超级军网[转自龙腾]奥巴马的地缘政治中心：中国-五角大楼的目标
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/26 20:58:20
译文简介:
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支。
正文翻译:
by F. William Engdah
Global Research, August 24, 2012
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the nominal end of the Cold War some twenty years back, rather than reducing the size of its mammoth defense spending, the US and all US Presidents have enormously expanded spending for new weapons systems, increased permanent military bases around the world and expansion of NATO not only to former Warsaw Pact countries on Russia’s immediate periphery; it also has expanded NATO and US military presence deep into Asia on the perimeters of China through its conduct of the Afghan war and related campaigns.
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支，扩张其全球范围内的军事基地，北约的东扩也不仅限于前华约国家，更向俄罗斯的后院紧逼；同时在亚洲，通过主导发动阿富汗等战争，北约和美国的军事势力渗透向中国边境。
Part I The Pentagon Targets China
第一部分：五角大楼瞄准中国
On the basis of simple dollar outlays for military spending, the US Pentagon combined budget, leaving aside the huge budgets for such national security and defense-related agencies of US Government as the Department of Energy and US Treasury and other agencies, the US Department of Defense spent some $739 billion in 2011 on its military requirements. Were all other spending that is tied to US defense and national security included, the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates an annual military spending of over $1 trillion by the United States. That is an amount greater than the total defense-related spending of the next 42 nations combined, and more than the Gross Domestic Product of most nations.
作为一个纯支出单位，美国国防部的2011年年度预算达到7390亿美元，其中包括本土安全部门和防卫相关部门的巨额费用。伦敦的国际战略研究机构指出：实际上美国支出超过10000亿美元的军事费用。比排名2-43位的42个国家的总和还多，同时也超过绝大多数国家的GDP。
China officially spent barely 10% of the US outlay on its defense, some $90 billions, or, if certain defense-related arms import and other costs are included, perhaps $111 billion a year. Even if the Chinese authorities do not publish complete data on such sensitive areas, it is clear China spends a mere fraction of the USA and is starting from a military-technology base far behind the USA.
中国的军费大约是美国的10%，约合900亿美元，如果包括其他防卫相关的军备的话，则约为1110亿美元。虽然中国当局没有公布这个敏感领域的数据，但是很明显中国的军费是美国微小的部分，而且中国的军事技术基础仍远远落后美国。
China today, because of its dynamic economic growth and its determination to pursue sovereign Chinese national interests, merely because China exists, is becoming the Pentagon new “enemy image,” now replacing the earlier “enemy image” of Islam used after September 2001 by the Bush-Cheney Administration to justify the Pentagon’s global power pursuit, or that of Soviet Communism during the Cold War. The new US military posture against China has nothing to do with any aggressive threat from the side of China. The Pentagon has decided to escalate its aggressive military posture to China merely because China has become a strong vibrant independent pole in world economics and geopolitics. Only vassal states need apply to Washington’s globalized world.
现在的中国，不仅因其充满活力的经济和维护领土主权的决心，而且就因为中国还存在，她注定成为五角大楼的新假想敌，取代了冷战时期的苏联共XX和2001年9月之后由布什切尼政府树立的伊斯兰的敌人位置。五角大楼逐步升级其针对中国的进攻性军事策略，不是因为要处理来自中国方面的任何军事威胁，仅仅因为中国正在成为世界经济和地缘政治的充满活力的一极。这是为华盛顿全球化政府奴役世界服务的。
Obama Doctrine: China is the new ‘enemy image’
奥巴马的教义：中国是新敌人
After almost two decades of neglect of its interests in East Asia, in 2011, the Obama Administration announced that the US would make “a strategic pivot” in its foreign policy to focus its military and political attention on the Asia-Pacific, particularly Southeast Asia, that is, China. The term “strategic pivot” is a page out of the classic textbook from the father of British geopolitics, Sir Halford Mackinder, who spoke at various times of Russia and later China as “pivot powers” whose geographical and geopolitical position posed unique challenges toAnglo-Saxon and after 1945, to American hegemony.
2011年，在忽略其在东亚的利益近20年后，美国的（奥巴马）政府宣布将将其对外策略----军事、政治战略重心转向亚太地区，尤其是东南亚，也就是说中国。‘战略重心’这个词是英国地缘政治家哈尔福爵提出的经典论调，他在1945年多次提到，中国和俄罗斯，他们的地缘政治和地理位置命中注定是对盎格鲁-撒克逊----对美国霸权的的重大挑战。
During the final months of 2011 the Obama Administration clearly defined a new public military threat doctrine for US military readiness in the wake of the US military failures in Iraq and Afghanistan. During a Presidential trip to the Far East, while in Australia, the US President unveiled what is being termed the Obama Doctrine.[1]
在2011年晚些时候，随着美国在伊拉克和阿富汗的军事行动以失败告终，奥巴马政府明确了新的美国军事威胁，在访问远东期间，美国总统在澳大利亚阐明了其政策。【1】
Obama told the Australians then:
奥巴马这样跟澳大利亚人说：
With most of the world’s nuclear power and some half of humanity, Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by conflict or cooperation…As President, I have, therefore, made a deliberate and strategic decision -- as a Pacific nation, the United States will play a larger and long-term role in shaping this region and its future…I have directed my national security team to make our presence and mission in the Asia Pacific a top priority...As we plan and budget for the future, we will allocate the resources necessary to maintain our strong military presence in this region. We will preserve our unique ability to project power and deter threats to peace…Our enduring interests in the region demand our enduring presence in the region.
