请成都网友转发给和震区疏散儿童在一起的志愿者

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第一个网页的翻译


Disasters can leave children feeling frightened, confused, and insecure. Whether a child has personally experienced trauma, has merely seen the event on television, or has heard it discussed by adults, it is important for parents and teachers to be informed and ready to help if reactions to stress begin to occur.
灾难会使儿童感到惊吓、困惑、没有安全感。无论儿童亲身经历了损伤、在电视中看到灾难画面、还是从成人那里听到转述,家长和教师都应当对此有所留意,在儿童显露出受到精神压力的迹象时及时加以帮助。

Children may respond to disaster by demonstrating fears, sadness, or behavioral problems. Younger children may return to earlier behavior patterns, such as bedwetting, sleep problems, and separation anxiety. Older children may also display anger, aggression, school problems, or withdrawal. Some children who have only indirect contact with the disaster but witness it on television may develop distress.
儿童对灾难的反应可能会包括恐惧、悲伤、或行为问题。年幼的儿童也许会恢复一些婴幼儿时期的习惯,比如尿床,睡眠问题,以及儿童分离焦虑。年纪大一些的儿童会表露出愤怒、攻击性、或者退缩。一些没有直接接触到灾难的儿童也许会因为间接原因(比如电视画面)而产生哀伤情绪。

Who is at Risk?
For many children, reactions to disasters are brief and represent normal reactions to "abnormal events." A smaller number of children can be at risk for more enduring psychological distress as a function of three major risk factors:
对于一些儿童来说,对灾难的反应时期比较短暂,而且面对不寻常事件可能会有正常的表现。一少部分儿童可能会有长期的、持久的心理问题,其原因可以分为以下三种情况

Direct exposure to the disaster, such as being evacuated, observing injuries or death of others, or experiencing injury along with fearing one’s life is in danger.
直接面对灾难,比如从灾区疏散,目睹他人受伤或死亡,或者因为担心某人的生命有危险而受到心理伤害
Loss/grief: This relates to the death or serious injury of family or friends.
家人或朋友的死亡
On-going stress from the secondary effects of disaster, such as temporarily living elsewhere, loss of friends and social networks, loss of personal property, parental unemployment, and costs incurred during recovery to return the family to pre-disaster life and living conditions.
由于救灾措施带来的压力,例如临时住在别处,日常朋友和社会交际网络消失,个人财产损失,父母失业,以及家庭为恢复灾前生活状态进行努力时所付出的代价


What Creates Vulnerabilities in Children?
In most cases, depending on the risk factors above, distressing responses are temporary. In the absence of severe threat to life, injury, loss of loved ones, or secondary problems such as loss of home, moves, etc., symptoms usually diminish over time. For those that were directly exposed to the disaster, reminders of the disaster such as high winds, smoke, cloudy skies, sirens, or other reminders of the disaster may cause upsetting feelings to return. Having a prior history of some type of traumatic event or severe stress may contribute to these feelings.
大多数灾难中,由以上三个原因带来的悲伤是暂时的。由于对失去生命、受到伤害、失去所爱亲友的威胁,以及次要因素——家庭财产损失、搬家等等——的消失,儿童的焦虑和其他心理症状会逐步消退。对于那些曾直接暴露在灾难面前的儿童来说,使他们回忆起灾难的场景,比如大风、烟、多云天空、警报等等,可能会使其再次陷入不安感觉、

Children’s coping with disaster or emergencies is often tied to the way parents cope. They can detect adults’ fears and sadness. Parents and adults can make disasters less traumatic for children by taking steps to manage their own feelings and plans for coping. Parents are almost always the best source of support for children in disasters. One way to establish a sense of control and to build confidence in children before a disaster is to engage and involve them in preparing a family disaster plan. After a disaster, children can contribute to a family recovery plan.
儿童对灾难的反应往往取决于父母(和周围成人)对灾难的反应。他们能够感受到成人的恐惧和悲哀。父母和其他成人的得体举止可以设法降低灾难对儿童心理的创伤。一种做法是在儿童面前建立一种局势已得到控制的感觉,帮助儿童在灾难面前建立信心。(后面的不知所云)


A Child’s Reaction to Disaster by Age
Below are common reactions in children after a disaster or traumatic event.
儿童对灾难的反应

Birth through 2 years. When children are pre-verbal and experience a trauma, they do not have the words to describe the event or their feelings. However, they can retain memories of particular sights, sounds, or smells. Infants may react to trauma by being irritable, crying more than usual, or wanting to be held and cuddled. The biggest influence on children of this age is how their parents cope. As children get older, their play may involve acting out elements of the traumatic event that occurred several years in the past and was seemingly forgotten.
从出生到2周岁:由于没有语言表达能力,他们无法真切表达他们的感受。不过他们可能会对特定的画面、声音、气味产生记忆。婴儿可能会表现得急躁,比平常啼哭次数更多,需要被抱起来安抚。对这个年龄段儿童影响最大的是父母的反应。当这些儿童年龄更大一些时,他们在游戏中可能会无意中重演数年前他们在灾难中的行为和表现,虽然表面上看起来他们对此不会有任何记忆。

Preschool - 3 through 6 years. Preschool children often feel helpless and powerless in the face of an overwhelming event. Because of their age and small size, they lack the ability to protect themselves or others. As a result, they feel intense fear and insecurity about being separated from caregivers. Preschoolers cannot grasp the concept of permanent loss. They can see consequences as being reversible or permanent. In the weeks following a traumatic event, preschoolers’ play activities may reenact the incident or the disaster over and over again.
学龄前:3至6岁。学龄前儿童通常在一个压倒性的不可抗事件面前感到无助、无力。由于他们的年龄和身体条件,他们缺乏保护他们自己和其他人的能力。结果是,他们对与照料他们的人分开,会有强烈的恐惧感和不安全感。学龄前儿童无法领会“永久失去”的概念。他们认为有些事情是可逆的。在灾难过后的几星期中,学龄前儿童在游戏行为中可能会一遍又一遍重现灾难的场景。

