A. Straughn, S. Cohen, and R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and the HUDF team (Space Telescope Science Institute)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/g/

黑洞无处不在
Hubble probed the dense, central regions of galaxies and provided decisive evidence that supermassive black holes reside in many of them. Giant black holes are compact "monsters" weighing millions to billions the mass of our Sun. They have so much gravity that they gobble up any material that ventures near them.
哈勃探测了星系稠密的中心区域而提供了决定性的证据，即许多星系中都是巨型黑洞。巨型黑洞是紧凑的怪兽，质量从我们太阳数百万到数十亿不等。他们强大的引力使他们能吞噬一切靠近他们的物质。
These elusive "eating machines" cannot be observed directly, because nothing, not even light, escapes their grasp. But the telescope provided indirect, yet compelling, evidence of their existence. Hubble helped astronomers determine the masses of several black holes by measuring the velocities of material whirling around them.
这些难以捉摸的吞噬机器不能直接被观测，因为没有东西，即使是光也逃不了。但是望远镜可以间接的提供他们存在的证据。哈勃帮助天文学家确定了若干个黑洞，通过测量物质的他们周围的旋转速度。
The telescope's census of many galaxies showed an intimate relationship between galaxies and their resident black holes. The survey revealed that a black hole’s mass is dependent on the weight of its host galaxy's bulge, a spherical region consisting of stars in a galaxy's central region. Large galaxies, for example, have massive black holes; less massive galaxies have smaller black holes. This close relationship may be evidence that black holes co-evolved with their galaxies, feasting on a measured diet of gas and stars residing in the hearts of those galaxies.
空间望远镜的普查了许多星系揭示了星系和他们的黑洞有着密切的关系。调查显示一个黑洞的质量依靠于宿主星系中心隆起的质量。例如，巨型星系都有一个巨型黑洞，小的星系有一个小的黑洞。这种亲密的关系可能揭示黑洞和他们的星系共同发展，有节制地吞噬星系中心区域的恒星和气体。

5# 内阁首辅
A Gallery of 'Tadpole Galaxies
''蝌蚪星系'
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
These postage-stamp-size images reveal 36 young galaxies caught in the act of merging with other galaxies. These galaxies appear as they existed many billions of years ago. Astronomers have dubbed them "tadpole galaxies" because of their distinct knot-and-tail shapes, which suggest that they are engaging in galactic mergers.
这张邮票大小的图像揭示了36个年轻的星系与其他星系相互合并。这些星系似乎在数十亿年前就存在了。天文学家称他们为“蝌蚪星系”是由于他们独特的外形，从这些外形可以认为他们正在合并。
The galaxies were captured in 2004 in the Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) survey of thousands of distant galaxies. They are part of more than 165 tadpole galaxies in the HUDF studied recently by a team of astronomers. The team was looking for indications of black hole activity in these young galaxies. A characteristic signature of such activity is a fluctuation in brightness over time, an indication that a black hole is feasting on surrounding stars and gas. The flickering light does not come from the black hole itself but from the area immediately surrounding the black hole.
这些星系是从2004年哈勃空间望远镜超深空计划调查数以千计的遥远星系中筛选出来的。他们是最近由哈勃超深空计划中一组天文学家发现的超过165个蝌蚪星系的一部分。这个团队过去在一直寻找黑洞在年轻星系里的活动迹象。诸如这类活动的主要特征是星系的亮度随时间的波动，说明一个黑洞正在吞噬周围的恒星和气体。闪光不是来自黑洞本身，而是来自黑洞周围的区域。
Astronomers did not see brightness fluctuations in any of the tadpole galaxies they surveyed. They did, however, observe the fluctuations in 46 different faint galaxies in the HUDF. These galaxies existed millions of years after the tadpole galaxies. This result suggests that black holes did not begin eating when galaxies merged. Rather, it took several hundred million years for the gas and stars from the merger to arrive on the black hole's dinner plate and become visible as flickering light. This finding agrees with recent computer models which predicted that the feeding habits of black holes would become visible after galactic mergers.
天文学家没有看到明亮的波动在他们所调查的所有的蝌蚪星系中。然而，他们对哈勃超时空计划中46个不同的暗星系观察时看到了闪光。这些星系在蝌蚪星系几百万年后还存在。这个结果说明黑洞在星系合并时还没开始吞噬。相反，黑洞花了几亿年时间将气体和恒星吸引到它的吸积盘，然后才发光。这个发现支持了最近的电脑模拟，即在星系合并之后才能看见黑洞的吞噬习惯。
Each postage-stamp image is roughly 84,000 light-years on a side, which is about the size of our Milky Way Galaxy today. The tadpole galaxies are shown in the middle of each image and are considerably smaller than today's giant galaxies. The image was taken by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys.
每张邮票大小的图像大约84万光年为一边，这个大约相当于我们现在银河系的大小。蝌蚪星系在每张图像的中央展示，而且被认为今天的巨型星系。这个图像是由哈勃先进相机所拍摄。
Object Name: HUDF
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, A. Straughn, S. Cohen, and R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and the HUDF team (Space Telescope Science Institute)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/g/
Monster Black Holes Are Everywhere
黑洞无处不在
Hubble probed the dense, central regions of galaxies and provided decisive evidence that supermassive black holes reside in many of them. Giant black holes are compact "monsters" weighing millions to billions the mass of our Sun. They have so much gravity that they gobble up any material that ventures near them.
哈勃探测了星系稠密的中心区域而提供了决定性的证据，即许多星系中都是巨型黑洞。巨型黑洞是紧凑的怪兽，质量从我们太阳数百万到数十亿不等。他们强大的引力使他们能吞噬一切靠近他们的物质。
These elusive "eating machines" cannot be observed directly, because nothing, not even light, escapes their grasp. But the telescope provided indirect, yet compelling, evidence of their existence. Hubble helped astronomers determine the masses of several black holes by measuring the velocities of material whirling around them.
这些难以捉摸的吞噬机器不能直接被观测，因为没有东西，即使是光也逃不了。但是望远镜可以间接的提供他们存在的证据。哈勃帮助天文学家确定了若干个黑洞，通过测量物质的他们周围的旋转速度。
The telescope's census of many galaxies showed an intimate relationship between galaxies and their resident black holes. The survey revealed that a black hole’s mass is dependent on the weight of its host galaxy's bulge, a spherical region consisting of stars in a galaxy's central region. Large galaxies, for example, have massive black holes; less massive galaxies have smaller black holes. This close relationship may be evidence that black holes co-evolved with their galaxies, feasting on a measured diet of gas and stars residing in the hearts of those galaxies.
空间望远镜的普查了许多星系揭示了星系和他们的黑洞有着密切的关系。调查显示一个黑洞的质量依靠于宿主星系中心隆起的质量。例如，巨型星系都有一个巨型黑洞，小的星系有一个小的黑洞。这种亲密的关系可能揭示黑洞和他们的星系共同发展，有节制地吞噬星系中心区域的恒星和气体。

