超级军网米格战机发展今昔
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/27 21:21:30
Historically, 60 years is just a short span of time. However, for the Mikoyan Design Bureau Engineering Center this period has been marked by a record amount of creative effort, resourcefulness, research work, triumphs and setbacks.
On December 8, 1939, Pavel Voronin, Director of State Aircraft Plant #1, signed a decree, which was approved by the People's Commissariat for the Aviation Industry, establishing an experimental design department. Artyom Mikoyan was appointed its director and chief designer, with Mikhail Gurevich and Vladimir Romadin acting as his deputies. Thus the foundation was laid for developing the MiG combat aircraft.
Over the years, the design department and, later, bureau designed and launched into series production a number of remarkable fighters and acquired the reputation of one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers.
On April 5, 1940, the bureau's first development, a high-altitude and high-speed aircraft, designated MiG-1, capable of flying at 650 km/h, a speed unique at that time, took to the air. Later on, the aircraft was modified into the MiG-3. Soon the aircraft was launched into series production. Overall, 3,200 aircraft were built. They were successfully employed during World War II. The outstanding ace Alexander Pokryshkin scored his first victories in dog fights with Luftwaffe pilots, flying a MiG-3.
After the war, the design bureau continued to successfully develop new versions of combat aircraft. The first fighter to pave the way to the jet aviation era in the USSR was the MiG-9. Developed and launched into series production within the shortest possible time, this aircraft had an original airframe configuration, two turbojet engines, a bureau-developed ejection seat, and a speed in excess of 900 km/h. Later on, to retrain the flying personnel of regular Air Force units, the basic MiG-9 was developed into the UTI MiG-9 trainer.
On December 8, 1939, Pavel Voronin, Director of State Aircraft Plant #1, signed a decree, which was approved by the People's Commissariat for the Aviation Industry, establishing an experimental design department. Artyom Mikoyan was appointed its director and chief designer, with Mikhail Gurevich and Vladimir Romadin acting as his deputies. Thus the foundation was laid for developing the MiG combat aircraft.
Over the years, the design department and, later, bureau designed and launched into series production a number of remarkable fighters and acquired the reputation of one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers.
On April 5, 1940, the bureau's first development, a high-altitude and high-speed aircraft, designated MiG-1, capable of flying at 650 km/h, a speed unique at that time, took to the air. Later on, the aircraft was modified into the MiG-3. Soon the aircraft was launched into series production. Overall, 3,200 aircraft were built. They were successfully employed during World War II. The outstanding ace Alexander Pokryshkin scored his first victories in dog fights with Luftwaffe pilots, flying a MiG-3.
After the war, the design bureau continued to successfully develop new versions of combat aircraft. The first fighter to pave the way to the jet aviation era in the USSR was the MiG-9. Developed and launched into series production within the shortest possible time, this aircraft had an original airframe configuration, two turbojet engines, a bureau-developed ejection seat, and a speed in excess of 900 km/h. Later on, to retrain the flying personnel of regular Air Force units, the basic MiG-9 was developed into the UTI MiG-9 trainer.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-27 0:32:32编辑过]
On December 8, 1939, Pavel Voronin, Director of State Aircraft Plant #1, signed a decree, which was approved by the People's Commissariat for the Aviation Industry, establishing an experimental design department. Artyom Mikoyan was appointed its director and chief designer, with Mikhail Gurevich and Vladimir Romadin acting as his deputies. Thus the foundation was laid for developing the MiG combat aircraft.
Over the years, the design department and, later, bureau designed and launched into series production a number of remarkable fighters and acquired the reputation of one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers.
On April 5, 1940, the bureau's first development, a high-altitude and high-speed aircraft, designated MiG-1, capable of flying at 650 km/h, a speed unique at that time, took to the air. Later on, the aircraft was modified into the MiG-3. Soon the aircraft was launched into series production. Overall, 3,200 aircraft were built. They were successfully employed during World War II. The outstanding ace Alexander Pokryshkin scored his first victories in dog fights with Luftwaffe pilots, flying a MiG-3.