School age - 7 through 10 years. The school-age child has the ability to understand the permanence of loss. Some children become intensely preoccupied with the details of a traumatic event and want to talk about it continually. This preoccupation can interfere with the child’s concentration at school and academic performance may decline. At school, children may hear inaccurate information from peers. They may display a wide range of reactions—sadness, generalized fear, or specific fears of the disaster happening again, guilt over action or inaction during the disaster, anger that the event was not prevented, or fantasies of playing rescuer.
学龄:7至10岁。这个年龄段的儿童已经开始懂得“永久失去”的概念。一些儿童会对灾难事件的细节产生全神贯注的兴趣,一遍又一遍地对人讲述。这种全神贯注会干扰儿童对学习的兴趣,可能会拒绝学习。在学校里,儿童会从同龄人那里听到不正确的信息。对此的反应可能有很多种——沮丧,通常的恐惧,或对灾难可能再度发生的恐惧,对于在灾难中的某些作为(或者不作为)产生负罪感,对于灾难没有被预先阻止感到愤怒,或者幻想自己成为施救者。

Pre-adolescence to adolescence - 11 through 18 years. As children grow older, they develop a more sophisticated understanding of the disaster event. Their responses are more similar to adults. Teenagers may become involved in dangerous, risk-taking behaviors, such as reckless driving, or alcohol or drug use. Others can become fearful of leaving home and avoid previous levels of activities. Much of adolescence is focused on moving out into the world. After a trauma, the view of the world can seem more dangerous and unsafe. A teenager may feel overwhelmed by intense emotions and yet feel unable to discuss them with others.
前青春期至青春期:11至18岁。当儿童变得越来越成熟时,他们会对灾难事件产生更多接近于成人的理解,他们的反应与成人更加相像。这个年龄段的少年也许会参加某种危险的行为,比如不计后果的超速开车、酗酒或嗑药(这个与中国国情无关,有可能是参加少年帮派,反叛父母或老师或其他成人)。其他人可能会对离家感到恐惧,并避免涉及到前述(叛逆)行为。大多数青少年会关注外部世界。灾难过后,外部世界看起来年更加危险、不安全。青少年会感到被紧张情绪所征服,认为无法与其他人讨论交流。



Meeting the Child’s Emotional Needs
Children’s reactions are influenced by the behavior, thoughts, and feelings of adults. Adults should encourage children and adolescents to share their thoughts and feelings about the incident. Clarify misunderstandings about risk and danger by listening to children’s concerns and answering questions. Maintain a sense of calm by validating children’s concerns and perceptions and with discussion of concrete plans for safety.
儿童的情感需要
儿童的反应在很大程度上受到成年人的行为、想法和感觉影响。成年人应当鼓励儿童和青少年与他们分享对于灾难的想法和感觉。聆听儿童关注的问题,回答有关问题,澄清他们对于灾害和危险的误解。保持冷静的态度,接纳并承认儿童的看法和感觉,并且讨论具体的事情,比如如何在今后确保安全。

Listen to what the child is saying. If a young child is asking questions about the event, answer them simply without the elaboration needed for an older child or adult. Some children are comforted by knowing more or less information than others; decide what level of information your particular child needs. If a child has difficulty expressing feelings, allow the child to draw a picture or tell a story of what happened.
仔细倾听儿童所说的话。如果年幼的儿童询问有关灾难的问题,简单地回答他们,尽量避免谈论细节(青少年和成人所能理解的那种细节)。比其他人多了解一些情况会使一些儿童感到安慰。根据不同儿童的具体情况来决定你和他(关于灾难)的谈话详尽到什么地步。如果一个儿童表达自己的感觉有困难,要鼓励他用画画或者讲故事的方式来发泄出自己的感情。

Try to understand what is causing anxieties and fears. Be aware that following a disaster, children are most afraid that:
要弄清产生焦虑和恐惧的原因。要注意在灾难之后儿童对于以下事情最感到恐惧:

The event will happen again.
灾难会再次发生
Someone close to them will be killed or injured.
他们亲近的人遇难或者受伤
They will be left alone or separated from the family.
他们会被遗弃、会与家人分开


Reassuring Children After a Disaster
Suggestions to help reassure children include the following:
在灾难后安抚儿童
以下为一些建议(注:原文中是对父母的建议,志愿者可以适当参考):

Personal contact is reassuring. Hug and touch your children.
身体上的接触,拥抱和安抚(注:从朋友那里得到的建议,有些灾后儿童可能出于深度的焦虑和不安状态,不愿意与别人发生交流和接触。给他们毛绒玩具或小动物会比人身接触好一些,但是不要离开他们。待在儿童的旁边陪伴他们)
Calmly provide factual information about the recent disaster and current plans for insuring their safety along with recovery plans.
冷静地讲述有关灾难的实际情况,以及采取了哪些措施来保证(尤其是这些儿童的)安全
Encourage your children to talk about their feelings.
鼓励儿童讲出他们的感受
Spend extra time with your children such as at bedtime.
和儿童长时间相处
Re-establish your daily routine for work, school, play, meals, and rest.
(未按原文翻译)协助儿童恢复他们的日常生活习惯,协助他们找到同学、亲友,重建往日的社会关系网络
Involve your children by giving them specific chores to help them feel they are helping to restore family and community life.
让儿童分担一些适当的、经过挑选的家务事,让他们觉得自己也在参与重建家庭和社区生活
Praise and recognize responsible behavior.
夸奖和鼓励他们的行为(应当包括对心理安慰的积极回应)
Understand that your children will have a range of reactions to disasters.
(无关)
Encourage your children to help update your a family disaster plan.
(无关)
If you have tried to create a reassuring environment by following the steps above, but your child continues to exhibit stress, if the reactions worsen over time, or if they cause interference with daily behavior at school, at home, or with other relationships, it may be appropriate to talk to a professional. You can get professional help from the child’s primary care physician, a mental health provider specializing in children’s needs, or a member of the clergy.
如果你通过上述方法尝试营建一个帮助儿童痊愈心理创伤的环境,但是儿童仍然表现出压力和焦虑,如果他们的反应更加恶化(比如噩梦、失语等现象),或者他们对于学校同学和身边的人产生攻击性,建议请求专业的儿童心理专家加以辅导和治疗。(后面的不适合中国国情)


