超级军网A Future for U.S.-China Space Cooperation?
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/29 12:00:51
<P>A Future for U.S.-China Space Cooperation?
中美未来航天合作
By John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter
作者：John C. Baker, Kevin Pollpeter
tranlate by leo anderson</P>
<P>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This commentary appeared in Space News on December 13, 2004.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>Human space flight was born as a “space race” between the United States and the Soviet Union, carried out on one of the bloodless battlefields of the Cold War. But while humans continue to travel into space, the nature of international space activities has gradually changed from competition to cooperation. Once bitter rivals, America and Russia now share the costs and risks of space flight.
现代载人航天是美国和苏联之间太空竞赛的产物，是两者冷战时期和平竞赛的产物之一。但是，当人类不断的进军太空，现实中的国际空间活动已经由往日大国间的太空竞赛转变成了今日的协作同进。曾经一度的死敌美国和俄罗斯，现在却在合作并共同分担航天发射的经费和风险。</P>
<P>As a result of the successful space flight of Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei in 2003, China has joined the United States and Russia as one of only three nations capable of human space flights based on their own capabilities. Does China's space achievement portend a new round of competition — or does it offer an opportunity for U.S.-China space cooperation? The Dec. 2 meeting between NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe and Chinese National Space Agency Administrator Sun Laiyan in Washington launched an important effort by the U.S. and China to explore whether the advantages of working together in space — as the United States and Russia do today — outweigh the disadvantages.
2003年，中国宇航员杨立伟的成功太空之行将中国加入美俄成为当今世界有能力单独进行载人航天的三国之一。中国现今的航天成就究竟会带来什么样的新局面呢，是预示其将带来新一轮的太空竞赛，还是为未来的中美太空合作提供一个良好的机会呢？12月2日美国NASA负责人Sean O'Keefe和中国国家航天局副局长孙来燕在华盛顿会晤，此次会晤中两国将积极探讨中美两国现今进行太空合作是否就像现今美俄之间一样，利大于弊。</P>
<P>In addition to launching its first human into space, China has approved plans for robotic lunar exploration that could lay the foundation for human missions and hopes to eventually orbit a permanent manned space station. China's emergent role in human space flight coincides with the announcement last January of NASA's goal to return to the moon and lay the foundation for human exploration of Mars.
除了成功进行了其第一次载人航天飞行外，中国还通过了其机器人月球探索计划，同时该计划将为中国以后进行载人登月计划铺平道路，并且最终其还将在月球轨道上部署一个永久性载人空间站。而后美国感受到了中国航天技术突飞猛进的压力，进而在2004年一月宣布NASA重返月球计划并且将为未来的载人火星探索计划打下坚实基础。</P>
<P>During the post-Apollo era, U.S. space exploration programs have been burdened by unrealistic expectations and inadequate funding that sometimes led to canceled or scaled-back programs. Transporting humans into space for extended periods remains expensive, risky and technically demanding. Cooperation with China on human space flight provides opportunities for collaboration that could reduce the cost of major missions such as returning to the moon and long-duration flights to Mars.
在Apollo时代后，美国空间探索项目一直承受着外界不切实际的期待和经费不足等问题，这些问题使得美国空间探索计划不时就要面临项目下马或者减小项目规模。长时期的载人航天保持着昂贵的投入、高风险的发射运行和技术需求。而现今于中国合作就可以给美国提供一个好机会，使得美国可以在类似于再次的月球登陆和火星长途飞行这样的主要项目上减少相应的投入。</P>
<P>The Chinese would expect to benefit from cooperation with the more advanced U.S. space program, gaining increased prestige and taking a great leap forward by getting access to U.S. knowledge, experience and technology. However, because most space technologies and skills are dual-use in nature — meaning they also can be used to develop space systems for military use — America wants to be sure China doesn't use space cooperation as a tool to strengthen its military might.
而中国也期望在与美国进行更先进航天项目合作上获益，中国可以借此在国际社会上获得更高的声望，并且可以借此获得美国的知识、经验和技术以进行跳跃式发展。但是因为大多数的航天技术都是军民两用技术，这就意味着中国可以借由此发展其军事空间系统，而美国希望在合作后能确保中国不会借用这些空间技术来做为将强其军事力量的工具。</P>
<P>China has strong military reasons to become a major space power and many Chinese writings on space argue that China should develop space weapons in addition to militarizing space. These technologies could be used against U.S. forces if an armed conflict arises over Taiwan.
