超级军网大西洋月刊: 印度忘記了中国人的拘留营
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/29 17:51:43
大西洋月刊: 印度忘記了中国人的拘留营
India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp
中印1962年边境冲突后，印度把3000个中国人抓进拘留营。半世纪后，幸存者仍没得到道歉。
Following a brief border skirmish in 1962, India held 3,000 ethnic Chinese people in prison camps. A half-century later, survivors are still seeking justice.
大西洋月刊 James Griffiths 2013年8月9日，7:30 AM ET
James Griffiths Aug 9 2013, 7:30 AM ET The Atlantic
1962年郑孟扬六岁那年，一个半夜当地武装警察来把他和他的家人帯走。一些警察认识郑家多年，道歉的説，他们只是在奉命行事，帯去安全的地方“为你们自己好。”
Michael Cheng was six years old in 1962 when the police came to take him and his family away. They arrived, armed and in force, in the middle of the night. Some of the officers, many of whom had known the Chengs for years, were apologetic. They were just following orders, the men assured Michael's mother, and the family was being taken somewhere safe "for your own good."
郑家是不是唯一的。安迪·谢是在在印度东北部西隆一所寄宿学校一名学生。有一天，他和几个同学被叫进校长办公室，并被告知，他们将要长的时间离开。
The Cheng family wasn't the only one. Andy Hsieh was a student at a boarding school in Shillong, in northeast India. One day, he and several of his classmates were called into the headmaster's office and told that they would be going away for an indefinite length of time.
当警察来到黄英盛的家人，打包离去时，躲过了日军入侵新加坡的黄的母亲，立刻知道怎么回事。
When police came for Wong Ying Sheng's family, they were packed and ready to go. Wong's mother had escaped the Japanese invasion of Singapore and knew the signs.
当警察来到时，郑孟扬的家人，并不惊讶。一周前，孟扬的父亲和几十个散落在西孟加拉邦己被当“可疑的人”被当局逮捕，但是令人惊讶的是，整个家庭 - 郑孟扬，他的父母和他的哥哥全被逮捕。在接下来的日子里，他们被运送西面1000英里偏远的拉贾斯坦邦Deoli战俘营在。他们花未来两年在那里 - 这是从来没有宣布战争的囚犯。
Michael's family, too, was unsurprised when the police arrived. Michael's father had been imprisoned for the previous week, one of dozens of "suspicious people" in the tiny Chinese-Indian community scattered around West Bengal who were arrested by the authorities in the first days of the 1962 Sino-Indian Border Conflict. But what was a surprise was how far the family -- Michael, his parents, and his older brother Moses -- were taken. Over the next days they were transported 1,000 miles west to a remote prison camp in Deoli, Rajasthan. They would spend the next two years there -- prisoners of a war that was never declared.
从今天的角度，中国和印度之间的战争 - 这两个世界上人口最大的国家 - 似乎很遥远，古老的历史遗物。起初，新独立的印度和新成立的中华人民共和国之间的关系很好：印度尼赫鲁是最早承认中国的国家之一。尽管一些症结 - 这两个国家共有漫长而没有准确划订的喜马拉雅边界 - 20世纪50年代，中国和印度之间的关系大多还是亲切。
From today's vantage point, a war between China and India - the world's two largest countries by population - seems remote, a relic of ancient history. And initially, relations between the newly independent India and the recently established People's Republic of China (PRC) were strong: Nehru's India was one of the first nations to recognize Mao Zedong's Communist regime when it took power in China in 1949. Despite one major sticking point -- the two countries shared a long and poorly-defined Himalayan border -- relations between China and India were mostly cordial through the 1950s.
西藏是关系恶化的催化剂。最初印度保証，它没有对西藏领土的要求。关系恶化是在，1959年西藏动乱失败后，DL 喇 嘛逃到印度的喜马偕尔邦的达兰萨拉。对此，愤怒的中国要求重新划分边界。北京的建议被拒绝，两国开始了多年的“军事行动”和小冲突。
Tibet proved to be the catalyst for worsening relations. Initially, India reassured China that it had no designs on the territory, which Beijing annexed in 1950. But relations soured when, after a failed Tibetan uprising in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to Dharmsala in India's Himachal Pradesh. In response, a furious China claimed over 60,000 square miles of Indian-controlled territory and demanded "rectification" of the disputed Himalayan border. Beijing's proposal was rejected, and the two countries began years of "military incidents" and minor skirmishes.
然后，1962年10月20日，人民解放军越过边界，向毫无准备的和人员不足印度守军狠狠打击。一个月之内，中国军队已基本占领1959年他们声称的领土。11月19日，中国宣布单方面停火。双方军队都撤回到1959年前“实际控制线”，中国保留了阿克赛钦,印度被迫放弃任何东部领土的野心。对于印度人来说，这是一个国家的耻辱。
Then, on October 20, 1962, People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops crossed the border in force, overwhelming the unprepared and undermanned Indian defenders. Within a month, Chinese forces had largely occupied the territory they had claimed in 1959, and on November 19 China declared a unilateral ceasefire. Both countries retreated to the unofficial "Line of Actual Control" that existed pre-1959, though China retained de facto ownership of Aksai Chin and India was forced to abandon any territorial ambitions to the east. For Indians, this was a national humiliation.
