超级军网战争史研究：《感恩节和“菲利普王战争”：早期北美殖民 ...
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/27 17:29:35
原文链接：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a68d60770102vrl2.html
上图：1957年6月7日，英国海军“皇家方舟”号航母前往美国，参加弗吉尼亚殖民地建立三百五十周年庆祝活动，在中大西洋与驶往英国的“五月花Ⅱ”号帆船相遇。后者在9月12日从英国普利茅斯出发，经过65天的航行，于11月25日抵达科德角，重演了三百多年前第一批英国清教徒抵达马萨诸塞的情景。
早期的英国殖民者对新世界的土著居民决不是一无所知的。哥伦布早在1493年就在他的报告和著作里描述过西印度群岛印第安人对他的友好接待。另一方面，西班牙人在加勒比海、秘鲁和墨西哥的记录，都详细描述了阿兹特克帝国用活人祭祀的野蛮习惯和加勒比人的食人习俗，以及欧洲人同印第安人发生冲突的血腥细节。西班牙人的文献记录把印第安人描绘成狡诈的、野蛮的、令人作呕和没有人性的“野兽”，使得“野蛮的、怀有敌意的印第安人”这种概念在那些准备动身前往美洲的英国移民脑海中留下了深刻的印象。
在谈论北美洲印第安人的时候，有一点要搞清楚：和一般美国西部电影里那些千篇一律画着花脸、戴着鹰翎、喜欢嗷嗷叫着骑马射箭、捕猎野牛的红皮肤印第安人刻板形象不同，在北美殖民地时代，生活在北美的印第安人是多种多样的。西北部沿海一带有许多部落都是以渔业和捕捉海豹为主，过着定居的生活，而加利福尼亚平原和新墨西哥干旱地区的丘马什、莫哈维、那瓦霍等部落则过着靠采集各种野果为生的落后生活。中西部大草原上的印第安人，以夏延人和苏人为代表，是以狩猎为生的民族，虽然那时广泛分布在草原上的水牛群由于没有马匹和火枪而不容易猎到，但这些印第安部落熟悉水牛群每年迁徙时经过的道路，于是把它们赶到危崖下面、或赶进畜栏。至于生活在大西洋沿岸、大湖区和密西西比河以东的渥太华、伊利诺依、密苏里、密歇根、迈阿密（他们生活在今天的芝加哥附近）、亚拉巴马、特拉华、肖尼、切罗基、克里克等印第安部族，则同时从事着狩猎、捕鱼和农业，特别是居住在纽约州北部和安大略东南部的易洛魁人，他们有发达的农业，种植玉米、南瓜、豆类等多种作物。
长期以来，一些辩证唯物主义历史学家不仅把那些社会文明相差悬殊、对白人的态度也各异的北美印第安部落混为一谈，而且通常把以下这些历史混淆起来，从不同的部分抽取若干有用的片段，将其编织为欧洲殖民史和美国开国史的起诉状——生活在“北”美洲的“几千万”印第安人【注】；以“五月花”号为代表的欧洲移民在北美东海岸受到的良好款待及感恩节，以及西班牙对中南美洲的征服和屠杀奴役；英国在北美殖民地与印第安部落发生的冲突（这笔账被很多人笼统算到了美国头上）；印第安部落——有时是在法国人怂恿下，有时是作为法国军队的盟友，美国独立后还有几次是在英国人怂恿之下——对北美殖民地发动战争、在边疆地区袭击白人移民并剥取头皮；白人组织民兵进行反击，并以眼还眼、针锋相对地悬赏收购印第安人头皮；天花等旧大陆疾病在西属美洲的蔓延及其带来的人口下降；天花在北美洲的蔓延（七分之一的白人死于1721年新英格兰地区的天花大流行）；饱受印第安战争之苦的殖民者在和平的间隙向敌对的印第安部落赠送天花病人盖过的毯子……
【注】实际上关于哥伦布之前南北美洲印第安人的数字有许多争议。1830年，画家和人种志学家乔治·卡特林根据印第安人口口相传的“大灭绝”故事推算，在哥伦布到来以前，北美洲的印第安人口大约有1600万，这一结论被其他人类学家嗤之以鼻，后者认为北美印第安人从来也没有超过100万。二十世纪初，受史密森学会的委托，一些人类学家开始用数学统计的方法来推算前哥伦布时代的美洲人口，推算的依据是印第安人的生产方式、可供养他们的土地及可供狩猎的动物数量等等，人类学家阿尔弗雷德·克罗伯在1934年得出的结论是，1492年以前整个美洲的印第安人口大约为840万，其中一半居住在北美，另一半居住在加勒比海和南美。但是这些数字的确没有把欧洲疾病引起的大幅度人口减少考虑进来，所以1960年之后一些人类学家提出了新的修正数字，比如亨利·多宾斯在1962年提出前哥伦布时代美洲的印第安人口是9000万到1.2亿，其中生活在墨西哥以北的有1000万到1200万。他的统计方法是推论95%的美洲印第安人死于欧洲疾病，然后找到哥伦布到来之后（比如1500年）的人口数字，然后乘以20。当然，这种推算方法也不十分严谨，因为病毒和细菌在传播到新种群之后有一个毒性弱化的过程，笼统按95%的死亡率计算实在太高，此外欧洲人带来的新作物（小麦、大麦、黑麦、甘蔗、香蕉）、新动物（被印第安人村庄大量饲养的鸡、猪、羊，还有意义重大的马——这种动物在冰川时代就从西半球消失了，传入北美后，中西部印第安部落捕捉野牛的效率大大提高）和新工具（火枪、刀剑、铁制箭头）虽然原本是为欧洲人自己所用，但是很快通过各种渠道和手段传到印第安人那里，对促进其人口增长也有影响。目前被多数西方学者所赞同的数字是，1492年时美洲的印第安人人口大约是5500万，其中生活在墨西哥以北的大约有400万。
事实上，北美大陆上的印第安人部落和部落联盟一度曾经是不仅不能被英国殖民当局和移民们忽视、而且好几次给其带来严重威胁和沉重打击的力量。直到美国独立战争前夕，居住在北美十三殖民地（特别是其中部）的欧洲移民仅仅是在武器的优势和英国军队的支援下才最终击败了印第安人部落的进攻。在这个过程中有大量的欧洲移民被屠杀，比如在1622年，弗吉尼亚殖民地80%的居民点被印第安人摧毁，一半的移民被屠杀，1644年再次遭到血腥屠杀；1675-1676年，在以万帕诺亚克人（Wampanoag）、纳拉甘赛特人（Narragansett）、尼普穆克人（Nipmuck）、波当克人（Podunk）为一方，以英国人、莫希干人（Mohegan）、佩古奥特人（Peguot）为另一方，被北美殖民者称为“菲利普王战争”的冲突中，印第安部落杀害了康涅狄格河、纳拉甘赛特湾和普利茅斯地区三分之一的欧洲移民。
在这里有必要说一下同时期欧洲的战争观念。在当时的欧洲，那种残酷的宗教战争已经结束，战争只是君主政策的工具，进行战争的目的不是为了消灭一个民族、或改变他们的生活方式和政治制度，而只是一个君主想扩大其领土版图、维护其荣誉名声、或从另一个君主手里夺取商业上的利益（这个敌对的君主很可能就是他的表兄弟）。贵族文化的泛欧性质使得人们有一种共同的思想基础，从而产生一种专门理论来界定战争的正当理由和适当限度。在“菲利普王战争”时期欧洲最流行的手册是荷兰人格劳秀斯的《战争与和平法》，它为战争的文明规则奠定了基础。
不幸的是，对北美移民进行伏击的印第安人可不读格劳秀斯的书。他们没有欧洲贵族的背景，也不相信只在好天气和开阔地带进行战争、只在周一到周五进行战争、只同军人进行战争的好处。他们有自己的武器，有自己的作战方法——丛林战。他们的战斧和弓箭是无声而有效的武器。当印第安人抓住白人移民的时候，他们可不遵守格劳秀斯的规则——将他们俘虏并用来交换己方俘虏。相反，他们的规则是屠杀和拷打，用尖棍乱刺俘虏，任其流血至死，至于剥下其头皮则更是等闲之事。一个叫约瑟夫·多德里奇的牧师曾经目睹了十八世纪后期在西弗吉尼亚的一次野蛮进攻：“印第安人不分青红皂白乱砍乱杀。他们的目标是消灭全部敌人，儿童也是他们屠杀的对象，因为如果是男孩，日后会成为战士；如果是女孩，则会成为母亲。在他们看来甚至胎儿也是有罪的。杀死母亲、让胎儿死在其腹中还不过瘾，他们剖开母腹，把胎儿挂在棍子上或柱子上作为战利品，并以此恐吓屠杀中的幸免者。如果印第安人抓住了俘虏，他们在处置时很少表现怜悯。对于落到他们手里的白人，他们有时也会暂时不处死，目的是为了肆意拷打，以满足他自己及其同伴的嗜血心理。”
当然，印第安人的这种战争规则并不是专门针对白人的，因为在白人到达美洲之前很久、以及在这之后很久，各印第安部落之间一直在以这样的战争规则互相攻伐。并非所有的北美印第安人都如此嗜血，有许多从事采集和农业的部落是喜欢和平的。一些印第安部落对白人移民发动袭击的最初始原因是这些人出现在他们狩猎动物的土地上，开垦荒地，吓跑了猎物，而后来的情况就不这么简单了：有时印第安人发动小股偷袭，是贪羡白人所使用的火枪、工具、毛毯和牛车，有时候甚至是为了偷酒喝——在宾夕法尼亚西部，有好几次印第安人对爱尔兰和德国移民村庄发动袭击的原因是，该殖民地的教友会当局注意到酒使印第安人逐渐沉沦，于是秉承清教徒的正直道德观，下令禁止向印第安人出售那种喝了之后让他们醉醺醺赛过活神仙的淡褐色琼浆，于是印第安人只好自己动手抢——这些可以归类为不折不扣的谋财害命行为。
上图是1675年“菲利普王战争”中，穆唐普酋长率领尼普穆克族印第安人袭击马萨诸塞的布鲁克菲尔德村的场景。当时这里有大约35名白人男性和70名妇孺，他们被围困了三天，打死100多名印第安人，最后被莫希干印第安人和350名英军部队所解救。
“菲利普王”是新英格兰白人对万帕诺亚克族酋长梅塔科米特的称呼。这场战争是十七世纪里白人与印第安人之间最漫长的殊死搏斗，几代人都忘不了。万帕诺亚克人并非一直与英国人为敌，而且梅塔科米特的祖父还曾和英国人联盟来攻打邻近的其他印第安部落。但到十七世纪70年代那个时候，形势已经大不一样。白人殖民者越来越向内陆扩张，砍伐森林，赶走部落赖以为生的大型野生动物，而且英国移民的牲畜是开栏饲养的，时常毁坏万帕诺亚克人的庄稼。食品短缺和疾病使得新英格兰的印第安人口大量下降。爆发战争的近因是普利茅斯殖民地审判并绞死了几个万帕诺亚克人，理由是他们杀害了本部落的同族。
在长达三年的“菲利普王战争”里，组织完善并且装备火枪的印第安人横扫马萨诸塞湾的一连串城镇和村庄，杀死了当地近三分之一的白人。但白人从1676年起开始反攻，利用印第安部落之间的矛盾，从莫希干人和莫霍克人中雇佣向导、间谍和士兵。最后，一队莫霍克人偷袭了梅塔科米特，将其击毙，砍下他的头颅呈献给马萨诸塞总督，这位酋长组建起来的跨部落联盟迅速崩溃。一些万帕诺亚克人的领袖被处死，其他人被当作奴隶卖到西印度群岛，这个部落从此走向了消亡。
对于白人来说最不幸的是，北美印第安各部落之间的政治状况是错综复杂的，对一个部落做出友好的态度，也就可能被该部落的敌对者认为是直接的宣战。有一些部落，比如莫希干人，以及长期作为英国人盟友的易洛魁部落联盟（这些易洛魁人是如此地忠于英国王室，以致在美国独立战争结束后被继续忠于英王的效忠派的精神所感召，和后者一道离开故土家园，集体迁往加拿大），他们出于狡猾的现实主义考虑而和白人结盟，来对付自己的传统敌人——以易洛魁人为例，他们就借用英国人的力量来对抗自己的死对头休伦人、伊利人和蒙塔奈人，后三个部落是和法国结盟的。
对于北美殖民地的早期移民来说，印第安人是无所不在的，他们没有任何警告便进行袭击，特别是对于边远地区林中小屋的拓荒居民来说，印第安人更是夜阑人静时突然出现的魑魅，好像“无数肉身的鬼魂从四面八方攻击他们”。对印第安人威胁的恐惧使得北美殖民地的移民在西部边界地区修建了一系列要塞，有时候是由一栋特定的私人住宅改装而成的，有时则用谷仓来改建。这种要塞墙壁很厚，墙上开有射击孔，有突出的二层顶楼，四角还有了望塔。有些城镇还仿效印第安人那样，把他们的城镇用一道防御工事围绕起来。每当发出印第安人袭击的警告时，附近居民就携带贵重细软和牲畜粮食躲到要塞中。这种要塞从南到北遍布北美殖民地。只有在寒冬季节，印第安人不能出来袭击，这些居民才有一种犯人从监禁中被释放的快乐，他们回到各自的农场小屋，收割玉米、挖掘土豆、饲养肥猪、修补房屋。每当冬天来临时，北美殖民地的早期居民无不额手相庆，狂喜不已，对于他们来说，这灰暗的冬天比五月的鲜花和暖风还要令人陶醉。而当天气转暖、冰雪融化后，每个人又变得愁容满面，和煦的阳光令他们战栗而恐惧，因为印第安人又要发动新的袭击，他们又要被迫迁回令人厌恶的要塞中去了。
从新英格兰到弗吉尼亚的每一个殖民地都遭到过印第安人的屠杀。1676年发生在弗吉尼亚的纳撒尼尔·培根叛乱就表达了白人定居者要求得到更多援助以对付印第安人的愿望；1712年，塔斯卡罗拉印第安人在杀死200名北卡罗来纳定居者后被击败（幸存的塔斯卡罗拉人后来北迁到纽约，成为易洛魁部落联盟的第六个成员）。在北方的宾夕法尼亚殖民地，尽管从它建立之后就一直受到北方的法国人和周围的印第安人的威胁，但在该殖民地掌握大权的教友派教徒却秉持和平主义信条，坚信“复仇是上帝的事，他将为受苦受难、蒙受冤屈的人复仇。所以，我们不能复仇，只能为上帝受苦受难……”。在斯图亚特王朝的英国或清教徒的马萨诸塞背诵这个信条可能会导致教友会教徒坐牢，但是在宾夕法尼亚坚持这一信条的结果却大不相同，它会使非教友会教徒付出生命。
宾夕法尼亚的教友会统治者最终痛苦地明白了这个道理，即“我们彻底摈弃战争和战斗精神……如果这仅仅是要我们牺牲自己的生命，那这是我们自己的事，这算不了什么。但是其他人就会受我们的牵连”。最后，宾夕法尼亚殖民地议会（与其他地区不同，这是北美殖民地当中唯一的一个一院制议会）不得不同意接受非教友派的人当总督，后者对印第安人的态度不那么假斯文。但即便如此，被教友派把持的议会也经常为难总督，拒绝批准任何以战争为目的的拨款。比如在1748年，该议会就拒绝投票支持费城的防务拨款，但却拨款五百英镑给特拉华族印第安人，虔诚地希望这笔钱能用来向他们提供生活必需品，“以培养我们之间的友谊，而不是用来鼓励互相进行战争”。这些严重脱离现实的教友派信徒怎么也不肯相信，赠给印第安人的子弹和火药不止是用来射杀熊和鹿的。