中国有强烈的成为一个举足轻重的空间大国的军事意图，而在许多的中国关于空间发展的作品中表明中国除太空军事化外，还将发展太空武器。而如果中美在台湾发生冲突时，这些技术将被用来对抗美国军队。</P>
<P>China could go a long way in addressing American concerns by increasing the transparency of its space program to reduce uncertainties over its intentions in space. A big step in this direction would be for China to remove its human space flight program from military control and establish a civil organization with direct responsibility for human space flight that would be better suited to working with NASA.
中国将来在增加其空间项目透明化上有很长的一段路要走，而该行为将可以用来回应美国对这些事务的关注，并以此降低其空间发展最终目的的不确定性。中国在这个方向上可能实施的一个重要步骤那就是建立一个民间组织来代替军方对载人航天项目的控制，并由该民间组织来承担载人航天的直接责任，这样的一个民间组织则将更适合与NASA进行合作。</P>
<P>The U.S. experience with the Soviet Union, and later with Russia, offer some insights on the promise and challenges of international space cooperation. Nearly three decades ago the two countries proceeded with the Apollo-Soyuz docking mission despite Cold War tensions. In recent years, the United States has benefited from its cooperation with Russia in preparing for, constructing and operating the international space station. Cooperation has not been easy, but it has been essential for making progress in human space activities, particularly since the Columbia shuttle accident.
通过与先前的苏联和而后的俄罗斯合作，提供给美国对付国与国间的许诺和国际空间合作的挑战的经验。将近三十年前，尽管冷战时期美苏关系紧张，但两国一直在Apollo-Soyuz轨道对接项目上保持合作。近些年，与俄罗斯的合作有预备发射，建造和操作国际空间站，并且美国从合作中获益非浅。尽管双方合作困难重重，但它一直是载人航天活动前进的要素，特别是哥伦比亚号航天飞机失事后。</P>
<P>While the United States may have apprehensions about partnering with China in space, other nations do not. China is becoming an attractive partner for Europe and Russia, which are less inhibited in selling dual-use technologies to China. European nations are already partnering with China on significant space ventures, including the Galileo satellite navigation project. Cooperation with Russia or Europe could provide China with much of the same technologies that the U.S. hopes to prevent China from obtaining.
当美国依然对与中国在航天领域合作持有顾虑时其他国家却没有抱有该看法。对于出售军民两用技术拥有较少阻力的欧洲与俄罗斯，中国在他们眼中是一个越发吸引人的合作伙伴。欧盟国家已经正在于中国合作发展有重大意义的空间项目，其中就包括伽利略卫星导航计划。而与欧洲和俄罗斯合作，其将能提供给中国许多美国希望防止中国获得的技术。</P>
<P>
Chinese cooperation on major space efforts without U.S. involvement could threaten to erode the U.S. leadership position as the world's top space power. As with all areas of international relations, the United States must decide the extent it wants to proceed on its own path or collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals.
在排斥了美国因素的重要空间项目上与中国合作而付出的共同努力，其将可能逐渐侵蚀美国作为世界头号空间大国的领导地位。而美国必须在其所有的国际关系中，确定其合作范围，并使之能够在美国所期望的方向于其他国家合作，来达到共同的目标。</P>
<P>The financial and technical challenges of returning to the moon make a compelling argument for U.S.-Chinese cooperation. But if Washington sees benefits in exploring the opportunities for collaboration with Beijing, it must also identify ways of minimizing potential risks to U.S. national security. Beginning a dialogue that emphasizes greater transparency in U.S.-China civil space activities would be a good start.
返月项目的财政与技术上的挑战为中美合作的存在提供了一个合理的理由。但是如果美国注意其利益，而对与中国合作的机会进行探讨的话，它必仍将实施多种方法来使对美国国家安全的潜在威胁最小化。而对加强中美民用航空活动的透明化开展对话则是一个很好得开始。</P>
<P>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter are researchers with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization.