***
中国人在1962年之前100年己开始移民到印度，英国招募来自香港和广东的华工到茶园工作。20世纪中间有大约3000汉族和藏族居住在印度。这些“复姓印度人”在中印战争后成为印度的失利的替罪羊。
Chinese immigration to India started in earnest over 100 years before the 1962 conflict when the British recruited laborers from Hong Kong and Guangdong to work in tea plantations, and by the middle of the 20th century there were some 3,000 ethnic Chinese and Tibetans living in the newly independent Republic of India. These "hyphenated Indians" became the scapegoats for the country's defeat in the 1962 war with China.
“印度政府认为所有边境中国人是潜在的间谍，”祖籍广东梅州的郑孟扬说。郑孟扬，现在是归化的美国公民，描述他和他的家人，以及他们的邻居，是如何被运送到的Deoli拘留营，―些人多达6年。
"The Indian government thought all border Chinese were potential spies," Michael Cheng says, sipping a soft drink in Meizhou, the sweltering Guangdong Province city near his ancestral homeland. Michael, now a naturalized American citizen, described how he and his family, along with most of their neighbors, were transported to the Deoli prison camp, where some remained for as much as six years -- five years and 335 days longer than the war itself.
拘留可疑中国人，不但违反世界人权宣言“（其中印度是第一个发起签字国），也违反印度自己的宪法。1962年的拘留法允许逮捕和拘留任何怀疑的敌人。这种广泛的权力，允许逮捕任何有中国血统，中国人的姓氏，或者嫁给一个中国人的人。一些被捕的“中国人”的家庭曾在印度生活了几代人，认为自己是印度人。
The internment of Chinese-Indians, which contravened both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (to which India was a founding signatory) and India's own constitution, was established by the Defense of India Act 1962 which permitted the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person [suspected] of being of hostile origin." This broad power ultimately allowed for the arrest of any person with a drop of Chinese blood, a Chinese surname, or married to a Chinese person. Some of the arrested "Chinese" families had lived in India for generations and regarded themselves as Indian.
“我们的兴都语老师，一个标准的印度人 - 他有一个中国名字 - 莫名其妙地被送到拘留营，”郑说。 “他―点不像中国的人 - 看起来完全是印度人。”
"One Hindi teacher we had, who was absolutely Indian -- he had a Chinese name or something like that -- somehow ended up in the camp," Cheng says. "You'd see people who didn't look Chinese at all -- they looked completely Indian."
***
Deoli拘留营最初是由英国在40年代的关战俘的房子。独立后，印度政府把Deoli改为监狱，专门监禁汉、藏人，和他们的孩子。
The Deoli camp was originally set up by the British to house prisoners of war in the 1940s. Following independence, the Indian government converted Deoli to a prison for Chinese- and Tibetan-Indians, many or them children or infirm. Trains ran from Makum, an area near the Burmese border with a large ethnic-Chinese community, to Assam. It was there that Michael and his family joined hundreds of other "potential spies" for the long trip west to Rajasthan.
.......
***
几十年来，中印关系已经稳定，印度政府希望它被遗忘。Deoli营现在己改为军队训练场，门外石匾牌提到，它曾一度被用来德国人，日本人，和“中国人”的囚犯，把中国平民和外国战俘混在―起。
In the decades since, Sino-Indian relations have stabilized, and the Indian government would rather the internship program be forgotten. A stone plaque outside the Deoli camp, now an army training ground, mentions that it was once used to house German, Japanese, and "Chinese" prisoners, lumping the Chinese-Indians in with foreign combatants.
“拘留营人丧命的人，没有纪念碑，什么也没有，甚至没有一个为他们发出的死亡证书。印度隐藏了很多像这样的东西，它很难为他们到自己解説，如果他们承认一件事，他们将不得不承认一切，像多米诺骨牌效应，“郑说，他一直没有放弃试图让印度政府对其Deoli行动负责。
"There's no monument to the people who died in the camp, no memorial. They didn't even issue a death certificate for them. India has lots of things hidden like this, and it's difficult for them to own up to them. If they admit to one thing they would have to admit to everything, like a domino effect," Cheng says, though he hasn't given up trying to get the Indian government to account for its actions at Deoli.
郑得到一些帮助。印度Deoli被拘禁营协会（AIDCI），2009年在加拿大的注册登记了一个非营利性的组织，旨在迫使印度政府发出道歉，类似美国在第二次世界大战期间拘禁日裔的道歉。前拘留者和他们的孩子也希望在Deoli竖立一座石碑“，以纪念那些在营地失去生命的亲人。”
He's had some help. The Association of India Deoli Camp Internees (AIDCI), registered as a non-profit in Canada in 2009, seeks to pressure the Indian government into issuing an apology similar to those issued by the U.S. for the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War. Ex-internees and their children also wish to erect a monument in Deoli "in honor of those who lost their lives at the camp."
2009年AIDCI写了一封公开信，向印度总理曼莫汉·辛格，概述了前拘留者的愤怨。
AIDCI wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2009, outlining the ex-internees grievances.
“当然，”郑孟扬沮丧地说，“什么都没有发生，所以一年后，我们发出了第二封信。”
"Of course," Michael says ruefully, "nothing happened. So a year later we sent a second letter."
他还在等待答复。
They're still waiting for a reply.
http://www.theatlantic.com/china ... rnment-camp/278519/
.大西洋月刊大西洋月刊: 印度忘記了中国人的拘留营
India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp
中印1962年边境冲突后，印度把3000个中国人抓进拘留营。半世纪后，幸存者仍没得到道歉。
Following a brief border skirmish in 1962, India held 3,000 ethnic Chinese people in prison camps. A half-century later, survivors are still seeking justice.
