帝国的黄昏：黄石原本清澈的湖水冒岩浆了！

11 December 2013 Last updated at 01:36 GMT

Yellowstone supervolcano 'even more colossal'

By Rebecca Morelle
Science reporter, BBC World Service

Hot springs are surface evidence of the huge magma chamber that sits beneath Yellowstone
Continue reading the main story
Related Stories

Supervolcano fed by bigger plume
The supervolcano that lies beneath Yellowstone National Park in the US is far larger than was previously thought, scientists report.

A study shows that the magma chamber is about 2.5 times bigger than earlier estimates suggested.

A team found the cavern stretches for more than 90km (55 miles) and contains 200-600 cubic km of molten rock.

The findings are being presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco.

Prof Bob Smith, from the University of Utah, said: “We’ve been working there for a long time, and we’ve always thought it would be bigger... but this finding is astounding."

If the Yellowstone supervolcano were to blow today, the consequences would be catastrophic.

The last major eruption, which occurred 640,000 years ago, sent ash across the whole of North America, affecting the planet’s climate.

Now researchers believe they have a better idea of what lies beneath the ground.

The team used a network of seismometers that were situated around the park to map the magma chamber.

Dr Jamie Farrell, from the University of Utah, explained: “We record earthquakes in and around Yellowstone, and we measure the seismic waves as they travel through the ground.

“The waves travel slower through hot and partially molten material… with this, we can measure what’s beneath.”


It is unclear when the Yellowstone supervolcano will erupt again
The team found that the magma chamber was colossal. Reaching depths of between 2km and 15km (1 to 9 miles), the cavern was about 90km (55 miles) long and 30km (20 miles) wide.

It pushed further into the north east of the park than other studies had previously shown, holding a mixture of solid and molten rock.

“To our knowledge there has been nothing mapped of that size before,” added Dr Farrell.

The researchers are using the findings to better assess the threat that the volatile giant poses.

“Yes, it is a much larger system… but I don’t think it makes the Yellowstone hazard greater,” explained Prof Bob Smith.

“But what it does tell us is more about the area to the north east of the caldera.”

He added that researchers were unsure when the supervolcano would blow again.

Some believe a massive eruption is overdue, estimating that Yellowstone’s volcano goes off every 700,000 years or so.

But Prof Smith said more data was needed, because there had only been three major eruptions so far. These happened 2.1 million years ago, 1.3 million years ago and 640,000 years ago.

“You can only use the time between eruptions (to work out the frequency), so in a sense you only have two numbers to get to that 700,000 year figure,” he explained.

“How many people would buy something on the stock market on two days of stock data.”

In another study presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, researchers have been looking at other, more ancient volcanic eruptions that happened along the same stretch of continental plate that Yellowstone’s supervolcano sits on.

Dr Marc Reichow, from the University of Leicester, said: “We looked at a time window of between 12.5 to 8 million years ago. We wanted to know how to identify these eruptions and find out how frequently they happened.”

The team found there were fewer volcanic events during this period than had been estimated, but these eruptions were far larger than was previously thought.

Dr Reichow added: “If you look at older volcanoes, it helps to understand what Yellowstone is likely to do.”