从1756年到1763年的欧洲“七年战争”在美国有另一个别名，即“法国和印第安人战争”，直截了当地指明了交战的对象。这场战争在北美洲是从1754年开始算的。1755年，狡猾的法国人怂恿特拉华族印第安人对宾夕法尼亚北部发动血腥的袭击，以阻挠英国人从“易洛魁六部落同盟”那里购买西宾夕法尼亚的土地。教友派占多数的宾夕法尼亚议会的第一反应是不相信，认为他们那些特拉华族的老朋友“肯定不会”进行大屠杀；接下来的第二个反应是印第安人也是人，总不愿相信他们也会干坏事（这一点后来被唯物主义历史学家继承和发扬，变为“印第安人永远不会干坏事，干坏事的永远全是白人”）；第三个反应是这次印第安人的不满情绪一定是由于近来英国人不公正地对待他们造成的。宾夕法尼亚议会并没有做出任何加强军事防御的决定，却立即开始调查印第安人不满的原因，通过了一项要更好地与印第安人公平交易的法案，并限定出售给印第安人的货物的最高价格等等。可惜这些令人高赞“亚克西”的高尚措施对边远地区的白人居民起不到什么安抚作用，他们的房屋还是被烧毁，农作物还是被破坏，妻子儿女还是被掳去剥掉头皮。
此时已经有相当多的爱尔兰人和德意志人在西宾夕法尼亚的荒野地区垦荒定居，这些人并不信奉和平友善、反对战争的教友派教义，却时时刻刻受到敌对的法国人和杀死平民、并从尸体上剥皮为乐趣的印第安人的威胁。由于屠杀事件层出不穷，整个宾夕法尼亚西部陷入惊恐之中，越来越多的难民逃亡东边。1755年7月，位于俄亥俄河流域的迪凯纳堡（Fort Duquesne）的法军司令洋洋得意地向上司汇报说，他已经唆使印第安人“成功地对邻近的三块殖民地——宾夕法尼亚、马里兰和弗吉尼亚造成了巨大的破坏。居民们被全部逐离。从坎伯兰堡一线算起整整三十里格（九十英里）宽的地带上彻底摧毁了居民点……印第安人的村庄里到处是白人俘虏，男女老少都有。敌人（英国）遭受的损失远远超过开战以来它所遭受的其他失败。”
1755年年底，三百名绝望的德国移民从西部来到费城，要求议会立即对印第安人采取行动。他们陈述的屠杀惨状把议会吓坏了，而教友会信徒内部也在这时出现了分歧。本杰明富兰克林和教友会中的开明派主张抛弃绝对化的和平主义原则，要求拨款建立民兵，以进行自卫。这次逼宫行为，再加上宾夕法尼亚西部大屠杀在英国引起的对教友会的舆论反感，最终导致教友派成员集体退出宾夕法尼亚议会，该殖民地遂在1756年暮春对特拉华族和肖尼族印第安人宣战。与此同时，针对印第安人剥取白人头皮的做法，英国军队及各殖民地民兵也采取了以眼还眼的“头皮悬赏”制度，谁带回印第安人的头皮就可以得到100英镑的奖金——大致相当于今天的2万美元。奖金数目定得如此之高，这件事本身大概也证明了没有多少白人愿意（或有勇气）干这桩剥皮的活儿，否则殖民地当局恐怕早就因为支付太多奖金而破产了。
当然，北美洲白人与印第安人的冲突史远非“印第安人罔顾战争法则、肆意袭击无辜白人平民”这么简单。早在十七世纪，就有许多次冲突是以白人袭击印第安人为开端的，比如曾居住在今日康涅狄格州东部的佩科特印第安人，他们一度只与荷兰人进行贸易往来，激怒了英国人。1636年一个波士顿商人在布洛克岛被佩科特人谋杀后，马萨诸塞当局派出了由120名英国人和一些莫希干族、纳拉甘赛特族印第安人组成的武装进行报复，在米斯蒂克河和康涅狄格河杀死了500多名佩特科男人、妇女和儿童。
1675年“菲利普王战争”的直接起因虽然是万帕诺亚克酋长反对殖民地政府在他们的部落中实行英国法律（普利茅斯殖民地法院绞死了几个在非战争状态下谋杀本部落印第安同胞的万帕诺亚克人），但其深远起因也是由于新英格兰的许多印第安部落意识到自己居住的地区已经英国殖民地所包围，并被迫解除武装，于是选择武力解决，结果却被武器优势大大超过己方的英国人及其印第安盟友（莫希干人）彻底击败。
弗吉尼亚殖民地很少遭到因为禁酒而招致印第安人的袭击，因为那里的皇家总督，像加拿大的法国总督和纽约的英国总督一样，认为土著饮酒过度是否死光与己无关。但是，在1774年，居住在阿巴拉契亚山脉、俄亥俄河与肯塔基河之间这块地方的肖尼族和明戈族印第安人与不断向西拓殖的弗吉尼亚白人之间发生了一系列流血事件。根据托马斯·杰弗逊在《弗吉尼亚纪事》中的一篇记录，说白人对印第安人的抢劫行为（杰弗逊没说遭抢的是不是酒）非常愤怒，为了报复，白人民兵杀死了许多无辜的印第安人，其中包括明戈印第安人的首领洛根酋长的家人，而洛根是以白人的朋友而闻名的。在洛根的领导下，俄亥俄河流域印第安人发动了一场反对白人定居者的战争，他们剥去了许多无辜的白人男女和儿童的头皮，但最终还是在1774年10月被弗吉尼亚民团击败。
在这个决定性的战役之后，洛根拒绝和其他酋长一起去向获胜的白人屈膝哀求。相反，他给弗吉尼亚皇家总督邓莫尔伯爵寄去了一封演讲。当邓莫尔勋爵征讨印第安人后返回弗吉尼亚时，他带回了这篇演讲。据杰弗逊说，“这次演讲成了威廉斯堡所有谈话的主题”，它被刊登在《弗吉尼亚公报》上，随后又被登在北美大陆各报上，甚至连大不列颠的报纸上也刊登了这篇演讲。杰弗逊在他的《弗吉尼亚纪事》中也全文登录了这篇演讲，以驳斥那些欧洲人的观点，他们“以为在北美的土壤、气候和其他环境中有某些东西导致动物先天或后天的、肉体或道德的本性的退化，甚至连人类也不例外。”杰弗逊把洛根酋长的演讲称为“这个国土上土著居民的天才、尤其是他们的雄辩之才”的证据，并断言说：“欧洲从未产生过比这篇短小精美、富于雄辩的演说更优秀的东西。”洛根酋长的演说曾是十九世纪和二十世纪美国学校读本中固定的文章，并为一代又一代的美国年轻人所熟知——
“我恳请任何一位白人说说，他是否曾饿着肚子走进洛根家的小屋，而洛根没有给他肉吃？他是否曾在又冷又没衣穿时来到洛根家，而洛根没有给他衣服穿？在最近这次漫长而又血腥的战争中，洛根一直呆在自己的小屋里，一直是一位宣传和平的人。我对白人的爱就是这样的，以致我的同胞经过我家时都指着说‘洛根是白人的朋友’。如果不是一个人伤害了我们，我甚至想过和你们生活在一起。去年春天，克雷萨普上校无缘无故地杀害了洛根的所有亲人，甚至连我的女人和孩子也不放过。在现在活着的人中，没有一个人的血管里流着我的血。这个事实呼唤我去报复。我寻求报复；我杀死了许多人；我已经复仇够了。为了国家，我很高兴看到和平的曙光。但不要以为我的高兴是出于害怕。洛根从不惧怕。他不会为了保全自己的生命而突然作一百八十度的转身的。谁去那儿为洛根哀悼？——没有一人。”
同印第安人的战争对美国的民族精神有非常大的影响。直到十八世纪末，印第安人还在威胁着北美殖民地的边区居民，而对于越来越远的美国中西部地区来说，对印第安人的恐惧一直持续到十九世纪末。1876年，乔治·卡斯特将军在小大角战役中全军覆没，十年后少数残留的印第安人被美国陆军押送转移到指定的保留地，长期成为美国人梦魇的“印第安人的威胁”至此才算最后解除。
在北美殖民地的这种战争中，人人都生活在战场上，人人都是士兵，甚至连妇女和儿童也是。比如在1766年冬天，在弗吉尼亚河谷的谢南多厄县，两个男人带着妻子和孩子坐着一辆大篷车前往要塞避难，路上遭到了五个印第安人的袭击，男人们被杀死。女人们不但没有被丈夫流血垂死的惨状吓晕过去，反而操起斧头，以大无畏的气概和超人的力气保卫自己和孩子。一个印第安人抓住了希茨夫人的一个孩子，想把他拖出车厢，孩子的母亲如闪电般把孩子抢了回来，另一只手抡起斧头向印第安人头上砍去。这五个印第安人在搏斗中全都受了伤，最后逃跑了，留下两个妇女和她们的孩子继续前往要塞。边疆地区的男孩子们也在平日的嬉戏中培养了自卫的能力，他们几乎从一学会走路就开始舞枪弄棒，用枪支或弓箭射击小动物和抡斧头砍柴都成了遭到印第安人袭击时自救的本领。在边疆地区，一个十二三岁的男孩就达到了参加民兵的年龄，用步枪和子弹把自己武装起来，平时用枪打松鼠、野火鸡和浣熊（走运的话还能打到一只鹿，够全家吃好长一段时间），和印第安人打仗时则负责守卫要塞的一个枪眼。
北美殖民史和早期的美国军事史是一部尽可能把最多的自由白人武装起来、并随时能应召作战的历史，比如普利茅斯殖民地在1633年便规定每个成年男人都必须拥有一支火枪、一条子弹带、一把刀剑、两磅火药和十磅子弹。这些民兵的动员速度之快是令人瞠目的：在1675年“菲利普王战争”期间，距波士顿镇30英里的一个小镇在9月23日晚上发出了印第安人来袭的警告，一小时之内就从附近各城镇来了一千二百名民兵。当警报解除时，民兵们也以同样的速度解散。
这样，在北美殖民地和后来的美国，战争成了既是士兵、也是普通平民的共同事业，每一个人都有点像士兵，但又不完全是一个士兵。在北美同印第安人的战争不是集中指挥的一种行动，而是小股人员或几个人之间自行其事、分散进行的遭遇战，所以居民们普遍拥有武器，这是对随处存在的战争威胁的反应。在欧洲，统治者极不愿意让他们臣民的手里掌握足以发动叛乱的武器（另一方面，这些君主还没有对其臣民惧怕到连菜刀都要时不时禁掉的地步）；但在北美殖民地，出于自卫的需要，几乎每个人手中都有武器；由于远隔重洋，身在欧洲的君主想禁止也禁止不了。
美国宪法第二修正案对“普遍拥有武器”这一原则做了简洁的总结，它规定“纪律良好的民兵是保卫自由国家所需，故人们持有和携带武器的权力不得予以侵犯”。另一方面，殖民地民兵作战的传统也导致美国孤立主义精神的产生：民兵们平时是平民，只是在敌人打来时才紧握手中枪支、站在他邻居的身边打退袭击他们村庄的印第安人。去保卫邻近的村庄和城镇也可以，这大致相当于扑灭你隔壁邻居家的火灾；但是要保卫邻近的殖民地就太远也太麻烦了。弗吉尼亚自治领曾经在很长一段时间里定期向纽约和新英格兰派去信使，以了解敌对的法国人和北方印第安人的动向，但他们从来不关心北方需要一些什么物质和人力帮助，只关心那些可能令弗吉尼亚人遭到进攻的消息。当法国人或印第安人发动战争时，各殖民地之间往往用一些几近外交辞令的通信来解释为什么不能派民兵到本殖民地边界以外的地方去支援邻邦作战。当1756年七年战争爆发、英国人试图把北美各殖民地的民兵合为一支统一军队来对抗法军（对方有统一的指挥）的威胁时，面临的最大障碍就是这种地方主义；甚至直到二十一世纪，在各州民兵的后继者和继承人——各州的国民警卫队当中，也时不时地能够看到这种地方主义情结在作怪。
【转帖】战争史研究大当家的文章：《感恩节和“菲利普王战争”：早期北美殖民地与印第安人的合作与冲突》
原文链接：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a68d60770102vrl2.html
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上图：1957年6月7日，英国海军“皇家方舟”号航母前往美国，参加弗吉尼亚殖民地建立三百五十周年庆祝活动，在中大西洋与驶往英国的“五月花Ⅱ”号帆船相遇。后者在9月12日从英国普利茅斯出发，经过65天的航行，于11月25日抵达科德角，重演了三百多年前第一批英国清教徒抵达马萨诸塞的情景。
早期的英国殖民者对新世界的土著居民决不是一无所知的。哥伦布早在1493年就在他的报告和著作里描述过西印度群岛印第安人对他的友好接待。另一方面，西班牙人在加勒比海、秘鲁和墨西哥的记录，都详细描述了阿兹特克帝国用活人祭祀的野蛮习惯和加勒比人的食人习俗，以及欧洲人同印第安人发生冲突的血腥细节。西班牙人的文献记录把印第安人描绘成狡诈的、野蛮的、令人作呕和没有人性的“野兽”，使得“野蛮的、怀有敌意的印第安人”这种概念在那些准备动身前往美洲的英国移民脑海中留下了深刻的印象。
在谈论北美洲印第安人的时候，有一点要搞清楚：和一般美国西部电影里那些千篇一律画着花脸、戴着鹰翎、喜欢嗷嗷叫着骑马射箭、捕猎野牛的红皮肤印第安人刻板形象不同，在北美殖民地时代，生活在北美的印第安人是多种多样的。西北部沿海一带有许多部落都是以渔业和捕捉海豹为主，过着定居的生活，而加利福尼亚平原和新墨西哥干旱地区的丘马什、莫哈维、那瓦霍等部落则过着靠采集各种野果为生的落后生活。中西部大草原上的印第安人，以夏延人和苏人为代表，是以狩猎为生的民族，虽然那时广泛分布在草原上的水牛群由于没有马匹和火枪而不容易猎到，但这些印第安部落熟悉水牛群每年迁徙时经过的道路，于是把它们赶到危崖下面、或赶进畜栏。至于生活在大西洋沿岸、大湖区和密西西比河以东的渥太华、伊利诺依、密苏里、密歇根、迈阿密（他们生活在今天的芝加哥附近）、亚拉巴马、特拉华、肖尼、切罗基、克里克等印第安部族，则同时从事着狩猎、捕鱼和农业，特别是居住在纽约州北部和安大略东南部的易洛魁人，他们有发达的农业，种植玉米、南瓜、豆类等多种作物。
长期以来，一些辩证唯物主义历史学家不仅把那些社会文明相差悬殊、对白人的态度也各异的北美印第安部落混为一谈，而且通常把以下这些历史混淆起来，从不同的部分抽取若干有用的片段，将其编织为欧洲殖民史和美国开国史的起诉状——生活在“北”美洲的“几千万”印第安人【注】；以“五月花”号为代表的欧洲移民在北美东海岸受到的良好款待及感恩节，以及西班牙对中南美洲的征服和屠杀奴役；英国在北美殖民地与印第安部落发生的冲突（这笔账被很多人笼统算到了美国头上）；印第安部落——有时是在法国人怂恿下，有时是作为法国军队的盟友，美国独立后还有几次是在英国人怂恿之下——对北美殖民地发动战争、在边疆地区袭击白人移民并剥取头皮；白人组织民兵进行反击，并以眼还眼、针锋相对地悬赏收购印第安人头皮；天花等旧大陆疾病在西属美洲的蔓延及其带来的人口下降；天花在北美洲的蔓延（七分之一的白人死于1721年新英格兰地区的天花大流行）；饱受印第安战争之苦的殖民者在和平的间隙向敌对的印第安部落赠送天花病人盖过的毯子……