大西洋月刊 James Griffiths 2013年8月9日，7:30 AM ET
James Griffiths Aug 9 2013, 7:30 AM ET The Atlantic
1962年郑孟扬六岁那年，一个半夜当地武装警察来把他和他的家人帯走。一些警察认识郑家多年，道歉的説，他们只是在奉命行事，帯去安全的地方“为你们自己好。”
Michael Cheng was six years old in 1962 when the police came to take him and his family away. They arrived, armed and in force, in the middle of the night. Some of the officers, many of whom had known the Chengs for years, were apologetic. They were just following orders, the men assured Michael's mother, and the family was being taken somewhere safe "for your own good."
郑家是不是唯一的。安迪·谢是在在印度东北部西隆一所寄宿学校一名学生。有一天，他和几个同学被叫进校长办公室，并被告知，他们将要长的时间离开。
The Cheng family wasn't the only one. Andy Hsieh was a student at a boarding school in Shillong, in northeast India. One day, he and several of his classmates were called into the headmaster's office and told that they would be going away for an indefinite length of time.
当警察来到黄英盛的家人，打包离去时，躲过了日军入侵新加坡的黄的母亲，立刻知道怎么回事。
When police came for Wong Ying Sheng's family, they were packed and ready to go. Wong's mother had escaped the Japanese invasion of Singapore and knew the signs.
当警察来到时，郑孟扬的家人，并不惊讶。一周前，孟扬的父亲和几十个散落在西孟加拉邦己被当“可疑的人”被当局逮捕，但是令人惊讶的是，整个家庭 - 郑孟扬，他的父母和他的哥哥全被逮捕。在接下来的日子里，他们被运送西面1000英里偏远的拉贾斯坦邦Deoli战俘营在。他们花未来两年在那里 - 这是从来没有宣布战争的囚犯。
Michael's family, too, was unsurprised when the police arrived. Michael's father had been imprisoned for the previous week, one of dozens of "suspicious people" in the tiny Chinese-Indian community scattered around West Bengal who were arrested by the authorities in the first days of the 1962 Sino-Indian Border Conflict. But what was a surprise was how far the family -- Michael, his parents, and his older brother Moses -- were taken. Over the next days they were transported 1,000 miles west to a remote prison camp in Deoli, Rajasthan. They would spend the next two years there -- prisoners of a war that was never declared.
从今天的角度，中国和印度之间的战争 - 这两个世界上人口最大的国家 - 似乎很遥远，古老的历史遗物。起初，新独立的印度和新成立的中华人民共和国之间的关系很好：印度尼赫鲁是最早承认中国的国家之一。尽管一些症结 - 这两个国家共有漫长而没有准确划订的喜马拉雅边界 - 20世纪50年代，中国和印度之间的关系大多还是亲切。
From today's vantage point, a war between China and India - the world's two largest countries by population - seems remote, a relic of ancient history. And initially, relations between the newly independent India and the recently established People's Republic of China (PRC) were strong: Nehru's India was one of the first nations to recognize Mao Zedong's Communist regime when it took power in China in 1949. Despite one major sticking point -- the two countries shared a long and poorly-defined Himalayan border -- relations between China and India were mostly cordial through the 1950s.
西藏是关系恶化的催化剂。最初印度保証，它没有对西藏领土的要求。关系恶化是在，1959年西藏动乱失败后，DL 喇 嘛逃到印度的喜马偕尔邦的达兰萨拉。对此，愤怒的中国要求重新划分边界。北京的建议被拒绝，两国开始了多年的“军事行动”和小冲突。
Tibet proved to be the catalyst for worsening relations. Initially, India reassured China that it had no designs on the territory, which Beijing annexed in 1950. But relations soured when, after a failed Tibetan uprising in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to Dharmsala in India's Himachal Pradesh. In response, a furious China claimed over 60,000 square miles of Indian-controlled territory and demanded "rectification" of the disputed Himalayan border. Beijing's proposal was rejected, and the two countries began years of "military incidents" and minor skirmishes.
然后，1962年10月20日，人民解放军越过边界，向毫无准备的和人员不足印度守军狠狠打击。一个月之内，中国军队已基本占领1959年他们声称的领土。11月19日，中国宣布单方面停火。双方军队都撤回到1959年前“实际控制线”，中国保留了阿克赛钦,印度被迫放弃任何东部领土的野心。对于印度人来说，这是一个国家的耻辱。
Then, on October 20, 1962, People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops crossed the border in force, overwhelming the unprepared and undermanned Indian defenders. Within a month, Chinese forces had largely occupied the territory they had claimed in 1959, and on November 19 China declared a unilateral ceasefire. Both countries retreated to the unofficial "Line of Actual Control" that existed pre-1959, though China retained de facto ownership of Aksai Chin and India was forced to abandon any territorial ambitions to the east. For Indians, this was a national humiliation.
***
中国人在1962年之前100年己开始移民到印度，英国招募来自香港和广东的华工到茶园工作。20世纪中间有大约3000汉族和藏族居住在印度。这些“复姓印度人”在中印战争后成为印度的失利的替罪羊。
Chinese immigration to India started in earnest over 100 years before the 1962 conflict when the British recruited laborers from Hong Kong and Guangdong to work in tea plantations, and by the middle of the 20th century there were some 3,000 ethnic Chinese and Tibetans living in the newly independent Republic of India. These "hyphenated Indians" became the scapegoats for the country's defeat in the 1962 war with China.