John C. Baker和Kevin Pollpeter为非赢利研究组织兰德公司的研究员</P>
中美未来航天合作
By John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter
作者：John C. Baker, Kevin Pollpeter
tranlate by leo anderson</P>
<P>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This commentary appeared in Space News on December 13, 2004.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>Human space flight was born as a “space race” between the United States and the Soviet Union, carried out on one of the bloodless battlefields of the Cold War. But while humans continue to travel into space, the nature of international space activities has gradually changed from competition to cooperation. Once bitter rivals, America and Russia now share the costs and risks of space flight.
现代载人航天是美国和苏联之间太空竞赛的产物，是两者冷战时期和平竞赛的产物之一。但是，当人类不断的进军太空，现实中的国际空间活动已经由往日大国间的太空竞赛转变成了今日的协作同进。曾经一度的死敌美国和俄罗斯，现在却在合作并共同分担航天发射的经费和风险。</P>
<P>As a result of the successful space flight of Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei in 2003, China has joined the United States and Russia as one of only three nations capable of human space flights based on their own capabilities. Does China's space achievement portend a new round of competition — or does it offer an opportunity for U.S.-China space cooperation? The Dec. 2 meeting between NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe and Chinese National Space Agency Administrator Sun Laiyan in Washington launched an important effort by the U.S. and China to explore whether the advantages of working together in space — as the United States and Russia do today — outweigh the disadvantages.
2003年，中国宇航员杨立伟的成功太空之行将中国加入美俄成为当今世界有能力单独进行载人航天的三国之一。中国现今的航天成就究竟会带来什么样的新局面呢，是预示其将带来新一轮的太空竞赛，还是为未来的中美太空合作提供一个良好的机会呢？12月2日美国NASA负责人Sean O'Keefe和中国国家航天局副局长孙来燕在华盛顿会晤，此次会晤中两国将积极探讨中美两国现今进行太空合作是否就像现今美俄之间一样，利大于弊。</P>
<P>In addition to launching its first human into space, China has approved plans for robotic lunar exploration that could lay the foundation for human missions and hopes to eventually orbit a permanent manned space station. China's emergent role in human space flight coincides with the announcement last January of NASA's goal to return to the moon and lay the foundation for human exploration of Mars.
除了成功进行了其第一次载人航天飞行外，中国还通过了其机器人月球探索计划，同时该计划将为中国以后进行载人登月计划铺平道路，并且最终其还将在月球轨道上部署一个永久性载人空间站。而后美国感受到了中国航天技术突飞猛进的压力，进而在2004年一月宣布NASA重返月球计划并且将为未来的载人火星探索计划打下坚实基础。</P>
<P>During the post-Apollo era, U.S. space exploration programs have been burdened by unrealistic expectations and inadequate funding that sometimes led to canceled or scaled-back programs. Transporting humans into space for extended periods remains expensive, risky and technically demanding. Cooperation with China on human space flight provides opportunities for collaboration that could reduce the cost of major missions such as returning to the moon and long-duration flights to Mars.
在Apollo时代后，美国空间探索项目一直承受着外界不切实际的期待和经费不足等问题，这些问题使得美国空间探索计划不时就要面临项目下马或者减小项目规模。长时期的载人航天保持着昂贵的投入、高风险的发射运行和技术需求。而现今于中国合作就可以给美国提供一个好机会，使得美国可以在类似于再次的月球登陆和火星长途飞行这样的主要项目上减少相应的投入。</P>
<P>The Chinese would expect to benefit from cooperation with the more advanced U.S. space program, gaining increased prestige and taking a great leap forward by getting access to U.S. knowledge, experience and technology. However, because most space technologies and skills are dual-use in nature — meaning they also can be used to develop space systems for military use — America wants to be sure China doesn't use space cooperation as a tool to strengthen its military might.
而中国也期望在与美国进行更先进航天项目合作上获益，中国可以借此在国际社会上获得更高的声望，并且可以借此获得美国的知识、经验和技术以进行跳跃式发展。但是因为大多数的航天技术都是军民两用技术，这就意味着中国可以借由此发展其军事空间系统，而美国希望在合作后能确保中国不会借用这些空间技术来做为将强其军事力量的工具。</P>
<P>China has strong military reasons to become a major space power and many Chinese writings on space argue that China should develop space weapons in addition to militarizing space. These technologies could be used against U.S. forces if an armed conflict arises over Taiwan.