【注】实际上关于哥伦布之前南北美洲印第安人的数字有许多争议。1830年，画家和人种志学家乔治·卡特林根据印第安人口口相传的“大灭绝”故事推算，在哥伦布到来以前，北美洲的印第安人口大约有1600万，这一结论被其他人类学家嗤之以鼻，后者认为北美印第安人从来也没有超过100万。二十世纪初，受史密森学会的委托，一些人类学家开始用数学统计的方法来推算前哥伦布时代的美洲人口，推算的依据是印第安人的生产方式、可供养他们的土地及可供狩猎的动物数量等等，人类学家阿尔弗雷德·克罗伯在1934年得出的结论是，1492年以前整个美洲的印第安人口大约为840万，其中一半居住在北美，另一半居住在加勒比海和南美。但是这些数字的确没有把欧洲疾病引起的大幅度人口减少考虑进来，所以1960年之后一些人类学家提出了新的修正数字，比如亨利·多宾斯在1962年提出前哥伦布时代美洲的印第安人口是9000万到1.2亿，其中生活在墨西哥以北的有1000万到1200万。他的统计方法是推论95%的美洲印第安人死于欧洲疾病，然后找到哥伦布到来之后（比如1500年）的人口数字，然后乘以20。当然，这种推算方法也不十分严谨，因为病毒和细菌在传播到新种群之后有一个毒性弱化的过程，笼统按95%的死亡率计算实在太高，此外欧洲人带来的新作物（小麦、大麦、黑麦、甘蔗、香蕉）、新动物（被印第安人村庄大量饲养的鸡、猪、羊，还有意义重大的马——这种动物在冰川时代就从西半球消失了，传入北美后，中西部印第安部落捕捉野牛的效率大大提高）和新工具（火枪、刀剑、铁制箭头）虽然原本是为欧洲人自己所用，但是很快通过各种渠道和手段传到印第安人那里，对促进其人口增长也有影响。目前被多数西方学者所赞同的数字是，1492年时美洲的印第安人人口大约是5500万，其中生活在墨西哥以北的大约有400万。
事实上，北美大陆上的印第安人部落和部落联盟一度曾经是不仅不能被英国殖民当局和移民们忽视、而且好几次给其带来严重威胁和沉重打击的力量。直到美国独立战争前夕，居住在北美十三殖民地（特别是其中部）的欧洲移民仅仅是在武器的优势和英国军队的支援下才最终击败了印第安人部落的进攻。在这个过程中有大量的欧洲移民被屠杀，比如在1622年，弗吉尼亚殖民地80%的居民点被印第安人摧毁，一半的移民被屠杀，1644年再次遭到血腥屠杀；1675-1676年，在以万帕诺亚克人（Wampanoag）、纳拉甘赛特人（Narragansett）、尼普穆克人（Nipmuck）、波当克人（Podunk）为一方，以英国人、莫希干人（Mohegan）、佩古奥特人（Peguot）为另一方，被北美殖民者称为“菲利普王战争”的冲突中，印第安部落杀害了康涅狄格河、纳拉甘赛特湾和普利茅斯地区三分之一的欧洲移民。
在这里有必要说一下同时期欧洲的战争观念。在当时的欧洲，那种残酷的宗教战争已经结束，战争只是君主政策的工具，进行战争的目的不是为了消灭一个民族、或改变他们的生活方式和政治制度，而只是一个君主想扩大其领土版图、维护其荣誉名声、或从另一个君主手里夺取商业上的利益（这个敌对的君主很可能就是他的表兄弟）。贵族文化的泛欧性质使得人们有一种共同的思想基础，从而产生一种专门理论来界定战争的正当理由和适当限度。在“菲利普王战争”时期欧洲最流行的手册是荷兰人格劳秀斯的《战争与和平法》，它为战争的文明规则奠定了基础。
不幸的是，对北美移民进行伏击的印第安人可不读格劳秀斯的书。他们没有欧洲贵族的背景，也不相信只在好天气和开阔地带进行战争、只在周一到周五进行战争、只同军人进行战争的好处。他们有自己的武器，有自己的作战方法——丛林战。他们的战斧和弓箭是无声而有效的武器。当印第安人抓住白人移民的时候，他们可不遵守格劳秀斯的规则——将他们俘虏并用来交换己方俘虏。相反，他们的规则是屠杀和拷打，用尖棍乱刺俘虏，任其流血至死，至于剥下其头皮则更是等闲之事。一个叫约瑟夫·多德里奇的牧师曾经目睹了十八世纪后期在西弗吉尼亚的一次野蛮进攻：“印第安人不分青红皂白乱砍乱杀。他们的目标是消灭全部敌人，儿童也是他们屠杀的对象，因为如果是男孩，日后会成为战士；如果是女孩，则会成为母亲。在他们看来甚至胎儿也是有罪的。杀死母亲、让胎儿死在其腹中还不过瘾，他们剖开母腹，把胎儿挂在棍子上或柱子上作为战利品，并以此恐吓屠杀中的幸免者。如果印第安人抓住了俘虏，他们在处置时很少表现怜悯。对于落到他们手里的白人，他们有时也会暂时不处死，目的是为了肆意拷打，以满足他自己及其同伴的嗜血心理。”
当然，印第安人的这种战争规则并不是专门针对白人的，因为在白人到达美洲之前很久、以及在这之后很久，各印第安部落之间一直在以这样的战争规则互相攻伐。并非所有的北美印第安人都如此嗜血，有许多从事采集和农业的部落是喜欢和平的。一些印第安部落对白人移民发动袭击的最初始原因是这些人出现在他们狩猎动物的土地上，开垦荒地，吓跑了猎物，而后来的情况就不这么简单了：有时印第安人发动小股偷袭，是贪羡白人所使用的火枪、工具、毛毯和牛车，有时候甚至是为了偷酒喝——在宾夕法尼亚西部，有好几次印第安人对爱尔兰和德国移民村庄发动袭击的原因是，该殖民地的教友会当局注意到酒使印第安人逐渐沉沦，于是秉承清教徒的正直道德观，下令禁止向印第安人出售那种喝了之后让他们醉醺醺赛过活神仙的淡褐色琼浆，于是印第安人只好自己动手抢——这些可以归类为不折不扣的谋财害命行为。
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上图是1675年“菲利普王战争”中，穆唐普酋长率领尼普穆克族印第安人袭击马萨诸塞的布鲁克菲尔德村的场景。当时这里有大约35名白人男性和70名妇孺，他们被围困了三天，打死100多名印第安人，最后被莫希干印第安人和350名英军部队所解救。
“菲利普王”是新英格兰白人对万帕诺亚克族酋长梅塔科米特的称呼。这场战争是十七世纪里白人与印第安人之间最漫长的殊死搏斗，几代人都忘不了。万帕诺亚克人并非一直与英国人为敌，而且梅塔科米特的祖父还曾和英国人联盟来攻打邻近的其他印第安部落。但到十七世纪70年代那个时候，形势已经大不一样。白人殖民者越来越向内陆扩张，砍伐森林，赶走部落赖以为生的大型野生动物，而且英国移民的牲畜是开栏饲养的，时常毁坏万帕诺亚克人的庄稼。食品短缺和疾病使得新英格兰的印第安人口大量下降。爆发战争的近因是普利茅斯殖民地审判并绞死了几个万帕诺亚克人，理由是他们杀害了本部落的同族。
在长达三年的“菲利普王战争”里，组织完善并且装备火枪的印第安人横扫马萨诸塞湾的一连串城镇和村庄，杀死了当地近三分之一的白人。但白人从1676年起开始反攻，利用印第安部落之间的矛盾，从莫希干人和莫霍克人中雇佣向导、间谍和士兵。最后，一队莫霍克人偷袭了梅塔科米特，将其击毙，砍下他的头颅呈献给马萨诸塞总督，这位酋长组建起来的跨部落联盟迅速崩溃。一些万帕诺亚克人的领袖被处死，其他人被当作奴隶卖到西印度群岛，这个部落从此走向了消亡。
对于白人来说最不幸的是，北美印第安各部落之间的政治状况是错综复杂的，对一个部落做出友好的态度，也就可能被该部落的敌对者认为是直接的宣战。有一些部落，比如莫希干人，以及长期作为英国人盟友的易洛魁部落联盟（这些易洛魁人是如此地忠于英国王室，以致在美国独立战争结束后被继续忠于英王的效忠派的精神所感召，和后者一道离开故土家园，集体迁往加拿大），他们出于狡猾的现实主义考虑而和白人结盟，来对付自己的传统敌人——以易洛魁人为例，他们就借用英国人的力量来对抗自己的死对头休伦人、伊利人和蒙塔奈人，后三个部落是和法国结盟的。
对于北美殖民地的早期移民来说，印第安人是无所不在的，他们没有任何警告便进行袭击，特别是对于边远地区林中小屋的拓荒居民来说，印第安人更是夜阑人静时突然出现的魑魅，好像“无数肉身的鬼魂从四面八方攻击他们”。对印第安人威胁的恐惧使得北美殖民地的移民在西部边界地区修建了一系列要塞，有时候是由一栋特定的私人住宅改装而成的，有时则用谷仓来改建。这种要塞墙壁很厚，墙上开有射击孔，有突出的二层顶楼，四角还有了望塔。有些城镇还仿效印第安人那样，把他们的城镇用一道防御工事围绕起来。每当发出印第安人袭击的警告时，附近居民就携带贵重细软和牲畜粮食躲到要塞中。这种要塞从南到北遍布北美殖民地。只有在寒冬季节，印第安人不能出来袭击，这些居民才有一种犯人从监禁中被释放的快乐，他们回到各自的农场小屋，收割玉米、挖掘土豆、饲养肥猪、修补房屋。每当冬天来临时，北美殖民地的早期居民无不额手相庆，狂喜不已，对于他们来说，这灰暗的冬天比五月的鲜花和暖风还要令人陶醉。而当天气转暖、冰雪融化后，每个人又变得愁容满面，和煦的阳光令他们战栗而恐惧，因为印第安人又要发动新的袭击，他们又要被迫迁回令人厌恶的要塞中去了。
从新英格兰到弗吉尼亚的每一个殖民地都遭到过印第安人的屠杀。1676年发生在弗吉尼亚的纳撒尼尔·培根叛乱就表达了白人定居者要求得到更多援助以对付印第安人的愿望；1712年，塔斯卡罗拉印第安人在杀死200名北卡罗来纳定居者后被击败（幸存的塔斯卡罗拉人后来北迁到纽约，成为易洛魁部落联盟的第六个成员）。在北方的宾夕法尼亚殖民地，尽管从它建立之后就一直受到北方的法国人和周围的印第安人的威胁，但在该殖民地掌握大权的教友派教徒却秉持和平主义信条，坚信“复仇是上帝的事，他将为受苦受难、蒙受冤屈的人复仇。所以，我们不能复仇，只能为上帝受苦受难……”。在斯图亚特王朝的英国或清教徒的马萨诸塞背诵这个信条可能会导致教友会教徒坐牢，但是在宾夕法尼亚坚持这一信条的结果却大不相同，它会使非教友会教徒付出生命。
宾夕法尼亚的教友会统治者最终痛苦地明白了这个道理，即“我们彻底摈弃战争和战斗精神……如果这仅仅是要我们牺牲自己的生命，那这是我们自己的事，这算不了什么。但是其他人就会受我们的牵连”。最后，宾夕法尼亚殖民地议会（与其他地区不同，这是北美殖民地当中唯一的一个一院制议会）不得不同意接受非教友派的人当总督，后者对印第安人的态度不那么假斯文。但即便如此，被教友派把持的议会也经常为难总督，拒绝批准任何以战争为目的的拨款。比如在1748年，该议会就拒绝投票支持费城的防务拨款，但却拨款五百英镑给特拉华族印第安人，虔诚地希望这笔钱能用来向他们提供生活必需品，“以培养我们之间的友谊，而不是用来鼓励互相进行战争”。这些严重脱离现实的教友派信徒怎么也不肯相信，赠给印第安人的子弹和火药不止是用来射杀熊和鹿的。
从1756年到1763年的欧洲“七年战争”在美国有另一个别名，即“法国和印第安人战争”，直截了当地指明了交战的对象。这场战争在北美洲是从1754年开始算的。1755年，狡猾的法国人怂恿特拉华族印第安人对宾夕法尼亚北部发动血腥的袭击，以阻挠英国人从“易洛魁六部落同盟”那里购买西宾夕法尼亚的土地。教友派占多数的宾夕法尼亚议会的第一反应是不相信，认为他们那些特拉华族的老朋友“肯定不会”进行大屠杀；接下来的第二个反应是印第安人也是人，总不愿相信他们也会干坏事（这一点后来被唯物主义历史学家继承和发扬，变为“印第安人永远不会干坏事，干坏事的永远全是白人”）；第三个反应是这次印第安人的不满情绪一定是由于近来英国人不公正地对待他们造成的。宾夕法尼亚议会并没有做出任何加强军事防御的决定，却立即开始调查印第安人不满的原因，通过了一项要更好地与印第安人公平交易的法案，并限定出售给印第安人的货物的最高价格等等。可惜这些令人高赞“亚克西”的高尚措施对边远地区的白人居民起不到什么安抚作用，他们的房屋还是被烧毁，农作物还是被破坏，妻子儿女还是被掳去剥掉头皮。
此时已经有相当多的爱尔兰人和德意志人在西宾夕法尼亚的荒野地区垦荒定居，这些人并不信奉和平友善、反对战争的教友派教义，却时时刻刻受到敌对的法国人和杀死平民、并从尸体上剥皮为乐趣的印第安人的威胁。由于屠杀事件层出不穷，整个宾夕法尼亚西部陷入惊恐之中，越来越多的难民逃亡东边。1755年7月，位于俄亥俄河流域的迪凯纳堡（Fort Duquesne）的法军司令洋洋得意地向上司汇报说，他已经唆使印第安人“成功地对邻近的三块殖民地——宾夕法尼亚、马里兰和弗吉尼亚造成了巨大的破坏。居民们被全部逐离。从坎伯兰堡一线算起整整三十里格（九十英里）宽的地带上彻底摧毁了居民点……印第安人的村庄里到处是白人俘虏，男女老少都有。敌人（英国）遭受的损失远远超过开战以来它所遭受的其他失败。”
1755年年底，三百名绝望的德国移民从西部来到费城，要求议会立即对印第安人采取行动。他们陈述的屠杀惨状把议会吓坏了，而教友会信徒内部也在这时出现了分歧。本杰明富兰克林和教友会中的开明派主张抛弃绝对化的和平主义原则，要求拨款建立民兵，以进行自卫。这次逼宫行为，再加上宾夕法尼亚西部大屠杀在英国引起的对教友会的舆论反感，最终导致教友派成员集体退出宾夕法尼亚议会，该殖民地遂在1756年暮春对特拉华族和肖尼族印第安人宣战。与此同时，针对印第安人剥取白人头皮的做法，英国军队及各殖民地民兵也采取了以眼还眼的“头皮悬赏”制度，谁带回印第安人的头皮就可以得到100英镑的奖金——大致相当于今天的2万美元。奖金数目定得如此之高，这件事本身大概也证明了没有多少白人愿意（或有勇气）干这桩剥皮的活儿，否则殖民地当局恐怕早就因为支付太多奖金而破产了。
当然，北美洲白人与印第安人的冲突史远非“印第安人罔顾战争法则、肆意袭击无辜白人平民”这么简单。早在十七世纪，就有许多次冲突是以白人袭击印第安人为开端的，比如曾居住在今日康涅狄格州东部的佩科特印第安人，他们一度只与荷兰人进行贸易往来，激怒了英国人。1636年一个波士顿商人在布洛克岛被佩科特人谋杀后，马萨诸塞当局派出了由120名英国人和一些莫希干族、纳拉甘赛特族印第安人组成的武装进行报复，在米斯蒂克河和康涅狄格河杀死了500多名佩特科男人、妇女和儿童。
1675年“菲利普王战争”的直接起因虽然是万帕诺亚克酋长反对殖民地政府在他们的部落中实行英国法律（普利茅斯殖民地法院绞死了几个在非战争状态下谋杀本部落印第安同胞的万帕诺亚克人），但其深远起因也是由于新英格兰的许多印第安部落意识到自己居住的地区已经英国殖民地所包围，并被迫解除武装，于是选择武力解决，结果却被武器优势大大超过己方的英国人及其印第安盟友（莫希干人）彻底击败。