“印度政府认为所有边境中国人是潜在的间谍，”祖籍广东梅州的郑孟扬说。郑孟扬，现在是归化的美国公民，描述他和他的家人，以及他们的邻居，是如何被运送到的Deoli拘留营，―些人多达6年。
"The Indian government thought all border Chinese were potential spies," Michael Cheng says, sipping a soft drink in Meizhou, the sweltering Guangdong Province city near his ancestral homeland. Michael, now a naturalized American citizen, described how he and his family, along with most of their neighbors, were transported to the Deoli prison camp, where some remained for as much as six years -- five years and 335 days longer than the war itself.
拘留可疑中国人，不但违反世界人权宣言“（其中印度是第一个发起签字国），也违反印度自己的宪法。1962年的拘留法允许逮捕和拘留任何怀疑的敌人。这种广泛的权力，允许逮捕任何有中国血统，中国人的姓氏，或者嫁给一个中国人的人。一些被捕的“中国人”的家庭曾在印度生活了几代人，认为自己是印度人。
The internment of Chinese-Indians, which contravened both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (to which India was a founding signatory) and India's own constitution, was established by the Defense of India Act 1962 which permitted the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person [suspected] of being of hostile origin." This broad power ultimately allowed for the arrest of any person with a drop of Chinese blood, a Chinese surname, or married to a Chinese person. Some of the arrested "Chinese" families had lived in India for generations and regarded themselves as Indian.
“我们的兴都语老师，一个标准的印度人 - 他有一个中国名字 - 莫名其妙地被送到拘留营，”郑说。 “他―点不像中国的人 - 看起来完全是印度人。”
"One Hindi teacher we had, who was absolutely Indian -- he had a Chinese name or something like that -- somehow ended up in the camp," Cheng says. "You'd see people who didn't look Chinese at all -- they looked completely Indian."
***
Deoli拘留营最初是由英国在40年代的关战俘的房子。独立后，印度政府把Deoli改为监狱，专门监禁汉、藏人，和他们的孩子。
The Deoli camp was originally set up by the British to house prisoners of war in the 1940s. Following independence, the Indian government converted Deoli to a prison for Chinese- and Tibetan-Indians, many or them children or infirm. Trains ran from Makum, an area near the Burmese border with a large ethnic-Chinese community, to Assam. It was there that Michael and his family joined hundreds of other "potential spies" for the long trip west to Rajasthan.
.......
***
几十年来，中印关系已经稳定，印度政府希望它被遗忘。Deoli营现在己改为军队训练场，门外石匾牌提到，它曾一度被用来德国人，日本人，和“中国人”的囚犯，把中国平民和外国战俘混在―起。
In the decades since, Sino-Indian relations have stabilized, and the Indian government would rather the internship program be forgotten. A stone plaque outside the Deoli camp, now an army training ground, mentions that it was once used to house German, Japanese, and "Chinese" prisoners, lumping the Chinese-Indians in with foreign combatants.
“拘留营人丧命的人，没有纪念碑，什么也没有，甚至没有一个为他们发出的死亡证书。印度隐藏了很多像这样的东西，它很难为他们到自己解説，如果他们承认一件事，他们将不得不承认一切，像多米诺骨牌效应，“郑说，他一直没有放弃试图让印度政府对其Deoli行动负责。
"There's no monument to the people who died in the camp, no memorial. They didn't even issue a death certificate for them. India has lots of things hidden like this, and it's difficult for them to own up to them. If they admit to one thing they would have to admit to everything, like a domino effect," Cheng says, though he hasn't given up trying to get the Indian government to account for its actions at Deoli.
郑得到一些帮助。印度Deoli被拘禁营协会（AIDCI），2009年在加拿大的注册登记了一个非营利性的组织，旨在迫使印度政府发出道歉，类似美国在第二次世界大战期间拘禁日裔的道歉。前拘留者和他们的孩子也希望在Deoli竖立一座石碑“，以纪念那些在营地失去生命的亲人。”
He's had some help. The Association of India Deoli Camp Internees (AIDCI), registered as a non-profit in Canada in 2009, seeks to pressure the Indian government into issuing an apology similar to those issued by the U.S. for the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War. Ex-internees and their children also wish to erect a monument in Deoli "in honor of those who lost their lives at the camp."
2009年AIDCI写了一封公开信，向印度总理曼莫汉·辛格，概述了前拘留者的愤怨。
AIDCI wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2009, outlining the ex-internees grievances.
“当然，”郑孟扬沮丧地说，“什么都没有发生，所以一年后，我们发出了第二封信。”
"Of course," Michael says ruefully, "nothing happened. So a year later we sent a second letter."
他还在等待答复。
They're still waiting for a reply.
http://www.theatlantic.com/china ... rnment-camp/278519/
.大西洋月刊
India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp
中印1962年边境冲突后，印度把3000个中国人抓进拘留营。半世纪后，幸存者仍没得到道歉。
Following a brief border skirmish in 1962, India held 3,000 ethnic Chinese people in prison camps. A half-century later, survivors are still seeking justice.
大西洋月刊 James Griffiths 2013年8月9日，7:30 AM ET
James Griffiths Aug 9 2013, 7:30 AM ET The Atlantic
1962年郑孟扬六岁那年，一个半夜当地武装警察来把他和他的家人帯走。一些警察认识郑家多年，道歉的説，他们只是在奉命行事，帯去安全的地方“为你们自己好。”
Michael Cheng was six years old in 1962 when the police came to take him and his family away. They arrived, armed and in force, in the middle of the night. Some of the officers, many of whom had known the Chengs for years, were apologetic. They were just following orders, the men assured Michael's mother, and the family was being taken somewhere safe "for your own good."