6# 内阁首辅

宇宙中最大的爆炸
Imagine a powerful burst of light and other radiation that can burn away the ozone in Earth’s atmosphere. Luckily, flashes of such strong radiation occur so far away they will not scorch our planet. These brilliant flashbulbs are called gamma-ray bursts. They may represent the most powerful explosions in the universe since the Big Bang.
设想一次强烈的足以摧毁地球大气的宇宙射线爆发。幸运的是，诸如这类的强辐射大发生离我们非常的遥远，他们不会烧焦我们的地球。这些明亮的闪光被称为伽马射线爆。他们是自宇宙大爆炸以来最强大的能量释放。
Hubble images showed that these brief flashes of radiation arise from far-flung galaxies, which are forming stars at enormously high rates. Hubble’s observations confirmed that the bursts of light originated from the collapse of massive stars.
Astronomers using Hubble also found that a certain type of extremely energetic gamma-ray bursts are more likely to occur in galaxies with fewer heavy elements, such as carbon and oxygen. The Milky Way galaxy, which is rich in heavy elements released by many generations of stars, is therefore an unlikely place for them to pop off.
哈勃的图像揭示了这些来自遥远星系短暂闪烁的辐射，哈勃的观测确认了这脉冲光源于恒星的毁灭。天文学家使用哈勃也发现了一种类型极为强有力的伽马射线爆，这类的伽马射线爆很可能发生于重元素(C,O)缺乏的星系内。银河系富含的重元素是许多代恒星所积累的，因此银河系不可能是伽马射线爆发的地方。
////////////////////////
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This is a sampling of the host galaxies of long-duration gamma-ray bursts taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Gamma-ray bursts are powerful flashes of high-energy radiation that arise from some supernovae, the explosive deaths of extremely massive stars. Long-duration bursts last more than one to two seconds.
这张是由NASA的哈勃空间望远镜所拍摄的关于宿主星系伽马射线爆的样本图。伽马射线爆是强大闪烁的高能辐射，产生于一些超新星，超大质量恒星的爆炸。最长能持续1-2S以上。
The green crosshairs pinpoint the location of the gamma-ray bursts, now long faded away. The galaxies in these images were part of a study that compared the environments of long bursts with those of supernovae. Only a small fraction of a certain type of supernovae produces gamma-ray bursts.
绿色的十字标明了伽马射线爆的位置，现在已经暗淡了。这个星系的图像是比较长时间爆炸与超新星的研究部分。只有一小部分类型的超新星产生伽马射线爆。These six images show the wide variety of host galaxies of gamma-ray bursts. The distances of these bursts range from 2 billion to 10 billion light-years from Earth. Most of the galaxies in these images are misshapen, irregular galaxies. The only exception is the spiral galaxy in the middle image on the top row. In this image, the bright round objects above, below, and to the right of the cross hairs are foreground stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way Galaxy.
这6张图像展示了各种各样宿主星系的伽马射线爆。这些爆炸处于远离地球20-100亿光年处。图中的大多数星系是畸形的，不规则的星系。唯一的例外是图像中央顶端的螺旋星系。
在这张图中，各方向的前景星在我们银河系的一个卫星星系小麦哲伦云中。
Researchers conducting the study found that long bursts occur in the brightest regions of mostly irregular galaxies where the most massive stars are forming. Typical supernovae, on the other hand, are more uniformly distributed across their host galaxies. Supernovae also come from larger, more developed galaxies than do the gamma-ray bursts.
研究人员发现长时间的伽马射线爆发生在觉得多数不规则星系的明亮的区域，大质量的恒星在这儿形成。从另一方面来说，典型的超新星更均匀地分布在他们的宿主星系内。超新星也来自于更大更成熟的星系的星系。
The images were taken between 1999 and 2005 by Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, and Advanced Camera for Surveys.
这张图片是哈勃在99-05年由哈勃的第二代宽市场行星照相机，太空望远镜成像光谱仪，先进相机拍摄的。
The team that made the study consists of A. Fruchter (Space Telescope Science Institute, or STScI); A. Levan (STScI/University of Leicester/University of Hertfordshire); L. Strolger (STScI/Western Kentucky University); P. Vreeswijk (European Southern Observatory, Chile); S.Thorsett (University of California, Santa Cruz); D. Bersier (STScI/Astrophysics Research Institute/Liverpool John Moores University); I. Burud (STScI/Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen); J. Castro Ceron (STScI/Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen); A. Castro-Tirado (Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Spain); C. Conselice (California Institute of Technology/University of Nottingham); T. Dahlen (Stockholm University); H. Ferguson (STScI); J. Fynbo (Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen); P. Garnavich (University of Notre Dame); R. Gibbons (STScI/Vanderbilt University); J. Gorosabel (STScI/Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Spain); T. Gull (NASA/GSFC); J. Hjorth (Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen); S. Holland (NASA/GSFC); C. Kouveliotou (NASA/MSFC); Z. Levay and M. Livio (STScI); M.R. Metzger (Renaissance Technologies Corporation, New York); P. Nugent (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory); L. Petro (STScI); E. Pian (INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Italy); J. Rhoads, A. Riess, and K. Sahu (STScI); A. Smette (European Southern Observatory, Chile); N. Tanvir (University of Hertfordshire); R. Wijers (University of Amsterdam); and S. Woosley (University of California, Santa Cruz)
Image Type: Astronomical/Illustration
Credit: NASA, ESA, Andrew Fruchter (STScI), and the GRB Optical Studies with HST (GOSH) collaboration
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/h/