Monitor and Limit Your Family’s Exposure to the Media
News coverage related to a disaster may elicit fear and confusion and arouse anxiety in children. This is particularly true for large-scale disasters or a terrorist event where significant property damage and loss of life has occurred. Particularly for younger children, repeated images of an event may cause them to believe the event is recurring over and over.
针对媒体的注意事项
与灾难有关的新闻可能引出恐惧和行为混乱,唤醒儿童的焦虑感。尤其是在人员伤亡惨重的大型自然灾害和恐怖袭击面前。对于儿童来说,有关的画面和图片可能会使他们产生错觉,认为灾难还没有结束,或者又发生了。

If parents allow children to watch television or use the Internet where images or news about the disaster are shown, parents should be with them to encourage communication and provide explanations. This may also include parent’s monitoring and appropriately limiting their own exposure to anxiety-provoking information.
(这是针对父母的,志愿者也应当注意)如果儿童收看电视或通过网络看到灾难画面,父母应当在场,与他们交流看法,并进行解释。父母自己也应当注意对这些画面的收看频率。


Use Support Networks
Parents help their children when they take steps to understand and manage their own feelings and ways of coping. They can do this by building and using social support systems of family, friends, community organizations and agencies, faith-based institutions, or other resources that work for that family. Parents can build their own unique social support systems so that in an emergency situation or when a disaster strikes, they can be supported and helped to manage their reactions. As a result, parents will be more available to their children and better able to support them. Parents are almost always the best source of support for children in difficult times. But to support their children, parents need to attend to their own needs and have a plan for their own support.

Preparing for disaster helps everyone in the family accept the fact that disasters do happen, and provides an opportunity to identify and collect the resources needed to meet basic needs after disaster. Preparation helps; when people feel prepared, they cope better and so do children.

(最后这段意义不大)
其实这个 可以作为一个产业来扶持
心理救助在当今社会无论是灾区灾民还是普通民众都存在大量迫切的需要。
产业化只是一方面,政府大力推动扶持民间救助机构才是根本。
这个领域过于专业,影响也过于长远。

我想志愿者除非有专业背景,否则就不要参与了吧?
原帖由 朱宇 于 2008-5-21 16:50 发表
这个领域过于专业,影响也过于长远。

我想志愿者除非有专业背景,否则就不要参与了吧?

长远归长远;目前已经和震区疏散儿童在一起的志愿者们,针对具体情况,对一些惊吓过度的儿童做必要的心理抚慰,也是好的

小动物和毛绒玩具那个我觉得很有道理
香港在这方面做得非常好,有各类民间救助机构定向定期负责对新移民、低收入、单亲人士、儿童进行心理辅导和心理救助,发生突发状况后更是迅速到位。
大部分民间机构依靠政府的拨款,但业务开展有相对自主权。
哎呀,又看到楼主了。

这帖子不错:lol
歌幽真是个厚道人这期的战研肯定买
Helping Children After A Disaster
灾难之后帮助儿童

No. 36; Updated July 2004

A catastrophe such as an earthquake, hurricane, tornado, fire, flood, or violent acts is frightening to children and adults alike. It is important to explain the event in words the child can understand.  Parents should also acknowledge the frightening parts of the disaster when talking with a child about it. Falsely minimizing the danger will not end a child's concerns. Several factors affect a child's response to a disaster.
大规模灾害,比如地震、飓风、龙卷风、大火、洪水,以及暴力活动,对儿童造成的惊吓程度并不亚于成人。用儿童能够理解的语言向他们解释这些事件,这一点很重要。父母也应当了解这些灾难的危害程度。在描述中把灾害规模和危险性缩小,并不能让儿童停止对这些事件的关心。一些因素影响到儿童对灾害的反应。

The way children see and understand their parents' responses are very important. Children are aware of their parents' worries most of the time, but they are particularly sensitive during a crisis. Parents should admit their concerns to their children, and also stress their abilities to cope with the disaster.
父母(注:以及周围成人)对灾害的反应非常重要。在大多数情况下,儿童知道成人在为某些事情担心,但是他们的反应有其独特性。父母(或其他成人)应当向儿童承认他们的担心,并且应当仔细解释,他们有应对灾害的能力。

A child's reaction also depends on how much destruction and/or death he or she sees during and after the disaster. If a friend or family member has been killed or seriously injured, or if the child's school or home has been severely damaged, there is a greater chance that the child will experience difficulties.
儿童的反应也取决于毁坏的程度和/或他在灾难之中及之后目睹的死亡场面。如果朋友、同学或家庭成员在灾难中死亡或重伤,或者儿童的学校和家庭被严重损坏,儿童很可能会经历一场心理危机。

A child's age affects how the child will respond to the disaster. For example, six-year-olds may show their worries by refusing to attend school, whereas adolescents may minimize their concerns, but argue more with parents and show a decline in school performance.
儿童的年龄决定他对灾难的反应。例如,六岁的儿童通常表现为不愿意回到学校,而青少年可能会把对灾难的关注减到最小,但是对父母的争论和反抗将增多,可能会对学业表现出抗拒情绪。