After the war, the design bureau continued to successfully develop new versions of combat aircraft. The first fighter to pave the way to the jet aviation era in the USSR was the MiG-9. Developed and launched into series production within the shortest possible time, this aircraft had an original airframe configuration, two turbojet engines, a bureau-developed ejection seat, and a speed in excess of 900 km/h. Later on, to retrain the flying personnel of regular Air Force units, the basic MiG-9 was developed into the UTI MiG-9 trainer.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-27 0:32:32编辑过]
Historically, 60 years is just a short span of time. However, for the Mikoyan Design Bureau Engineering Center this period has been marked by a record amount of creative effort, resourcefulness, research work, triumphs and setbacks. On December 8, 1939, Pavel Voronin, Director of State Aircraft Plant #1, signed a decree, which was approved by the People's Commissariat for the Aviation Industry, establishing an experimental design department. Artyom Mikoyan was appointed its director and chief designer, with Mikhail Gurevich and Vladimir Romadin acting as his deputies. Thus the foundation was laid for developing the MiG combat aircraft.
Over the years, the design department and, later, bureau designed and launched into series production a number of remarkable fighters and acquired the reputation of one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers.
On April 5, 1940, the bureau's first development, a high-altitude and high-speed aircraft, designated MiG-1, capable of flying at 650 km/h, a speed unique at that time, took to the air. Later on, the aircraft was modified into the MiG-3. Soon the aircraft was launched into series production. Overall, 3,200 aircraft were built. They were successfully employed during World War II. The outstanding ace Alexander Pokryshkin scored his first victories in dog fights with Luftwaffe pilots, flying a MiG-3.
After the war, the design bureau continued to successfully develop new versions of combat aircraft. The first fighter to pave the way to the jet aviation era in the USSR was the MiG-9. Developed and launched into series production within the shortest possible time, this aircraft had an original airframe configuration, two turbojet engines, a bureau-developed ejection seat, and a speed in excess of 900 km/h. Later on, to retrain the flying personnel of regular Air Force units, the basic MiG-9 was developed into the UTI MiG-9 trainer.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-27 0:32:32编辑过]
The first jet aircraft was followed by the new MiG-15 fighter (1947) which was faster and more reliable. Simple in design and easy to fly and maintain, it became the main fighter aircraft of the USSR Air Force and air forces of many other countries. It was built at ten domestic plants and several foreign enterprises. The "soldier- aircraft" was tested in combat during the Korean war, putting an end to free flights of the American B-29 and B-50 heavy bombers.
In terms of acceleration, vertical maneuver and, notably, firepower, it outperformed the then world's best foreign fighter, the F-86 Sabre. World recognition of the MiG aircraft started from this flying machine.
The next project of the design bureau, the MiG-17 fighter, rightfully deserved the reputation of the world's best transonic aircraft. Built in the number of 11,000, the aircraft was also exported extensively. The modern aircraft industry of China started with licenced production of this aircraft.
The high combat performance of the aircraft was proven in many military conflicts in Asia and Africa, where it could withstand combat with supersonic fighters. The interceptor fighters developed from the basic MiG-17 became the first combat aircraft to be equipped with airborne radars and air-to-air guided missiles.
In terms of acceleration, vertical maneuver and, notably, firepower, it outperformed the then world's best foreign fighter, the F-86 Sabre. World recognition of the MiG aircraft started from this flying machine.
The next project of the design bureau, the MiG-17 fighter, rightfully deserved the reputation of the world's best transonic aircraft. Built in the number of 11,000, the aircraft was also exported extensively. The modern aircraft industry of China started with licenced production of this aircraft.
The high combat performance of the aircraft was proven in many military conflicts in Asia and Africa, where it could withstand combat with supersonic fighters. The interceptor fighters developed from the basic MiG-17 became the first combat aircraft to be equipped with airborne radars and air-to-air guided missiles.
By the onset of the supersonic aviation era the design bureau came up with the development of the MiG-19 supersonic fighter. For the first time the aircraft acquired an all-moving stabilizer and an automatic flight control system gain mechanism. It also carried navigation/fire control equipment and weapons, capable of attacking targets day and night. The aircraft was mass-produced, especially in China, where it presently forms the backbone of the country's fighter fleet.