弗吉尼亚殖民地很少遭到因为禁酒而招致印第安人的袭击，因为那里的皇家总督，像加拿大的法国总督和纽约的英国总督一样，认为土著饮酒过度是否死光与己无关。但是，在1774年，居住在阿巴拉契亚山脉、俄亥俄河与肯塔基河之间这块地方的肖尼族和明戈族印第安人与不断向西拓殖的弗吉尼亚白人之间发生了一系列流血事件。根据托马斯·杰弗逊在《弗吉尼亚纪事》中的一篇记录，说白人对印第安人的抢劫行为（杰弗逊没说遭抢的是不是酒）非常愤怒，为了报复，白人民兵杀死了许多无辜的印第安人，其中包括明戈印第安人的首领洛根酋长的家人，而洛根是以白人的朋友而闻名的。在洛根的领导下，俄亥俄河流域印第安人发动了一场反对白人定居者的战争，他们剥去了许多无辜的白人男女和儿童的头皮，但最终还是在1774年10月被弗吉尼亚民团击败。
在这个决定性的战役之后，洛根拒绝和其他酋长一起去向获胜的白人屈膝哀求。相反，他给弗吉尼亚皇家总督邓莫尔伯爵寄去了一封演讲。当邓莫尔勋爵征讨印第安人后返回弗吉尼亚时，他带回了这篇演讲。据杰弗逊说，“这次演讲成了威廉斯堡所有谈话的主题”，它被刊登在《弗吉尼亚公报》上，随后又被登在北美大陆各报上，甚至连大不列颠的报纸上也刊登了这篇演讲。杰弗逊在他的《弗吉尼亚纪事》中也全文登录了这篇演讲，以驳斥那些欧洲人的观点，他们“以为在北美的土壤、气候和其他环境中有某些东西导致动物先天或后天的、肉体或道德的本性的退化，甚至连人类也不例外。”杰弗逊把洛根酋长的演讲称为“这个国土上土著居民的天才、尤其是他们的雄辩之才”的证据，并断言说：“欧洲从未产生过比这篇短小精美、富于雄辩的演说更优秀的东西。”洛根酋长的演说曾是十九世纪和二十世纪美国学校读本中固定的文章，并为一代又一代的美国年轻人所熟知——
“我恳请任何一位白人说说，他是否曾饿着肚子走进洛根家的小屋，而洛根没有给他肉吃？他是否曾在又冷又没衣穿时来到洛根家，而洛根没有给他衣服穿？在最近这次漫长而又血腥的战争中，洛根一直呆在自己的小屋里，一直是一位宣传和平的人。我对白人的爱就是这样的，以致我的同胞经过我家时都指着说‘洛根是白人的朋友’。如果不是一个人伤害了我们，我甚至想过和你们生活在一起。去年春天，克雷萨普上校无缘无故地杀害了洛根的所有亲人，甚至连我的女人和孩子也不放过。在现在活着的人中，没有一个人的血管里流着我的血。这个事实呼唤我去报复。我寻求报复；我杀死了许多人；我已经复仇够了。为了国家，我很高兴看到和平的曙光。但不要以为我的高兴是出于害怕。洛根从不惧怕。他不会为了保全自己的生命而突然作一百八十度的转身的。谁去那儿为洛根哀悼？——没有一人。”
同印第安人的战争对美国的民族精神有非常大的影响。直到十八世纪末，印第安人还在威胁着北美殖民地的边区居民，而对于越来越远的美国中西部地区来说，对印第安人的恐惧一直持续到十九世纪末。1876年，乔治·卡斯特将军在小大角战役中全军覆没，十年后少数残留的印第安人被美国陆军押送转移到指定的保留地，长期成为美国人梦魇的“印第安人的威胁”至此才算最后解除。
在北美殖民地的这种战争中，人人都生活在战场上，人人都是士兵，甚至连妇女和儿童也是。比如在1766年冬天，在弗吉尼亚河谷的谢南多厄县，两个男人带着妻子和孩子坐着一辆大篷车前往要塞避难，路上遭到了五个印第安人的袭击，男人们被杀死。女人们不但没有被丈夫流血垂死的惨状吓晕过去，反而操起斧头，以大无畏的气概和超人的力气保卫自己和孩子。一个印第安人抓住了希茨夫人的一个孩子，想把他拖出车厢，孩子的母亲如闪电般把孩子抢了回来，另一只手抡起斧头向印第安人头上砍去。这五个印第安人在搏斗中全都受了伤，最后逃跑了，留下两个妇女和她们的孩子继续前往要塞。边疆地区的男孩子们也在平日的嬉戏中培养了自卫的能力，他们几乎从一学会走路就开始舞枪弄棒，用枪支或弓箭射击小动物和抡斧头砍柴都成了遭到印第安人袭击时自救的本领。在边疆地区，一个十二三岁的男孩就达到了参加民兵的年龄，用步枪和子弹把自己武装起来，平时用枪打松鼠、野火鸡和浣熊（走运的话还能打到一只鹿，够全家吃好长一段时间），和印第安人打仗时则负责守卫要塞的一个枪眼。
北美殖民史和早期的美国军事史是一部尽可能把最多的自由白人武装起来、并随时能应召作战的历史，比如普利茅斯殖民地在1633年便规定每个成年男人都必须拥有一支火枪、一条子弹带、一把刀剑、两磅火药和十磅子弹。这些民兵的动员速度之快是令人瞠目的：在1675年“菲利普王战争”期间，距波士顿镇30英里的一个小镇在9月23日晚上发出了印第安人来袭的警告，一小时之内就从附近各城镇来了一千二百名民兵。当警报解除时，民兵们也以同样的速度解散。
这样，在北美殖民地和后来的美国，战争成了既是士兵、也是普通平民的共同事业，每一个人都有点像士兵，但又不完全是一个士兵。在北美同印第安人的战争不是集中指挥的一种行动，而是小股人员或几个人之间自行其事、分散进行的遭遇战，所以居民们普遍拥有武器，这是对随处存在的战争威胁的反应。在欧洲，统治者极不愿意让他们臣民的手里掌握足以发动叛乱的武器（另一方面，这些君主还没有对其臣民惧怕到连菜刀都要时不时禁掉的地步）；但在北美殖民地，出于自卫的需要，几乎每个人手中都有武器；由于远隔重洋，身在欧洲的君主想禁止也禁止不了。
美国宪法第二修正案对“普遍拥有武器”这一原则做了简洁的总结，它规定“纪律良好的民兵是保卫自由国家所需，故人们持有和携带武器的权力不得予以侵犯”。另一方面，殖民地民兵作战的传统也导致美国孤立主义精神的产生：民兵们平时是平民，只是在敌人打来时才紧握手中枪支、站在他邻居的身边打退袭击他们村庄的印第安人。去保卫邻近的村庄和城镇也可以，这大致相当于扑灭你隔壁邻居家的火灾；但是要保卫邻近的殖民地就太远也太麻烦了。弗吉尼亚自治领曾经在很长一段时间里定期向纽约和新英格兰派去信使，以了解敌对的法国人和北方印第安人的动向，但他们从来不关心北方需要一些什么物质和人力帮助，只关心那些可能令弗吉尼亚人遭到进攻的消息。当法国人或印第安人发动战争时，各殖民地之间往往用一些几近外交辞令的通信来解释为什么不能派民兵到本殖民地边界以外的地方去支援邻邦作战。当1756年七年战争爆发、英国人试图把北美各殖民地的民兵合为一支统一军队来对抗法军（对方有统一的指挥）的威胁时，面临的最大障碍就是这种地方主义；甚至直到二十一世纪，在各州民兵的后继者和继承人——各州的国民警卫队当中，也时不时地能够看到这种地方主义情结在作怪。
像早期的英国殖民者一样，法国人在新法兰西遇到的印第安人也很难用敌人或朋友来笼统区分。上图描绘的是1606年冬天在阿卡迪亚地区罗亚尔港过冬的尚普兰探险队成员，其中许多人又病又饿、情绪不佳，附近的阿尔冈金印第安人送来了许多食品，尚普兰将其做成法国风味的美食，载歌载舞款待队员和印第安首领，以鼓舞士气。探险队的许多成员是法国贵族，他们后来组建了一个骑士团，并以此事将其命名为“快活骑士团”（L’Ordre de Bon Temps），延续至今。有好几任加拿大总督担任过该骑士团的团长。现在该团几乎每年都在加拿大新斯科舍举行盛大的宴会和社交活动，出席者必须获得新斯科舍省政府的邀请、或成为该骑士团成员。
对于北美的法国居民来说，除了零星印第安人的小股袭击外，来自易洛魁部落联盟的敌意更为严重，这些易洛魁人从早年尚普兰探险队向他们发动进攻起就成了法国人的敌人，并和英国人结成同盟。法国人发现自己受到北美东部印第安人中最有胆识、最有组织的部落的反对，好多年里，无论是人口密集的法国人村庄还是孤立的法国开拓者木屋都免不了易洛魁人的攻击。有不少故事在加拿大流传下来，讲述法国人的居留地怎样英雄地防御印第安人袭击、以及最后被毁灭的情况。1660年，年轻的法国上尉多拉尔带着一小队人马上溯渥太华河，去阻拦易洛魁人对蒙特利尔的进攻，经过一个星期的阻滞战役而全军覆没。三十年后，又有一个韦尔谢庄园的故事在新法兰西流传开：这个庄园的主人不在时，他的女儿和她的两个弟弟，以及另外不到六个男人，在易洛魁人的攻击下保卫庄园达一个星期之久。在新法兰西，若干代的法国农民都习惯于一边在田间劳动，一面在手边放着枪，眼睛不时注视着附近的森林。魁北克和加拿大的法国人庄园，就像北美英国殖民地的村庄那样，都有一个经过加固的主人住宅或磨坊，在印第安人来袭击时可以当作避难堡垒。
然而总的说来，新法兰西的官吏、传教士和商人都不像英国殖民者那样普遍地仇视印第安人。他们没有英国人那种强烈的种族偏见和严苛的新教观点。只要可能，法国移民就总是试图和印第安人结成同盟，教育印第安人的孩子，使他们皈依基督教，甚至实行种族间通婚——总的来说就是设法使印第安人成为法兰西帝国的支持者。对于英国殖民地的边民来说，一个最好的印第安人就是死的印第安人；而对于新法兰西的行政和宗教当局来说，一个最好的印第安人是一个法国的、天主教的印第安人。
新教属于邪恶教派，天主教和东正教才能算正统
请仔细阅读原文后再回复，像您这样，就没必要回复了
洗地文有看的必要么
这个文章的核心就是新教徒对印第安人斩尽杀绝，天主教则是同化他们
所以我说新教徒是邪恶的
这个文章的核心就是新教徒对印第安人斩尽杀绝，天主教则是同化他们
所以我说新教徒是邪恶的
你阅读能力，未能达到小学二年级水平
呵呵，我觉得你的能力比我还好，估计突破天际线了
不就是，我来我见我征服的长篇大论版么？在美国的时候，难得遇到能有点历史历史知识的，对印第安人的观点和这文章的核心类似，他们揍我们（他们不开化），所以我们就揍他们（我们帮助开化他们）。问题是，都规避了一个问题，你跑人家地界上又是耕地又是建屋子做甚？ 我当时得到的最搞笑的两个答案是，一个，土地并没有得到“合法正统”政府认可和统治，所以是无主的，不是印第安人的。一个是，未开化（不相信基督）的文明的土地自然是无主的（教皇颁布所有权。。。）当时觉得真TM奇葩，也难怪后来美国建国后西部拓荒，也把那边土地描述成那样了。。。。稍微靠谱点的就是买地了，但是，只买立足之地，然后剩下的就是，我揍你，你揍我，你不卖我我揍你之类循环了，结果，买地的资金一点点，打完的成果，好大一片！！。。。
不就是，我来我见我征服的长篇大论版么？在美国的时候，难得遇到能有点历史历史知识的，对印第安人的观点和这文章的核心类似，他们揍我们（他们不开化），所以我们就揍他们（我们帮助开化他们）。问题是，都规避了一个问题，你跑人家地界上又是耕地又是建屋子做甚？ 我当时得到的最搞笑的两个答案是，一个，土地并没有得到“合法正统”政府认可和统治，所以是无主的，不是印第安人的。一个是，未开化（不相信基督）的文明的土地自然是无主的（教皇颁布所有权。。。）当时觉得真TM奇葩，也难怪后来美国建国后西部拓荒，也把那边土地描述成那样了。。。。稍微靠谱点的就是买地了，但是，只买立足之地，然后剩下的就是，我揍你，你揍我，你不卖我我揍你之类循环了，结果，买地的资金一点点，打完的成果，好大一片！！。。。
不就是，我来我见我征服的长篇大论版么？在美国的时候，难得遇到能有点历史历史知识的，对印第安人的观点和 ...
对，莱夷、淮夷、扬越、瓯越、闽越、雒越、山戎、鬼方、岭南、辽东、西域诸国都是老祖宗充话费时送的
qidaxue 发表于 2015-2-27 14:02
对，莱夷、淮夷、扬越、瓯越、闽越、雒越、山戎、鬼方、岭南、辽东、西域诸国都是老祖宗充话费时送的
哎呦，你这么说把自认文明开化的白人基督徒当成了中古之前的了？？？文艺复兴=文明反祖？？？ 你这是暗地里给鬼子洗地？南京大屠杀算毛？比起古代杀伐里毛毛雨啦。
qidaxue 发表于 2015-2-27 14:02
对，莱夷、淮夷、扬越、瓯越、闽越、雒越、山戎、鬼方、岭南、辽东、西域诸国都是老祖宗充话费时送的
哎呦，你这么说把自认文明开化的白人基督徒当成了中古之前的了？？？文艺复兴=文明反祖？？？ 你这是暗地里给鬼子洗地？南京大屠杀算毛？比起古代杀伐里毛毛雨啦。
CD998 发表于 2015-2-27 14:21
哎呦，你这么说把自认文明开化的白人基督徒当成了中古之前的了？？？文艺复兴=文明反祖？？？ 你这 ...
那按你逻辑在20世纪————已经20世纪了，苏联老百姓遭遇N次饥荒，强制迁徙，古拉格，大清洗，苏联人（还都是苏联国籍的本国公民）岂不是比中世纪更悲催，比印第安人更悲催，伟大的社会主义祖国苏联=文明反祖？？？
CD998 发表于 2015-2-27 14:21
哎呦，你这么说把自认文明开化的白人基督徒当成了中古之前的了？？？文艺复兴=文明反祖？？？ 你这 ...
那按你逻辑在20世纪————已经20世纪了，苏联老百姓遭遇N次饥荒，强制迁徙，古拉格，大清洗，苏联人（还都是苏联国籍的本国公民）岂不是比中世纪更悲催，比印第安人更悲催，伟大的社会主义祖国苏联=文明反祖？？？
qidaxue 发表于 2015-2-27 14:28
那按你逻辑在20世纪————已经20世纪了，苏联老百姓遭遇N次饥荒，强制迁徙，古拉格，大清洗，苏联人 ...
你祖国是毛子？？悲剧。。。 另外，对啊，有人说毛子这些事情好么？有人为大饥荒叫好？？？ 难道不是都拿大饥荒说毛子坏么？ 问题，人家白人杀'印第安人理直气壮不说，到你这文章里颇有抵御侵略的味道啊！这不就是老妹主流观点的翻版么？第一，这是英国人做的，第二，土地是谁的不重要，反正是无主的，第三，他揍我，所以我揍他，他不卖我地让我活不下去，所以我揍他。不就这三条么？ 说起来这么不好听，也洗，真是醉了。要是也拿这个说白皮坏，我倒也没意见，反正毛子，牛牛，白头鹰都素白皮。
qidaxue 发表于 2015-2-27 14:28
那按你逻辑在20世纪————已经20世纪了，苏联老百姓遭遇N次饥荒，强制迁徙，古拉格，大清洗，苏联人 ...