与大多数有核国家及另外一半人民一样，亚洲将在很大程度上决定世界的前景是冲突还是合作。作为总统，我必须做出战略决策 ----- 作为一个太平洋国家，美国在塑造本地区和本地区未来上将扮演一个更大、更长期的角色，我已指示我的国家安全团队，这是我们在亚太地区的首要任务和使命...我们未雨绸缪，我们将在这一地区分配必要的资源，保持强大的军事存在。我们将保持我们独特的力量投射能力，并阻止对和平的威胁......我们在该地区的持久利益要求我们在该地区的持久存在。（译注:这是奥总的原文，应该有官配的中文）
The United States is a Pacific power, and we are here to stay. Indeed, we are already modernizing America’s defense posture across the Asia Pacific. It will be more broadly distributed -- maintaining our strong presence in Japan and the Korean Peninsula, while enhancing our presence in Southeast Asia. Our posture will be more flexible -- with new capabilities to ensure that our forces can operate freely .. I believe we can address shared challenges, such as proliferation and maritime security, including cooperation in the South China Sea.[2]
美国是一个太平洋大国，我们在这里生息。事实上，我们已经着手现代化美国在整个亚洲太平洋地区的防卫态势。这将是更广泛地分布 - 在日本和朝鲜半岛保持强大的存在，同时加强我们在东南亚地区的存在。我们的立场将更加灵活 ----以确保我们的军队也能操作自如......我相信我们可以共同面对的挑战，如武器扩散问题和海上安全，包括在中国南海合作。【2】
The centerpiece of Obama's visit was the announcement that at least 2,500 elite US Marines will be stationed in Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory. In addition, in a series of significant parallel agreements, discussions with Washington were underway to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. Also the US will gain greater use of Australian Air Force bases for American aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on the country’s west coast.
公告称，奥巴马访问的核心是至少有2500名美国精英海军陆战队员将驻扎在澳大利亚达尔文。此外，针对一系列的平行协议进行讨论，包括在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国侦察机。此外，美国空军将获得更多使用澳大利亚空军基地的权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The Pentagon’s target is China.
五角大楼的目标是中国
To make the point clear to European members of NATO, in remarks to fellow NATO members in Washington in July 2012, Phillip Hammond, the UK Secretary of State for Defense declared explicitly that the new US defense shift to the Asia-Pacific region was aimed squarely at China. Hammond said that, "the rising strategic importance of the Asia-Pacific region requires all countries, but particularly the United States, to reflect in their strategic posture the emergence of China as a global power. Far from being concerned about the tilt to Asia-Pacific, the European NATO powers should welcome the fact that the US is willing to engage in this new strategic challenge on behalf of the alliance." [3]
2012年7月，为了使北约的欧洲成员国明白这一点，英国国防国务卿菲利普哈蒙德在华盛顿向其他北约成员国讲话时，明确声明，美国新国防战略转向亚太地区意在中国。哈蒙德说，“亚太地区的战略很重要，要求所有国家参与，特别是美国应对中国成为一个全球大国的战略。欧洲的北约国家应该欢迎的这一事实（对亚太地区的政策倾斜），而美国愿意承担盟国在新的战略上带头大哥这一角色”。
As with many of its operations, the Pentagon deployment is far deeper than the relatively small number of 2,500 new US soldiers might suggest.
由于其（驻澳美军）作用的多样性，随着五角大楼部署的深入，未来可能增加2500美军士兵。
In August 2011 the Pentagon presented its annual report on China’s military. It stated that China had closed key technological gaps. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for East Asia, Michael Schiffer, said that the pace and scope of China's military investments had "allowed China to pursue capabilities that we believe are potentially destabilizing to regional military balances, increase the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation and may contribute to regional tensions and anxieties." [4] He cited Chinese refurbishing of a Soviet-era aircraft carrier and China’s development of its J20 Stealth Fighter as indications of the new capability requiring a more active US military response. Schiffer also cited China's space and cyber operations, saying it was "developing a multi-dimensional program to improve its capabilities to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by adversaries during times of crisis or conflict." [5]
2011年8月，五角大楼发布了对中国军力的年度报告。报告显示，中国已缩小了关键技术上的差距。国防部东亚事务副助理秘书，迈克尔•希弗说：中国在军费投资的速度和范围的增长，“允许中国追求更强的能力，这样的能力我们认为是地区的军事平衡的潜在不稳定因素，增加了误解和误判的风险，并可能会增加地区紧张和焦虑。”【4】他列举了中国翻新的苏联时代的航母，中国发展J20隐形战斗机，这些需要美国更积极的军事回应。希弗还列举了中国的太空和网络作战，他说，这是“一个多维的计划，以提高中国的能力，来限制或阻止对手在灾难或冲突发生时使用天基武器。”【5】
Part II: Pentagon’s ‘Air-Sea Battle’
第二部分：五角大楼的‘海天战场’
The Pentagon strategy to defeat China in a coming war, details of which have filtered into the US press, is called “Air-Sea Battle.” This calls for an aggressive coordinated US attack. US stealth bombers and submarines would knock out China's long-range surveillance radar and precision missile systems deep inside the country. This initial "blinding campaign" would be followed by a larger air and naval assault on China itself.[6] Crucial to the advanced pentagon strategy, deployment of which has already quietly begun, is US military navy and air presence in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam and across the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. Australian troop and naval deployment is aimed at accessing the strategic Chinese South China Sea as well as the Indian Ocean. The stated motive is to “protect freedom of navigation” in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea. In reality it is to be positioned to cut China’s strategic oil routes in event of full conflict.