Follow Rebecca on Twitter




转自BBC：http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25312674

好吧，懒人只会基翻！！！


黄石火山的更加巨大的
由丽贝卡Morelle
科学记者，英国广播公司世界服务
温泉是巨大的岩浆室位于黄石表面证据
继续阅读主要的故事
相关的故事
大美联储的超级火山羽
谎言背后的美国黄石公园超级火山远远比以前认为，科学家报告。
一项研究表明，岩浆室是比以前的估计的大2.5倍。
一队超过90公里处发现洞穴延伸（55英里），包含200-600立方千米的熔岩。
结果是在三藩的美国地球物理联合会秋季会议上提出的。
Bob Smith教授，来自犹他大学，说：“我们已经在那里工作了很长一段时间，我们一直认为这将是更大的…但是，这一发现是惊人的。”
如果黄石火山被吹到今天，后果将是灾难性的。
上一次大爆发，640000年前发生的，送灰在北美国的整体，影响地球的气候。
现在研究人员相信他们有什么谎言在地下的一个更好的主意。
他们使用地震检波器，坐落在公园地图岩浆室网络。
杰米法瑞尔博士，来自犹他大学，解释说：“我们记录的地震和周围的公园，我们测量地震波传播时，通过地面。
“波穿越炎热和部分熔化的物质……慢，我们可以测量下的东西。”
目前还不清楚当黄石火山再度喷发
该小组发现岩浆室是巨大的。到达深处2 15公里之间（1至9英里），洞穴约90公里（55英里）长，30公里（20英里）宽。
这进一步推进公园的东北部比其他研究曾表明，抱着一个固体和熔融的岩石的混合物。
“据我们所知，以前有没有映射的大小，”法瑞尔博士补充道。
研究人员使用的是发现更好的评估，挥发性大的威胁。
“是的，这是一个更大的系统……但我不认为这是黄石公园的危害更大，”Bob Smith教授。
“但它确实告诉我们更多的是该地区的火山口东北。”
他补充说，研究人员不确定时，超级火山会吹了。
一些人认为，大规模的火山喷发是过期的，估计到黄石公园的火山熄灭每700000年左右。
但史密斯教授说，更多的数据是必要的，因为只有三大爆发到目前为止。这些发生在2100000年前，1300000年前和640000年前。
“你只能使用时间之间爆发（来解决频率），所以在某种意义上你只有两个数字到700000年度人物，”他解释说。
“有多少人会买什么股票市场在两天的股票数据。”
在秋季会议上提出的另一项研究中，研究人员一直在寻找其他的，更古老的火山爆发发生在板块的一段，黄石公园的超级火山位于。
马克博士reichow，来自莱斯特大学，说：“我们看了一个时间窗口之间的12.5到8000000年前。我们想知道如何识别这些爆发和找出他们经常发生。”
该团队发现有较少的火山活动期间比原来估计的，但是这些爆发是远比先前所认为的。
reichow博士补充说：“如果你看看老的火山，它有助于了解黄石可能做的。”
跟随丽贝卡推特

11 December 2013 Last updated at 01:36 GMT

Yellowstone supervolcano 'even more colossal'

By Rebecca Morelle
Science reporter, BBC World Service

Hot springs are surface evidence of the huge magma chamber that sits beneath Yellowstone
Continue reading the main story
Related Stories

Supervolcano fed by bigger plume
The supervolcano that lies beneath Yellowstone National Park in the US is far larger than was previously thought, scientists report.

A study shows that the magma chamber is about 2.5 times bigger than earlier estimates suggested.

A team found the cavern stretches for more than 90km (55 miles) and contains 200-600 cubic km of molten rock.

The findings are being presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco.

Prof Bob Smith, from the University of Utah, said: “We’ve been working there for a long time, and we’ve always thought it would be bigger... but this finding is astounding."

If the Yellowstone supervolcano were to blow today, the consequences would be catastrophic.

The last major eruption, which occurred 640,000 years ago, sent ash across the whole of North America, affecting the planet’s climate.

Now researchers believe they have a better idea of what lies beneath the ground.

The team used a network of seismometers that were situated around the park to map the magma chamber.

Dr Jamie Farrell, from the University of Utah, explained: “We record earthquakes in and around Yellowstone, and we measure the seismic waves as they travel through the ground.

“The waves travel slower through hot and partially molten material… with this, we can measure what’s beneath.”


It is unclear when the Yellowstone supervolcano will erupt again
The team found that the magma chamber was colossal. Reaching depths of between 2km and 15km (1 to 9 miles), the cavern was about 90km (55 miles) long and 30km (20 miles) wide.

It pushed further into the north east of the park than other studies had previously shown, holding a mixture of solid and molten rock.

“To our knowledge there has been nothing mapped of that size before,” added Dr Farrell.

The researchers are using the findings to better assess the threat that the volatile giant poses.

“Yes, it is a much larger system… but I don’t think it makes the Yellowstone hazard greater,” explained Prof Bob Smith.

“But what it does tell us is more about the area to the north east of the caldera.”