6# 内阁首辅
The Biggest Explosions in the Universe
宇宙中最大的爆炸
Imagine a powerful burst of light and other radiation that can burn away the ozone in Earth’s atmosphere. Luckily, flashes of such strong radiation occur so far away they will not scorch our planet. These brilliant flashbulbs are called gamma-ray bursts. They may represent the most powerful explosions in the universe since the Big Bang.
设想一次强烈的足以摧毁地球大气的宇宙射线爆发。幸运的是，诸如这类的强辐射大发生离我们非常的遥远，他们不会烧焦我们的地球。这些明亮的闪光被称为伽马射线爆。他们是自宇宙大爆炸以来最强大的能量释放。
Hubble images showed that these brief flashes of radiation arise from far-flung galaxies, which are forming stars at enormously high rates. Hubble’s observations confirmed that the bursts of light originated from the collapse of massive stars.
Astronomers using Hubble also found that a certain type of extremely energetic gamma-ray bursts are more likely to occur in galaxies with fewer heavy elements, such as carbon and oxygen. The Milky Way galaxy, which is rich in heavy elements released by many generations of stars, is therefore an unlikely place for them to pop off.
哈勃的图像揭示了这些来自遥远星系短暂闪烁的辐射，哈勃的观测确认了这脉冲光源于恒星的毁灭。天文学家使用哈勃也发现了一种类型极为强有力的伽马射线爆，这类的伽马射线爆很可能发生于重元素(C,O)缺乏的星系内。银河系富含的重元素是许多代恒星所积累的，因此银河系不可能是伽马射线爆发的地方。
////////////////////////
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This is a sampling of the host galaxies of long-duration gamma-ray bursts taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Gamma-ray bursts are powerful flashes of high-energy radiation that arise from some supernovae, the explosive deaths of extremely massive stars. Long-duration bursts last more than one to two seconds.
这张是由NASA的哈勃空间望远镜所拍摄的关于宿主星系伽马射线爆的样本图。伽马射线爆是强大闪烁的高能辐射，产生于一些超新星，超大质量恒星的爆炸。最长能持续1-2S以上。
The green crosshairs pinpoint the location of the gamma-ray bursts, now long faded away. The galaxies in these images were part of a study that compared the environments of long bursts with those of supernovae. Only a small fraction of a certain type of supernovae produces gamma-ray bursts.
绿色的十字标明了伽马射线爆的位置，现在已经暗淡了。这个星系的图像是比较长时间爆炸与超新星的研究部分。只有一小部分类型的超新星产生伽马射线爆。These six images show the wide variety of host galaxies of gamma-ray bursts. The distances of these bursts range from 2 billion to 10 billion light-years from Earth. Most of the galaxies in these images are misshapen, irregular galaxies. The only exception is the spiral galaxy in the middle image on the top row. In this image, the bright round objects above, below, and to the right of the cross hairs are foreground stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way Galaxy.
这6张图像展示了各种各样宿主星系的伽马射线爆。这些爆炸处于远离地球20-100亿光年处。图中的大多数星系是畸形的，不规则的星系。唯一的例外是图像中央顶端的螺旋星系。
在这张图中，各方向的前景星在我们银河系的一个卫星星系小麦哲伦云中。
Researchers conducting the study found that long bursts occur in the brightest regions of mostly irregular galaxies where the most massive stars are forming. Typical supernovae, on the other hand, are more uniformly distributed across their host galaxies. Supernovae also come from larger, more developed galaxies than do the gamma-ray bursts.
研究人员发现长时间的伽马射线爆发生在觉得多数不规则星系的明亮的区域，大质量的恒星在这儿形成。从另一方面来说，典型的超新星更均匀地分布在他们的宿主星系内。超新星也来自于更大更成熟的星系的星系。
The images were taken between 1999 and 2005 by Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, and Advanced Camera for Surveys.
这张图片是哈勃在99-05年由哈勃的第二代宽市场行星照相机，太空望远镜成像光谱仪，先进相机拍摄的。
The team that made the study consists of A. Fruchter (Space Telescope Science Institute, or STScI); A. Levan (STScI/University of Leicester/University of Hertfordshire); L. Strolger (STScI/Western Kentucky University); P. Vreeswijk (European Southern Observatory, Chile); S.Thorsett (University of California, Santa Cruz); D. Bersier (STScI/Astrophysics Research Institute/Liverpool John Moores University); I. Burud (STScI/Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen); J. Castro Ceron (STScI/Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen); A. Castro-Tirado (Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Spain); C. Conselice (California Institute of Technology/University of Nottingham); T. Dahlen (Stockholm University); H. Ferguson (STScI); J. Fynbo (Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen); P. Garnavich (University of Notre Dame); R. Gibbons (STScI/Vanderbilt University); J. Gorosabel (STScI/Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Spain); T. Gull (NASA/GSFC); J. Hjorth (Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen); S. Holland (NASA/GSFC); C. Kouveliotou (NASA/MSFC); Z. Levay and M. Livio (STScI); M.R. Metzger (Renaissance Technologies Corporation, New York); P. Nugent (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory); L. Petro (STScI); E. Pian (INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Italy); J. Rhoads, A. Riess, and K. Sahu (STScI); A. Smette (European Southern Observatory, Chile); N. Tanvir (University of Hertfordshire); R. Wijers (University of Amsterdam); and S. Woosley (University of California, Santa Cruz)
Image Type: Astronomical/Illustration
Credit: NASA, ESA, Andrew Fruchter (STScI), and the GRB Optical Studies with HST (GOSH) collaboration
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/h/

7# 内阁首辅
Artist's Concept of Nearest Exoplanet to Our Solar System
艺术家描绘的太阳系外行星
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This is an artist's concept of a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting the nearby star Epsilon Eridani. Located 10.5 light-years away, it is the closest known exoplanet to our solar system. The planet is in an elliptical orbit that carries it as close to the star as Earth is from the Sun, and as far from the star as Jupiter is from the Sun.
这是一个艺术家对一个类木行星围绕其最近的恒星Epsilon Eridani运行的概念图。离我们10.5光年远，这是已知最靠近我们太阳系的系外行星。这颗系外行星处于一个椭圆轨道上，这个轨道离其恒星最近的距离相当于地球到太阳的距离，最远相当于木星到太阳的距离。
Epsilon Eridandi is a young star, only 800 million years old. It is still surrounded by a disk of dust that extends 20 billion miles from the star. The disk appears as a linear sheet of reflecting dust in this view because it is seen edge-on from the planet's orbit, which is in the same plane as the dust disk.
Epsilon Eridandi是一个年轻的恒星，只有8亿的年龄。现在有一个延伸200亿英里的尘埃盘环绕着它。从图中这个视角看这个尘埃盘像一条直线，因为是从行星的轨道边缘上看，行星的轨道与尘埃盘的同一平面上。The planet's rings and satellites are purely hypothetical in this view, but plausible. As a gas giant, the planet is uninhabitable for life as we know it. However, any moons might have conditions suitable for life.
图中这个行星的环和卫星是纯粹假设的，但也可能似是而非。作为一个气态行星是不可能有我们已知的生命适合在这里生存。然而，它的卫星可能有条件适合生命的存在。
Astronomers determined the planet's mass and orbital tilt in 2006 by using Hubble to measure the unseen planet's gravitational pull on the star as it slowly moved across the sky. Evidence for the planet first appeared in 2000 when astronomers measured a telltale wobble in the star.
天文学家在2006年使用哈勃测量了当这颗看不见的行星缓慢通过它的恒星时对其引力作用，确定了它的质量和轨道倾角。这颗行星在2000首次被发现，当天文学家测量一个已知天体的摆动时。
Image Type: Artwork
Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/i/
Planet Construction Zones
Astronomers used Hubble to confirm that planets form in dust disks around stars. The telescope showed that a previously detected planet around the nearby star Epsilon Eridani is orbiting at a 30-degree angle to our line of sight, the same inclination as the star’s dust disk. Although astronomers had long inferred that planets form in such disks, this is the first time the two objects have been observed around the same star.
天文学家使用哈勃证实了行星形成在恒星周围的尘埃盘。哈勃望远镜显示一颗曾经被我们观测到的轨道与我们的视线成30度角，位于Epsilon Eridani附近的行星，与恒星的尘埃盘有相同的倾角。虽然天文学家曾推断行星形成于这样的尘埃盘中，这是第一次观测到两个天体围绕同一颗恒星。
Some stars have more than one dust disk. Hubble images of the nearby star Beta Pictoris revealed two such disks. The observation confirmed a decade of speculation that a warp in the young star’s dust disk may actually be a second disk inclined to the star. The best explanation for the second disk is that an unseen planet, up to 20 times Jupiter’s mass, is orbiting it and using gravity to sweep up material from the primary disk.
许多恒星有不止一个的尘埃盘。由哈勃拍摄的恒星Beta Pictoris就有2个尘埃盘。这项观测确定了10年来的推测学说，即年轻恒星的尘埃盘可能实际上时第二个尘埃盘向恒星一侧倾斜。对第二个尘埃盘最好的解释是一个看不见的星星，高达20倍木星的质量，正围绕其并向其主尘埃盘吸取了物质。
The telescope also witnessed the early stages of planet formation when it observed a blizzard of particles around a star. The fluffy particles are evidence of planet formation because they were probably shed by much larger, unseen, snowball-sized objects that had collided with each other.
哈勃天文望远镜也目睹了行星形成的早期阶段，观察到恒星周围的粒子风暴。松软的粒子行星形成的证据，因为他们很可能 巨大的，看不见的，雪球大小的物体相撞形成的。