郑家是不是唯一的。安迪·谢是在在印度东北部西隆一所寄宿学校一名学生。有一天，他和几个同学被叫进校长办公室，并被告知，他们将要长的时间离开。
The Cheng family wasn't the only one. Andy Hsieh was a student at a boarding school in Shillong, in northeast India. One day, he and several of his classmates were called into the headmaster's office and told that they would be going away for an indefinite length of time.
当警察来到黄英盛的家人，打包离去时，躲过了日军入侵新加坡的黄的母亲，立刻知道怎么回事。
When police came for Wong Ying Sheng's family, they were packed and ready to go. Wong's mother had escaped the Japanese invasion of Singapore and knew the signs.
当警察来到时，郑孟扬的家人，并不惊讶。一周前，孟扬的父亲和几十个散落在西孟加拉邦己被当“可疑的人”被当局逮捕，但是令人惊讶的是，整个家庭 - 郑孟扬，他的父母和他的哥哥全被逮捕。在接下来的日子里，他们被运送西面1000英里偏远的拉贾斯坦邦Deoli战俘营在。他们花未来两年在那里 - 这是从来没有宣布战争的囚犯。
Michael's family, too, was unsurprised when the police arrived. Michael's father had been imprisoned for the previous week, one of dozens of "suspicious people" in the tiny Chinese-Indian community scattered around West Bengal who were arrested by the authorities in the first days of the 1962 Sino-Indian Border Conflict. But what was a surprise was how far the family -- Michael, his parents, and his older brother Moses -- were taken. Over the next days they were transported 1,000 miles west to a remote prison camp in Deoli, Rajasthan. They would spend the next two years there -- prisoners of a war that was never declared.
从今天的角度，中国和印度之间的战争 - 这两个世界上人口最大的国家 - 似乎很遥远，古老的历史遗物。起初，新独立的印度和新成立的中华人民共和国之间的关系很好：印度尼赫鲁是最早承认中国的国家之一。尽管一些症结 - 这两个国家共有漫长而没有准确划订的喜马拉雅边界 - 20世纪50年代，中国和印度之间的关系大多还是亲切。
From today's vantage point, a war between China and India - the world's two largest countries by population - seems remote, a relic of ancient history. And initially, relations between the newly independent India and the recently established People's Republic of China (PRC) were strong: Nehru's India was one of the first nations to recognize Mao Zedong's Communist regime when it took power in China in 1949. Despite one major sticking point -- the two countries shared a long and poorly-defined Himalayan border -- relations between China and India were mostly cordial through the 1950s.
西藏是关系恶化的催化剂。最初印度保証，它没有对西藏领土的要求。关系恶化是在，1959年西藏动乱失败后，DL 喇 嘛逃到印度的喜马偕尔邦的达兰萨拉。对此，愤怒的中国要求重新划分边界。北京的建议被拒绝，两国开始了多年的“军事行动”和小冲突。
Tibet proved to be the catalyst for worsening relations. Initially, India reassured China that it had no designs on the territory, which Beijing annexed in 1950. But relations soured when, after a failed Tibetan uprising in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to Dharmsala in India's Himachal Pradesh. In response, a furious China claimed over 60,000 square miles of Indian-controlled territory and demanded "rectification" of the disputed Himalayan border. Beijing's proposal was rejected, and the two countries began years of "military incidents" and minor skirmishes.
然后，1962年10月20日，人民解放军越过边界，向毫无准备的和人员不足印度守军狠狠打击。一个月之内，中国军队已基本占领1959年他们声称的领土。11月19日，中国宣布单方面停火。双方军队都撤回到1959年前“实际控制线”，中国保留了阿克赛钦,印度被迫放弃任何东部领土的野心。对于印度人来说，这是一个国家的耻辱。
Then, on October 20, 1962, People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops crossed the border in force, overwhelming the unprepared and undermanned Indian defenders. Within a month, Chinese forces had largely occupied the territory they had claimed in 1959, and on November 19 China declared a unilateral ceasefire. Both countries retreated to the unofficial "Line of Actual Control" that existed pre-1959, though China retained de facto ownership of Aksai Chin and India was forced to abandon any territorial ambitions to the east. For Indians, this was a national humiliation.
***
中国人在1962年之前100年己开始移民到印度，英国招募来自香港和广东的华工到茶园工作。20世纪中间有大约3000汉族和藏族居住在印度。这些“复姓印度人”在中印战争后成为印度的失利的替罪羊。
Chinese immigration to India started in earnest over 100 years before the 1962 conflict when the British recruited laborers from Hong Kong and Guangdong to work in tea plantations, and by the middle of the 20th century there were some 3,000 ethnic Chinese and Tibetans living in the newly independent Republic of India. These "hyphenated Indians" became the scapegoats for the country's defeat in the 1962 war with China.
“印度政府认为所有边境中国人是潜在的间谍，”祖籍广东梅州的郑孟扬说。郑孟扬，现在是归化的美国公民，描述他和他的家人，以及他们的邻居，是如何被运送到的Deoli拘留营，―些人多达6年。
"The Indian government thought all border Chinese were potential spies," Michael Cheng says, sipping a soft drink in Meizhou, the sweltering Guangdong Province city near his ancestral homeland. Michael, now a naturalized American citizen, described how he and his family, along with most of their neighbors, were transported to the Deoli prison camp, where some remained for as much as six years -- five years and 335 days longer than the war itself.