After "breaking the sound barrier" the design bureau continued to increase the speed and altitude of flight. Many problems which arose in achieving this goal called for the development of experimental aircraft and further research. These efforts resulted in the development in 1958 of the MiG-21 supersonic fighter which, like its predecessors, entered service with the Soviet fighter aviation and air forces of many other countries. Some of its novel design features assured its high performance and flight safety. Suffice to say that the evaluation trials performed by the US Air Force of the MiG-21, captured during the Arab-Israeli war, gave a wealth of material for the development of the new F-15 aircraft.
The MiG-21 fighter was used in many military conflicts. Particularly impressive was its employment in the Vietnam war of 1965 - 1968 when the number of American aircraft downed by the MiG-21s markedly exceeded that of MiGs. The aircraft proved to be successful enough to be manufactured in many versions for 25 years in the USSR and for over ten years of licensed production in China and India. Currently, the MiG-21s are still in service with air forces of numerous foreign countries.
After "breaking the sound barrier" the design bureau continued to increase the speed and altitude of flight. Many problems which arose in achieving this goal called for the development of experimental aircraft and further research. These efforts resulted in the development in 1958 of the MiG-21 supersonic fighter which, like its predecessors, entered service with the Soviet fighter aviation and air forces of many other countries. Some of its novel design features assured its high performance and flight safety. Suffice to say that the evaluation trials performed by the US Air Force of the MiG-21, captured during the Arab-Israeli war, gave a wealth of material for the development of the new F-15 aircraft.
The MiG-21 fighter was used in many military conflicts. Particularly impressive was its employment in the Vietnam war of 1965 - 1968 when the number of American aircraft downed by the MiG-21s markedly exceeded that of MiGs. The aircraft proved to be successful enough to be manufactured in many versions for 25 years in the USSR and for over ten years of licensed production in China and India. Currently, the MiG-21s are still in service with air forces of numerous foreign countries.
The 1960s were marked in the history of the design bureau by the development of the MiG-23 fighter and the MiG-27 fighter-bomber. These were the first light-weight supersonic variable-geometry wing aircraft equipped with effective airborne systems and an onboard radar operating effectively both in the free space and against the earth's background. The airborne armament included a new generation of medium-range missiles.
The MiG-23ML and MLD versions of the baseline aircraft proved to be a very good match for the F-16 and F-15 fourth generation fighters.
The baseline aircraft were developed into strike aircraft armed with precision-guided weapons, means for penetrating enemy air defense, and modern aiming-navigation equipment.
The work of the design bureau has always been noted for its innovative bold developments. The bureau was extensively involved in the study of the problems of the sound and thermal barriers, specifically the possibility to extend flight under the conditions of high kinetic heating of the airframe skin. Owing to the development of new heat-resistant materials and powerful cooling systems, the design bureau staff coped with the task admirably: the MiG-25 interceptor fighter was the first aircraft to be mainly built of large welded structures of stainless steel. There were also reconnaissance, bomber and air defense penetrator versions of this aircraft. The MiG-25 was the first to be fitted out with computers and highly automated equipment.
The MiG-23ML and MLD versions of the baseline aircraft proved to be a very good match for the F-16 and F-15 fourth generation fighters.
The baseline aircraft were developed into strike aircraft armed with precision-guided weapons, means for penetrating enemy air defense, and modern aiming-navigation equipment.
The work of the design bureau has always been noted for its innovative bold developments. The bureau was extensively involved in the study of the problems of the sound and thermal barriers, specifically the possibility to extend flight under the conditions of high kinetic heating of the airframe skin. Owing to the development of new heat-resistant materials and powerful cooling systems, the design bureau staff coped with the task admirably: the MiG-25 interceptor fighter was the first aircraft to be mainly built of large welded structures of stainless steel. There were also reconnaissance, bomber and air defense penetrator versions of this aircraft. The MiG-25 was the first to be fitted out with computers and highly automated equipment.