五角大楼的战略，即在未来的战争中打败中国，从美国新闻界的细节中可以看到，被称为“海天战场。”这就要求美国的攻击需要更强的协调性。美国隐形轰炸机和潜艇需具备摧毁中国的远程监视雷达和深处内陆的高精度导弹系统精。最初的“致盲战役”之后将进行针对中国本土的较大规模的空军和海军打击。【6】五角大楼的这个先进战略的关键，已经悄然开始部署------在日本，台湾，菲律宾，越南和整个中国南海和印度洋部署的海军和空军。澳大利亚部队和海军部署的目的旨在战略性经营南中国海以及印度洋。上述行动的冠冕堂皇的动机是为了“保护在马六甲海峡和中国南海航行自由”。事实上，是为了在全面冲突时切断中国的战略石油输送路线。
Air-Sea Battle's goal is to help US forces withstand an initial Chinese assault and counterattack to destroy sophisticated Chinese radar and missile systems built to keep US ships away from China's coastline.[7]
海天战场的目的是帮助美军抵抗住中国的初期进攻并对中国复杂的雷达和导弹系统进行反击。（这些雷达和导弹系统将美军舰只隔离于中国的海岸线之外）【7】
US ‘Air-Sea Battle’ against China
美国针对中国的‘海天战场’
In addition to the stationing of the US Marines in the north of Australia, Washington plans to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the strategically vital Indian Ocean. Also it will have use of Australian Air Force bases for American military aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on Australia’s west coast.[8]
另外，在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国远程侦察机。美国空军将获得使用澳大利亚空军基地的更大权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The architect of the Pentagon anti-China strategy of Air-Sea battle is Andrew Marshall, the man who has shaped Pentagon advanced warfare strategy for more than 40 years and among whose pupils were Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld. [9] Since the 1980s Marshall has been a promoter of an idea first posited in 1982 by Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov, then chief of the Soviet general staff, called RMA, or 'Revolution in Military Affairs.’ Marshall, today at the ripe age of 91, still holds his desk and evidently very much influence inside the Pentagon.
五角大楼反中国的海空战略的设计师安德鲁•马歇尔，他为五角大楼在战略服务40年以上，他的学生中有切尼和拉姆斯菲尔德。【9】20世纪80年代以来，马歇尔是由1982年的尼古拉•奥加尔科夫元帅首先提出的观点的拥护者，后者是当时的苏联高层，这个点子叫做RMA，或“军事事务革命”。马歇尔，今年已经91岁，仍在五角大楼拥有自己的办公桌，并显然拥有非常大的影响力。
The best definition of RMA was the one provided by Marshall himself: “A Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.” [10]
马歇尔本人对RMA作出的最好的定义是：“这是一个军事革命（RMA），是一项重大变革，由于新技术的创新应用带来的军事理论和军事组织结构的概念的巨变，从根本上改变了军事行动的特性和行为。”【10】
It was also Andrew Marshall who convinced US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his successor Robert Gates to deploy the Ballistic Missile “defense” Shield in Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkey and Japan as a strategy to minimize any potential nuclear threat from Russia and, in the case of Japan’s BMD, any potential nuclear threat from China.
正是安德鲁•马歇尔说服了美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德和他的继任者罗伯特•盖茨（Robert Gates）在波兰，捷克，土耳其和日本部署反导系统，以尽量减少来自俄罗斯的弹道导弹任何潜在的核威胁，在日本部署的BMD，阻止来自中国的潜在核威胁。
PART III: ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy of Pentagon
第三部分：五角大楼的‘珍珠链’战略
In January 2005, Andrew Marshall issued a classified internal report to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld titled “Energy Futures in Asia.” The Marshall report, which was leaked in full to a Washington newspaper, invented the term “string of pearls” strategy to describe what it called the growing Chinese military threat to “US strategic interests” in the Asian space.[11]
2005年1月，安德鲁•马歇尔为时任国防部长唐纳德•拉姆斯菲尔德撰写了题为“能源的未来在亚洲”机密内部报告，马歇尔的报告后被华盛顿的报纸批露。报告中发明了术语“珍珠链”战略，该战略用来应对中国不断增长的对 “美国在亚洲的战略利益” 的军事威胁。【11】
The internal Pentagon report claimed that “China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to the South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives.”
该五角大楼内部报告称，“中国在从中东到中国南海的海上通道沿线建立战略合作关系，定位是防御性的同时又是进攻性的，目的是保护中国的能源利益，也为其他广泛的安全目标服务。”
In the Pentagon Andrew Marshall report, the term China’s “String of Pearls” Strategy was used for the first time. It is a Pentagon term and not a Chinese term.
报告中写道：这是中国‘珍珠链’战略的第一次应用，但这个战略应当由美国来实施而不是中国。
The report stated that China was adopting a “string of pearls” strategy of bases and diplomatic ties stretching from the Middle East to southern China that includes a new naval base under construction at the Pakistani port of Gwadar. It claimed that “Beijing already has set up electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar in the country’s southwest corner, the part nearest the Persian Gulf. The post is monitoring ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea.” [12]
该报告指出，中国正在采取一种基于“珍珠链”的军事战略和外交手段，从中东延伸到中国南部，包括在巴基斯坦瓜达尔港口的建设新的海军基地。该报告称，“北京已经在该国的西南角的瓜达尔设立电子监听站，该处是离波斯湾最近的地方。该站监听着通过霍尔木兹海峡和阿拉伯海的船只。”【12】
The Marshall internal report went on to warn of other “pearls” in the sea-lane strategy of China:
报告罗列了中国‘珍珠链’战略的其他‘珍珠’，以期引起警醒：
• Bangladesh: China is strengthening its ties to the government and building a container port facility at Chittagong. The Chinese are “seeking much more extensive naval and commercial access” in Bangladesh.