Following a disaster, people may develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is psychological damage that can result from experiencing, witnessing, or participating in an overwhelmingly traumatic (frightening) event. Children with this disorder have repeated episodes in which they re-experience the traumatic event. Children often relive the trauma through repetitive play. In young children, upsetting dreams of the traumatic event may change into nightmares of monsters, of rescuing others, or of threats to self or others. PTSD rarely appears during the trauma itself. Though its symptoms can occur soon after the event, the disorder often surfaces several months or even years later.
发生灾难之后,人们可能会产生外伤之后的压力失调(PSTD),这是一种心理损伤,导致的原因可能是亲历、目睹、或者参与了不可抗拒的灾难性事件。有这种心理创伤的儿童会以某种方式重现灾难场面,从而重复这个阶段。儿童经常在游戏中反复重现灾难的场景。对于年幼儿童来说,有关灾难场景的噩梦可能会变为梦见妖怪、救援其他人、或者发现自己或其他人面临生命威胁。PSTD症状很少在灾难当中出现,而是在灾后一段时间里表现出来,时间可能长达几个月,甚至几年。

Parents should be alert to these changes in a child's behavior:
父母(包括陪护的志愿者和领养地震孤儿的家庭)应当注意儿童的以下行为:
Refusal to return to school and "clinging" behavior, including shadowing the mother or father around the house
拒绝返回学校,以及某些执着的行为,比如即使在家中也和父母形影不离
Persistent fears related to the catastrophe (such as fears about being permanently separated from parents)
与大灾难有关的、持久而稳固的恐惧(比如害怕离开父母亲人,即使是几分钟或十几分钟的暂时离开)
Sleep disturbances such as nightmares, screaming during sleep and bedwetting, persisting more than several days after the event
灾难过后持续时间超过数天的睡眠失调,包括噩梦、睡梦中突然哭喊、尿床。
Loss of concentration and irritability
失去注意力,易怒
Startled easily, jumpy
容易受到惊吓,神经质
Behavior problems, for example, misbehaving in school or at home in ways that are not typical for the child
行为问题,比如在学校或家庭中出现在儿童中不常见的异常行为(无礼,顶撞,吵架,打架等)
Physical complaints (stomachaches, headaches, dizziness) for which a physical cause cannot be found
无法找到病因的身体疾病(胃疼,头疼,眩晕)
Withdrawal from family and friends, sadness, listlessness, decreased activity, and preoccupation with the events of the disaster
对家庭或朋友表现出淡漠,悲哀,情绪低落,好动性减少,以及对灾难事件的全神贯注
Professional advice or treatment for children affected by a disaster--especially those who have witnessed destruction, injury or death--can help prevent or minimize PTSD. Parents who are concerned about their children can ask their pediatrician or family doctor to refer them to a child and adolescent psychiatrist for an evaluation.
(最后一段又回到美国国情去了。如果身边的震区儿童出现这些迹象,志愿者可以联络专业的心理医生,为其提供治疗和安抚)
我一直认为鬼是个好人:handshake
说鬼是坏人的,那是不了解鬼;P
PS,鬼啊,你什么时候换上以前的马甲啊?
虽然不太懂,但是相信与他人多多沟通交流肯定是有好处的。
各位不必多说与救灾无关的话

有能力帮助翻译的,一道来把剩下三篇尽快翻译好,谢谢了
预约一下,我来翻译倒数第2篇“Helping Young Children Cope with Trauma ”吧
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Children & Disasters
儿童与灾难
(美国红十字会文章)


Disasters may strike quickly and without warning. These events can be frightening for adults, but they are traumatic for children if they don't know what to do.
灾难可能在没有警告的情况下迅速降临。这些灾难可能会给成人造成很大的恐惧,而它们对儿童的心理影响则是灾难性的,如果他们不知道如何应对的话。

During a disaster, your family may have to leave your home and daily routine. Children may become anxious, confused, or frightened. It is important to give children guidance that will help them reduce their fears.
在灾难中,家庭会离开他们的住房,日常的生活习惯也会消失。儿童可能会对此感到焦虑、困惑和惊恐。对于儿童施以必要的辅导,以减轻他们的恐惧,是一件很重要的事。

Children and Their Response to Disaster
Children depend on daily routines: They wake up, eat breakfast, go to school, play with friends. When emergencies or disasters interrupt this routine, children may become anxious.
儿童在很大程度上对日常生活习惯有依赖性。他们起床,吃早餐,上学,和朋友一同玩耍。当紧急事态或者自然灾害打破这一日常生活规律时,儿童会变得焦虑不安。

In a disaster, they'll look to you and other adults for help. How you react to an emergency gives them clues on how to act. If you react with alarm, a child may become more scared. They see our fear as proof that the danger is real. If you seem overcome with a sense of loss, a child may feel their losses more strongly.
在灾难中,他们会向你和其他成人寻求帮助。你应对突发危机的方法和态度是他们参照和模仿的榜样。如果你惊慌失措,他们会受到更大的惊讶。他们把我们的恐惧看成危险存在的证明。如果你被(失去亲友、财物)的念头所困扰,儿童会觉得他们失去的更多。

Children's fears also may stem from their imagination, and you should take these feelings seriously. A child who feels afraid is afraid. Your words and actions can provide reassurance. When talking with your child, be sure to present a realistic picture that is both honest and manageable.
儿童的恐惧也有可能来源于他们的想象,你应当认真对待这些恐惧感。一个感到害怕的儿童,他一定是真的被吓到了。你的语言和行动可以安抚他们。当和你的孩子交谈时,要确保向他们展示有关现实情况的画面,一方面应该坦诚相告,另一方面应当掌握分寸。

Feelings of fear are healthy and natural for adults and children. But as an adult, you need to keep control of the situation. When you're sure that danger has passed, concentrate on your child's emotional needs by asking the child what's uppermost in his or her mind. Having children participate in the family's recovery activities will help them feel that their life will return to "normal." Your response during this time may have a lasting impact.
一般来说,恐惧感对于成人和儿童来说都是一种非病态的、正常的感觉。但是作为成人,你应当掌握表达恐惧感的分寸。当你确保危险已经过去时,请把注意力集中到孩子的感情需要上来,询问他们最迫切的想法。让儿童参与到家庭复原工作中来,会有助于帮助他们产生生活已经恢复正常的感觉。你在这期间的反应会对孩子将来的心理状态产生长久的后果。