The next stage in the Mikoyan Design Bureau's activities was design, construction and testing of a fourth-generation fighter.
A prototype of the MiG-29 fighter took to the air on October 6, 1977. This one-seat front-line air superiority fighter with an integral aerodynamic configuration boasts excellent agility, a highly effective multi-channel complex of aiming systems and the world's best air-to-air guided missiles. Its demonstration flight at the Farnborough (Great Britain) airshow in 1988 was a sensation. This aircraft illustrates the thesis that the fighter aviation synthesizes the latest achievements of aviation science and technology. The fighter is in service with the Russian Air Force and air forces of many other countries worldwide.
The progress made by Russia's air defense aviation of late is essential to its security. Current political situation and rapid obsolescence of the aircraft fleet have made it imperative for the aircraft designers to develop a new, more advanced air defense fighter. Consequently, the MiG-31, the world's best interceptor fighter, was developed. It carries a powerful phased array radar and long-range air-to-air missiles, and is uniquely suited for both independent and group employment modes. The range and duration of flight have also increased. At present, work is focused on assuring multifunctional employment and improved air target interception capabilities of the aircraft.
A prototype of the MiG-29 fighter took to the air on October 6, 1977. This one-seat front-line air superiority fighter with an integral aerodynamic configuration boasts excellent agility, a highly effective multi-channel complex of aiming systems and the world's best air-to-air guided missiles. Its demonstration flight at the Farnborough (Great Britain) airshow in 1988 was a sensation. This aircraft illustrates the thesis that the fighter aviation synthesizes the latest achievements of aviation science and technology. The fighter is in service with the Russian Air Force and air forces of many other countries worldwide.
The progress made by Russia's air defense aviation of late is essential to its security. Current political situation and rapid obsolescence of the aircraft fleet have made it imperative for the aircraft designers to develop a new, more advanced air defense fighter. Consequently, the MiG-31, the world's best interceptor fighter, was developed. It carries a powerful phased array radar and long-range air-to-air missiles, and is uniquely suited for both independent and group employment modes. The range and duration of flight have also increased. At present, work is focused on assuring multifunctional employment and improved air target interception capabilities of the aircraft.
Apart from its main business-development of combat aircraft, the design bureau has also been involved in developing high-speed aircraft, including aerospace planes, as well as innovative piloted and pilotless flying vehicles. The bureau has also been actively engaged in the conversion program.
Among its accomplishments are the development and large series production of the following three families of cruise missiles:
- KS and KSS transonic antiship missiles;
- K-10 supersonic antiship missile;
- Kh-20 strategic air-to-surface missile.
To sum up, over 60 years the design bureau has developed 442 aircraft and 231 prototypes took to the air. The MiG aircraft have set 72 world records. Over 60,000 flying machines have been built.
On the eve of its 60th anniversary, the bureau team prides itself in the development of new aerodynamic configurations, expert and voice control systems, introduction of new CAD methods, including the drawing-free type, elaboration of new methods for calculating aerogasdynamic, aeroelastic, strength and thermal strength characteristics, and optimization of control algorithms.
Highly sophisticated rigs for testing strength, service life, reliability and flight safety have been devised. New technologies for manufacture of large structures made of composite materials and application of radio-absorption coatings have been developed and introduced.
Yet the bureau's most important asset is its team of highly skilled specialists, loyal to company policy and aviation. A school of designers and good cooperation with the leading industrial and military research institutes, designers of engines, airborne equipment and armament, process engineers and testing organizations have all been established here. All this enabled the design bureau to develop the most sophisticated types of aircraft.
The years of reforms took their toll on the Mikoyan Design Bureau. State financing and the number of orders from the Ministry of Defense dramatically decreased. The bureau had to abandon some of its promising projects and slow down work on priority projects. The number of specialists, notably young ones, decreased. Yet the team managed to find organizational and engineering solutions to survive and even succeed in new areas.
Among its accomplishments are the development and large series production of the following three families of cruise missiles:
- KS and KSS transonic antiship missiles;
- K-10 supersonic antiship missile;
- Kh-20 strategic air-to-surface missile.