中国有强烈的成为一个举足轻重的空间大国的军事意图，而在许多的中国关于空间发展的作品中表明中国除太空军事化外，还将发展太空武器。而如果中美在台湾发生冲突时，这些技术将被用来对抗美国军队。</P>
<P>China could go a long way in addressing American concerns by increasing the transparency of its space program to reduce uncertainties over its intentions in space. A big step in this direction would be for China to remove its human space flight program from military control and establish a civil organization with direct responsibility for human space flight that would be better suited to working with NASA.
中国将来在增加其空间项目透明化上有很长的一段路要走，而该行为将可以用来回应美国对这些事务的关注，并以此降低其空间发展最终目的的不确定性。中国在这个方向上可能实施的一个重要步骤那就是建立一个民间组织来代替军方对载人航天项目的控制，并由该民间组织来承担载人航天的直接责任，这样的一个民间组织则将更适合与NASA进行合作。</P>
<P>The U.S. experience with the Soviet Union, and later with Russia, offer some insights on the promise and challenges of international space cooperation. Nearly three decades ago the two countries proceeded with the Apollo-Soyuz docking mission despite Cold War tensions. In recent years, the United States has benefited from its cooperation with Russia in preparing for, constructing and operating the international space station. Cooperation has not been easy, but it has been essential for making progress in human space activities, particularly since the Columbia shuttle accident.
通过与先前的苏联和而后的俄罗斯合作，提供给美国对付国与国间的许诺和国际空间合作的挑战的经验。将近三十年前，尽管冷战时期美苏关系紧张，但两国一直在Apollo-Soyuz轨道对接项目上保持合作。近些年，与俄罗斯的合作有预备发射，建造和操作国际空间站，并且美国从合作中获益非浅。尽管双方合作困难重重，但它一直是载人航天活动前进的要素，特别是哥伦比亚号航天飞机失事后。</P>
<P>While the United States may have apprehensions about partnering with China in space, other nations do not. China is becoming an attractive partner for Europe and Russia, which are less inhibited in selling dual-use technologies to China. European nations are already partnering with China on significant space ventures, including the Galileo satellite navigation project. Cooperation with Russia or Europe could provide China with much of the same technologies that the U.S. hopes to prevent China from obtaining.
当美国依然对与中国在航天领域合作持有顾虑时其他国家却没有抱有该看法。对于出售军民两用技术拥有较少阻力的欧洲与俄罗斯，中国在他们眼中是一个越发吸引人的合作伙伴。欧盟国家已经正在于中国合作发展有重大意义的空间项目，其中就包括伽利略卫星导航计划。而与欧洲和俄罗斯合作，其将能提供给中国许多美国希望防止中国获得的技术。</P>
<P>
Chinese cooperation on major space efforts without U.S. involvement could threaten to erode the U.S. leadership position as the world's top space power. As with all areas of international relations, the United States must decide the extent it wants to proceed on its own path or collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals.
在排斥了美国因素的重要空间项目上与中国合作而付出的共同努力，其将可能逐渐侵蚀美国作为世界头号空间大国的领导地位。而美国必须在其所有的国际关系中，确定其合作范围，并使之能够在美国所期望的方向于其他国家合作，来达到共同的目标。</P>
<P>The financial and technical challenges of returning to the moon make a compelling argument for U.S.-Chinese cooperation. But if Washington sees benefits in exploring the opportunities for collaboration with Beijing, it must also identify ways of minimizing potential risks to U.S. national security. Beginning a dialogue that emphasizes greater transparency in U.S.-China civil space activities would be a good start.
返月项目的财政与技术上的挑战为中美合作的存在提供了一个合理的理由。但是如果美国注意其利益，而对与中国合作的机会进行探讨的话，它必仍将实施多种方法来使对美国国家安全的潜在威胁最小化。而对加强中美民用航空活动的透明化开展对话则是一个很好得开始。</P>
<P>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter are researchers with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization.