Be aware that after a disaster, children are most afraid that--

The event will happen again.
Someone will be injured or killed.
They will be separated from the family.
They will be left alone.
在灾难之后儿童对于以下事情最感到恐惧:
灾难会再次发生
有人遇难或者受伤
他们会被遗弃

Advice to Parents:

对父母的建议(仅供参考)

Prepare for Disaster
对灾难有所准备

You can create a Family Disaster Plan and practice it so that everyone will remember what to do when a disaster does occur.
你可以制订一份家庭应灾计划,并且进行练习,确保每个家庭成员都知道在灾难发生时应当做什么

Contact your local emergency management or civil defense office, or your local Red Cross chapter for materials that describe how your family can create a disaster plan. Everyone in the household, including children, should play a part in the family's response and recovery efforts.
(这个和中国国情无关)

Teach your child how to recognize danger signals. Make sure your child knows what smoke detectors, fire alarms and local community warning systems (horns, sirens) sound like.
告诉你的孩子如何识别危险信号。确保你的孩子知道烟感器、火灾警报器和民防警报装置的声音(这个也和目前的心理安抚工作无关,可以参考)

Explain how to call for help. Teach your child how and when to call for help. Check the telephone directory for local emergency phone numbers and post these phone numbers by all telephones. If you live in a 9-1-1 service area, tell your child to call 9-1-1. Even very young children can be taught how and when to call for emergency assistance.
向他们讲授如何呼救。(后面的内容也无关。是有关报警电话的)

Help your child memorize important family information. Children should memorize their family name, address and phone number. They should also know where to meet in case of an emergency. Some children may not be old enough to memorize the information. They could carry a small index card that lists emergency information to give to an adult or babysitter.
让你的孩子记住家庭信息,家人姓名,地址和电话号码。他们还应当知道在发生紧急情况时在哪里与失散家人会合。有些孩子年龄太小,记不住这些情况,他们可以随身携带记有上述信息的卡片。

After the Disaster: Time for Recovery
灾难之后:恢复

Immediately after the disaster, try to reduce your child's fear and anxiety.
灾难发生之后,尽快平息孩子的恐惧和焦虑情绪。

Keep the family together. While you look for housing and assistance, you may want to leave your children with relatives or friends. Instead, keep the family together as much as possible and make children a part of what you are doing to get the family back on its feet. Children get anxious, and they'll worry that their parents won't return.
尽量让其与家人待在一起。当你不得不离开孩子、去寻找援助或住宿地时,你可能会想到把孩子委托给可靠的人看管。不过实际正相反,应当尽量保持整个家庭的完整性,不要与家人分散。

Calmly and firmly explain the situation. As best as you can, tell children what you know about the disaster. Explain what will happen next. For example, say, "Tonight, we will all stay together in the shelter." Get down to the child's eye level and talk to him or her.
冷静简要地介绍当时的情况。告诉孩子有关灾难的知识,以及接着将要发生什么。比如“今天晚上我们全家要在避难所待一晚上”。说这些话时蹲下来,直视孩子的眼睛。

Encourage children to talk. Let children talk about the disaster and ask questions as much as they want. Encourage children to describe what they're feeling. Listen to what they say. If possible, include the entire family in the discussion.
鼓励孩子说话。允许孩子讲述灾难的场面、提出问题。鼓励孩子说出自己的感觉。倾听他们的话。如果可能的话,让整个家庭都参加讨论。

Include children in recovery activities. Give children chores that are their responsibility. This will help children feel they are part of the recovery. Having a task will help them understand that everything will be all right.
让儿童参与复原工作。给他们一些简单安全的零活做。这会让儿童觉得自己也亲身参与了重建家园。让他们有事可干,可以帮助他们明白,一切都将恢复正常。

You can help children cope by understanding what causes their anxieties and fears. Reassure them with firmness and love. Your children will realize that life will eventually return to normal. If a child does not respond to the above suggestions, seek help from a mental health specialist or a member of the clergy.
如果你知道是什么导致儿童的焦虑和恐惧的话,会对他们的恢复有很大帮助。用坚定的信心和爱心来给他们打气。让孩子知道生活永远都会回归到正常的渠道。如果孩子对上面的做法没有回应,请寻求专业心理医生的帮助。

For a complete list of print children's materials available from the American Red Cross, please visit the Publications section of our site. For information from the Department of Homeland Security, visit www.ready.gov/kids.

美国红十字会提供的儿童防灾辅导资料:
http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/eduinfo/beready.pdf

http://www.redcross.org/pubs/dspubs/childmatls.html
这里提供了一些英文的儿童辅导手册,分别针对地震、火灾、洪水等突发事件

The text on this page is in the public domain. We request that attribution to this information be given as follows: From "Helping Children Cope With Disaster." developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American Red Cross.

上文为公有领域资料。联邦紧急事务管理局和美国红十字会
Parents should also acknowledge the frightening parts of the disaster when talking with a child about it
父母也应该在与孩子谈论灾害时承认灾害令人恐惧。

Children are aware of their parents' worries most of the time,but they are particularly sensitive during a crisis.
孩子们意识到父母长时间的忧虑,但他们明显在危机中特别敏感。

but argue more with parents and show a decline in school performance.
但与父母的争论将增多同时学校表现将会下降。

Children with this disorder have repeated episodes in which they re-experience the traumatic event. Children often relive the trauma through repetitive play.
有这种心理创伤的儿童会再现让他们重新体验受伤事件的片段,儿童经常在反复再现中再次经历受伤。