To sum up, over 60 years the design bureau has developed 442 aircraft and 231 prototypes took to the air. The MiG aircraft have set 72 world records. Over 60,000 flying machines have been built.
On the eve of its 60th anniversary, the bureau team prides itself in the development of new aerodynamic configurations, expert and voice control systems, introduction of new CAD methods, including the drawing-free type, elaboration of new methods for calculating aerogasdynamic, aeroelastic, strength and thermal strength characteristics, and optimization of control algorithms.
Highly sophisticated rigs for testing strength, service life, reliability and flight safety have been devised. New technologies for manufacture of large structures made of composite materials and application of radio-absorption coatings have been developed and introduced.
Yet the bureau's most important asset is its team of highly skilled specialists, loyal to company policy and aviation. A school of designers and good cooperation with the leading industrial and military research institutes, designers of engines, airborne equipment and armament, process engineers and testing organizations have all been established here. All this enabled the design bureau to develop the most sophisticated types of aircraft.
The years of reforms took their toll on the Mikoyan Design Bureau. State financing and the number of orders from the Ministry of Defense dramatically decreased. The bureau had to abandon some of its promising projects and slow down work on priority projects. The number of specialists, notably young ones, decreased. Yet the team managed to find organizational and engineering solutions to survive and even succeed in new areas.
Among these areas are:
- the development of new, maximally customized, versions of the MiG- 29 aircraft. For example, the MiG-29SD version manufactured for the Malaysian Air Force has increased warload and service life of the airframe and engine, can be refueled in mid-air and carries Western- made avionics allowing interaction with the local infrastructure.
Another version, the MiG-29SMT, boasts an increased range and flight duration and a new architecture of the airborne equipment and information control field;
- development of conversion programs. These include the development of a new generation trainer aircraft, the MiG-AT, in cooperation with some French firms. Work is also underway on the MiG-110 multi- mission aircraft;
- modernization of MiG aircraft previously delivered to foreign customers (at present, over 10,000 MiGs are operated in more than 50 countries worldwide). The replacement of obsolete equipment with modern equipment, increase of the service life of the airframe and its systems, and installation of new types of weapons will dramatically enhance the combat effectiveness of these aircraft and extend their service life until 2010-2015.
- the development of new, maximally customized, versions of the MiG- 29 aircraft. For example, the MiG-29SD version manufactured for the Malaysian Air Force has increased warload and service life of the airframe and engine, can be refueled in mid-air and carries Western- made avionics allowing interaction with the local infrastructure.
Another version, the MiG-29SMT, boasts an increased range and flight duration and a new architecture of the airborne equipment and information control field;
- development of conversion programs. These include the development of a new generation trainer aircraft, the MiG-AT, in cooperation with some French firms. Work is also underway on the MiG-110 multi- mission aircraft;
- modernization of MiG aircraft previously delivered to foreign customers (at present, over 10,000 MiGs are operated in more than 50 countries worldwide). The replacement of obsolete equipment with modern equipment, increase of the service life of the airframe and its systems, and installation of new types of weapons will dramatically enhance the combat effectiveness of these aircraft and extend their service life until 2010-2015.
The bureau has been re-organized as well. The MIG Design Bureau has been reorganized into the Mikoyan Design Bureau Engineering Center and made part of the MAPO Military- Industrial Complex Federal State Unitary Enterprise.
While the Mikoyan Design Bureau Engineering Center personnel are meeting the company's 60th anniversary in a complicated situation, they look forward to the coming 21st century with optimism. This optimism is based on new projects, modern aircraft that are being built or flight-tested, but first and foremost, on the belief that aircraft building will be much in demand in the new millennium as well.
While the Mikoyan Design Bureau Engineering Center personnel are meeting the company's 60th anniversary in a complicated situation, they look forward to the coming 21st century with optimism. This optimism is based on new projects, modern aircraft that are being built or flight-tested, but first and foremost, on the belief that aircraft building will be much in demand in the new millennium as well.