John C. Baker和Kevin Pollpeter为非赢利研究组织兰德公司的研究员</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-1 15:57:38编辑过]
中美未来航天合作
By John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter
作者：John C. Baker, Kevin Pollpeter
tranlate by leo anderson</P>
<P>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This commentary appeared in Space News on December 13, 2004.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>Human space flight was born as a “space race” between the United States and the Soviet Union, carried out on one of the bloodless battlefields of the Cold War. But while humans continue to travel into space, the nature of international space activities has gradually changed from competition to cooperation. Once bitter rivals, America and Russia now share the costs and risks of space flight.
现代载人航天是美国和苏联之间太空竞赛的产物，是两者冷战时期和平竞赛的产物之一。但是，当人类不断的进军太空，现实中的国际空间活动已经由往日大国间的太空竞赛转变成了今日的协作同进。曾经一度的死敌美国和俄罗斯，现在却在合作并共同分担航天发射的经费和风险。</P>
<P>As a result of the successful space flight of Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei in 2003, China has joined the United States and Russia as one of only three nations capable of human space flights based on their own capabilities. Does China's space achievement portend a new round of competition — or does it offer an opportunity for U.S.-China space cooperation? The Dec. 2 meeting between NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe and Chinese National Space Agency Administrator Sun Laiyan in Washington launched an important effort by the U.S. and China to explore whether the advantages of working together in space — as the United States and Russia do today — outweigh the disadvantages.
2003年，中国宇航员杨立伟的成功太空之行将中国加入美俄成为当今世界有能力单独进行载人航天的三国之一。中国现今的航天成就究竟会带来什么样的新局面呢，是预示其将带来新一轮的太空竞赛，还是为未来的中美太空合作提供一个良好的机会呢？12月2日美国NASA负责人Sean O'Keefe和中国国家航天局副局长孙来燕在华盛顿会晤，此次会晤中两国将积极探讨中美两国现今进行太空合作是否就像现今美俄之间一样，利大于弊。</P>
<P>In addition to launching its first human into space, China has approved plans for robotic lunar exploration that could lay the foundation for human missions and hopes to eventually orbit a permanent manned space station. China's emergent role in human space flight coincides with the announcement last January of NASA's goal to return to the moon and lay the foundation for human exploration of Mars.
除了成功进行了其第一次载人航天飞行外，中国还通过了其机器人月球探索计划，同时该计划将为中国以后进行载人登月计划铺平道路，并且最终其还将在月球轨道上部署一个永久性载人空间站。而后美国感受到了中国航天技术突飞猛进的压力，进而在2004年一月宣布NASA重返月球计划并且将为未来的载人火星探索计划打下坚实基础。</P>
<P>During the post-Apollo era, U.S. space exploration programs have been burdened by unrealistic expectations and inadequate funding that sometimes led to canceled or scaled-back programs. Transporting humans into space for extended periods remains expensive, risky and technically demanding. Cooperation with China on human space flight provides opportunities for collaboration that could reduce the cost of major missions such as returning to the moon and long-duration flights to Mars.
在Apollo时代后，美国空间探索项目一直承受着外界不切实际的期待和经费不足等问题，这些问题使得美国空间探索计划不时就要面临项目下马或者减小项目规模。长时期的载人航天保持着昂贵的投入、高风险的发射运行和技术需求。而现今于中国合作就可以给美国提供一个好机会，使得美国可以在类似于再次的月球登陆和火星长途飞行这样的主要项目上减少相应的投入。</P>
<P>The Chinese would expect to benefit from cooperation with the more advanced U.S. space program, gaining increased prestige and taking a great leap forward by getting access to U.S. knowledge, experience and technology. However, because most space technologies and skills are dual-use in nature — meaning they also can be used to develop space systems for military use — America wants to be sure China doesn't use space cooperation as a tool to strengthen its military might.
而中国也期望在与美国进行更先进航天项目合作上获益，中国可以借此在国际社会上获得更高的声望，并且可以借此获得美国的知识、经验和技术以进行跳跃式发展。但是因为大多数的航天技术都是军民两用技术，这就意味着中国可以借由此发展其军事空间系统，而美国希望在合作后能确保中国不会借用这些空间技术来做为将强其军事力量的工具。</P>
<P>China has strong military reasons to become a major space power and many Chinese writings on space argue that China should develop space weapons in addition to militarizing space. These technologies could be used against U.S. forces if an armed conflict arises over Taiwan.