孟加拉国：中国正在加强政府间的合作关系，并建设在吉大港的集装箱港口设施。中国人要 “寻求与孟加拉国海军和商业更广泛的合作”。
• Burma: China has developed close ties to the military regime in Rangoon and turned a nation wary of China into a “satellite” of Beijing close to the Strait of Malacca, through which 80 percent of China’s imported oil passes. China is building naval bases in Burma and has electronic intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Bengal and near the Strait of Malacca. Beijing also supplied Burma with “billions of dollars in military assistance to support a de facto military alliance,” the report said.
缅甸：中国已经与仰光军事政权建立了密切的联系，谨慎地把附近的马六甲海峡区域变成中国的“卫星”国，中国进口石油的80％由这里通过。中国在缅甸建立海军基地，并在孟加拉湾和马六甲海峡附近的岛屿上建设电子情报搜集设施。北京还为缅甸提供了“数十亿美元的军事援助，以支撑一个事实上的军事联盟。”
• Cambodia: China signed a military agreement in November 2003 to provide training and equipment. Cambodia is helping Beijing build a railway line from southern China to the sea.
柬埔寨：中国在2003年11月签署了一项军事协议，向柬提供培训和设备。柬埔寨正在帮助北京修建一条铁路线，从中国南部直达柬出海口。
• South China Sea: Chinese activities in the region are less about territorial claims than “protecting or denying the transit of tankers through the South China Sea,” the report said. China also is building up its military forces in the region to be able to “project air and sea power” from the mainland and Hainan Island. China recently upgraded a military airstrip on Woody Island and increased its presence through oil drilling platforms and ocean survey ships.
中国南海：中国在该地区的活动相对于领土要求而言”，是为了“保护或拒绝油轮通过中国南海”更多些，该报告称。中国还建立其在该地区的军事力量，以便有能力从大陆和海南岛“投射空中和海上力量”。中国最近升级了永兴岛的飞机跑道，通过增加石油钻井平台和海洋调查船体现军事存在。
• Thailand: China is considering funding construction of a $20 billion canal across the Kra Isthmus that would allow ships to bypass the Strait of Malacca. The canal project would give China port facilities, warehouses and other infrastructure in Thailand aimed at enhancing Chinese influence in the region, the report said… The U.S. military’s Southern Command produced a similar classified report in the late 1990s that warned that China was seeking to use commercial port facilities around the world to control strategic “chokepoints.” [13]
泰国：中国正在考虑建设耗资200亿美元的横跨克拉地峡运河，使船只绕过马六甲海峡。该运河项目将使中国在泰国拥有港口设施，仓库及其他基础设施，同时提高中国在该地区的影响力，该报告说... 20世纪90年代晚些时候，美军南方司令部制作过一个类似的机密报告中警告说，中国寻求使用世界各地的商业港口设施来控制战略“关卡”。【13】
欢迎来到龙腾网，我们提供最棒的国外网帖翻译!译文简介:
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支。
正文翻译:
by F. William Engdah
Global Research, August 24, 2012
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the nominal end of the Cold War some twenty years back, rather than reducing the size of its mammoth defense spending, the US and all US Presidents have enormously expanded spending for new weapons systems, increased permanent military bases around the world and expansion of NATO not only to former Warsaw Pact countries on Russia’s immediate periphery; it also has expanded NATO and US military presence deep into Asia on the perimeters of China through its conduct of the Afghan war and related campaigns.
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支，扩张其全球范围内的军事基地，北约的东扩也不仅限于前华约国家，更向俄罗斯的后院紧逼；同时在亚洲，通过主导发动阿富汗等战争，北约和美国的军事势力渗透向中国边境。
Part I The Pentagon Targets China
第一部分：五角大楼瞄准中国
On the basis of simple dollar outlays for military spending, the US Pentagon combined budget, leaving aside the huge budgets for such national security and defense-related agencies of US Government as the Department of Energy and US Treasury and other agencies, the US Department of Defense spent some $739 billion in 2011 on its military requirements. Were all other spending that is tied to US defense and national security included, the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates an annual military spending of over $1 trillion by the United States. That is an amount greater than the total defense-related spending of the next 42 nations combined, and more than the Gross Domestic Product of most nations.
作为一个纯支出单位，美国国防部的2011年年度预算达到7390亿美元，其中包括本土安全部门和防卫相关部门的巨额费用。伦敦的国际战略研究机构指出：实际上美国支出超过10000亿美元的军事费用。比排名2-43位的42个国家的总和还多，同时也超过绝大多数国家的GDP。
China officially spent barely 10% of the US outlay on its defense, some $90 billions, or, if certain defense-related arms import and other costs are included, perhaps $111 billion a year. Even if the Chinese authorities do not publish complete data on such sensitive areas, it is clear China spends a mere fraction of the USA and is starting from a military-technology base far behind the USA.
中国的军费大约是美国的10%，约合900亿美元，如果包括其他防卫相关的军备的话，则约为1110亿美元。虽然中国当局没有公布这个敏感领域的数据，但是很明显中国的军费是美国微小的部分，而且中国的军事技术基础仍远远落后美国。
China today, because of its dynamic economic growth and its determination to pursue sovereign Chinese national interests, merely because China exists, is becoming the Pentagon new “enemy image,” now replacing the earlier “enemy image” of Islam used after September 2001 by the Bush-Cheney Administration to justify the Pentagon’s global power pursuit, or that of Soviet Communism during the Cold War. The new US military posture against China has nothing to do with any aggressive threat from the side of China. The Pentagon has decided to escalate its aggressive military posture to China merely because China has become a strong vibrant independent pole in world economics and geopolitics. Only vassal states need apply to Washington’s globalized world.