你祖国是毛子？？悲剧。。。 另外，对啊，有人说毛子这些事情好么？有人为大饥荒叫好？？？ 难道不是都拿大饥荒说毛子坏么？ 问题，人家白人杀'印第安人理直气壮不说，到你这文章里颇有抵御侵略的味道啊！这不就是老妹主流观点的翻版么？第一，这是英国人做的，第二，土地是谁的不重要，反正是无主的，第三，他揍我，所以我揍他，他不卖我地让我活不下去，所以我揍他。不就这三条么？ 说起来这么不好听，也洗，真是醉了。要是也拿这个说白皮坏，我倒也没意见，反正毛子，牛牛，白头鹰都素白皮。
我们中国人是同化，南方苗族反抗中央几千年，也没有被灭绝啊，你们西方人是斩尽杀绝，这能比吗 ，新教徒就是没开化的野蛮人，同是西方人 ，法国人明显文明多了
你祖国是毛子？？悲剧。。。 另外，对啊，有人说毛子这些事情好么？有人为大饥荒叫好？？？ 难道不是 ...
咱转这个文章主要是为了让网友了解以下几个常识：
1、墨西哥以北的印第安人，那个落后的生产力水平，数量也就是400万人左右。
2、北美印第安人的最大致死因素，是新移民带去的疾病，80-90%的印第安人都是死于疾病瘟疫。就算是郑和而非哥伦布先发现新大陆，印第安人一样是团灭的结局，因为中国同样是鼠疫、流感、天花高发区，甚至鼠疫、流感极有可能原发区就是中国。除非旧大陆的人谁都别去美洲了。
3、北美印度安人部落之间的相互仇杀，是除了旧大陆瘟疫之外的，另一大削减人口的因素
4、剥头皮是印第安人的一贯传统，是印第安人先玩剥头皮的
5、白人也没少给印第安人杀
6、白人杀的印第安人数量 远远没有中国愤青YY的那么多，既不是上千万，也不是上百万，甚至不是几十万，最多几万人。而且大部分都是有原因的。
打打杀杀的原因，咱转帖的文章里都有了，下面的战果。好多都是相互复仇，咱不管那么细了,只要里面有印第安人死全笼统算屠杀。刨掉被杀的新移民,那位有耐心,把里面的印第安人给摘出来,加加算算，看看能凑够3万人不？
Year Date Name Description
1539 NapitucaMassacre After defeatingresisting Timucuan warriors, Hernando de Soto had 200executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what becameAmerican soil.
1540 18-Oct Mabila Massacre The Choctaw retaliatedagainst Hernando de Soto's expedition,[3] killing 200 soldiers, aswell as many of their horses and pigs, for their having burneddown Mabila compound and killed c. 2,500 warriors who had hidden inhouses of a fake village.
1541–42 Tiguex Massacres After the invading Spaniards seized thehouses, food and clothing of the Tiguex, and raped their women, the Tiguexresisted. The Spanish attacked them, burning at the stake 50 people who hadsurrendered.Francisco Vásquez de Coronado's men laid siege to the Moho Pueblo,and after a months-long siege, they killed 200 fleeing warriors.
1599 January 22–24 Acoma Massacre Inretaliation for the killing of 11 Spanish soldiers, Juan de O愀琀攀 ledapunitive expedition against the natives in a three-day battle atthe Acoma Pueblo, killing approximately 800. King PhilipIII later punished O愀琀攀 for his excesses.
1601 SandiaMountains Spanish troops destroyed 3Indian villages in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico. According toSpanish sources, 900 Tompiro Indians were killed.
1622 22-Mar Jamestown Massacre Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed 347 English men, women andchildren throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the Englishpopulation of the Jamestown colony, in an effort to push the Englishout of Virginia.
1623 12-May Pamunkey Peace Talks The English poisoned the wine at a"peace conference" with Powhatanleaders, killing about 200; theyphysically attacked and killed another 50.
1637 26-May Mystic Massacre In the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by JohnMason, withMohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a nightattack on a largePequot village on the Mystic River in present-dayConnecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed allsurvivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700.
1643 25-Feb Pavonia Massacre In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a bandof Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to NewAmsterdam seeking the protection of NewNetherland governor,William Kieft. Kieft dispersed themto Pavonia[13] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven bymercenary John Underhill.
1643 August Hutchinson Massacre As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, nearthe Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New YorkCity), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six ofher children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others(servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive andlived with the natives for several years.
1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre As part of Kieft's War in NewNetherland, at present day Pound Ridge,New York, John Underhill,hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killingabout 500 Indians.
1655 September 11–15 Peach Tree War In retaliation for Director-General of NewNetherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and alliesat New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, StatenIsland, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675 18-Sep Bloody Brook Massacre During King Philip's War, Indian warriorskilled 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts.
1675 19-Dec Great Swamp Massacre Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fortnear South Kingstown, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village.
1676 10-May Turner Falls Massacre Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked afishing Indian camp at present-day Turners Falls, Massachusetts. At least100 women and children were killed in the attack.
1676 26-Mar Nine Men's Misery During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captivesoldiers to ritual torture and death.
1676 2-Jul Rhode Island Militiavolunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on RhodeIsland, killing 34 men and 92 women and children.
1680 10-Aug Pueblo Revolt Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove otherSpaniards from New Mexico.
1689 5-Aug Lachine massacre 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlementof Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages inpresent-day New York.
1689 ZiaPueblo Governor Jironza deCruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians werekilled and 70 survivors enslaved.
1690 8-Feb Schenectady Massacre As part of the Beaver Wars, Frenchand Algonquins destroyedSchenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutchand English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.
1692 24-Jan Candlemas Massacre During King William's War, 200-300 Abenaki and Canadienskilled 75, took 100 prisoner and burned the town of York, Mainedistrict of theProvince of Massachusetts Bay
1704 Feb-29 Deerfield Massacre During Queen Anne's War, a force composedof Abenaki, Kanienkehaka,Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by asmall contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield,Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives.
1704 ApalacheeMassacre Former CarolinaGovernor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks onthe Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors.
1712 May Fox Indian Massacre French troops and Indian allies slaughtered around1,000 Fox Indians men, women and children in a five-day massacre nearthe head of theDetroit River.
1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel JamesMoore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the TuscaroraIndians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 otherswere subsequently killed or captured.
1715 15-Apr Pocotaligo Massacre Yamassee Indians killed 4 British traders andrepresentatives of Carolina at Pocotaligo, nearpresent-day Yemassee, South Carolina. 90 other traders were killed inthe following weeks.
1724 24-Aug Norridgewock Massacre Captains Jeremiah Moulton and JohnsonHarmon led 200 rangers to theAbenaki villageof Norridgewock, Maine to kill Father SebastianRale and destroy the Indian settlement. The rangers massacred 80 Abenakis(including two dozen women and children).
1729 29-Nov Natchez Massacre Natchez Indians attacked French settlements nearpresent-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists.
1730 9-Sep Massacre at Fox Fort A French army of 1,400 soldiers and itsIndian allies massacred about 500 Fox Indians (including 300 women andchildren) as they tried to flee their besieged camp.
1747 October Chama River Spanishtroops ambushed a group of Utes on the Chama River, killing 111 Indiansand taking 206 as captives .
1755 8-Jul Draper's Meadow massacre 5 settlers killed by Shawnee Indians at Draper'sMeadow, Virginia
1757 9-Aug Battle of Fort William Henry Following the fall of Fort WilliamHenry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the Frenchkilled between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners.
1758 16-Mar San Saba Mission Massacre A large party of Comanche, Tonkawa andHasinai Indians attacked themission of San Saba, Texas, killing 8 peopleand burning down the mission.
1759 4-Oct St. Francis Raid During the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for therumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain QuintenKennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party ofapproximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into thevillage of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, amongthem women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.
1763 14-Sep Devil's Hole Massacre During the Seven Years'War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply trainand soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from thesupply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train.
1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys In response to Pontiac's Rebellion,frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock.
1764 26-Jul Enoch Brown school massacre Four Delaware killed aschoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped butsurvived.
1774 September Spanish Peaks Spanish troops surprised a large fortified Comanche village nearSpanish Peaks (Raton, New Mexico). They killed nearly 300 Indians (men, womenand children) and took 100 captives.
1774 30-Apr Yellow Creek Massacre Daniel Greathouse killed membersof Chief Logan's family.
1777 26-Sep The Grave Creek Massacre A milita company under Captain WilliamForeman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, WestVirginia.
1778 11-Nov Cherry Valley Massacre British and Seneca forces attackedthe fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops andmore than 30 settlers.
1778 3-Jul Battle of Wyoming During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle withrebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois alliesof Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were lateraccused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. Theseclaims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.
1778 31-Aug Stockbridge Massacre An ambush by the British during the American RevolutionaryWar that left nearly 40 natives dead.
1780 27-Jun Westervelt Massacre Seventeen Dutch settlers killed and two taken captive out of acaravan of 41. The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station,Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky. The victims were all scalped and sold tothe British for a bounty.
1781 1-Sep Dietz Massacre During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the Britishattacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalpingDietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family,and a servant girl.
1781 1-Sep Long Run Massacre Thirty-two settlers killed by 50 Miami people while tryingto move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers werekilled attempting to bury the initial victims.
1782 10-May Corbly Family Massacre During the Revolution, Indians allied with theBritish attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in GreeneCounty, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and twodaughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped.
1782 8-Mar Gnadenhütten massacre During the Revolution, Pennsylvaniamilitiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostlywomen and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys.
1791 4-Nov Fort Recovery Massacre At present day Fort Recovery, Ohio, anarmy of 1,500 Americans led byArthur St. Clair, was ambushed by an armyof Miami Indians led by chiefLittle Turtle. Before retreating, 700 ofthe 1,500 American soldiers were slaughtered.
1791 2-Jan Big Bottom massacre 14 Settlers killed by Indian War Partyin Stockport, Morgan County, Ohio
1805 January Canyon del Muerto Spanish soldiers led by Antonio Narbona massacred115 Navajo Indians (mostly women, children and old men) in Canyon delMuerto, northeastern Arizona.
1812 3-Sep Pigeon Roost Massacre During the War of 1812, twenty four settlers,including fifteen children, were massacred by a war party of Native Americans(mostly Shawnee, but possibly including some Delawares and Potawatomis) in asurprise attack on a small village located in what is today Scott County,Indiana.
1812 15-Sep Copus Massacre During the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attackedthe Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing threemilitiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler'sdaughter; settlers killed two Indians.
1812 10-Sep Zimmer Massacre During the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attackbelieved to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio.
1812 15-Aug Fort Dearborn Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians alliedwith the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating FortDearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, twoofficers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired asscouts, were killed.
(Battle ofFort Dearborn)
1813 29-Nov Autossee Massacre Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creektown on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200Indians before setting the village afire.
(Battle ofAutossee)
1813 18-Nov Hillabee Massacre Tennessee troops under GeneralWhite launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the villageleaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted.
1813 22-Jan River Raisin Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians allied withthe British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender.
1813 30-Aug Fort Mims Massacre After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle ofBurnt Corn(which the Creek won), a band of RedSticks sacked Fort Mims,Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War,at the same time as the War of 1812.
1813 18-Aug Dilbone Massacre During the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers(David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlerslater killed the Indian they suspected of the murders.
1818 22-Apr Chehaw Affair During the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked anon-hostileMuscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women andchildren.
1824 22-Mar Fall Creek Massacre Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed androbbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witnessat subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged 12January 1825, and two were hanged 2 June 1825. The last defendant was pardonedat the last minute.
1826 DressingPoint Massacre A posse ofAnglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community ofKarankawa Indians nearthe mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda County, Texas. Between 40 and50 Karankawas were killed.
1832 20-May Indian Creek Massacre A party of Potawatomi, with a few Sauk allies,killed fifteen men, women and children and kidnapped two young women, who werelater ransomed.
1832 24-May St. Vrain massacre 4 killed by Ho-Chunk while delivering dispatchesduring Black Hawk War near present day Pearl City,Illinois during Black Hawk War
1832 14-Jun Spafford Farm massacre Five men were attacked by a Kickapoo war party,four whites and one Indian died, during Black Hawk War, near presentday South Wayne, Wisconsin
1832 1-Aug Battle of Bad Axe Soldiers under General Henry Atkinson and armedvolunteers killed around 150 Indian men, women and children nearpresent-day Victory,Wisconsin.
1833 Exact date unknown Cutthroat Gap Massacre Osage tribe attacked a Kiowa camp westof the Wichita Mountains insouthwest Oklahoma where one hundredand fifty Kiowa tribal inhabitants were brutally slaughtered in the Osageattack.
1835 28-Dec Dade Massacre During the Second Seminole War, Seminole killed almost all ofacommand of 110 American soldiers in Central Florida. All but two ofthe soldiers were killed; and one survivor died a few months later from hiswounds.
1836 19-May Fort Parker Massacre Comanche killed seven European Americans in LimestoneCounty, Texas. The five captured included Cynthia Ann Parker.
1837 22-Apr Johnson Massacre At least 20 Apaches were killed near Santa Rita del Cobre, NewMexico while trading with a group of American settlers led by JohnJohnson. The Anglos blasted the Apaches with a canon loaded with musket balls,nails and pieces of glass and finished off the wounded.
1838 5-Oct Killough Massacre Indians massacred eighteen members and relatives of the Killoughfamily in Texas.
1838 or 1839 Exact dateunknown Webster Massacre Comanche killed a party of settlers attemptingto ford the Bushy Creek near present day Leander, Texas. All of the Anglomen were killed and Mrs. Webster and her two children were captured.
1840 19-Mar Council House Massacre The 12 leaders of a Comanche delegation (65people including 35 women and children) were shot in San Antonio, Texas,while trying to escape the local jail. 23 others including 5 women and childrenwere killed in or around the city.
1840 7-Aug Indian Key Massacre During the Seminole Wars,Spanish-speaking Indians attacked and destroyed an Indian Key settlement,killing 13 inhabitants, including noted horticulturist Dr. Henry Perrine.
1840 24-Oct Colorado River Volunteer Rangers under Colonel Moore massacred 140 Comanches (men,women and children) in their village on the Colorado and captured 35 others(mostly small children).
1840 Exact date unknown Clear Lake Massacre A posse led by Mexican Salvador Vallejomassacred 150 Pomo andWappo Indians on ClearLake, California.
1846 March Sacramento River Captain Frémont's men attacked a peaceful band ofIndians (probablyYanas) on the Sacramento River in California, killingbetween 120 and 200 Indians.
1846 December Pauma massacre 11 Californios killed by Indians at Escondido,California led to theTemecula massacre.
1846 December Temecula massacre 33 to 40 Indians killed in revenge for the PaumaMassacre atEscondido, California.
1847 February 3–4 Storming of Pueblo de Taos In response to a New Mexican-instigateduprising in Taos, American troops attacked the heavily fortified Pueblo of Taoswith artillery, killing nearly 150, some being Indians. Between 25 and 30prisoners were shot by firing squads.
1847 29-Nov Whitman massacre Cayuse and Umatilla killed the missionariesDr. Marcus Whitman, Mrs. Narcissa Whitman and twelve others at WallaWalla, Washington, triggering the Cayuse War.
1848 April Brazos River Ahunting party of 26 friendly Wichita and Caddo Indians wasmassacred by Texas Rangers under Captain Samuel Highsmithe, in a valley southof Brazos River. 25 men and boys were killed, only one child managed toescape.