中国有强烈的成为一个举足轻重的空间大国的军事意图，而在许多的中国关于空间发展的作品中表明中国除太空军事化外，还将发展太空武器。而如果中美在台湾发生冲突时，这些技术将被用来对抗美国军队。</P>
<P>China could go a long way in addressing American concerns by increasing the transparency of its space program to reduce uncertainties over its intentions in space. A big step in this direction would be for China to remove its human space flight program from military control and establish a civil organization with direct responsibility for human space flight that would be better suited to working with NASA.
中国将来在增加其空间项目透明化上有很长的一段路要走，而该行为将可以用来回应美国对这些事务的关注，并以此降低其空间发展最终目的的不确定性。中国在这个方向上可能实施的一个重要步骤那就是建立一个民间组织来代替军方对载人航天项目的控制，并由该民间组织来承担载人航天的直接责任，这样的一个民间组织则将更适合与NASA进行合作。</P>
<P>The U.S. experience with the Soviet Union, and later with Russia, offer some insights on the promise and challenges of international space cooperation. Nearly three decades ago the two countries proceeded with the Apollo-Soyuz docking mission despite Cold War tensions. In recent years, the United States has benefited from its cooperation with Russia in preparing for, constructing and operating the international space station. Cooperation has not been easy, but it has been essential for making progress in human space activities, particularly since the Columbia shuttle accident.
通过与先前的苏联和而后的俄罗斯合作，提供给美国对付国与国间的许诺和国际空间合作的挑战的经验。将近三十年前，尽管冷战时期美苏关系紧张，但两国一直在Apollo-Soyuz轨道对接项目上保持合作。近些年，与俄罗斯的合作有预备发射，建造和操作国际空间站，并且美国从合作中获益非浅。尽管双方合作困难重重，但它一直是载人航天活动前进的要素，特别是哥伦比亚号航天飞机失事后。</P>
<P>While the United States may have apprehensions about partnering with China in space, other nations do not. China is becoming an attractive partner for Europe and Russia, which are less inhibited in selling dual-use technologies to China. European nations are already partnering with China on significant space ventures, including the Galileo satellite navigation project. Cooperation with Russia or Europe could provide China with much of the same technologies that the U.S. hopes to prevent China from obtaining.
当美国依然对与中国在航天领域合作持有顾虑时其他国家却没有抱有该看法。对于出售军民两用技术拥有较少阻力的欧洲与俄罗斯，中国在他们眼中是一个越发吸引人的合作伙伴。欧盟国家已经正在于中国合作发展有重大意义的空间项目，其中就包括伽利略卫星导航计划。而与欧洲和俄罗斯合作，其将能提供给中国许多美国希望防止中国获得的技术。</P>
<P>
Chinese cooperation on major space efforts without U.S. involvement could threaten to erode the U.S. leadership position as the world's top space power. As with all areas of international relations, the United States must decide the extent it wants to proceed on its own path or collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals.
在排斥了美国因素的重要空间项目上与中国合作而付出的共同努力，其将可能逐渐侵蚀美国作为世界头号空间大国的领导地位。而美国必须在其所有的国际关系中，确定其合作范围，并使之能够在美国所期望的方向于其他国家合作，来达到共同的目标。</P>
<P>The financial and technical challenges of returning to the moon make a compelling argument for U.S.-Chinese cooperation. But if Washington sees benefits in exploring the opportunities for collaboration with Beijing, it must also identify ways of minimizing potential risks to U.S. national security. Beginning a dialogue that emphasizes greater transparency in U.S.-China civil space activities would be a good start.
返月项目的财政与技术上的挑战为中美合作的存在提供了一个合理的理由。但是如果美国注意其利益，而对与中国合作的机会进行探讨的话，它必仍将实施多种方法来使对美国国家安全的潜在威胁最小化。而对加强中美民用航空活动的透明化开展对话则是一个很好得开始。</P>
<P>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter are researchers with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization.
John C. Baker和Kevin Pollpeter为非赢利研究组织兰德公司的研究员</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-1 15:57:38编辑过]
<P>A Future for U.S.-China Space Cooperation?中美未来航天合作
By John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter
作者：John C. Baker, Kevin Pollpeter
tranlate by leo anderson</P>
<P>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This commentary appeared in Space News on December 13, 2004.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>Human space flight was born as a “space race” between the United States and the Soviet Union, carried out on one of the bloodless battlefields of the Cold War. But while humans continue to travel into space, the nature of international space activities has gradually changed from competition to cooperation. Once bitter rivals, America and Russia now share the costs and risks of space flight.