7# 内阁首辅
Artist's Concept of Nearest Exoplanet to Our Solar System
艺术家描绘的太阳系外行星
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This is an artist's concept of a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting the nearby star Epsilon Eridani. Located 10.5 light-years away, it is the closest known exoplanet to our solar system. The planet is in an elliptical orbit that carries it as close to the star as Earth is from the Sun, and as far from the star as Jupiter is from the Sun.
这是一个艺术家对一个类木行星围绕其最近的恒星Epsilon Eridani运行的概念图。离我们10.5光年远，这是已知最靠近我们太阳系的系外行星。这颗系外行星处于一个椭圆轨道上，这个轨道离其恒星最近的距离相当于地球到太阳的距离，最远相当于木星到太阳的距离。
Epsilon Eridandi is a young star, only 800 million years old. It is still surrounded by a disk of dust that extends 20 billion miles from the star. The disk appears as a linear sheet of reflecting dust in this view because it is seen edge-on from the planet's orbit, which is in the same plane as the dust disk.
Epsilon Eridandi是一个年轻的恒星，只有8亿的年龄。现在有一个延伸200亿英里的尘埃盘环绕着它。从图中这个视角看这个尘埃盘像一条直线，因为是从行星的轨道边缘上看，行星的轨道与尘埃盘的同一平面上。The planet's rings and satellites are purely hypothetical in this view, but plausible. As a gas giant, the planet is uninhabitable for life as we know it. However, any moons might have conditions suitable for life.
图中这个行星的环和卫星是纯粹假设的，但也可能似是而非。作为一个气态行星是不可能有我们已知的生命适合在这里生存。然而，它的卫星可能有条件适合生命的存在。
Astronomers determined the planet's mass and orbital tilt in 2006 by using Hubble to measure the unseen planet's gravitational pull on the star as it slowly moved across the sky. Evidence for the planet first appeared in 2000 when astronomers measured a telltale wobble in the star.
天文学家在2006年使用哈勃测量了当这颗看不见的行星缓慢通过它的恒星时对其引力作用，确定了它的质量和轨道倾角。这颗行星在2000首次被发现，当天文学家测量一个已知天体的摆动时。
Image Type: Artwork
Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/i/
Planet Construction Zones
Astronomers used Hubble to confirm that planets form in dust disks around stars. The telescope showed that a previously detected planet around the nearby star Epsilon Eridani is orbiting at a 30-degree angle to our line of sight, the same inclination as the star’s dust disk. Although astronomers had long inferred that planets form in such disks, this is the first time the two objects have been observed around the same star.
天文学家使用哈勃证实了行星形成在恒星周围的尘埃盘。哈勃望远镜显示一颗曾经被我们观测到的轨道与我们的视线成30度角，位于Epsilon Eridani附近的行星，与恒星的尘埃盘有相同的倾角。虽然天文学家曾推断行星形成于这样的尘埃盘中，这是第一次观测到两个天体围绕同一颗恒星。
Some stars have more than one dust disk. Hubble images of the nearby star Beta Pictoris revealed two such disks. The observation confirmed a decade of speculation that a warp in the young star’s dust disk may actually be a second disk inclined to the star. The best explanation for the second disk is that an unseen planet, up to 20 times Jupiter’s mass, is orbiting it and using gravity to sweep up material from the primary disk.
许多恒星有不止一个的尘埃盘。由哈勃拍摄的恒星Beta Pictoris就有2个尘埃盘。这项观测确定了10年来的推测学说，即年轻恒星的尘埃盘可能实际上时第二个尘埃盘向恒星一侧倾斜。对第二个尘埃盘最好的解释是一个看不见的星星，高达20倍木星的质量，正围绕其并向其主尘埃盘吸取了物质。
The telescope also witnessed the early stages of planet formation when it observed a blizzard of particles around a star. The fluffy particles are evidence of planet formation because they were probably shed by much larger, unseen, snowball-sized objects that had collided with each other.
哈勃天文望远镜也目睹了行星形成的早期阶段，观察到恒星周围的粒子风暴。松软的粒子行星形成的证据，因为他们很可能 巨大的，看不见的，雪球大小的物体相撞形成的。

8# 内阁首辅

走进超新星爆发
A Sun-like star ends its life in a blaze of glory, much as trees display colorful foliage in autumn before the barrenness of winter. Sun-like stars die gracefully by ejecting their outer gaseous layers into space. Eventually, the outer layers begin to glow in vibrant colors of red, blue, and green. The colorful glowing shroud is called a planetary nebula.
类似太阳的恒星在一团火光中终结其一生，就像树木在毫无生机的冬天到来前显示漂亮的树叶。类似太阳的恒星优雅地向外喷射外层气体后死亡。最终，星体外层开始在鲜明的色彩中发出红，蓝，绿的光芒。这个色彩丰富的笼罩物被行星状星云。
Hubble revealed unprecedented details of the death of Sun-like stars. Ground-based images suggested that many of these objects had simple spherical shapes. Hubble showed, however, that their shapes are more complex. Some look like pinwheels, others like butterflies, and still others like hourglasses.
哈勃发现空前的像类似太阳这样的恒星死亡的详情。地面的图像说明许多这样的天体是简单的球形形状。然而，哈勃的图像显示他们的形状是相当复杂的，一些看起来像风车，一些像蝴蝶，还有的想沙漏。
Turning its vision to the tattered remains of a massive star’s explosive death, Hubble helped astronomers rewrite the textbooks on exploding stars. The telescope’s observations of Supernova 1987A showed that the real world is more complicated and interesting than anyone could imagine. Hubble began observing the supernova shortly after the telescope was launched in 1990.
把视线转向大量恒星爆发剩下的残骸，哈勃帮助天文学家重写了关于恒星爆发的教科书。哈勃望远镜对超新星1987A的观测显示真实的世界币想象中的更复杂和有趣。哈勃开始观测超新星在他1990年升空后不久。
Among Hubble’s findings were three mysterious rings of material encircling the doomed star. The telescope also spied brightened spots on the middle ring’s inner region, caused by an expanding wave of material from the explosion slamming into it.
哈勃有三个神秘的物质环环绕这个濒临死亡的恒星。哈勃空间望远镜在中环区域内也探测到许多发光点，其原因是爆炸产生的强大的冲击波撞击环内的物质。
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
Two decades ago, astronomers spotted one of the brightest exploding stars in more than 400 years.
20年前，天文学家发现在400年前一个最明亮的天体爆发。
Since that first sighting, the doomed star, called Supernova 1987A, has continued to fascinate astronomers with its spectacular light show. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is one of many observatories that has been monitoring the blast's aftermath.
从那次发现以来，这颗濒临死亡的恒星被命名为超新星1987A，天文学家随着它壮观的光亮而对它着迷。NASA的哈勃空间望远镜是监测其爆炸之后情况的望远镜之一。
This image shows the entire region around the supernova. The most prominent feature in the image is a ring with dozens of bright spots. A shock wave of material unleashed by the stellar blast is slamming into regions along the ring's inner regions, heating them up, and causing them to glow. The ring, about a light-year across, was probably shed by the star about 20,000 years before it exploded.
这张图像显示了超新星周围的整个区域。图像中最突出的特点是环上许多明亮的斑点。恒星爆炸释放的物质冲击波撞上了沿着环内的区域，把他们加热并发出光亮。这个环直径大约1光年，很可能是其爆发2万年前发散出来的。
Astronomers detected the first bright spot in 1997, but now they see dozens of spots around the ring. Only Hubble can see the individual bright spots. In the next few years, the entire ring will be ablaze as it absorbs the full force of the crash. The glowing ring is expected to become bright enough to illuminate the star's surroundings, providing astronomers with new information on how the star expelled material before the explosion.
天文学家在1997年检测课第一个明亮的斑点，但是他们现在看见许多斑点围绕着环。只有哈勃能看见其中的个别亮点。在接下来的几年时间里，当整个环吸收了充足的撞击能时将炙热起来。这个红通通的环预计变得足够明亮而照亮恒星周围，给天文学家提供新的关于超新星如何在爆发前喷射物质的信息。
The pink object in the center of the ring is debris from the supernova blast. The glowing debris is being heated by radioactive elements, principally titanium 44, created in the explosion. The debris will continue to glow for many decades.
在环中心粉红的区域是来自超新星爆发的碎片。这些发光的碎片是被放射性元素钛44加热的。这些碎片将继续发光上百年。
The origin of a pair of faint outer red rings, located above and below the doomed star, is a mystery. The two bright objects that look like car headlights are a pair of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The supernova is located 163,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
来源于濒临死亡的恒星外呈现微弱红光的处于上下位置的环是一个迷。两个看上去像车灯的明亮的物体是在大麦哲伦星云中的一对恒星。这颗超新星位于163.000光年的大麦哲伦星云。
The image was taken in December 2006 with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys.
Object Name: SN 1987A
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Challis and R. Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/j/