1850 15-May Bloody Island Massacre Nathaniel Lyon and his U. S. Armydetachment of cavalry killed 60–100 Pomo people on Bo-no-po-ti islandnear Clear Lake, (Lake Co., California); they believed the Pomo had killedtwo Clear Lake settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomopeople. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo). Thisincident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killingof native people all over Northern California. Site is California RegisteredHistorical Landmark #427
1851 OldShasta Town Miners killed300 Wintu Indians near Old Shasta, California and burned downtheir tribal council meeting house.
1852 HynesBay Massacre Texas militiamenattacked a village of 50 Karankawas, killing 45 of them.
1852 23-Apr Bridge Gulch Massacre 70 American men led by TrinityCounty sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than150 Wintu people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliationfor the killing of Col. John Anderson.
1852 November Wright Massacre White settlers led by a notorious Indian hunter named Ben Wrightmassacred 41 Modocs during a "peace parley".
1853 HowonquetMassacre Californian settlers attackedand burned the Tolowa village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people.
1853 YontoketMassacre A posse of settlers attacked andburned a Tolowa rancheria atYontocket, California, killing 450 Tolowaduring a prayer ceremony.
1853 AchuletMassacre White settlers launched anattack on a Tolowa village near Lake Earl in California, killingbetween 65 and 150 Indians at dawn.
1853 Before December 31 "Ox" incident U.S. forces attacked and killed an unreportednumber of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in whatwas referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "thechastisement they have received".
1854 28-Jan Nasomah Massacre 40 white settlers attacked the sleeping village of theNasomah Indians at the mouth of the Coquille River in Oregon,killing 15 men and 1 woman.
1854 15-Feb Chetco River Massacre Nine white settlers attacked a friendlyIndian village on the Chetco River in Oregon, massacring 26 menand a few women. Most of the Indians were shot while trying to escape.Two Chetco who tried to resist with bows and arrows were burned alivein their houses. Shortly before the attack, the Chetco had been induced to giveaway their weapons as "friendly relations were firmly established".
1854 19-Aug Grattan Massacre After a detachment of 30 U.S. soldiers in the NebraskaTerritoryopened fire on an encampment of 4,000 Brulé Sioux, killingChiefConquering Bear, warriors attacked and killed all the soldiers and theircivilian interpreter.
1854 20-Aug Ward Massacre Shoshone killed 18 of the 20 members of the AlexanderWard party, attacking them on the Oregon Trail in western Idaho.This event led the U.S. eventually to abandon FortBoise and Fort Hall, in favor of the use of military escorts foremigrant wagon trains.
1855 22-Jan Klamath River massacres In retaliation for the murder of sixsettlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war ofextermination against the Indians" inHumboldt County, California.
1855 2-Sep Harney Massacre US troops under Brigadier General William S.Harney killed 86 Sioux, men, women and children at Blue Water Creek,in present-day Nebraska. About 70 women and children were taken prisoner.
1855 8-Oct Lupton Massacre A group of settlers and miners launched a night attack on anIndian village near Upper Table Rock, Oregon, killing 23 Indians (mostlyelderly men, women and children).
1855 23-Dec Little Butte Creek Oregon volunteers launched a dawn attack ona Tututni and Takelmacamp on the Rogue River. Between 19 to 26Indians were slaughtered.
1856 June Grande Ronde River Valley Massacre Washington Territorial Volunteers underColonel Benjamin Shaw attacked a peaceful Cayuse and WallaWalla Indians on the Grande Ronde River in Oregon. 60Indians, mostly women, old men and children were killed.
1856 March Shingletown In reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred atleast 20Yana men, women and children near Shingletown, California.
1857 Mar 8–12 Spirit Lake Massacre Thirty-five to 40 killed and 4 taken captive by SanteeSioux in the last Native American attack on settlers in Iowa.
1858-1859 RoundValley Massacres White settlersslaughtered 150 Yuki Indians in Round Valley, California.Massacres continued through the spring and summer of 1859. In April 1859, in revengefor the killing of 3 cows and 1 stallion belonging to a whiteman, California militiamen massacred 240 Indians on the EelRiver. On 1 May, Major Johnson reported that six hundredYukis had beenmassacred by white settlers "in the last year".
1859 September Pit River Whitesettlers massacred 70 Achomawi Indians (10 men and 60 women andchildren) in their village on Pit River in California.
1859 ChicoCreek White settlers attackeda Maidu camp near Chico Creek in California, killingindiscriminately 40 Indians.
1860 Exact date unknown Massacre at Bloody Rock A group of 65 Yuki Indians weresurrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in MendocinoCounty, California.
1860 26-Feb Indian Island Massacre In three nearly simultaneous assaults on theWiyot, at Indian Island,Eureka, Rio Dell, and near Hydesville,California white settlers killed between 200 and250 Wiyot in Humboldt County, California. Victims were mostlywomen, children and elders, as reported by BretHarte atArcata newspaper. Other villages massacred within two days.The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States#66000208.
1860 18-Dec Pease River Massacre Texas Rangers under Captain Sul Ross attacked aComanche village in Foard County, Texas, killing indiscriminately aconsiderable number of Indians.
1860 8-Sep Otter Massacre Near Sinker Creek Idaho, 11 persons of the last wagon train ofthe year were killed and several others were subsequently killed. Some thatescaped the initial massacre starved to death
1861 HorseCanyon Massacre White settlers and Indianallies attacked a Wailaki village in Horse Canyon (Round Valley,California), killing up to 240 Wailakis.
1861 CookesCanyon Massacres Apaches massacredhundreds of Americans and Mexicans in and around Cookes Canyon, New Mexico overthe course of several months.
1861 2-Sep Gallinas Massacre Four Confederate soldiers killed by ChiricahuaApache warriors.
1862 UpperStation Massacre California settlerskilled at least 20 Wailakis in Round Valley, California.
1862 BigAntelope Creek Massacre California settlersled by notorious Indian hunter Hi Good launched a dawn attack ona Yana village, massacring about 25 Indians.
1862 August–September Dakota War of 1862 As part of the U.S.-Dakota War, the Sioux killedas many as 800 white settlers and soldiers throughout Minnesota. Some40,000 white settlers fled their homes on the frontier.[139]
1862 24-Oct Tonkawa Massacre During the U.S. Civil War, a detachmentof irregular Union Indians, mainly Kickapoo, Delaware and Shawnee,accompanied by Caddoallies, attempted to destroythe Tonkawa tribe in Indian Territory. They killed 240 of 390Tonkawa, leaving only 150 survivors.
1863 29-Jan Bear River Massacre Col. Patrick Connor led a United StatesArmy regiment killing 280Shoshone men, women and childrennear Preston, Idaho.
1863 19-Apr Keyesville Massacre American militia and members of the California cavalrykilled 35Tehachapi men in Kern County, California.
1863-1865 Mowrymassacres 16 settlers killed in a seriesof Indian raids at Mowry, Arizona Territory
1864 Cottonwood 20 Yanas of both sexes killed bywhite settlers in the town ofCottonwood, California.
1864 Massacreat Bloody Tanks A group of white settlersled by King S. Woolsey killed 19 Apaches at a "peaceparley".
1864 Oak RunMassacre California settlersmassacred 300 Yana Indians who had gathered near the head of OakRun, California for spiritual ceremony.
1864 SkullValley Massacre A group of Yavapai familieswas lured into a trap and massacred by soldiers under Lt. Monteith in a valleywest of Prescott, Arizona(Arizona). The place was named Skull Valley afterthe heads of the dead Indians left unburied.
1864 29-Nov Sand Creek Massacre Members of the Colorado Militia attacked apeaceful village ofCheyenne, killing at least 160 men, women and children atSand Creek in Kiowa County.
1865 14-Mar Mud Lake Massacre US troops under Captain Wells attackeda Paiute camp nearWinnemucca Lake, killing 32 Indians. One soldierwas slightly wounded during the attack.
1865 OwensLake Massacre White vigilantes attackeda Paiute camp on Owens Lake in California, killing about 40men, women and children.
1865 ThreeKnolls Massacre White settlersmassacred a Yana community at Three Knolls on the MillCreek, California.
1866 21-Apr Circleville Massacre Mormon militiamen killed16 Paiute men and women at Circleville, Utah. 6 men were shot,allegedly while trying to escape. The others (3 men and 7 women) had their throatscut. 4 small children were spared.
1867 AquariusMountains YavapaiCounty Rangers killed 23 Indians (men, women and children) in the southernAquarius Mountains, Arizona.
1867 2-Jul Kidder Massacre Cheyenne and Sioux ambushedand killed a 2nd US Cavalrydetachment of eleven men and their Indian guidenear Beaver Creek inSherman County, Kansas. GeneralCuster was an after-the-fact witness at the scene.
1868 CampoSeco A posse of white settlersmassacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, California.
1868 27-Nov Washita Massacre During the American Indian Wars, Lt.Col. G.A.Custer's 7th U.S. Cavalry attacked a village ofsleeping Cheyenne led by Black Kettle. Custer reported 103 –later revised to 140 – warriors, "some" women and "few"children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualtyestimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the numberof men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and childrenranging as high as 75. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killedseveral hundred Indian ponies and burned the village.
(Battle ofWashita River)
1870 23-Jan Marias Massacre US troops killed 173 Piegan, mainly women, children and theelderly after being led to the wrong camp by a soldier who wanted to protecthis Indian wife's family.
1871 KingsleyCave Massacre 4 settlers killed30 Yahi Indians in Tehama County, California about two miles fromWild Horse Corral in the Ishi Wilderness. It is estimated that this massacreleft only 15 members of the Yahi tribe alive
1871 30-Apr Camp Grant Massacre Led by the ex-Mayor of Tucson, William Oury, eight Americans, 48Mexicans and more than 100 allied Pima attacked Apache men, women andchildren at Camp Grant, Arizona Territory killing 144, with 1 survivorat scene and 29 children sold to slavery. All but eight of the dead were Apachewomen or children.
1871 5-Nov Wickenburg massacre Indians attacked an Arizona stagecoach,killing the driver and his five passengers, leaving two wounded survivors.
1872 Between August andOctober Jordan Massacre 3 settlers killed, 1 woman abducted,apparently by Indians at Middle Fork of Walnut Creek, Kansas
1872 28-Dec Skeleton Cave Massacre U.S. troops and Indian scouts killed76 Yavapai Indians men, women and children in a remote cave inArizona's Salt River Canyon.
1873 1-Jun Cypress Hills Massacre Following a dispute over stolen horses,American wolfers killed approximately20 Nakoda in Saskatchewan.
1875 April Sappa Creek Massacre Soldiers under Lt Austin Henly trapped a group of27 Cheyenne, (19 men, 8 women and children) on the Sappa Creek, in Kansasand killed them all.
1877 8-Aug Big Hole Massacre US troops under Colonel John Gibbon attacked a NezPerce village at Big Hole, in Montana Territory. They killed 89 men,women and children before being repulsed by the Indians.
1879 January 9–21 Fort Robinson Massacre Northern Cheyenne under Dull Knife attempted toescape from confinement in Fort Robinson, Nebraska; U.S. Army forceshunted them down, killing 77 of them. The remains of those killed wererepatriated in 1994.
1879 30-Sep Meeker Massacre In the beginning of the Ute War, the Ute killed the US IndianAgentNathan Meeker and 10 others. They also attacked a military unit,killing 13 and wounding 43.
1880 28-Apr Alma Massacre The Apache chief Victorio led warriors in an attackon settlers atAlma, New Mexico. On December 19, 1885, the Apache killed anofficer and four enlisted men of the 8th Cavalry Regiment near Alma.
1889 2-Nov Kelvin Grade Massacre The Apache Kid(Haskay-bay-nay-ntayl) and his gang escaped police custody, killing twosheriffs and wounding one settler near present-dayGlobe, Arizona.
1890 10-Dec Buffalo Gap Massacre Several wagonloads of Sioux were killed by SouthDakota Home Guard militiamen near French Creek, South Dakota, whilevisiting a white friend in Buffalo Gap.
1890 December Stronghold South Dakota Home Guard militiamen ambushed and massacred75Sioux at the Stronghold, in the northern portion of Pine RidgeIndian Reservation.
1890 29-Dec Wounded Knee Massacre Members of the U.S. 7thCavalry attacked and killed between 130 and 250 Sioux men, womenand children at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
1911 19-Jan Last Massacre A group of Shoshone killed four ranchers in WashoeCounty, Nevada. On 26 February 1911, an American posse killed eight of theShoshone suspects and captured four children from the band.
打打杀杀的原因，咱转帖的文章里都有了，下面的战果。好多都是相互复仇，咱不管那么细了,只要里面有印第安人死全笼统算屠杀。刨掉被杀的新移民,那位有耐心,把里面的印第安人给摘出来,加加算算，看看能凑够3万人不？
Year Date Name Description
1539 NapitucaMassacre After defeatingresisting Timucuan warriors, Hernando de Soto had 200executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what becameAmerican soil.
1540 18-Oct Mabila Massacre The Choctaw retaliatedagainst Hernando de Soto's expedition,[3] killing 200 soldiers, aswell as many of their horses and pigs, for their having burneddown Mabila compound and killed c. 2,500 warriors who had hidden inhouses of a fake village.
1541–42 Tiguex Massacres After the invading Spaniards seized thehouses, food and clothing of the Tiguex, and raped their women, the Tiguexresisted. The Spanish attacked them, burning at the stake 50 people who hadsurrendered.Francisco Vásquez de Coronado's men laid siege to the Moho Pueblo,and after a months-long siege, they killed 200 fleeing warriors.
1599 January 22–24 Acoma Massacre Inretaliation for the killing of 11 Spanish soldiers, Juan de O愀琀攀 ledapunitive expedition against the natives in a three-day battle atthe Acoma Pueblo, killing approximately 800. King PhilipIII later punished O愀琀攀 for his excesses.
1601 SandiaMountains Spanish troops destroyed 3Indian villages in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico. According toSpanish sources, 900 Tompiro Indians were killed.
1622 22-Mar Jamestown Massacre Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed 347 English men, women andchildren throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the Englishpopulation of the Jamestown colony, in an effort to push the Englishout of Virginia.
1623 12-May Pamunkey Peace Talks The English poisoned the wine at a"peace conference" with Powhatanleaders, killing about 200; theyphysically attacked and killed another 50.
1637 26-May Mystic Massacre In the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by JohnMason, withMohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a nightattack on a largePequot village on the Mystic River in present-dayConnecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed allsurvivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700.
1643 25-Feb Pavonia Massacre In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a bandof Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to NewAmsterdam seeking the protection of NewNetherland governor,William Kieft. Kieft dispersed themto Pavonia[13] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven bymercenary John Underhill.
1643 August Hutchinson Massacre As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, nearthe Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New YorkCity), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six ofher children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others(servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive andlived with the natives for several years.
1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre As part of Kieft's War in NewNetherland, at present day Pound Ridge,New York, John Underhill,hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killingabout 500 Indians.
1655 September 11–15 Peach Tree War In retaliation for Director-General of NewNetherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and alliesat New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, StatenIsland, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675 18-Sep Bloody Brook Massacre During King Philip's War, Indian warriorskilled 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts.
1675 19-Dec Great Swamp Massacre Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fortnear South Kingstown, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village.
1676 10-May Turner Falls Massacre Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked afishing Indian camp at present-day Turners Falls, Massachusetts. At least100 women and children were killed in the attack.
1676 26-Mar Nine Men's Misery During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captivesoldiers to ritual torture and death.
1676 2-Jul Rhode Island Militiavolunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on RhodeIsland, killing 34 men and 92 women and children.
1680 10-Aug Pueblo Revolt Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove otherSpaniards from New Mexico.
1689 5-Aug Lachine massacre 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlementof Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages inpresent-day New York.
1689 ZiaPueblo Governor Jironza deCruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians werekilled and 70 survivors enslaved.
1690 8-Feb Schenectady Massacre As part of the Beaver Wars, Frenchand Algonquins destroyedSchenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutchand English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.