现代载人航天是美国和苏联之间太空竞赛的产物，是两者冷战时期和平竞赛的产物之一。但是，当人类不断的进军太空，现实中的国际空间活动已经由往日大国间的太空竞赛转变成了今日的协作同进。曾经一度的死敌美国和俄罗斯，现在却在合作并共同分担航天发射的经费和风险。</P>
<P>As a result of the successful space flight of Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei in 2003, China has joined the United States and Russia as one of only three nations capable of human space flights based on their own capabilities. Does China's space achievement portend a new round of competition — or does it offer an opportunity for U.S.-China space cooperation? The Dec. 2 meeting between NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe and Chinese National Space Agency Administrator Sun Laiyan in Washington launched an important effort by the U.S. and China to explore whether the advantages of working together in space — as the United States and Russia do today — outweigh the disadvantages.
2003年，中国宇航员杨立伟的成功太空之行将中国加入美俄成为当今世界有能力单独进行载人航天的三国之一。中国现今的航天成就究竟会带来什么样的新局面呢，是预示其将带来新一轮的太空竞赛，还是为未来的中美太空合作提供一个良好的机会呢？12月2日美国NASA负责人Sean O'Keefe和中国国家航天局副局长孙来燕在华盛顿会晤，此次会晤中两国将积极探讨中美两国现今进行太空合作是否就像现今美俄之间一样，利大于弊。</P>
<P>In addition to launching its first human into space, China has approved plans for robotic lunar exploration that could lay the foundation for human missions and hopes to eventually orbit a permanent manned space station. China's emergent role in human space flight coincides with the announcement last January of NASA's goal to return to the moon and lay the foundation for human exploration of Mars.
除了成功进行了其第一次载人航天飞行外，中国还通过了其机器人月球探索计划，同时该计划将为中国以后进行载人登月计划铺平道路，并且最终其还将在月球轨道上部署一个永久性载人空间站。而后美国感受到了中国航天技术突飞猛进的压力，进而在2004年一月宣布NASA重返月球计划并且将为未来的载人火星探索计划打下坚实基础。</P>
<P>During the post-Apollo era, U.S. space exploration programs have been burdened by unrealistic expectations and inadequate funding that sometimes led to canceled or scaled-back programs. Transporting humans into space for extended periods remains expensive, risky and technically demanding. Cooperation with China on human space flight provides opportunities for collaboration that could reduce the cost of major missions such as returning to the moon and long-duration flights to Mars.
在Apollo时代后，美国空间探索项目一直承受着外界不切实际的期待和经费不足等问题，这些问题使得美国空间探索计划不时就要面临项目下马或者减小项目规模。长时期的载人航天保持着昂贵的投入、高风险的发射运行和技术需求。而现今于中国合作就可以给美国提供一个好机会，使得美国可以在类似于再次的月球登陆和火星长途飞行这样的主要项目上减少相应的投入。</P>
<P>The Chinese would expect to benefit from cooperation with the more advanced U.S. space program, gaining increased prestige and taking a great leap forward by getting access to U.S. knowledge, experience and technology. However, because most space technologies and skills are dual-use in nature — meaning they also can be used to develop space systems for military use — America wants to be sure China doesn't use space cooperation as a tool to strengthen its military might.
而中国也期望在与美国进行更先进航天项目合作上获益，中国可以借此在国际社会上获得更高的声望，并且可以借此获得美国的知识、经验和技术以进行跳跃式发展。但是因为大多数的航天技术都是军民两用技术，这就意味着中国可以借由此发展其军事空间系统，而美国希望在合作后能确保中国不会借用这些空间技术来做为将强其军事力量的工具。</P>
<P>China has strong military reasons to become a major space power and many Chinese writings on space argue that China should develop space weapons in addition to militarizing space. These technologies could be used against U.S. forces if an armed conflict arises over Taiwan.