拘留可疑中国人，不但违反世界人权宣言“（其中印度是第一个发起签字国），也违反印度自己的宪法。1962年的拘留法允许逮捕和拘留任何怀疑的敌人。这种广泛的权力，允许逮捕任何有中国血统，中国人的姓氏，或者嫁给一个中国人的人。一些被捕的“中国人”的家庭曾在印度生活了几代人，认为自己是印度人。
The internment of Chinese-Indians, which contravened both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (to which India was a founding signatory) and India's own constitution, was established by the Defense of India Act 1962 which permitted the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person [suspected] of being of hostile origin." This broad power ultimately allowed for the arrest of any person with a drop of Chinese blood, a Chinese surname, or married to a Chinese person. Some of the arrested "Chinese" families had lived in India for generations and regarded themselves as Indian.
“我们的兴都语老师，一个标准的印度人 - 他有一个中国名字 - 莫名其妙地被送到拘留营，”郑说。 “他―点不像中国的人 - 看起来完全是印度人。”
"One Hindi teacher we had, who was absolutely Indian -- he had a Chinese name or something like that -- somehow ended up in the camp," Cheng says. "You'd see people who didn't look Chinese at all -- they looked completely Indian."
***
Deoli拘留营最初是由英国在40年代的关战俘的房子。独立后，印度政府把Deoli改为监狱，专门监禁汉、藏人，和他们的孩子。
The Deoli camp was originally set up by the British to house prisoners of war in the 1940s. Following independence, the Indian government converted Deoli to a prison for Chinese- and Tibetan-Indians, many or them children or infirm. Trains ran from Makum, an area near the Burmese border with a large ethnic-Chinese community, to Assam. It was there that Michael and his family joined hundreds of other "potential spies" for the long trip west to Rajasthan.
.......
***
几十年来，中印关系已经稳定，印度政府希望它被遗忘。Deoli营现在己改为军队训练场，门外石匾牌提到，它曾一度被用来德国人，日本人，和“中国人”的囚犯，把中国平民和外国战俘混在―起。
In the decades since, Sino-Indian relations have stabilized, and the Indian government would rather the internship program be forgotten. A stone plaque outside the Deoli camp, now an army training ground, mentions that it was once used to house German, Japanese, and "Chinese" prisoners, lumping the Chinese-Indians in with foreign combatants.
“拘留营人丧命的人，没有纪念碑，什么也没有，甚至没有一个为他们发出的死亡证书。印度隐藏了很多像这样的东西，它很难为他们到自己解説，如果他们承认一件事，他们将不得不承认一切，像多米诺骨牌效应，“郑说，他一直没有放弃试图让印度政府对其Deoli行动负责。
"There's no monument to the people who died in the camp, no memorial. They didn't even issue a death certificate for them. India has lots of things hidden like this, and it's difficult for them to own up to them. If they admit to one thing they would have to admit to everything, like a domino effect," Cheng says, though he hasn't given up trying to get the Indian government to account for its actions at Deoli.
郑得到一些帮助。印度Deoli被拘禁营协会（AIDCI），2009年在加拿大的注册登记了一个非营利性的组织，旨在迫使印度政府发出道歉，类似美国在第二次世界大战期间拘禁日裔的道歉。前拘留者和他们的孩子也希望在Deoli竖立一座石碑“，以纪念那些在营地失去生命的亲人。”
He's had some help. The Association of India Deoli Camp Internees (AIDCI), registered as a non-profit in Canada in 2009, seeks to pressure the Indian government into issuing an apology similar to those issued by the U.S. for the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War. Ex-internees and their children also wish to erect a monument in Deoli "in honor of those who lost their lives at the camp."
2009年AIDCI写了一封公开信，向印度总理曼莫汉·辛格，概述了前拘留者的愤怨。
AIDCI wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2009, outlining the ex-internees grievances.
“当然，”郑孟扬沮丧地说，“什么都没有发生，所以一年后，我们发出了第二封信。”
"Of course," Michael says ruefully, "nothing happened. So a year later we sent a second letter."
他还在等待答复。
They're still waiting for a reply.
http://www.theatlantic.com/china ... rnment-camp/278519/
.大西洋月刊大西洋月刊: 印度忘記了中国人的拘留营
India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp
中印1962年边境冲突后，印度把3000个中国人抓进拘留营。半世纪后，幸存者仍没得到道歉。
Following a brief border skirmish in 1962, India held 3,000 ethnic Chinese people in prison camps. A half-century later, survivors are still seeking justice.
大西洋月刊 James Griffiths 2013年8月9日，7:30 AM ET
James Griffiths Aug 9 2013, 7:30 AM ET The Atlantic
1962年郑孟扬六岁那年，一个半夜当地武装警察来把他和他的家人帯走。一些警察认识郑家多年，道歉的説，他们只是在奉命行事，帯去安全的地方“为你们自己好。”
Michael Cheng was six years old in 1962 when the police came to take him and his family away. They arrived, armed and in force, in the middle of the night. Some of the officers, many of whom had known the Chengs for years, were apologetic. They were just following orders, the men assured Michael's mother, and the family was being taken somewhere safe "for your own good."