8# 内阁首辅
Going Out in a Blaze of Glory
走进超新星爆发
A Sun-like star ends its life in a blaze of glory, much as trees display colorful foliage in autumn before the barrenness of winter. Sun-like stars die gracefully by ejecting their outer gaseous layers into space. Eventually, the outer layers begin to glow in vibrant colors of red, blue, and green. The colorful glowing shroud is called a planetary nebula.
类似太阳的恒星在一团火光中终结其一生，就像树木在毫无生机的冬天到来前显示漂亮的树叶。类似太阳的恒星优雅地向外喷射外层气体后死亡。最终，星体外层开始在鲜明的色彩中发出红，蓝，绿的光芒。这个色彩丰富的笼罩物被行星状星云。
Hubble revealed unprecedented details of the death of Sun-like stars. Ground-based images suggested that many of these objects had simple spherical shapes. Hubble showed, however, that their shapes are more complex. Some look like pinwheels, others like butterflies, and still others like hourglasses.
哈勃发现空前的像类似太阳这样的恒星死亡的详情。地面的图像说明许多这样的天体是简单的球形形状。然而，哈勃的图像显示他们的形状是相当复杂的，一些看起来像风车，一些像蝴蝶，还有的想沙漏。
Turning its vision to the tattered remains of a massive star’s explosive death, Hubble helped astronomers rewrite the textbooks on exploding stars. The telescope’s observations of Supernova 1987A showed that the real world is more complicated and interesting than anyone could imagine. Hubble began observing the supernova shortly after the telescope was launched in 1990.
把视线转向大量恒星爆发剩下的残骸，哈勃帮助天文学家重写了关于恒星爆发的教科书。哈勃望远镜对超新星1987A的观测显示真实的世界币想象中的更复杂和有趣。哈勃开始观测超新星在他1990年升空后不久。
Among Hubble’s findings were three mysterious rings of material encircling the doomed star. The telescope also spied brightened spots on the middle ring’s inner region, caused by an expanding wave of material from the explosion slamming into it.
哈勃有三个神秘的物质环环绕这个濒临死亡的恒星。哈勃空间望远镜在中环区域内也探测到许多发光点，其原因是爆炸产生的强大的冲击波撞击环内的物质。
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
Two decades ago, astronomers spotted one of the brightest exploding stars in more than 400 years.
20年前，天文学家发现在400年前一个最明亮的天体爆发。
Since that first sighting, the doomed star, called Supernova 1987A, has continued to fascinate astronomers with its spectacular light show. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is one of many observatories that has been monitoring the blast's aftermath.
从那次发现以来，这颗濒临死亡的恒星被命名为超新星1987A，天文学家随着它壮观的光亮而对它着迷。NASA的哈勃空间望远镜是监测其爆炸之后情况的望远镜之一。
This image shows the entire region around the supernova. The most prominent feature in the image is a ring with dozens of bright spots. A shock wave of material unleashed by the stellar blast is slamming into regions along the ring's inner regions, heating them up, and causing them to glow. The ring, about a light-year across, was probably shed by the star about 20,000 years before it exploded.
这张图像显示了超新星周围的整个区域。图像中最突出的特点是环上许多明亮的斑点。恒星爆炸释放的物质冲击波撞上了沿着环内的区域，把他们加热并发出光亮。这个环直径大约1光年，很可能是其爆发2万年前发散出来的。
Astronomers detected the first bright spot in 1997, but now they see dozens of spots around the ring. Only Hubble can see the individual bright spots. In the next few years, the entire ring will be ablaze as it absorbs the full force of the crash. The glowing ring is expected to become bright enough to illuminate the star's surroundings, providing astronomers with new information on how the star expelled material before the explosion.
天文学家在1997年检测课第一个明亮的斑点，但是他们现在看见许多斑点围绕着环。只有哈勃能看见其中的个别亮点。在接下来的几年时间里，当整个环吸收了充足的撞击能时将炙热起来。这个红通通的环预计变得足够明亮而照亮恒星周围，给天文学家提供新的关于超新星如何在爆发前喷射物质的信息。
The pink object in the center of the ring is debris from the supernova blast. The glowing debris is being heated by radioactive elements, principally titanium 44, created in the explosion. The debris will continue to glow for many decades.
在环中心粉红的区域是来自超新星爆发的碎片。这些发光的碎片是被放射性元素钛44加热的。这些碎片将继续发光上百年。
The origin of a pair of faint outer red rings, located above and below the doomed star, is a mystery. The two bright objects that look like car headlights are a pair of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The supernova is located 163,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
来源于濒临死亡的恒星外呈现微弱红光的处于上下位置的环是一个迷。两个看上去像车灯的明亮的物体是在大麦哲伦星云中的一对恒星。这颗超新星位于163.000光年的大麦哲伦星云。
The image was taken in December 2006 with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys.
Object Name: SN 1987A
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Challis and R. Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/j/

9# 内阁首辅

Hubble observations allowed astronomers to calculate a precise age for the universe using two independent methods. The findings reduced the uncertainty to 10 percent. The first method relied on determining the expansion rate of the universe, a value called the Hubble constant. In May 1999 a team of astronomers obtained a value for the Hubble constant by measuring the distances to nearly two dozen galaxies, some as far as 65 million light-years from Earth. By obtaining a value for the Hubble constant, the team then determined that the universe is about 13 billion years old.
哈勃的观测允许天文学家计算宇宙精确的年龄使用两种不同的方法。调查结果的不确定性减少到10%以下。第一中国方法依靠测定宇宙的膨胀率，其值称为哈勃常数。在1999年5月一组天文学家通过测量最近两打星系的哦距离获得了哈勃常数，这些星系远离地球6500万光年外。通过这个哈勃常数，这组天文学家确定宇宙年龄大约在130亿年。
In the second method astronomers calculated a lower limit for the universe’s age by measuring the light from old, dim, burned-out stars, called white dwarfs. The ancient white dwarf stars, as seen by Hubble, are at least 12 to 13 billion years old.
第二种方法是通过测量老的，暗淡的，燃烧殆尽的白矮星发出的光线来计算宇宙的年龄。哈勃所见的古老的白矮星至少有120-130亿年的年龄了。