现在的中国，不仅因其充满活力的经济和维护领土主权的决心，而且就因为中国还存在，她注定成为五角大楼的新假想敌，取代了冷战时期的苏联共XX和2001年9月之后由布什切尼政府树立的伊斯兰的敌人位置。五角大楼逐步升级其针对中国的进攻性军事策略，不是因为要处理来自中国方面的任何军事威胁，仅仅因为中国正在成为世界经济和地缘政治的充满活力的一极。这是为华盛顿全球化政府奴役世界服务的。
Obama Doctrine: China is the new ‘enemy image’
奥巴马的教义：中国是新敌人
After almost two decades of neglect of its interests in East Asia, in 2011, the Obama Administration announced that the US would make “a strategic pivot” in its foreign policy to focus its military and political attention on the Asia-Pacific, particularly Southeast Asia, that is, China. The term “strategic pivot” is a page out of the classic textbook from the father of British geopolitics, Sir Halford Mackinder, who spoke at various times of Russia and later China as “pivot powers” whose geographical and geopolitical position posed unique challenges toAnglo-Saxon and after 1945, to American hegemony.
2011年，在忽略其在东亚的利益近20年后，美国的（奥巴马）政府宣布将将其对外策略----军事、政治战略重心转向亚太地区，尤其是东南亚，也就是说中国。‘战略重心’这个词是英国地缘政治家哈尔福爵提出的经典论调，他在1945年多次提到，中国和俄罗斯，他们的地缘政治和地理位置命中注定是对盎格鲁-撒克逊----对美国霸权的的重大挑战。
During the final months of 2011 the Obama Administration clearly defined a new public military threat doctrine for US military readiness in the wake of the US military failures in Iraq and Afghanistan. During a Presidential trip to the Far East, while in Australia, the US President unveiled what is being termed the Obama Doctrine.[1]
在2011年晚些时候，随着美国在伊拉克和阿富汗的军事行动以失败告终，奥巴马政府明确了新的美国军事威胁，在访问远东期间，美国总统在澳大利亚阐明了其政策。【1】
Obama told the Australians then:
奥巴马这样跟澳大利亚人说：
With most of the world’s nuclear power and some half of humanity, Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by conflict or cooperation…As President, I have, therefore, made a deliberate and strategic decision -- as a Pacific nation, the United States will play a larger and long-term role in shaping this region and its future…I have directed my national security team to make our presence and mission in the Asia Pacific a top priority...As we plan and budget for the future, we will allocate the resources necessary to maintain our strong military presence in this region. We will preserve our unique ability to project power and deter threats to peace…Our enduring interests in the region demand our enduring presence in the region.
与大多数有核国家及另外一半人民一样，亚洲将在很大程度上决定世界的前景是冲突还是合作。作为总统，我必须做出战略决策 ----- 作为一个太平洋国家，美国在塑造本地区和本地区未来上将扮演一个更大、更长期的角色，我已指示我的国家安全团队，这是我们在亚太地区的首要任务和使命...我们未雨绸缪，我们将在这一地区分配必要的资源，保持强大的军事存在。我们将保持我们独特的力量投射能力，并阻止对和平的威胁......我们在该地区的持久利益要求我们在该地区的持久存在。（译注:这是奥总的原文，应该有官配的中文）
The United States is a Pacific power, and we are here to stay. Indeed, we are already modernizing America’s defense posture across the Asia Pacific. It will be more broadly distributed -- maintaining our strong presence in Japan and the Korean Peninsula, while enhancing our presence in Southeast Asia. Our posture will be more flexible -- with new capabilities to ensure that our forces can operate freely .. I believe we can address shared challenges, such as proliferation and maritime security, including cooperation in the South China Sea.[2]
美国是一个太平洋大国，我们在这里生息。事实上，我们已经着手现代化美国在整个亚洲太平洋地区的防卫态势。这将是更广泛地分布 - 在日本和朝鲜半岛保持强大的存在，同时加强我们在东南亚地区的存在。我们的立场将更加灵活 ----以确保我们的军队也能操作自如......我相信我们可以共同面对的挑战，如武器扩散问题和海上安全，包括在中国南海合作。【2】
The centerpiece of Obama's visit was the announcement that at least 2,500 elite US Marines will be stationed in Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory. In addition, in a series of significant parallel agreements, discussions with Washington were underway to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. Also the US will gain greater use of Australian Air Force bases for American aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on the country’s west coast.
公告称，奥巴马访问的核心是至少有2500名美国精英海军陆战队员将驻扎在澳大利亚达尔文。此外，针对一系列的平行协议进行讨论，包括在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国侦察机。此外，美国空军将获得更多使用澳大利亚空军基地的权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The Pentagon’s target is China.