郑家是不是唯一的。安迪·谢是在在印度东北部西隆一所寄宿学校一名学生。有一天，他和几个同学被叫进校长办公室，并被告知，他们将要长的时间离开。
The Cheng family wasn't the only one. Andy Hsieh was a student at a boarding school in Shillong, in northeast India. One day, he and several of his classmates were called into the headmaster's office and told that they would be going away for an indefinite length of time.
当警察来到黄英盛的家人，打包离去时，躲过了日军入侵新加坡的黄的母亲，立刻知道怎么回事。
When police came for Wong Ying Sheng's family, they were packed and ready to go. Wong's mother had escaped the Japanese invasion of Singapore and knew the signs.
当警察来到时，郑孟扬的家人，并不惊讶。一周前，孟扬的父亲和几十个散落在西孟加拉邦己被当“可疑的人”被当局逮捕，但是令人惊讶的是，整个家庭 - 郑孟扬，他的父母和他的哥哥全被逮捕。在接下来的日子里，他们被运送西面1000英里偏远的拉贾斯坦邦Deoli战俘营在。他们花未来两年在那里 - 这是从来没有宣布战争的囚犯。
Michael's family, too, was unsurprised when the police arrived. Michael's father had been imprisoned for the previous week, one of dozens of "suspicious people" in the tiny Chinese-Indian community scattered around West Bengal who were arrested by the authorities in the first days of the 1962 Sino-Indian Border Conflict. But what was a surprise was how far the family -- Michael, his parents, and his older brother Moses -- were taken. Over the next days they were transported 1,000 miles west to a remote prison camp in Deoli, Rajasthan. They would spend the next two years there -- prisoners of a war that was never declared.
从今天的角度，中国和印度之间的战争 - 这两个世界上人口最大的国家 - 似乎很遥远，古老的历史遗物。起初，新独立的印度和新成立的中华人民共和国之间的关系很好：印度尼赫鲁是最早承认中国的国家之一。尽管一些症结 - 这两个国家共有漫长而没有准确划订的喜马拉雅边界 - 20世纪50年代，中国和印度之间的关系大多还是亲切。
From today's vantage point, a war between China and India - the world's two largest countries by population - seems remote, a relic of ancient history. And initially, relations between the newly independent India and the recently established People's Republic of China (PRC) were strong: Nehru's India was one of the first nations to recognize Mao Zedong's Communist regime when it took power in China in 1949. Despite one major sticking point -- the two countries shared a long and poorly-defined Himalayan border -- relations between China and India were mostly cordial through the 1950s.
西藏是关系恶化的催化剂。最初印度保証，它没有对西藏领土的要求。关系恶化是在，1959年西藏动乱失败后，DL 喇 嘛逃到印度的喜马偕尔邦的达兰萨拉。对此，愤怒的中国要求重新划分边界。北京的建议被拒绝，两国开始了多年的“军事行动”和小冲突。
Tibet proved to be the catalyst for worsening relations. Initially, India reassured China that it had no designs on the territory, which Beijing annexed in 1950. But relations soured when, after a failed Tibetan uprising in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to Dharmsala in India's Himachal Pradesh. In response, a furious China claimed over 60,000 square miles of Indian-controlled territory and demanded "rectification" of the disputed Himalayan border. Beijing's proposal was rejected, and the two countries began years of "military incidents" and minor skirmishes.
然后，1962年10月20日，人民解放军越过边界，向毫无准备的和人员不足印度守军狠狠打击。一个月之内，中国军队已基本占领1959年他们声称的领土。11月19日，中国宣布单方面停火。双方军队都撤回到1959年前“实际控制线”，中国保留了阿克赛钦,印度被迫放弃任何东部领土的野心。对于印度人来说，这是一个国家的耻辱。
Then, on October 20, 1962, People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops crossed the border in force, overwhelming the unprepared and undermanned Indian defenders. Within a month, Chinese forces had largely occupied the territory they had claimed in 1959, and on November 19 China declared a unilateral ceasefire. Both countries retreated to the unofficial "Line of Actual Control" that existed pre-1959, though China retained de facto ownership of Aksai Chin and India was forced to abandon any territorial ambitions to the east. For Indians, this was a national humiliation.
***
中国人在1962年之前100年己开始移民到印度，英国招募来自香港和广东的华工到茶园工作。20世纪中间有大约3000汉族和藏族居住在印度。这些“复姓印度人”在中印战争后成为印度的失利的替罪羊。
Chinese immigration to India started in earnest over 100 years before the 1962 conflict when the British recruited laborers from Hong Kong and Guangdong to work in tea plantations, and by the middle of the 20th century there were some 3,000 ethnic Chinese and Tibetans living in the newly independent Republic of India. These "hyphenated Indians" became the scapegoats for the country's defeat in the 1962 war with China.
“印度政府认为所有边境中国人是潜在的间谍，”祖籍广东梅州的郑孟扬说。郑孟扬，现在是归化的美国公民，描述他和他的家人，以及他们的邻居，是如何被运送到的Deoli拘留营，―些人多达6年。
"The Indian government thought all border Chinese were potential spies," Michael Cheng says, sipping a soft drink in Meizhou, the sweltering Guangdong Province city near his ancestral homeland. Michael, now a naturalized American citizen, described how he and his family, along with most of their neighbors, were transported to the Deoli prison camp, where some remained for as much as six years -- five years and 335 days longer than the war itself.