1692 24-Jan Candlemas Massacre During King William's War, 200-300 Abenaki and Canadienskilled 75, took 100 prisoner and burned the town of York, Mainedistrict of theProvince of Massachusetts Bay
1704 Feb-29 Deerfield Massacre During Queen Anne's War, a force composedof Abenaki, Kanienkehaka,Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by asmall contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield,Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives.
1704 ApalacheeMassacre Former CarolinaGovernor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks onthe Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors.
1712 May Fox Indian Massacre French troops and Indian allies slaughtered around1,000 Fox Indians men, women and children in a five-day massacre nearthe head of theDetroit River.
1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel JamesMoore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the TuscaroraIndians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 otherswere subsequently killed or captured.
1715 15-Apr Pocotaligo Massacre Yamassee Indians killed 4 British traders andrepresentatives of Carolina at Pocotaligo, nearpresent-day Yemassee, South Carolina. 90 other traders were killed inthe following weeks.
1724 24-Aug Norridgewock Massacre Captains Jeremiah Moulton and JohnsonHarmon led 200 rangers to theAbenaki villageof Norridgewock, Maine to kill Father SebastianRale and destroy the Indian settlement. The rangers massacred 80 Abenakis(including two dozen women and children).
1729 29-Nov Natchez Massacre Natchez Indians attacked French settlements nearpresent-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists.
1730 9-Sep Massacre at Fox Fort A French army of 1,400 soldiers and itsIndian allies massacred about 500 Fox Indians (including 300 women andchildren) as they tried to flee their besieged camp.
1747 October Chama River Spanishtroops ambushed a group of Utes on the Chama River, killing 111 Indiansand taking 206 as captives .
1755 8-Jul Draper's Meadow massacre 5 settlers killed by Shawnee Indians at Draper'sMeadow, Virginia
1757 9-Aug Battle of Fort William Henry Following the fall of Fort WilliamHenry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the Frenchkilled between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners.
1758 16-Mar San Saba Mission Massacre A large party of Comanche, Tonkawa andHasinai Indians attacked themission of San Saba, Texas, killing 8 peopleand burning down the mission.
1759 4-Oct St. Francis Raid During the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for therumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain QuintenKennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party ofapproximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into thevillage of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, amongthem women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.
1763 14-Sep Devil's Hole Massacre During the Seven Years'War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply trainand soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from thesupply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train.
1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys In response to Pontiac's Rebellion,frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock.
1764 26-Jul Enoch Brown school massacre Four Delaware killed aschoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped butsurvived.
1774 September Spanish Peaks Spanish troops surprised a large fortified Comanche village nearSpanish Peaks (Raton, New Mexico). They killed nearly 300 Indians (men, womenand children) and took 100 captives.
1774 30-Apr Yellow Creek Massacre Daniel Greathouse killed membersof Chief Logan's family.
1777 26-Sep The Grave Creek Massacre A milita company under Captain WilliamForeman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, WestVirginia.
1778 11-Nov Cherry Valley Massacre British and Seneca forces attackedthe fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops andmore than 30 settlers.
1778 3-Jul Battle of Wyoming During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle withrebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois alliesof Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were lateraccused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. Theseclaims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.
1778 31-Aug Stockbridge Massacre An ambush by the British during the American RevolutionaryWar that left nearly 40 natives dead.
1780 27-Jun Westervelt Massacre Seventeen Dutch settlers killed and two taken captive out of acaravan of 41. The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station,Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky. The victims were all scalped and sold tothe British for a bounty.
1781 1-Sep Dietz Massacre During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the Britishattacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalpingDietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family,and a servant girl.
1781 1-Sep Long Run Massacre Thirty-two settlers killed by 50 Miami people while tryingto move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers werekilled attempting to bury the initial victims.
1782 10-May Corbly Family Massacre During the Revolution, Indians allied with theBritish attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in GreeneCounty, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and twodaughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped.
1782 8-Mar Gnadenhütten massacre During the Revolution, Pennsylvaniamilitiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostlywomen and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys.
1791 4-Nov Fort Recovery Massacre At present day Fort Recovery, Ohio, anarmy of 1,500 Americans led byArthur St. Clair, was ambushed by an armyof Miami Indians led by chiefLittle Turtle. Before retreating, 700 ofthe 1,500 American soldiers were slaughtered.
1791 2-Jan Big Bottom massacre 14 Settlers killed by Indian War Partyin Stockport, Morgan County, Ohio
1805 January Canyon del Muerto Spanish soldiers led by Antonio Narbona massacred115 Navajo Indians (mostly women, children and old men) in Canyon delMuerto, northeastern Arizona.
1812 3-Sep Pigeon Roost Massacre During the War of 1812, twenty four settlers,including fifteen children, were massacred by a war party of Native Americans(mostly Shawnee, but possibly including some Delawares and Potawatomis) in asurprise attack on a small village located in what is today Scott County,Indiana.
1812 15-Sep Copus Massacre During the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attackedthe Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing threemilitiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler'sdaughter; settlers killed two Indians.
1812 10-Sep Zimmer Massacre During the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attackbelieved to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio.
1812 15-Aug Fort Dearborn Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians alliedwith the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating FortDearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, twoofficers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired asscouts, were killed.
(Battle ofFort Dearborn)
1813 29-Nov Autossee Massacre Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creektown on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200Indians before setting the village afire.
(Battle ofAutossee)
1813 18-Nov Hillabee Massacre Tennessee troops under GeneralWhite launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the villageleaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted.
1813 22-Jan River Raisin Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians allied withthe British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender.
1813 30-Aug Fort Mims Massacre After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle ofBurnt Corn(which the Creek won), a band of RedSticks sacked Fort Mims,Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War,at the same time as the War of 1812.
1813 18-Aug Dilbone Massacre During the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers(David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlerslater killed the Indian they suspected of the murders.
1818 22-Apr Chehaw Affair During the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked anon-hostileMuscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women andchildren.
1824 22-Mar Fall Creek Massacre Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed androbbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witnessat subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged 12January 1825, and two were hanged 2 June 1825. The last defendant was pardonedat the last minute.
1826 DressingPoint Massacre A posse ofAnglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community ofKarankawa Indians nearthe mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda County, Texas. Between 40 and50 Karankawas were killed.
1832 20-May Indian Creek Massacre A party of Potawatomi, with a few Sauk allies,killed fifteen men, women and children and kidnapped two young women, who werelater ransomed.
1832 24-May St. Vrain massacre 4 killed by Ho-Chunk while delivering dispatchesduring Black Hawk War near present day Pearl City,Illinois during Black Hawk War
1832 14-Jun Spafford Farm massacre Five men were attacked by a Kickapoo war party,four whites and one Indian died, during Black Hawk War, near presentday South Wayne, Wisconsin
1832 1-Aug Battle of Bad Axe Soldiers under General Henry Atkinson and armedvolunteers killed around 150 Indian men, women and children nearpresent-day Victory,Wisconsin.
1833 Exact date unknown Cutthroat Gap Massacre Osage tribe attacked a Kiowa camp westof the Wichita Mountains insouthwest Oklahoma where one hundredand fifty Kiowa tribal inhabitants were brutally slaughtered in the Osageattack.
1835 28-Dec Dade Massacre During the Second Seminole War, Seminole killed almost all ofacommand of 110 American soldiers in Central Florida. All but two ofthe soldiers were killed; and one survivor died a few months later from hiswounds.
1836 19-May Fort Parker Massacre Comanche killed seven European Americans in LimestoneCounty, Texas. The five captured included Cynthia Ann Parker.
1837 22-Apr Johnson Massacre At least 20 Apaches were killed near Santa Rita del Cobre, NewMexico while trading with a group of American settlers led by JohnJohnson. The Anglos blasted the Apaches with a canon loaded with musket balls,nails and pieces of glass and finished off the wounded.
1838 5-Oct Killough Massacre Indians massacred eighteen members and relatives of the Killoughfamily in Texas.
1838 or 1839 Exact dateunknown Webster Massacre Comanche killed a party of settlers attemptingto ford the Bushy Creek near present day Leander, Texas. All of the Anglomen were killed and Mrs. Webster and her two children were captured.
1840 19-Mar Council House Massacre The 12 leaders of a Comanche delegation (65people including 35 women and children) were shot in San Antonio, Texas,while trying to escape the local jail. 23 others including 5 women and childrenwere killed in or around the city.
1840 7-Aug Indian Key Massacre During the Seminole Wars,Spanish-speaking Indians attacked and destroyed an Indian Key settlement,killing 13 inhabitants, including noted horticulturist Dr. Henry Perrine.
1840 24-Oct Colorado River Volunteer Rangers under Colonel Moore massacred 140 Comanches (men,women and children) in their village on the Colorado and captured 35 others(mostly small children).
1840 Exact date unknown Clear Lake Massacre A posse led by Mexican Salvador Vallejomassacred 150 Pomo andWappo Indians on ClearLake, California.
1846 March Sacramento River Captain Frémont's men attacked a peaceful band ofIndians (probablyYanas) on the Sacramento River in California, killingbetween 120 and 200 Indians.
1846 December Pauma massacre 11 Californios killed by Indians at Escondido,California led to theTemecula massacre.
1846 December Temecula massacre 33 to 40 Indians killed in revenge for the PaumaMassacre atEscondido, California.
1847 February 3–4 Storming of Pueblo de Taos In response to a New Mexican-instigateduprising in Taos, American troops attacked the heavily fortified Pueblo of Taoswith artillery, killing nearly 150, some being Indians. Between 25 and 30prisoners were shot by firing squads.
1847 29-Nov Whitman massacre Cayuse and Umatilla killed the missionariesDr. Marcus Whitman, Mrs. Narcissa Whitman and twelve others at WallaWalla, Washington, triggering the Cayuse War.
1848 April Brazos River Ahunting party of 26 friendly Wichita and Caddo Indians wasmassacred by Texas Rangers under Captain Samuel Highsmithe, in a valley southof Brazos River. 25 men and boys were killed, only one child managed toescape.
1850 15-May Bloody Island Massacre Nathaniel Lyon and his U. S. Armydetachment of cavalry killed 60–100 Pomo people on Bo-no-po-ti islandnear Clear Lake, (Lake Co., California); they believed the Pomo had killedtwo Clear Lake settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomopeople. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo). Thisincident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killingof native people all over Northern California. Site is California RegisteredHistorical Landmark #427
1851 OldShasta Town Miners killed300 Wintu Indians near Old Shasta, California and burned downtheir tribal council meeting house.
1852 HynesBay Massacre Texas militiamenattacked a village of 50 Karankawas, killing 45 of them.
1852 23-Apr Bridge Gulch Massacre 70 American men led by TrinityCounty sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than150 Wintu people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliationfor the killing of Col. John Anderson.
1852 November Wright Massacre White settlers led by a notorious Indian hunter named Ben Wrightmassacred 41 Modocs during a "peace parley".
1853 HowonquetMassacre Californian settlers attackedand burned the Tolowa village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people.
1853 YontoketMassacre A posse of settlers attacked andburned a Tolowa rancheria atYontocket, California, killing 450 Tolowaduring a prayer ceremony.
1853 AchuletMassacre White settlers launched anattack on a Tolowa village near Lake Earl in California, killingbetween 65 and 150 Indians at dawn.
1853 Before December 31 "Ox" incident U.S. forces attacked and killed an unreportednumber of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in whatwas referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "thechastisement they have received".
1854 28-Jan Nasomah Massacre 40 white settlers attacked the sleeping village of theNasomah Indians at the mouth of the Coquille River in Oregon,killing 15 men and 1 woman.
1854 15-Feb Chetco River Massacre Nine white settlers attacked a friendlyIndian village on the Chetco River in Oregon, massacring 26 menand a few women. Most of the Indians were shot while trying to escape.Two Chetco who tried to resist with bows and arrows were burned alivein their houses. Shortly before the attack, the Chetco had been induced to giveaway their weapons as "friendly relations were firmly established".
1854 19-Aug Grattan Massacre After a detachment of 30 U.S. soldiers in the NebraskaTerritoryopened fire on an encampment of 4,000 Brulé Sioux, killingChiefConquering Bear, warriors attacked and killed all the soldiers and theircivilian interpreter.
1854 20-Aug Ward Massacre Shoshone killed 18 of the 20 members of the AlexanderWard party, attacking them on the Oregon Trail in western Idaho.This event led the U.S. eventually to abandon FortBoise and Fort Hall, in favor of the use of military escorts foremigrant wagon trains.
1855 22-Jan Klamath River massacres In retaliation for the murder of sixsettlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war ofextermination against the Indians" inHumboldt County, California.
1855 2-Sep Harney Massacre US troops under Brigadier General William S.Harney killed 86 Sioux, men, women and children at Blue Water Creek,in present-day Nebraska. About 70 women and children were taken prisoner.
1855 8-Oct Lupton Massacre A group of settlers and miners launched a night attack on anIndian village near Upper Table Rock, Oregon, killing 23 Indians (mostlyelderly men, women and children).
1855 23-Dec Little Butte Creek Oregon volunteers launched a dawn attack ona Tututni and Takelmacamp on the Rogue River. Between 19 to 26Indians were slaughtered.
1856 June Grande Ronde River Valley Massacre Washington Territorial Volunteers underColonel Benjamin Shaw attacked a peaceful Cayuse and WallaWalla Indians on the Grande Ronde River in Oregon. 60Indians, mostly women, old men and children were killed.
1856 March Shingletown In reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred atleast 20Yana men, women and children near Shingletown, California.
1857 Mar 8–12 Spirit Lake Massacre Thirty-five to 40 killed and 4 taken captive by SanteeSioux in the last Native American attack on settlers in Iowa.
1858-1859 RoundValley Massacres White settlersslaughtered 150 Yuki Indians in Round Valley, California.Massacres continued through the spring and summer of 1859. In April 1859, in revengefor the killing of 3 cows and 1 stallion belonging to a whiteman, California militiamen massacred 240 Indians on the EelRiver. On 1 May, Major Johnson reported that six hundredYukis had beenmassacred by white settlers "in the last year".
1859 September Pit River Whitesettlers massacred 70 Achomawi Indians (10 men and 60 women andchildren) in their village on Pit River in California.
1859 ChicoCreek White settlers attackeda Maidu camp near Chico Creek in California, killingindiscriminately 40 Indians.
1860 Exact date unknown Massacre at Bloody Rock A group of 65 Yuki Indians weresurrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in MendocinoCounty, California.
1860 26-Feb Indian Island Massacre In three nearly simultaneous assaults on theWiyot, at Indian Island,Eureka, Rio Dell, and near Hydesville,California white settlers killed between 200 and250 Wiyot in Humboldt County, California. Victims were mostlywomen, children and elders, as reported by BretHarte atArcata newspaper. Other villages massacred within two days.The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States#66000208.
1860 18-Dec Pease River Massacre Texas Rangers under Captain Sul Ross attacked aComanche village in Foard County, Texas, killing indiscriminately aconsiderable number of Indians.
1860 8-Sep Otter Massacre Near Sinker Creek Idaho, 11 persons of the last wagon train ofthe year were killed and several others were subsequently killed. Some thatescaped the initial massacre starved to death
1861 HorseCanyon Massacre White settlers and Indianallies attacked a Wailaki village in Horse Canyon (Round Valley,California), killing up to 240 Wailakis.
1861 CookesCanyon Massacres Apaches massacredhundreds of Americans and Mexicans in and around Cookes Canyon, New Mexico overthe course of several months.
1861 2-Sep Gallinas Massacre Four Confederate soldiers killed by ChiricahuaApache warriors.
1862 UpperStation Massacre California settlerskilled at least 20 Wailakis in Round Valley, California.
1862 BigAntelope Creek Massacre California settlersled by notorious Indian hunter Hi Good launched a dawn attack ona Yana village, massacring about 25 Indians.