五角大楼的目标是中国
To make the point clear to European members of NATO, in remarks to fellow NATO members in Washington in July 2012, Phillip Hammond, the UK Secretary of State for Defense declared explicitly that the new US defense shift to the Asia-Pacific region was aimed squarely at China. Hammond said that, "the rising strategic importance of the Asia-Pacific region requires all countries, but particularly the United States, to reflect in their strategic posture the emergence of China as a global power. Far from being concerned about the tilt to Asia-Pacific, the European NATO powers should welcome the fact that the US is willing to engage in this new strategic challenge on behalf of the alliance." [3]
2012年7月，为了使北约的欧洲成员国明白这一点，英国国防国务卿菲利普哈蒙德在华盛顿向其他北约成员国讲话时，明确声明，美国新国防战略转向亚太地区意在中国。哈蒙德说，“亚太地区的战略很重要，要求所有国家参与，特别是美国应对中国成为一个全球大国的战略。欧洲的北约国家应该欢迎的这一事实（对亚太地区的政策倾斜），而美国愿意承担盟国在新的战略上带头大哥这一角色”。
As with many of its operations, the Pentagon deployment is far deeper than the relatively small number of 2,500 new US soldiers might suggest.
由于其（驻澳美军）作用的多样性，随着五角大楼部署的深入，未来可能增加2500美军士兵。
In August 2011 the Pentagon presented its annual report on China’s military. It stated that China had closed key technological gaps. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for East Asia, Michael Schiffer, said that the pace and scope of China's military investments had "allowed China to pursue capabilities that we believe are potentially destabilizing to regional military balances, increase the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation and may contribute to regional tensions and anxieties." [4] He cited Chinese refurbishing of a Soviet-era aircraft carrier and China’s development of its J20 Stealth Fighter as indications of the new capability requiring a more active US military response. Schiffer also cited China's space and cyber operations, saying it was "developing a multi-dimensional program to improve its capabilities to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by adversaries during times of crisis or conflict." [5]
2011年8月，五角大楼发布了对中国军力的年度报告。报告显示，中国已缩小了关键技术上的差距。国防部东亚事务副助理秘书，迈克尔•希弗说：中国在军费投资的速度和范围的增长，“允许中国追求更强的能力，这样的能力我们认为是地区的军事平衡的潜在不稳定因素，增加了误解和误判的风险，并可能会增加地区紧张和焦虑。”【4】他列举了中国翻新的苏联时代的航母，中国发展J20隐形战斗机，这些需要美国更积极的军事回应。希弗还列举了中国的太空和网络作战，他说，这是“一个多维的计划，以提高中国的能力，来限制或阻止对手在灾难或冲突发生时使用天基武器。”【5】
Part II: Pentagon’s ‘Air-Sea Battle’
第二部分：五角大楼的‘海天战场’
The Pentagon strategy to defeat China in a coming war, details of which have filtered into the US press, is called “Air-Sea Battle.” This calls for an aggressive coordinated US attack. US stealth bombers and submarines would knock out China's long-range surveillance radar and precision missile systems deep inside the country. This initial "blinding campaign" would be followed by a larger air and naval assault on China itself.[6] Crucial to the advanced pentagon strategy, deployment of which has already quietly begun, is US military navy and air presence in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam and across the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. Australian troop and naval deployment is aimed at accessing the strategic Chinese South China Sea as well as the Indian Ocean. The stated motive is to “protect freedom of navigation” in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea. In reality it is to be positioned to cut China’s strategic oil routes in event of full conflict.
五角大楼的战略，即在未来的战争中打败中国，从美国新闻界的细节中可以看到，被称为“海天战场。”这就要求美国的攻击需要更强的协调性。美国隐形轰炸机和潜艇需具备摧毁中国的远程监视雷达和深处内陆的高精度导弹系统精。最初的“致盲战役”之后将进行针对中国本土的较大规模的空军和海军打击。【6】五角大楼的这个先进战略的关键，已经悄然开始部署------在日本，台湾，菲律宾，越南和整个中国南海和印度洋部署的海军和空军。澳大利亚部队和海军部署的目的旨在战略性经营南中国海以及印度洋。上述行动的冠冕堂皇的动机是为了“保护在马六甲海峡和中国南海航行自由”。事实上，是为了在全面冲突时切断中国的战略石油输送路线。
Air-Sea Battle's goal is to help US forces withstand an initial Chinese assault and counterattack to destroy sophisticated Chinese radar and missile systems built to keep US ships away from China's coastline.[7]
海天战场的目的是帮助美军抵抗住中国的初期进攻并对中国复杂的雷达和导弹系统进行反击。（这些雷达和导弹系统将美军舰只隔离于中国的海岸线之外）【7】
US ‘Air-Sea Battle’ against China
美国针对中国的‘海天战场’
In addition to the stationing of the US Marines in the north of Australia, Washington plans to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the strategically vital Indian Ocean. Also it will have use of Australian Air Force bases for American military aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on Australia’s west coast.[8]
另外，在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国远程侦察机。美国空军将获得使用澳大利亚空军基地的更大权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The architect of the Pentagon anti-China strategy of Air-Sea battle is Andrew Marshall, the man who has shaped Pentagon advanced warfare strategy for more than 40 years and among whose pupils were Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld. [9] Since the 1980s Marshall has been a promoter of an idea first posited in 1982 by Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov, then chief of the Soviet general staff, called RMA, or 'Revolution in Military Affairs.’ Marshall, today at the ripe age of 91, still holds his desk and evidently very much influence inside the Pentagon.
五角大楼反中国的海空战略的设计师安德鲁•马歇尔，他为五角大楼在战略服务40年以上，他的学生中有切尼和拉姆斯菲尔德。【9】20世纪80年代以来，马歇尔是由1982年的尼古拉•奥加尔科夫元帅首先提出的观点的拥护者，后者是当时的苏联高层，这个点子叫做RMA，或“军事事务革命”。马歇尔，今年已经91岁，仍在五角大楼拥有自己的办公桌，并显然拥有非常大的影响力。
The best definition of RMA was the one provided by Marshall himself: “A Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.” [10]
马歇尔本人对RMA作出的最好的定义是：“这是一个军事革命（RMA），是一项重大变革，由于新技术的创新应用带来的军事理论和军事组织结构的概念的巨变，从根本上改变了军事行动的特性和行为。”【10】
It was also Andrew Marshall who convinced US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his successor Robert Gates to deploy the Ballistic Missile “defense” Shield in Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkey and Japan as a strategy to minimize any potential nuclear threat from Russia and, in the case of Japan’s BMD, any potential nuclear threat from China.