9# 内阁首辅
How Old is the Universe
Hubble observations allowed astronomers to calculate a precise age for the universe using two independent methods. The findings reduced the uncertainty to 10 percent. The first method relied on determining the expansion rate of the universe, a value called the Hubble constant. In May 1999 a team of astronomers obtained a value for the Hubble constant by measuring the distances to nearly two dozen galaxies, some as far as 65 million light-years from Earth. By obtaining a value for the Hubble constant, the team then determined that the universe is about 13 billion years old.
哈勃的观测允许天文学家计算宇宙精确的年龄使用两种不同的方法。调查结果的不确定性减少到10%以下。第一中国方法依靠测定宇宙的膨胀率，其值称为哈勃常数。在1999年5月一组天文学家通过测量最近两打星系的哦距离获得了哈勃常数，这些星系远离地球6500万光年外。通过这个哈勃常数，这组天文学家确定宇宙年龄大约在130亿年。
In the second method astronomers calculated a lower limit for the universe’s age by measuring the light from old, dim, burned-out stars, called white dwarfs. The ancient white dwarf stars, as seen by Hubble, are at least 12 to 13 billion years old.
第二种方法是通过测量老的，暗淡的，燃烧殆尽的白矮星发出的光线来计算宇宙的年龄。哈勃所见的古老的白矮星至少有120-130亿年的年龄了。

10# 内阁首辅

Imagine setting off every atomic bomb on Earth all at once. Now imagine repeating such an apocalyptic explosion two dozen times in a week! Unleashing such energy would destroy Earth’s surface, but the giant planet Jupiter hardly flinched when it underwent such a catastrophe in 1994. Hubble provided a ringside seat to a once-in-a-millennium event when two dozen chunks of a comet smashed into Jupiter.
想象下图像中的的撞击要是发生在地球上，其中每个碎片都是一颗原子弹。现在重复想象下这样世界末日的爆炸在一周内发生24次！释放这样能量足以摧毁地球表面，但是当1994年经历了如此的灾难使巨大的木星几乎退缩。当2打的彗星碎片撞击木星时，哈勃提供了一个绝佳的视角观测了这个千年难得的事件。
The telescope snapped dramatic images of massive explosions that sent towering mushroom-shaped fireballs of hot gas into the Jovian sky. The doomed comet, called Shoemaker-Levy 9, had been pulled apart two years earlier by Jupiter’s gravity. Each impact left temporary black, sooty scars in Jupiter’s planetary clouds.
哈勃望远镜拍摄了戏剧性的大规模爆炸，炙热的气体产生高耸的蘑菇云冲向木星的天空。这颗彗星是Shoemaker-Levy 9，在2年前被木星的引力分开。每张图像都在木星的云层中留下了临时性黑色的伤疤。
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This is a composite photo, assembled from separate images of Jupiter and Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9, as imaged by the Wide Field & Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), aboard. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST).
这是一张合成的图片，由木星和P/Shoemaker-Levy 9彗星的图像合成的，该图像是由MASA的哈勃空间望远镜上的广域行星照相机2(WFPC2)拍摄的。
Jupiter was imaged on May 18, 1 994, when the giant planet was at a distance of 420 million miles (670 million km) from Earth. This "true-color" picture was assembled from separate HST exposures in red, blue, and green light. Jupiter's rotation between exposures creates the blue and red fringe on either side of the disk. HST can resolve details in Jupiter's magnificent cloud belts and zones as small as 200 miles (320 km) across (wide field mode). This detailed view is only surpassed by images from spacecraft that have traveled to Jupiter.
木星的图像拍摄于1994.5.18，当时这个巨大的行星距离地球4.2亿英里（6.7亿km）。这张彩色图片是由三张红，蓝，绿单色光线成像合成的。木星的自转使得图像中木星的两边产生了蓝色和红色影像。这张详细的图像细节以超过此前前往木星的航天器所拍摄的图像的效果，
The dark spot on the disk of Jupiter is the shadow of the inner moon lo. This volcanic moon appears as an orange and yellow disk just to the upper right of the shadow. Though lo is approximately the size of Earth's Moon (but 2,000 times farther away), HST can resolve surface details.
木星上的暗色斑点是最近的卫星-罗的影子。这个有火山活动的卫星在影子的右上方呈现出橘黄色和黄色。虽然木卫一伊俄有着与月球大致的大小，但是广域行星照相机还是能拍到她表面的细节。
When the comet was observed on May 17, its train of 21 icy fragments stretched across 710 thousand miles (1.1 million km) of space, or 3 times the distance between Earth and the Moon This required six WFPC exposures along the comet train to include all the nuclei. The image was taken in red light.
当彗星在5月17日被观测到时，她就像21块冰冷的列车碎片绵延71万英里（110万km）的空间，或者3倍地球与月亮之间的距离、这就要求广域行星照相机连续曝光6次才能把这个彗星列车所有的部分都拍下。这张照片是用红光拍摄的。
Object Names: Jupiter, Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9
Image Type: Astronomical/Illustration
Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Weaver and E. Smith (STScI) and J. Trauger and R. Evans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
NEWS RELEASE IMAGES
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/m/

10# 内阁首辅
A Shattered Comet Rocks Jupiter
Imagine setting off every atomic bomb on Earth all at once. Now imagine repeating such an apocalyptic explosion two dozen times in a week! Unleashing such energy would destroy Earth’s surface, but the giant planet Jupiter hardly flinched when it underwent such a catastrophe in 1994. Hubble provided a ringside seat to a once-in-a-millennium event when two dozen chunks of a comet smashed into Jupiter.
想象下图像中的的撞击要是发生在地球上，其中每个碎片都是一颗原子弹。现在重复想象下这样世界末日的爆炸在一周内发生24次！释放这样能量足以摧毁地球表面，但是当1994年经历了如此的灾难使巨大的木星几乎退缩。当2打的彗星碎片撞击木星时，哈勃提供了一个绝佳的视角观测了这个千年难得的事件。
The telescope snapped dramatic images of massive explosions that sent towering mushroom-shaped fireballs of hot gas into the Jovian sky. The doomed comet, called Shoemaker-Levy 9, had been pulled apart two years earlier by Jupiter’s gravity. Each impact left temporary black, sooty scars in Jupiter’s planetary clouds.
哈勃望远镜拍摄了戏剧性的大规模爆炸，炙热的气体产生高耸的蘑菇云冲向木星的天空。这颗彗星是Shoemaker-Levy 9，在2年前被木星的引力分开。每张图像都在木星的云层中留下了临时性黑色的伤疤。
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
This is a composite photo, assembled from separate images of Jupiter and Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9, as imaged by the Wide Field & Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), aboard. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST).
这是一张合成的图片，由木星和P/Shoemaker-Levy 9彗星的图像合成的，该图像是由MASA的哈勃空间望远镜上的广域行星照相机2(WFPC2)拍摄的。
Jupiter was imaged on May 18, 1 994, when the giant planet was at a distance of 420 million miles (670 million km) from Earth. This "true-color" picture was assembled from separate HST exposures in red, blue, and green light. Jupiter's rotation between exposures creates the blue and red fringe on either side of the disk. HST can resolve details in Jupiter's magnificent cloud belts and zones as small as 200 miles (320 km) across (wide field mode). This detailed view is only surpassed by images from spacecraft that have traveled to Jupiter.
木星的图像拍摄于1994.5.18，当时这个巨大的行星距离地球4.2亿英里（6.7亿km）。这张彩色图片是由三张红，蓝，绿单色光线成像合成的。木星的自转使得图像中木星的两边产生了蓝色和红色影像。这张详细的图像细节以超过此前前往木星的航天器所拍摄的图像的效果，
The dark spot on the disk of Jupiter is the shadow of the inner moon lo. This volcanic moon appears as an orange and yellow disk just to the upper right of the shadow. Though lo is approximately the size of Earth's Moon (but 2,000 times farther away), HST can resolve surface details.
木星上的暗色斑点是最近的卫星-罗的影子。这个有火山活动的卫星在影子的右上方呈现出橘黄色和黄色。虽然木卫一伊俄有着与月球大致的大小，但是广域行星照相机还是能拍到她表面的细节。
When the comet was observed on May 17, its train of 21 icy fragments stretched across 710 thousand miles (1.1 million km) of space, or 3 times the distance between Earth and the Moon This required six WFPC exposures along the comet train to include all the nuclei. The image was taken in red light.
当彗星在5月17日被观测到时，她就像21块冰冷的列车碎片绵延71万英里（110万km）的空间，或者3倍地球与月亮之间的距离、这就要求广域行星照相机连续曝光6次才能把这个彗星列车所有的部分都拍下。这张照片是用红光拍摄的。
Object Names: Jupiter, Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9
Image Type: Astronomical/Illustration
Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Weaver and E. Smith (STScI) and J. Trauger and R. Evans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
NEWS RELEASE IMAGES
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2009/18/image/m/