PTSD rarely appears during the trauma itself.
PSTD症状很少在受创过程当中出现。

=======================================

以上为网友“正统”为10楼提供的翻译建议,在此感谢。
帮助孩子们治愈创伤(原文:http://www.redcross.org/services ... fe/childtrauma.html)
      灾难给所有相关的人带来痛苦。孩子、老人、残障人士尤其受到威胁。对于一个孩子来说,他/她暂时无法将外部世界视为安全及可预测的。孩子们开始害怕灾难重演,他们或他们的家庭将受伤、丧命。对于大多数孩子来说,一个无法控制的事件带来的损毁、受伤、死亡是很难理解的。
      父母或其他成年人如何帮助遭受创伤的孩童更快、更彻底地恢复?这个小册子包含的一些常识将帮助你做到这点。

孩子们的反应
      孩子们的恐惧和兴焦虑都是非常真实的,即使对于成年人来说他们显得有些夸张。孩子们害怕陌生的东西,害怕被独自抛在一边。灾难过后,他们也许变得比实际年龄更幼小。他们的表现象一个更早年龄段的孩子,比如尿床,吮手指,黏在父母身边或害怕陌生人等现象再次出现。那些已经显示了某些独立性的年长些的孩子也许会想把更多时间用在和家人在一起。睡眠时的问题有可能出现。孩子也许会开始做噩梦;不想独自就寝;害怕黑暗、害怕入睡或余下的睡眠时间。
有些孩子将会把恐惧感变成身体症状。例如胃痛、头痛或感觉恶心。所有的孩子都会经历思考方面的困难。他们变得容易心烦意乱,感觉迷惑,失去判断力,难以集中注意力。这种反应有可能被与灾难相关的味道、物体或活动触发。孩子也许自己没有意识到这些触发点和所发生的行为上的改变。他们也并非有意要表现出正在焦虑或恐惧。

不同年龄段的孩子对灾难的反应是不同的。

婴儿——2岁儿童:
      由于不会说话,孩子们不能表达事件或他们的感受。他们能记住特殊的景象、声音或气味。当他们长大些后,这些记忆有可能出现在他们的活动中。婴儿们有可能更加烦躁,更加爱哭,需要经常抱着。他们会对成年人给他们的关照产生反应。

幼儿——学龄前儿童:
      在一场不可抗拒的灾难面前,幼小的儿童能感到无助、无力、无法保护自己。当他们小小世界的安全受到威胁,他们感到不安和恐惧。这个年龄的孩子不理解永久失去某物的概念。他们相信结果是可以逆转的。他们将在玩的时候反复地再现部分灾难。这都是正常的反应。被离弃是孩童期主要的恐惧,所以孩子们需要不断确认他们会被照顾,不会被丢下。
在家或在学校的活动:扮演角色、身体接触、玩木偶娃娃、美术、讲故事、全面的肌肉运动(扔球等……)。

学龄儿童期(7——11岁)
      这个年龄的孩子能认识到灾难带来损失的永久性。他们的头脑将被灾难的细节充斥,需要不断地谈论这些东西。他们也许不能在学校集中注意力,导致成绩下降。由于他们的思维更加成熟,他们对灾难的理解也更为完整彻底。这将导致很多种的反应:内疚、挫败感、以及愤怒。
小学生也能倒退回早些年龄段的行为。象更小的孩子一样,会出现睡眠问题,他们的焦虑和恐惧也许表现为对身体不适的抱怨越来越多。
在家或学校的活动:扮演角色、玩木偶娃娃、画画、涂鸦、在小团体中分享经历、阅读、写作或讨论。

青少年(12-18岁)
      在这个年龄段,孩子们对于外部世界的知识和经验十分渴求,尤其是对于他们的家庭和朋友。在熬过灾难事件后,他们需要将焦虑感和恐惧感与亲友分享。因为他们从灾难中幸存下来,他们也许有自己是金刚不坏之身的错觉,这会导致不计后果的行为和高危的冒险行动。他们的反应是一种更早年龄段的行为和更成熟年龄段行为的混合体。十几岁的年纪是迈向外部世界的年龄段。可是,经历过灾难会造成一种外部世界不安全的感觉。即使是十几岁的少年也会退回到更幼小年龄孩子的行为方式。陷入到强烈的反应中后,十几岁孩子也许无法和家人进行讨论。
在学校的活动:通常的教室活动,文学或阅读,同龄人互相帮助,卫生健康学习班,艺术学习班,演讲/戏剧,社会研究,历史学习等。

如何帮助孩子们

日常生活:
      各年龄段的孩子们都能从家庭保持日常生活规律中获益——食物、活动、睡眠——尽可能保持如常。这使得孩子感觉更安全,一切在掌控之中。孩子们应该尽可能地和他们最亲近的人呆在一起。

特殊需求:
      接受孩子们的特殊需求,允许他们在某段时间独立支配。如果他们需要,给他们更多拥抱;允许他们晚上一直开着灯,允许他们不独睡或者给他们最喜欢的泰迪熊、毯子;不介意他们黏着你。

媒体的报道:
      在灾难后,所有人都急于听到最新的新闻,了解事情的发生。可是,灾难研究表明,电视中的意外消息或画面令人害怕,导致了精神压力问题的重现。此外,有些人在看到灾难报道后变成所谓“二手受害者”,并遭受精神和身体问题的折磨。最好不要允许孩子们看关于灾难的新闻报道。

感受与反应:
      孩子们用不同方式表达灾难引起的感受与反应。你对这些感受与反应的接受方式将影响孩子的恢复。这意味着你得接受某些孩子变得自闭、不能谈相关话题,而另一些孩子忽而会强烈地感到悲伤、愤怒,忽而又表现得仿佛灾难从未发生。尽管如此,不要对有些孩子似乎丝毫未受他们所见所闻的影响而感到惊讶。并不是所有人都有直接的反应;有些人要延迟到几天、几星期甚至几个月后才有(灾难引起的)反应,有些人也许永远都没有(灾难引起的)反应。