拘留可疑中国人，不但违反世界人权宣言“（其中印度是第一个发起签字国），也违反印度自己的宪法。1962年的拘留法允许逮捕和拘留任何怀疑的敌人。这种广泛的权力，允许逮捕任何有中国血统，中国人的姓氏，或者嫁给一个中国人的人。一些被捕的“中国人”的家庭曾在印度生活了几代人，认为自己是印度人。
The internment of Chinese-Indians, which contravened both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (to which India was a founding signatory) and India's own constitution, was established by the Defense of India Act 1962 which permitted the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person [suspected] of being of hostile origin." This broad power ultimately allowed for the arrest of any person with a drop of Chinese blood, a Chinese surname, or married to a Chinese person. Some of the arrested "Chinese" families had lived in India for generations and regarded themselves as Indian.
“我们的兴都语老师，一个标准的印度人 - 他有一个中国名字 - 莫名其妙地被送到拘留营，”郑说。 “他―点不像中国的人 - 看起来完全是印度人。”
"One Hindi teacher we had, who was absolutely Indian -- he had a Chinese name or something like that -- somehow ended up in the camp," Cheng says. "You'd see people who didn't look Chinese at all -- they looked completely Indian."
***
Deoli拘留营最初是由英国在40年代的关战俘的房子。独立后，印度政府把Deoli改为监狱，专门监禁汉、藏人，和他们的孩子。
The Deoli camp was originally set up by the British to house prisoners of war in the 1940s. Following independence, the Indian government converted Deoli to a prison for Chinese- and Tibetan-Indians, many or them children or infirm. Trains ran from Makum, an area near the Burmese border with a large ethnic-Chinese community, to Assam. It was there that Michael and his family joined hundreds of other "potential spies" for the long trip west to Rajasthan.
.......
***
几十年来，中印关系已经稳定，印度政府希望它被遗忘。Deoli营现在己改为军队训练场，门外石匾牌提到，它曾一度被用来德国人，日本人，和“中国人”的囚犯，把中国平民和外国战俘混在―起。
In the decades since, Sino-Indian relations have stabilized, and the Indian government would rather the internship program be forgotten. A stone plaque outside the Deoli camp, now an army training ground, mentions that it was once used to house German, Japanese, and "Chinese" prisoners, lumping the Chinese-Indians in with foreign combatants.
“拘留营人丧命的人，没有纪念碑，什么也没有，甚至没有一个为他们发出的死亡证书。印度隐藏了很多像这样的东西，它很难为他们到自己解説，如果他们承认一件事，他们将不得不承认一切，像多米诺骨牌效应，“郑说，他一直没有放弃试图让印度政府对其Deoli行动负责。
"There's no monument to the people who died in the camp, no memorial. They didn't even issue a death certificate for them. India has lots of things hidden like this, and it's difficult for them to own up to them. If they admit to one thing they would have to admit to everything, like a domino effect," Cheng says, though he hasn't given up trying to get the Indian government to account for its actions at Deoli.
郑得到一些帮助。印度Deoli被拘禁营协会（AIDCI），2009年在加拿大的注册登记了一个非营利性的组织，旨在迫使印度政府发出道歉，类似美国在第二次世界大战期间拘禁日裔的道歉。前拘留者和他们的孩子也希望在Deoli竖立一座石碑“，以纪念那些在营地失去生命的亲人。”
He's had some help. The Association of India Deoli Camp Internees (AIDCI), registered as a non-profit in Canada in 2009, seeks to pressure the Indian government into issuing an apology similar to those issued by the U.S. for the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War. Ex-internees and their children also wish to erect a monument in Deoli "in honor of those who lost their lives at the camp."
2009年AIDCI写了一封公开信，向印度总理曼莫汉·辛格，概述了前拘留者的愤怨。
AIDCI wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2009, outlining the ex-internees grievances.
“当然，”郑孟扬沮丧地说，“什么都没有发生，所以一年后，我们发出了第二封信。”
"Of course," Michael says ruefully, "nothing happened. So a year later we sent a second letter."
他还在等待答复。
They're still waiting for a reply.
http://www.theatlantic.com/china ... rnment-camp/278519/
.大西洋月刊
没看过大西洋月刊报导前，不知道有这回事。翻译了出来。
应该炒作一下，以备打脸。
给自己的无能找个替罪羊。
等待??
印度人最不缺的就是时间
印度人最不缺的就是时间
翻译的好,很喜欢,谢楼主
我们当年是怎么做的，把武器修好原物奉还，把俘虏养好送还、还主动后撤。对自己俘虏那是严寒般的冷酷，对人家的俘虏那是春天般的温暖。我们当年是怎么做的，把武器修好原物奉还，把俘虏养好送还、还主动后撤。对自己俘虏那是严寒般的冷酷，对人家的俘虏那是春天般的温暖。拘留营中，有没有发生看守殴打、凌虐、抢劫、强奸在押人员的暴行？？？
kuangzhiyun 发表于 2013-8-13 08:34
我们当年是怎么做的，把武器修好原物奉还，把俘虏养好送还、还主动后撤。对自己俘虏那是严寒般的冷 ...
不好意思那不是中国对自己的战俘，是印度对无关的中国平民。
我们当年是怎么做的，把武器修好原物奉还，把俘虏养好送还、还主动后撤。对自己俘虏那是严寒般的冷 ...
不好意思那不是中国对自己的战俘，是印度对无关的中国平民。
有朝一日，白皮猪会为他们的恶行和谎言付出代价
参考消息上面有详尽的叙述