由NASA的哈勃空间望远镜发现一对环绕在冥王星的小行星现在有了正式的名称：Nix和 Hydra。由哈勃在2005年拍摄的图像，Nix和Hydra比冥王星暗淡5000倍，而且他们离冥王星的距离比1978年发现的冥王星最大的卫星Charon远大约2-3倍。
Object Names: Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Weaver (JHU/APL), A. Stern (SwRI), and the HST Pluto Companion Search Team

12# 内阁首辅
这里随便说说这次STS-125任务中对哈勃的维修计划
现在先介绍下这次任务主要情况：
From the left are astronauts Michael J. Massimino, Michael T. Good, both mission specialists; Gregory C. Johnson, pilot; Scott D. Altman, commander; K. Megan McArthur, John M. Grunsfeld and Andrew J. Feustel, all mission specialists. Image credit: NASA
       Veteran astronaut Scott D. Altman will command the final space shuttle mission to Hubble. Retired Navy Capt. Gregory C. Johnson will serve as pilot. Mission specialists include veteran spacewalkers John M. Grunsfeld and Michael J. Massimino and first-time space fliers Andrew J. Feustel, Michael T. Good and K. Megan McArthur.
     Altman, a native of Pekin, Ill., will be making his fourth space flight and his second trip to Hubble. He commanded the STS-109 Hubble servicing mission in 2002. He served as pilot of STS-90 in 1998 and STS-106 in 2000. Johnson, a Seattle native and former Navy test pilot and NASA research pilot, was selected as an astronaut in 1998. He will be making his first space flight.
     Chicago native Grunsfeld, an astronomer, will be making his third trip to Hubble and his fifth space flight. He performed a total of five spacewalks to service the telescope on STS-103 in 1999 and STS-109 in 2002. He also flew on STS-67 in 1995 and STS-81 in 1997. Massimino, from Franklin Square, N.Y., will be making his second trip to Hubble and his second space flight. He performed two spacewalks to service the telescope during the STS-109 mission in 2002.
    Feustel, Good, and McArthur were each selected as astronauts in 2000. Feustel, a native of Lake Orion, Mich., was an exploration geophysicist in the petroleum industry at the time of his selection by NASA. Good is from Broadview Heights, Ohio, and is an Air Force colonel, weapons systems officer and graduate of the Air Force Test Pilot School, having logged more than 2,100 hours in 30 different types of aircraft. McArthur, born in Honolulu, Hawaii, considers California her home state. She has a doctorate in oceanography from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego.
执行STS-125任务机组成员：
任务专家：Michael J. Massimino, Michael T. Good；
领航员Gregory C. Johnson
指令长Scott D. Altman;
任务专家 K.Megan McArthur, John M. Grunsfeld ，Andrew J. Feustel
      资深宇航员Scott D. Altman 将担任本次哈勃空间望远镜维修任务的指令长，最后一次维修哈勃了。退役海军上尉Gregory C. Johnson 将担任领航员，任务专家组包括太空行走宇航员John M. Grunsfeld ，Michael J. Massimino和首次进行空间任务的Andrew J. Feustel, Michael T.Good and K. Megan McArthur.
      Altman出生在小镇Pekin，这是他的第4次太空飞行，也是他执行的第2次哈勃任务。2002年，他指挥STS-109机组进行了第3次哈勃维修任务，在1998年的STS-90任务和2000年的STS-106任务中，他担任领航员。詹森，西雅图人，曾是美国海军试飞员和NASA试飞员，
1998年被选拔为宇航员。这是他的首次太空飞行任务。   
   Grunsfeld是芝加哥人，是一位天文学家。这是他的第3次哈勃任务，这也是他第5次空间飞行。在1999年的STS-103任务和2002年的STS-109任务中,他总共进行了5次太空行走。他还参加了1995年的STS-67任务和1997年的STS-81任务。Massimino来自纽约富兰克林区，将进行他的第2次哈勃任务，也是第2次太空任务。在2002年的STS-109任务中，他进行了2次太空行走。
    Feustel，Goodand McArthur ，都是在2000年被选为宇航员的。Feustel，来自Lake Orion。来NASA之前他是一位石油勘探学家。Good 来自Broadview Heights，是一名空军上校、武器系统军官，毕业于空军试飞学院，有2100小时飞行记录，且能飞30多种机型。McArthur来自夏威夷火奴鲁鲁，她原先在Scripps 机构工作，是加州－圣地牙哥大学的博士。
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_page ... /hst_sm4/index.html