谈谈发生了什么:
●倾听和接受孩子们的感受。
●对于他们的问题给予诚恳、简单、扼要的回答。
●确定他们理解你的回答及你试图传达的含义。
●使用不会导致孩子们迷惑或感到不安的的词句。
●创造机会,让孩子们相互谈论事件的发生以及他们的感受。
●如果你感到心烦,不想谈论灾难,诚恳地向你的孩子进行解释。你也许会想暂时休息下,并请求一个值得信赖的家庭朋友前来帮忙。
●如果孩子们一遍又一遍地重复问同一个问题,这是因为他们正在试图理解这个问题;试图去除他们世界中的迷惑与分裂。幼小些的孩子们不能理解死亡的永久性,他们反复地询问是因为他们期望一切回归如昨。
●如果孩子感到内疚,要求他/她解释发生了什么。仔细地倾听他/她是否在描述中表现出某种责任感。然后向其解释事实的真相,并强调没有人、尤其是所有的孩子能实现预料到这点。
●让学校来提供帮助。学生的老师能敏感地察觉孩子行为的变化,并提供相应的帮助。
●即使你感到周围环境仍不安全,你可以向你的孩子保证:“一切都过去了。现在我们将尽力来获得安全,我们在一起能让事情恢复正常。”
●当孩子们有问题和想交谈时,要及时觉察。
●表现出特别的关爱与支持;孩子们这时需要你。

何时寻求专业帮助
      尽管孩子们被灾难或损失深深地影响着,他们随遇而安的能力令人惊异。有时,一个能够提供安全住所,和他们谈论发生的一切及他们感受的心理咨询师可以给他们莫大帮助。如果一个孩子在灾难过去三个月后表现出以下改变,让专业人士提供帮助是一个好主意:
●在学校出现行为或学业问题。
●爆发出愤怒情绪。
●从通常的社交行为中退缩或与其他孩子们玩耍。
●频繁的噩梦或其它睡眠失调。
●诸如恶心、头痛、发胖或消瘦等身体问题。
●在提及灾难事件后触发强烈的焦虑或逃避行为。
●对生活、未来感到沮丧或无望。
●酗酒或毒品问题。
●将灾难事件作为生活的主要中心而持续地忧虑。

    某些事件使得孩子在困难面前更加脆弱。如果一个孩子已经在最近的某些事件如离婚、亲友的死亡、搬到新家而有所失,他/她也许会感觉自己特别悲惨。一个受创的事件能勾起对以往惨事的情感,而产生压倒性的痛苦。

    去看一个心理咨询师并不意味着孩子有“精神疾病”或者表示你对他/她的支持失败了。在创伤过后,许多成年人和孩子发现与受过专业训练的心理咨询师交谈,能够帮助他们理解和应对他们的感受。
(翻译水平有限,请多谅解)
我来翻译倒数第2篇“Helping Young Children Cope with Trauma ”吧
帮助孩子们治疗创伤(原文:http://www.redcross.org/services ... fe/childtrauma.html)

    灾难给所有相关的人带来痛苦。孩子、老人、残障人士尤其受到威胁。对于一个孩子来说,他/她暂时无法将外部世界视为安全及可预测的。孩子们开始害怕灾难重演,害怕他

们或他们的家庭将受伤、丧命。对于大多数孩子来说,一个无法控制的事件带来的损毁、受伤、死亡是很难理解的。
    父母或其他成年人如何帮助遭受创伤的孩童更快、更彻底地恢复?这个小册子包含的一些常识将帮助你做到这点。

孩子们的反应
    孩子们的恐惧和焦虑都是非常真实的,尽管对于成年人来说他们显得有些夸张。孩子们害怕陌生的东西,害怕被独自抛在一边。灾难过后,他们也许变得比实际年龄更幼小。

他们的表现象一个更早年龄段的孩子,比如尿床,吮手指,黏在父母身边或害怕陌生人等现象再次出现。那些已经显示了某些独立性的年长些的孩子,也许会想把更多时间用在和

家人在一起。睡眠时的问题有可能出现。孩子也许会开始做噩梦;不想独自就寝;害怕黑暗、害怕入睡或面对余下的睡眠时间。
    有些孩子将会把恐惧感变成身体症状。例如胃痛、头痛或感觉恶心。所有的孩子都会经历思考方面的困难。他们变得容易心烦意乱,感觉迷惑,失去判断力,难以集中注意力

。这种反应有可能被与灾难相关的味道、物体或活动触发。孩子也许自己没有意识到这些触发点和所发生的行为上的改变。他们也并非有意要表现出正在焦虑或恐惧。

不同年龄段的孩子对灾难的反应是不同的。

婴儿——2岁儿童:
    由于不会说话,孩子们不能表达事件或他们的感受。他们能记住特殊的景象、声音或气味。当他们长大些后,这些记忆有可能出现在他们的活动中。婴儿们有可能更加烦躁,

更加爱哭,需要经常抱着。他们会对成年人给他们的关照产生反应。

幼儿——学龄前儿童:
    在一场不可抗拒的灾难面前,幼小的儿童能感到无助、无力、无法保护自己。当他们小小世界的安全受到威胁,他们感到不安和恐惧。这个年龄的孩子不理解永久失去某物的

概念。他们相信结果是可以逆转的。他们将在玩的时候反复地再现部分灾难。这都是正常的反应。被离弃是孩童期主要的恐惧,所以孩子们需要不断确认他们会被照顾,不会被丢

下。
    在家或在学校的活动:扮演角色、身体接触、玩人偶娃娃、美术、讲故事、全面的肌肉活动(扔球等……)。

学龄儿童(7——11岁):
    这个年龄的孩子能认识到灾难带来损失的永久性。他们的头脑将被灾难的细节充斥,需要不断地谈论这些东西。他们也许不能在学校集中注意力,导致成绩下降。由于他们的

思维更加成熟,他们对灾难的理解也更为完整彻底。这将导致很多种的反应:内疚、挫败感、以及愤怒。
    学龄儿童也能倒退回早些年龄段的行为。象更小的孩子一样,会出现睡眠问题,他们的焦虑和恐惧也许表现为对身体不适的抱怨越来越多。
    在家或学校的活动:扮演角色、玩人偶娃娃、画画、涂鸦、在小团体中分享经历、阅读、写作或讨论。