中国有强烈的成为一个举足轻重的空间大国的军事意图，而在许多的中国关于空间发展的作品中表明中国除太空军事化外，还将发展太空武器。而如果中美在台湾发生冲突时，这些技术将被用来对抗美国军队。</P>
<P>China could go a long way in addressing American concerns by increasing the transparency of its space program to reduce uncertainties over its intentions in space. A big step in this direction would be for China to remove its human space flight program from military control and establish a civil organization with direct responsibility for human space flight that would be better suited to working with NASA.
中国将来在增加其空间项目透明化上有很长的一段路要走，而该行为将可以用来回应美国对这些事务的关注，并以此降低其空间发展最终目的的不确定性。中国在这个方向上可能实施的一个重要步骤那就是建立一个民间组织来代替军方对载人航天项目的控制，并由该民间组织来承担载人航天的直接责任，这样的一个民间组织则将更适合与NASA进行合作。</P>
<P>The U.S. experience with the Soviet Union, and later with Russia, offer some insights on the promise and challenges of international space cooperation. Nearly three decades ago the two countries proceeded with the Apollo-Soyuz docking mission despite Cold War tensions. In recent years, the United States has benefited from its cooperation with Russia in preparing for, constructing and operating the international space station. Cooperation has not been easy, but it has been essential for making progress in human space activities, particularly since the Columbia shuttle accident.
通过与先前的苏联和而后的俄罗斯合作，提供给美国对付国与国间的许诺和国际空间合作的挑战的经验。将近三十年前，尽管冷战时期美苏关系紧张，但两国一直在Apollo-Soyuz轨道对接项目上保持合作。近些年，与俄罗斯的合作有预备发射，建造和操作国际空间站，并且美国从合作中获益非浅。尽管双方合作困难重重，但它一直是载人航天活动前进的要素，特别是哥伦比亚号航天飞机失事后。</P>
<P>While the United States may have apprehensions about partnering with China in space, other nations do not. China is becoming an attractive partner for Europe and Russia, which are less inhibited in selling dual-use technologies to China. European nations are already partnering with China on significant space ventures, including the Galileo satellite navigation project. Cooperation with Russia or Europe could provide China with much of the same technologies that the U.S. hopes to prevent China from obtaining.
当美国依然对与中国在航天领域合作持有顾虑时其他国家却没有抱有该看法。对于出售军民两用技术拥有较少阻力的欧洲与俄罗斯，中国在他们眼中是一个越发吸引人的合作伙伴。欧盟国家已经正在于中国合作发展有重大意义的空间项目，其中就包括伽利略卫星导航计划。而与欧洲和俄罗斯合作，其将能提供给中国许多美国希望防止中国获得的技术。</P>
<P>
Chinese cooperation on major space efforts without U.S. involvement could threaten to erode the U.S. leadership position as the world's top space power. As with all areas of international relations, the United States must decide the extent it wants to proceed on its own path or collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals.
在排斥了美国因素的重要空间项目上与中国合作而付出的共同努力，其将可能逐渐侵蚀美国作为世界头号空间大国的领导地位。而美国必须在其所有的国际关系中，确定其合作范围，并使之能够在美国所期望的方向于其他国家合作，来达到共同的目标。</P>
<P>The financial and technical challenges of returning to the moon make a compelling argument for U.S.-Chinese cooperation. But if Washington sees benefits in exploring the opportunities for collaboration with Beijing, it must also identify ways of minimizing potential risks to U.S. national security. Beginning a dialogue that emphasizes greater transparency in U.S.-China civil space activities would be a good start.
返月项目的财政与技术上的挑战为中美合作的存在提供了一个合理的理由。但是如果美国注意其利益，而对与中国合作的机会进行探讨的话，它必仍将实施多种方法来使对美国国家安全的潜在威胁最小化。而对加强中美民用航空活动的透明化开展对话则是一个很好得开始。</P>
<P>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P>
<P>John C. Baker and Kevin Pollpeter are researchers with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization.
John C. Baker和Kevin Pollpeter为非赢利研究组织兰德公司的研究员</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-1 15:57:38编辑过]
<P>真无耻，又想中国承担责任，又不想给技术。老美也真够无耻！</P>
就是哈，看看其他和美国合作的国家，你出钱了，但技术你能获得多少呢？
<P>官方文字驾驭能力好强啊，应该是御用人员翻译的吧</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-1 17:32:43编辑过]