12# 内阁首辅
这里随便说说这次STS-125任务中对哈勃的维修计划
现在先介绍下这次任务主要情况：
From the left are astronauts Michael J. Massimino, Michael T. Good, both mission specialists; Gregory C. Johnson, pilot; Scott D. Altman, commander; K. Megan McArthur, John M. Grunsfeld and Andrew J. Feustel, all mission specialists. Image credit: NASA
       Veteran astronaut Scott D. Altman will command the final space shuttle mission to Hubble. Retired Navy Capt. Gregory C. Johnson will serve as pilot. Mission specialists include veteran spacewalkers John M. Grunsfeld and Michael J. Massimino and first-time space fliers Andrew J. Feustel, Michael T. Good and K. Megan McArthur.
     Altman, a native of Pekin, Ill., will be making his fourth space flight and his second trip to Hubble. He commanded the STS-109 Hubble servicing mission in 2002. He served as pilot of STS-90 in 1998 and STS-106 in 2000. Johnson, a Seattle native and former Navy test pilot and NASA research pilot, was selected as an astronaut in 1998. He will be making his first space flight.
     Chicago native Grunsfeld, an astronomer, will be making his third trip to Hubble and his fifth space flight. He performed a total of five spacewalks to service the telescope on STS-103 in 1999 and STS-109 in 2002. He also flew on STS-67 in 1995 and STS-81 in 1997. Massimino, from Franklin Square, N.Y., will be making his second trip to Hubble and his second space flight. He performed two spacewalks to service the telescope during the STS-109 mission in 2002.
    Feustel, Good, and McArthur were each selected as astronauts in 2000. Feustel, a native of Lake Orion, Mich., was an exploration geophysicist in the petroleum industry at the time of his selection by NASA. Good is from Broadview Heights, Ohio, and is an Air Force colonel, weapons systems officer and graduate of the Air Force Test Pilot School, having logged more than 2,100 hours in 30 different types of aircraft. McArthur, born in Honolulu, Hawaii, considers California her home state. She has a doctorate in oceanography from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego.
执行STS-125任务机组成员：
任务专家：Michael J. Massimino, Michael T. Good；
领航员Gregory C. Johnson
指令长Scott D. Altman;
任务专家 K.Megan McArthur, John M. Grunsfeld ，Andrew J. Feustel
      资深宇航员Scott D. Altman 将担任本次哈勃空间望远镜维修任务的指令长，最后一次维修哈勃了。退役海军上尉Gregory C. Johnson 将担任领航员，任务专家组包括太空行走宇航员John M. Grunsfeld ，Michael J. Massimino和首次进行空间任务的Andrew J. Feustel, Michael T.Good and K. Megan McArthur.
      Altman出生在小镇Pekin，这是他的第4次太空飞行，也是他执行的第2次哈勃任务。2002年，他指挥STS-109机组进行了第3次哈勃维修任务，在1998年的STS-90任务和2000年的STS-106任务中，他担任领航员。詹森，西雅图人，曾是美国海军试飞员和NASA试飞员，
1998年被选拔为宇航员。这是他的首次太空飞行任务。   
   Grunsfeld是芝加哥人，是一位天文学家。这是他的第3次哈勃任务，这也是他第5次空间飞行。在1999年的STS-103任务和2002年的STS-109任务中,他总共进行了5次太空行走。他还参加了1995年的STS-67任务和1997年的STS-81任务。Massimino来自纽约富兰克林区，将进行他的第2次哈勃任务，也是第2次太空任务。在2002年的STS-109任务中，他进行了2次太空行走。
    Feustel，Goodand McArthur ，都是在2000年被选为宇航员的。Feustel，来自Lake Orion。来NASA之前他是一位石油勘探学家。Good 来自Broadview Heights，是一名空军上校、武器系统军官，毕业于空军试飞学院，有2100小时飞行记录，且能飞30多种机型。McArthur来自夏威夷火奴鲁鲁，她原先在Scripps 机构工作，是加州－圣地牙哥大学的博士。
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_page ... /hst_sm4/index.html

13# 内阁首辅
大功告成··打完收工··呵呵··

13# 内阁首辅
大功告成··打完收工··呵呵··

好文章，翻译的很精彩


好文章，翻译的很精彩

楼主的强力好帖，谢谢了，看着很过瘾！

2楼的图很精彩，直接证明暗物质的存在
中间粉红的是发光的普通物质，两侧蓝色的是暗物质的引力透镜效应

17# huor
这里引用NASA的一个说明暗物质的图：
Explanation: How do we know that dark matter isn't just normal matter exhibiting strange gravity? A new observation of gravitationally magnified faint galaxies far in the distance behind a massive cluster of galaxies is shedding new dark on the subject. The above detailed image from the Hubble Space Telescope indicates that a huge ring of dark matter likely exists surrounding the center of CL0024+17 that has no normal matter counterpart. What is visible in the above image, first and foremost, are many spectacular galaxies that are part of CL0024+17 itself, typically appearing tan in color. Next, a close inspection of the cluster center shows several unusual and repeated galaxy shapes, typically more blue. These are multiple images of a few distant galaxies, showing that the cluster is a strong gravitational lens. It is the relatively weak distortions of the many distant faint blue galaxies all over the image, however, that indicates the existence of the dark matter ring. The computationally modeled dark matter ring spans about five million light years and been digitally superimposed to the image in diffuse blue. A hypothesis for the formation of the huge dark matter ring holds that it is a transient feature formed when galaxy cluster CL0024+17 collided with another cluster of galaxies about one billion years ago, leaving a ring similar to when a rock is thrown in a pond.
翻译：
说明：我们怎样知道暗物质不只是拥有奇怪引力作用的普通物质呢？针对大质量星系团后方遥远星系进行了一次新的重力透镜效应观测，结果发现了新的暗物质。上面这张哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的清晰影像表明，一个巨大的暗物质环围绕在星系团CL0024+17的中央周围，并且没有相应的普通物质存在。在上面影像中，第一眼就可以在前景中看到有许多壮观的星系，它们是CL0024+17星系团的一部分，大多数显棕黄色。其次，仔细检查星团的中央，可以看到数个形状不规则而且重复的星系，其特征颜色偏蓝色。这些遥远星系的多重影像，正好说明了星系团是一个强大的引力透镜。整张影像中还有许多遥远的蓝色昏暗星系相对有轻微的变形影像，然而，这就表明具有暗物质环的存在。通过电脑计算出模型的暗物质环大约覆盖500万光年，并且以弥漫的蓝色、经过数字叠加在这张影像中。关于巨大暗物质环形成的一种假设是它是一种瞬间形成特征，当星系团CL0024+17与另一个星系团在10亿年前发生碰撞时出现的，看上去就像把一块石头扔进了池塘形成的水波一样。

17# huor
这里引用NASA的一个说明暗物质的图：
Explanation: How do we know that dark matter isn't just normal matter exhibiting strange gravity? A new observation of gravitationally magnified faint galaxies far in the distance behind a massive cluster of galaxies is shedding new dark on the subject. The above detailed image from the Hubble Space Telescope indicates that a huge ring of dark matter likely exists surrounding the center of CL0024+17 that has no normal matter counterpart. What is visible in the above image, first and foremost, are many spectacular galaxies that are part of CL0024+17 itself, typically appearing tan in color. Next, a close inspection of the cluster center shows several unusual and repeated galaxy shapes, typically more blue. These are multiple images of a few distant galaxies, showing that the cluster is a strong gravitational lens. It is the relatively weak distortions of the many distant faint blue galaxies all over the image, however, that indicates the existence of the dark matter ring. The computationally modeled dark matter ring spans about five million light years and been digitally superimposed to the image in diffuse blue. A hypothesis for the formation of the huge dark matter ring holds that it is a transient feature formed when galaxy cluster CL0024+17 collided with another cluster of galaxies about one billion years ago, leaving a ring similar to when a rock is thrown in a pond.
翻译：
说明：我们怎样知道暗物质不只是拥有奇怪引力作用的普通物质呢？针对大质量星系团后方遥远星系进行了一次新的重力透镜效应观测，结果发现了新的暗物质。上面这张哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的清晰影像表明，一个巨大的暗物质环围绕在星系团CL0024+17的中央周围，并且没有相应的普通物质存在。在上面影像中，第一眼就可以在前景中看到有许多壮观的星系，它们是CL0024+17星系团的一部分，大多数显棕黄色。其次，仔细检查星团的中央，可以看到数个形状不规则而且重复的星系，其特征颜色偏蓝色。这些遥远星系的多重影像，正好说明了星系团是一个强大的引力透镜。整张影像中还有许多遥远的蓝色昏暗星系相对有轻微的变形影像，然而，这就表明具有暗物质环的存在。通过电脑计算出模型的暗物质环大约覆盖500万光年，并且以弥漫的蓝色、经过数字叠加在这张影像中。关于巨大暗物质环形成的一种假设是它是一种瞬间形成特征，当星系团CL0024+17与另一个星系团在10亿年前发生碰撞时出现的，看上去就像把一块石头扔进了池塘形成的水波一样。

哈勃可是汗马功臣啊

厉害无比的大家伙！

嘿，19年前哈勃上天的时候我刚刚开始看航空知识呢

光荣退役

我们有太空望远镜的计划吗？