青少年(12-18岁):
    在这个年龄段,孩子们对于外部世界的知识和经验十分渴求,尤其是对于他们的家庭和朋友。在熬过灾难事件后,他们需要将焦虑感和恐惧感与亲友分享。因为他们从灾难中

幸存下来,他们也许有自己是金刚不坏之身的错觉,这会导致不计后果的行为和高危的冒险行动。他们的反应是一种更早年龄段的行为和更成熟年龄段行为的混合体。十几岁是迈

向外部世界的年龄段。可是,经历过灾难会造成一种外部世界不安全的感觉。即使是十几岁的少年也会退回到更幼小年龄孩子的行为方式。在陷入到强烈的反应中后,十几岁孩子

也许无法和家人进行讨论。
    在学校的活动:通常的教室活动,文学或阅读,同龄人互相帮助,卫生健康学习班,艺术学习班,演讲/戏剧,社会研究,历史学习等。

如何帮助孩子们

日常生活:
    各年龄段的孩子们都能从家庭保持日常生活规律中获益——进餐、活动、睡眠——尽可能保持如常。这使得孩子感觉更安全,一切在掌控之中。孩子们应该尽可能地和他们最

亲近的人呆在一起。

特殊需求:
    接受孩子们的特殊需求,允许他们在某段时间独立支配。如果他们需要,给他们更多拥抱;允许他们晚上一直开着灯,允许他们不独睡或者给他们最喜欢的泰迪熊、毯子;不

介意他们黏着你。

媒体的报道:
    在灾难后,所有人都急于听到最新的新闻,了解事情的发生。可是,灾难研究表明,电视中的意外消息或画面令人害怕,导致了精神压力问题的重现。此外,有些人在看到灾

难报道后变成所谓“二手受害者”,并遭受精神和身体问题的折磨。最好不要允许孩子们看关于灾难的新闻报道。

感受与反应:
    孩子们用不同方式表达灾难引起的感受与反应。你对这些感受与反应的接受方式将影响孩子的恢复。这意味着你得接受某些孩子变得自闭、不能谈相关话题,而另一些孩子忽

而会强烈地感到悲伤、愤怒,忽而又表现得仿佛灾难从未发生。尽管如此,不要对有些孩子似乎丝毫未受他们所见所闻的影响而感到惊讶。并不是所有人都有直接的反应;有些人

要延迟到几天、几星期甚至几个月后才有(灾难引起的)反应,有些人也许永远都没有(灾难引起的)反应。

谈谈发生了什么:
●倾听和接受孩子们的感受。
●对于他们的问题给予坦诚、简单、扼要的回答。
●确定他们理解你的回答及你试图传达的含义。
●使用不会导致孩子们迷惑或感到不安的的词句。
●创造机会,让孩子们相互谈论事件的发生以及他们的感受。
●如果你感到心烦,不想谈论灾难,诚恳地向你的孩子进行解释。你也许会想暂时休息下,并请求一个值得信赖的家庭朋友前来帮忙。
●如果孩子们一遍又一遍地重复问同一个问题,这是因为他们正在试图理解这个问题;试图去除他们世界中的迷惑与分裂。幼小些的孩子们不能理解死亡的永久性,他们反复地询

问是因为他们期望一切回归如昨。
●如果孩子感到内疚,要求他/她解释发生了什么。仔细地倾听他/她是否在描述中附加的某种责任感。然后向其解释事实的真相,并强调没有人能够事先预料到这点,尤其是孩子


●让学校来提供帮助。学生的老师能敏感地察觉孩子行为的变化,并提供相应的帮助。
●即使你感到周围环境仍不安全,你可以向你的孩子保证:“一切都过去了。现在我们将尽力来获得安全,我们在一起能让事情恢复正常。”
●当孩子们有问题和想交谈时,要及时觉察。
●表现出特别的关爱与支持;孩子们这时需要你。

何时寻求专业帮助

    尽管孩子们被灾难或损失深深地影响着,他们随遇而安的能力令人惊异。有时,一个能够提供安全住所,和他们谈论发生的一切及他们感受的心理咨询师可以给他们莫大帮助

。如果一个孩子在灾难过去三个月后表现出以下变化,让专业人士提供帮助是一个好主意:
●在学校出现行为或学业问题。
●爆发出愤怒情绪。
●从通常的社交行为中退缩或与其他孩子们玩耍。
●频繁的噩梦或其它睡眠失调。
●诸如恶心、头痛、发胖或消瘦等身体问题。
●在提及灾难事件后触发强烈的焦虑或逃避行为。
●对生活、未来感到沮丧或无望。
●酗酒或毒品问题。
●将灾难事件作为生活的主要关注点而持续地忧虑。

    某些事件使得孩子在困难面前更加脆弱。如果一个孩子已经在最近的某些事件如父母离婚、亲友的死亡、搬到新家而有所失,他/她也许会感觉自己特别悲惨。一个受创的事件

能勾起对以往惨事的情感,从而产生压倒性的痛苦。
    去看一个心理咨询师并不意味着孩子有“精神疾病”或者表示你对他/她的支持失败了。在创伤过后,许多成年人和孩子发现与受过专业训练的心理咨询师交谈,能够帮助他们

理解和应对他们的感受。
(翻译水平有限,请多包涵)
谢谢装甲蜘蛛

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地震画面对一些非震区儿童也产生了一定的心理阴影
儿童的心理是很脆弱的,在提供教育和知识的时候,一定要设身处地,小心呵护。不能让他接触超出其理解能力和感情接受范围的东西,从而失去安全感,留下心理阴影。
不仅是与震区儿童在一起的志愿者,所有与孩子接触的成年人都应该掌握一定的儿童心理学常识。