正是安德鲁•马歇尔说服了美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德和他的继任者罗伯特•盖茨（Robert Gates）在波兰，捷克，土耳其和日本部署反导系统，以尽量减少来自俄罗斯的弹道导弹任何潜在的核威胁，在日本部署的BMD，阻止来自中国的潜在核威胁。
PART III: ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy of Pentagon
第三部分：五角大楼的‘珍珠链’战略
In January 2005, Andrew Marshall issued a classified internal report to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld titled “Energy Futures in Asia.” The Marshall report, which was leaked in full to a Washington newspaper, invented the term “string of pearls” strategy to describe what it called the growing Chinese military threat to “US strategic interests” in the Asian space.[11]
2005年1月，安德鲁•马歇尔为时任国防部长唐纳德•拉姆斯菲尔德撰写了题为“能源的未来在亚洲”机密内部报告，马歇尔的报告后被华盛顿的报纸批露。报告中发明了术语“珍珠链”战略，该战略用来应对中国不断增长的对 “美国在亚洲的战略利益” 的军事威胁。【11】
The internal Pentagon report claimed that “China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to the South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives.”
该五角大楼内部报告称，“中国在从中东到中国南海的海上通道沿线建立战略合作关系，定位是防御性的同时又是进攻性的，目的是保护中国的能源利益，也为其他广泛的安全目标服务。”
In the Pentagon Andrew Marshall report, the term China’s “String of Pearls” Strategy was used for the first time. It is a Pentagon term and not a Chinese term.
报告中写道：这是中国‘珍珠链’战略的第一次应用，但这个战略应当由美国来实施而不是中国。
The report stated that China was adopting a “string of pearls” strategy of bases and diplomatic ties stretching from the Middle East to southern China that includes a new naval base under construction at the Pakistani port of Gwadar. It claimed that “Beijing already has set up electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar in the country’s southwest corner, the part nearest the Persian Gulf. The post is monitoring ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea.” [12]
该报告指出，中国正在采取一种基于“珍珠链”的军事战略和外交手段，从中东延伸到中国南部，包括在巴基斯坦瓜达尔港口的建设新的海军基地。该报告称，“北京已经在该国的西南角的瓜达尔设立电子监听站，该处是离波斯湾最近的地方。该站监听着通过霍尔木兹海峡和阿拉伯海的船只。”【12】
The Marshall internal report went on to warn of other “pearls” in the sea-lane strategy of China:
报告罗列了中国‘珍珠链’战略的其他‘珍珠’，以期引起警醒：
• Bangladesh: China is strengthening its ties to the government and building a container port facility at Chittagong. The Chinese are “seeking much more extensive naval and commercial access” in Bangladesh.
孟加拉国：中国正在加强政府间的合作关系，并建设在吉大港的集装箱港口设施。中国人要 “寻求与孟加拉国海军和商业更广泛的合作”。
• Burma: China has developed close ties to the military regime in Rangoon and turned a nation wary of China into a “satellite” of Beijing close to the Strait of Malacca, through which 80 percent of China’s imported oil passes. China is building naval bases in Burma and has electronic intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Bengal and near the Strait of Malacca. Beijing also supplied Burma with “billions of dollars in military assistance to support a de facto military alliance,” the report said.
缅甸：中国已经与仰光军事政权建立了密切的联系，谨慎地把附近的马六甲海峡区域变成中国的“卫星”国，中国进口石油的80％由这里通过。中国在缅甸建立海军基地，并在孟加拉湾和马六甲海峡附近的岛屿上建设电子情报搜集设施。北京还为缅甸提供了“数十亿美元的军事援助，以支撑一个事实上的军事联盟。”
• Cambodia: China signed a military agreement in November 2003 to provide training and equipment. Cambodia is helping Beijing build a railway line from southern China to the sea.
柬埔寨：中国在2003年11月签署了一项军事协议，向柬提供培训和设备。柬埔寨正在帮助北京修建一条铁路线，从中国南部直达柬出海口。
• South China Sea: Chinese activities in the region are less about territorial claims than “protecting or denying the transit of tankers through the South China Sea,” the report said. China also is building up its military forces in the region to be able to “project air and sea power” from the mainland and Hainan Island. China recently upgraded a military airstrip on Woody Island and increased its presence through oil drilling platforms and ocean survey ships.