He added that researchers were unsure when the supervolcano would blow again.

Some believe a massive eruption is overdue, estimating that Yellowstone’s volcano goes off every 700,000 years or so.

But Prof Smith said more data was needed, because there had only been three major eruptions so far. These happened 2.1 million years ago, 1.3 million years ago and 640,000 years ago.

“You can only use the time between eruptions (to work out the frequency), so in a sense you only have two numbers to get to that 700,000 year figure,” he explained.

“How many people would buy something on the stock market on two days of stock data.”

In another study presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, researchers have been looking at other, more ancient volcanic eruptions that happened along the same stretch of continental plate that Yellowstone’s supervolcano sits on.

Dr Marc Reichow, from the University of Leicester, said: “We looked at a time window of between 12.5 to 8 million years ago. We wanted to know how to identify these eruptions and find out how frequently they happened.”

The team found there were fewer volcanic events during this period than had been estimated, but these eruptions were far larger than was previously thought.

Dr Reichow added: “If you look at older volcanoes, it helps to understand what Yellowstone is likely to do.”

Follow Rebecca on Twitter




转自BBC：http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25312674

好吧，懒人只会基翻！！！


黄石火山的更加巨大的
由丽贝卡Morelle
科学记者，英国广播公司世界服务
温泉是巨大的岩浆室位于黄石表面证据
继续阅读主要的故事
相关的故事
大美联储的超级火山羽
谎言背后的美国黄石公园超级火山远远比以前认为，科学家报告。
一项研究表明，岩浆室是比以前的估计的大2.5倍。
一队超过90公里处发现洞穴延伸（55英里），包含200-600立方千米的熔岩。
结果是在三藩的美国地球物理联合会秋季会议上提出的。
Bob Smith教授，来自犹他大学，说：“我们已经在那里工作了很长一段时间，我们一直认为这将是更大的…但是，这一发现是惊人的。”
如果黄石火山被吹到今天，后果将是灾难性的。
上一次大爆发，640000年前发生的，送灰在北美国的整体，影响地球的气候。
现在研究人员相信他们有什么谎言在地下的一个更好的主意。
他们使用地震检波器，坐落在公园地图岩浆室网络。
杰米法瑞尔博士，来自犹他大学，解释说：“我们记录的地震和周围的公园，我们测量地震波传播时，通过地面。
“波穿越炎热和部分熔化的物质……慢，我们可以测量下的东西。”
目前还不清楚当黄石火山再度喷发
该小组发现岩浆室是巨大的。到达深处2 15公里之间（1至9英里），洞穴约90公里（55英里）长，30公里（20英里）宽。
这进一步推进公园的东北部比其他研究曾表明，抱着一个固体和熔融的岩石的混合物。
“据我们所知，以前有没有映射的大小，”法瑞尔博士补充道。
研究人员使用的是发现更好的评估，挥发性大的威胁。
“是的，这是一个更大的系统……但我不认为这是黄石公园的危害更大，”Bob Smith教授。
“但它确实告诉我们更多的是该地区的火山口东北。”
他补充说，研究人员不确定时，超级火山会吹了。
一些人认为，大规模的火山喷发是过期的，估计到黄石公园的火山熄灭每700000年左右。
但史密斯教授说，更多的数据是必要的，因为只有三大爆发到目前为止。这些发生在2100000年前，1300000年前和640000年前。
“你只能使用时间之间爆发（来解决频率），所以在某种意义上你只有两个数字到700000年度人物，”他解释说。
“有多少人会买什么股票市场在两天的股票数据。”
在秋季会议上提出的另一项研究中，研究人员一直在寻找其他的，更古老的火山爆发发生在板块的一段，黄石公园的超级火山位于。
马克博士reichow，来自莱斯特大学，说：“我们看了一个时间窗口之间的12.5到8000000年前。我们想知道如何识别这些爆发和找出他们经常发生。”
该团队发现有较少的火山活动期间比原来估计的，但是这些爆发是远比先前所认为的。
reichow博士补充说：“如果你看看老的火山，它有助于了解黄石可能做的。”
跟随丽贝卡推特