1862 August–September Dakota War of 1862 As part of the U.S.-Dakota War, the Sioux killedas many as 800 white settlers and soldiers throughout Minnesota. Some40,000 white settlers fled their homes on the frontier.[139]
1862 24-Oct Tonkawa Massacre During the U.S. Civil War, a detachmentof irregular Union Indians, mainly Kickapoo, Delaware and Shawnee,accompanied by Caddoallies, attempted to destroythe Tonkawa tribe in Indian Territory. They killed 240 of 390Tonkawa, leaving only 150 survivors.
1863 29-Jan Bear River Massacre Col. Patrick Connor led a United StatesArmy regiment killing 280Shoshone men, women and childrennear Preston, Idaho.
1863 19-Apr Keyesville Massacre American militia and members of the California cavalrykilled 35Tehachapi men in Kern County, California.
1863-1865 Mowrymassacres 16 settlers killed in a seriesof Indian raids at Mowry, Arizona Territory
1864 Cottonwood 20 Yanas of both sexes killed bywhite settlers in the town ofCottonwood, California.
1864 Massacreat Bloody Tanks A group of white settlersled by King S. Woolsey killed 19 Apaches at a "peaceparley".
1864 Oak RunMassacre California settlersmassacred 300 Yana Indians who had gathered near the head of OakRun, California for spiritual ceremony.
1864 SkullValley Massacre A group of Yavapai familieswas lured into a trap and massacred by soldiers under Lt. Monteith in a valleywest of Prescott, Arizona(Arizona). The place was named Skull Valley afterthe heads of the dead Indians left unburied.
1864 29-Nov Sand Creek Massacre Members of the Colorado Militia attacked apeaceful village ofCheyenne, killing at least 160 men, women and children atSand Creek in Kiowa County.
1865 14-Mar Mud Lake Massacre US troops under Captain Wells attackeda Paiute camp nearWinnemucca Lake, killing 32 Indians. One soldierwas slightly wounded during the attack.
1865 OwensLake Massacre White vigilantes attackeda Paiute camp on Owens Lake in California, killing about 40men, women and children.
1865 ThreeKnolls Massacre White settlersmassacred a Yana community at Three Knolls on the MillCreek, California.
1866 21-Apr Circleville Massacre Mormon militiamen killed16 Paiute men and women at Circleville, Utah. 6 men were shot,allegedly while trying to escape. The others (3 men and 7 women) had their throatscut. 4 small children were spared.
1867 AquariusMountains YavapaiCounty Rangers killed 23 Indians (men, women and children) in the southernAquarius Mountains, Arizona.
1867 2-Jul Kidder Massacre Cheyenne and Sioux ambushedand killed a 2nd US Cavalrydetachment of eleven men and their Indian guidenear Beaver Creek inSherman County, Kansas. GeneralCuster was an after-the-fact witness at the scene.
1868 CampoSeco A posse of white settlersmassacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, California.
1868 27-Nov Washita Massacre During the American Indian Wars, Lt.Col. G.A.Custer's 7th U.S. Cavalry attacked a village ofsleeping Cheyenne led by Black Kettle. Custer reported 103 –later revised to 140 – warriors, "some" women and "few"children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualtyestimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the numberof men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and childrenranging as high as 75. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killedseveral hundred Indian ponies and burned the village.
(Battle ofWashita River)
1870 23-Jan Marias Massacre US troops killed 173 Piegan, mainly women, children and theelderly after being led to the wrong camp by a soldier who wanted to protecthis Indian wife's family.
1871 KingsleyCave Massacre 4 settlers killed30 Yahi Indians in Tehama County, California about two miles fromWild Horse Corral in the Ishi Wilderness. It is estimated that this massacreleft only 15 members of the Yahi tribe alive
1871 30-Apr Camp Grant Massacre Led by the ex-Mayor of Tucson, William Oury, eight Americans, 48Mexicans and more than 100 allied Pima attacked Apache men, women andchildren at Camp Grant, Arizona Territory killing 144, with 1 survivorat scene and 29 children sold to slavery. All but eight of the dead were Apachewomen or children.
1871 5-Nov Wickenburg massacre Indians attacked an Arizona stagecoach,killing the driver and his five passengers, leaving two wounded survivors.
1872 Between August andOctober Jordan Massacre 3 settlers killed, 1 woman abducted,apparently by Indians at Middle Fork of Walnut Creek, Kansas
1872 28-Dec Skeleton Cave Massacre U.S. troops and Indian scouts killed76 Yavapai Indians men, women and children in a remote cave inArizona's Salt River Canyon.
1873 1-Jun Cypress Hills Massacre Following a dispute over stolen horses,American wolfers killed approximately20 Nakoda in Saskatchewan.
1875 April Sappa Creek Massacre Soldiers under Lt Austin Henly trapped a group of27 Cheyenne, (19 men, 8 women and children) on the Sappa Creek, in Kansasand killed them all.
1877 8-Aug Big Hole Massacre US troops under Colonel John Gibbon attacked a NezPerce village at Big Hole, in Montana Territory. They killed 89 men,women and children before being repulsed by the Indians.
1879 January 9–21 Fort Robinson Massacre Northern Cheyenne under Dull Knife attempted toescape from confinement in Fort Robinson, Nebraska; U.S. Army forceshunted them down, killing 77 of them. The remains of those killed wererepatriated in 1994.
1879 30-Sep Meeker Massacre In the beginning of the Ute War, the Ute killed the US IndianAgentNathan Meeker and 10 others. They also attacked a military unit,killing 13 and wounding 43.
1880 28-Apr Alma Massacre The Apache chief Victorio led warriors in an attackon settlers atAlma, New Mexico. On December 19, 1885, the Apache killed anofficer and four enlisted men of the 8th Cavalry Regiment near Alma.
1889 2-Nov Kelvin Grade Massacre The Apache Kid(Haskay-bay-nay-ntayl) and his gang escaped police custody, killing twosheriffs and wounding one settler near present-dayGlobe, Arizona.
1890 10-Dec Buffalo Gap Massacre Several wagonloads of Sioux were killed by SouthDakota Home Guard militiamen near French Creek, South Dakota, whilevisiting a white friend in Buffalo Gap.
1890 December Stronghold South Dakota Home Guard militiamen ambushed and massacred75Sioux at the Stronghold, in the northern portion of Pine RidgeIndian Reservation.
1890 29-Dec Wounded Knee Massacre Members of the U.S. 7thCavalry attacked and killed between 130 and 250 Sioux men, womenand children at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
1911 19-Jan Last Massacre A group of Shoshone killed four ranchers in WashoeCounty, Nevada. On 26 February 1911, an American posse killed eight of theShoshone suspects and captured four children from the band.
1、墨西哥以北的印第安人，那个落后的生产力水平， ...
高见。。。。。。。
战争史研究大当家歌幽之类的洗地功夫，是把好像带有充分“史料”的史实和私货混搭在一起，以“长篇大论”把水搅浑了之后给网友洗脑的。
大家可以看看韩国人眼里的这一段历史，其实是多么明确的史实。从而也可以了解洗地的这帮人究竟期望混淆什么史论。
（韩）柳钟善著《美国历史 100 次断面》，延边大学出版社译版，2006年1月，第37~38页——
印第安人与殖民地移民之间的关系并不是从一开始就是敌对的。到达普利茅斯的“移民始祖"们，是在印第安人的帮助下生存下来的。可以说，欧洲移民在其开拓殖民地的初期．得到了印第安人无微不至的关怀。
但随着移民人数的增加，以及移民向西进军．他们与本地印第安人间的矛盾冲突变得频繁起来。当然，这种冲突—开始就对印第安人十分不利。因为即便印第安人勇猛．也难以用斧子，刀等原始武器抵枪炮的攻击。充分意识翻这—点的欧洲人，一旦与印第安人展开激战．就采取十分残忍卑劣的方法．对印第安人进行残酷的屠杀。
当时的殖民者往往在夜间奇袭印第安部落。到处放火焚烧，一旦看见有人从火中跑出来，就逐一以枪杀。这就是殖民者剿杀印第安人的常用手段……
1675年。被驱赶的新英格兰的印第安人集中自己最后的力量试图抵抗白人的进攻。被称为“菲利普王的战争"的这场战争，是殖民地时代欧洲人与印第安人之问所展开的最为激烈的战争。在这场战争中，居住在新英格兰的约十六分之一的白人被杀死，他们的村落也被烧毁过半，而印第安人的损失则更大，参加战争的部落居民大都被杀死或被掳去成为奴隶。
————————————————————
顺带说一句，“有良心的青年历史学家”的把戏，都是一以贯之的。
战争史研究大当家歌幽之类的洗地功夫，是把好像带有充分“史料”的史实和私货混搭在一起，以“长篇大论”把水搅浑了之后给网友洗脑的。
大家可以看看韩国人眼里的这一段历史，其实是多么明确的史实。从而也可以了解洗地的这帮人究竟期望混淆什么史论。
（韩）柳钟善著《美国历史 100 次断面》，延边大学出版社译版，2006年1月，第37~38页——
印第安人与殖民地移民之间的关系并不是从一开始就是敌对的。到达普利茅斯的“移民始祖"们，是在印第安人的帮助下生存下来的。可以说，欧洲移民在其开拓殖民地的初期．得到了印第安人无微不至的关怀。
但随着移民人数的增加，以及移民向西进军．他们与本地印第安人间的矛盾冲突变得频繁起来。当然，这种冲突—开始就对印第安人十分不利。因为即便印第安人勇猛．也难以用斧子，刀等原始武器抵枪炮的攻击。充分意识翻这—点的欧洲人，一旦与印第安人展开激战．就采取十分残忍卑劣的方法．对印第安人进行残酷的屠杀。
当时的殖民者往往在夜间奇袭印第安部落。到处放火焚烧，一旦看见有人从火中跑出来，就逐一以枪杀。这就是殖民者剿杀印第安人的常用手段……
1675年。被驱赶的新英格兰的印第安人集中自己最后的力量试图抵抗白人的进攻。被称为“菲利普王的战争"的这场战争，是殖民地时代欧洲人与印第安人之问所展开的最为激烈的战争。在这场战争中，居住在新英格兰的约十六分之一的白人被杀死，他们的村落也被烧毁过半，而印第安人的损失则更大，参加战争的部落居民大都被杀死或被掳去成为奴隶。
————————————————————
顺带说一句，“有良心的青年历史学家”的把戏，都是一以贯之的。
咱转这个文章主要是为了让网友了解以下几个常识：
1、墨西哥以北的印第安人，那个落后的生产力水平， ...
有资料记载过，所谓的疾病瘟疫是白人殖民者故意传播给美洲印第安人的。
1、墨西哥以北的印第安人，那个落后的生产力水平， ...
抛开疾病，印第安人之间的仇杀把自己越杀越多，甚至上了几百万之众？最早印第安人恐怕连几万都没有吧。那么，问题来了，是疾病导致了印第安人死了几百万之多，人口减员超过百分之九十，是这个意思吧。白人都是由于自卫才攻击印第安人，所以杀死的印第安人寥寥无几，是这个意思吧。所以，由于印第安人感染疾病导致人口锐减，土地变为无主，而白人并没有攻击印第安人，而是自然而然占有了那些由于疾病而导致印第安人死亡后无人的土地，所以，白人一没有强占土地，二没有屠杀土著。印第安人的土地变成了白人的土地，印第安人人口减少到不足百分之一，一切都是自然而然的，是印第安人咎由自取而已。对吧。 最后对于你那条剥头皮言论深表遗憾，一方面自诩为文明的白人，说印第安人野蛮，另一方面却用和对方一样的手段报复。如此说来，美帝是最大恐怖主义国家是没有错了，因为按照这逻辑，恐怖分子用恐怖手段攻击了美国，美国当然也要用恐怖主义手段反击了，对等的“剥头皮”嘛。自然，恐怖主义的美国，跑不了了。
战争史研究大当家歌幽之类的洗地功夫，是把好像带有充分“史料”的史实和私货混搭在一起，以“长篇大论”把 ...
战印第安人政治极复杂。白人接受甲部落援助即被其敌人乙部落一并视为仇敌。“菲利普王战争”、“法国印第安战争”都出现这种情况：莫希干人和白人结盟反对万普诺亚克人；阿尔冈金人、勒纳佩人、肖尼人和法国人结盟反对英国人、易洛魁联盟和切罗基人…这些战争后来都被简单归纳为“白人殖民者屠杀印第安人”————原文作者在他博客里面早回答过N次了，咱在帮转一次
主要是，没有教皇开光，中国就是无主地，而且没有教皇批准，你在这块地上活着都不合法～！只要教皇批准了，就可以合法的获取中国的土地啦～杀你都是迫不得已啦！
主要是，没有教皇开光，中国就是无主地，而且没有教皇批准，你在这块地上活着都不合法～！只要教皇批准了，就可以合法的获取中国的土地啦～杀你都是迫不得已啦！
呵呵，看了LZ发的妙文，我不由地想起了天涯和凯迪上那位逢美国和包皮必舔的专业网特jiangpub（马甲就不计其 ...
对，莱夷、淮夷、扬越、瓯越、闽越、雒越、山戎、鬼方、岭南、辽东、西域诸国都是老祖宗充话费时送的
1、墨西哥以北的印第安人，那个落后的生产力水平， ...
大过年的真恶心……
被史学家甚至称为“人类史上最大的种族屠杀”事件不是靠枪炮实现的，而是天花。15世纪末，欧洲人踏上美洲 ...
请注意，主贴说的是北美印第安人，北美印第安人何时有2000-3000万原住民？扯那
研究者指出，欧洲殖民者把天花患者用过的毯子送给了印第安人
——————这个更扯，这些病毒在新大陆流行和送不送毯子，关系不大。
就算是郑和而非哥伦布先发现新大陆，印第安人一样是团灭的结局，因为中国同样是鼠疫、流感、天花高发区，甚至鼠疫、流感极有可能原发区就是中国。除非旧大陆的人谁都别去美洲了。
同样印第安人也把一系列性病传给新移民，不过旧大陆来的移民，都是在旧大陆上面经历了N轮瘟疫疾病病毒洗礼活下来的后代。
对，莱夷、淮夷、扬越、瓯越、闽越、雒越、山戎、鬼方、岭南、辽东、西域诸国都是老祖宗充话费时送的
呵呵，相比白皮基督教徒在穷山恶水给美洲原来的主人印第安人划的那几片巴掌大的保留地，面积几百万平方公里的中国几大民族自治区以及遍布全国的自治州自治县乡简直就是神一般的存在。
赤裸裸的白人殖民者观点
对，莱夷、淮夷、扬越、瓯越、闽越、雒越、山戎、鬼方、岭南、辽东、西域诸国都是老祖宗充话费时送的。
中国人老祖宗就占黄河流域那么大地方，现在国土面积960万土地，你以为是，那些周边民族主动献土称臣那？
俄罗斯人老祖宗，就莫斯科那个村子200多户人，现在1000多万土地，你以为是，别人白给的呢？
咱转这个文章主要是为了让网友了解以下几个常识：
1、墨西哥以北的印第安人，那个落后的生产力水平，数量也就是400万人左右。
2、北美印第安人的最大致死因素，是新移民带去的疾病，80-90%的印第安人都是死于疾病瘟疫。就算是郑和而非哥伦布先发现新大陆，印第安人一样是团灭的结局，因为中国同样是鼠疫、流感、天花高发区，甚至鼠疫、流感极有可能原发区就是中国。除非旧大陆的人谁都别去美洲了。
3、北美印度安人部落之间的相互仇杀，是除了旧大陆瘟疫之外的，另一大削减人口的因素
4、剥头皮是印第安人的一贯传统，是印第安人先玩剥头皮的
5、白人也没少给印第安人杀
6、白人杀的印第安人数量 远远没有中国愤青YY的那么多，既不是上千万，也不是上百万，甚至不是几十万，最多几万人。而且大部分都是有原因的。
恶心的东西，
郑和虽然也没去成美洲，但是经过的东南亚，非洲的落后地方，没有一个像你美爹那样做的 ，而且还去帮助落后的治疗疾病。
别那你那美爹和中国人比，恶心的东西