中国南海：中国在该地区的活动相对于领土要求而言”，是为了“保护或拒绝油轮通过中国南海”更多些，该报告称。中国还建立其在该地区的军事力量，以便有能力从大陆和海南岛“投射空中和海上力量”。中国最近升级了永兴岛的飞机跑道，通过增加石油钻井平台和海洋调查船体现军事存在。
• Thailand: China is considering funding construction of a $20 billion canal across the Kra Isthmus that would allow ships to bypass the Strait of Malacca. The canal project would give China port facilities, warehouses and other infrastructure in Thailand aimed at enhancing Chinese influence in the region, the report said… The U.S. military’s Southern Command produced a similar classified report in the late 1990s that warned that China was seeking to use commercial port facilities around the world to control strategic “chokepoints.” [13]
泰国：中国正在考虑建设耗资200亿美元的横跨克拉地峡运河，使船只绕过马六甲海峡。该运河项目将使中国在泰国拥有港口设施，仓库及其他基础设施，同时提高中国在该地区的影响力，该报告说... 20世纪90年代晚些时候，美军南方司令部制作过一个类似的机密报告中警告说，中国寻求使用世界各地的商业港口设施来控制战略“关卡”。【13】
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自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支。
正文翻译:
by F. William Engdah
Global Research, August 24, 2012
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the nominal end of the Cold War some twenty years back, rather than reducing the size of its mammoth defense spending, the US and all US Presidents have enormously expanded spending for new weapons systems, increased permanent military bases around the world and expansion of NATO not only to former Warsaw Pact countries on Russia’s immediate periphery; it also has expanded NATO and US military presence deep into Asia on the perimeters of China through its conduct of the Afghan war and related campaigns.
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支，扩张其全球范围内的军事基地，北约的东扩也不仅限于前华约国家，更向俄罗斯的后院紧逼；同时在亚洲，通过主导发动阿富汗等战争，北约和美国的军事势力渗透向中国边境。
Part I The Pentagon Targets China
第一部分：五角大楼瞄准中国
On the basis of simple dollar outlays for military spending, the US Pentagon combined budget, leaving aside the huge budgets for such national security and defense-related agencies of US Government as the Department of Energy and US Treasury and other agencies, the US Department of Defense spent some $739 billion in 2011 on its military requirements. Were all other spending that is tied to US defense and national security included, the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates an annual military spending of over $1 trillion by the United States. That is an amount greater than the total defense-related spending of the next 42 nations combined, and more than the Gross Domestic Product of most nations.
作为一个纯支出单位，美国国防部的2011年年度预算达到7390亿美元，其中包括本土安全部门和防卫相关部门的巨额费用。伦敦的国际战略研究机构指出：实际上美国支出超过10000亿美元的军事费用。比排名2-43位的42个国家的总和还多，同时也超过绝大多数国家的GDP。
China officially spent barely 10% of the US outlay on its defense, some $90 billions, or, if certain defense-related arms import and other costs are included, perhaps $111 billion a year. Even if the Chinese authorities do not publish complete data on such sensitive areas, it is clear China spends a mere fraction of the USA and is starting from a military-technology base far behind the USA.
中国的军费大约是美国的10%，约合900亿美元，如果包括其他防卫相关的军备的话，则约为1110亿美元。虽然中国当局没有公布这个敏感领域的数据，但是很明显中国的军费是美国微小的部分，而且中国的军事技术基础仍远远落后美国。
China today, because of its dynamic economic growth and its determination to pursue sovereign Chinese national interests, merely because China exists, is becoming the Pentagon new “enemy image,” now replacing the earlier “enemy image” of Islam used after September 2001 by the Bush-Cheney Administration to justify the Pentagon’s global power pursuit, or that of Soviet Communism during the Cold War. The new US military posture against China has nothing to do with any aggressive threat from the side of China. The Pentagon has decided to escalate its aggressive military posture to China merely because China has become a strong vibrant independent pole in world economics and geopolitics. Only vassal states need apply to Washington’s globalized world.
现在的中国，不仅因其充满活力的经济和维护领土主权的决心，而且就因为中国还存在，她注定成为五角大楼的新假想敌，取代了冷战时期的苏联共XX和2001年9月之后由布什切尼政府树立的伊斯兰的敌人位置。五角大楼逐步升级其针对中国的进攻性军事策略，不是因为要处理来自中国方面的任何军事威胁，仅仅因为中国正在成为世界经济和地缘政治的充满活力的一极。这是为华盛顿全球化政府奴役世界服务的。
Obama Doctrine: China is the new ‘enemy image’
奥巴马的教义：中国是新敌人
After almost two decades of neglect of its interests in East Asia, in 2011, the Obama Administration announced that the US would make “a strategic pivot” in its foreign policy to focus its military and political attention on the Asia-Pacific, particularly Southeast Asia, that is, China. The term “strategic pivot” is a page out of the classic textbook from the father of British geopolitics, Sir Halford Mackinder, who spoke at various times of Russia and later China as “pivot powers” whose geographical and geopolitical position posed unique challenges toAnglo-Saxon and after 1945, to American hegemony.
2011年，在忽略其在东亚的利益近20年后，美国的（奥巴马）政府宣布将将其对外策略----军事、政治战略重心转向亚太地区，尤其是东南亚，也就是说中国。‘战略重心’这个词是英国地缘政治家哈尔福爵提出的经典论调，他在1945年多次提到，中国和俄罗斯，他们的地缘政治和地理位置命中注定是对盎格鲁-撒克逊----对美国霸权的的重大挑战。
During the final months of 2011 the Obama Administration clearly defined a new public military threat doctrine for US military readiness in the wake of the US military failures in Iraq and Afghanistan. During a Presidential trip to the Far East, while in Australia, the US President unveiled what is being termed the Obama Doctrine.[1]
在2011年晚些时候，随着美国在伊拉克和阿富汗的军事行动以失败告终，奥巴马政府明确了新的美国军事威胁，在访问远东期间，美国总统在澳大利亚阐明了其政策。【1】
Obama told the Australians then:
奥巴马这样跟澳大利亚人说：
With most of the world’s nuclear power and some half of humanity, Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by conflict or cooperation…As President, I have, therefore, made a deliberate and strategic decision -- as a Pacific nation, the United States will play a larger and long-term role in shaping this region and its future…I have directed my national security team to make our presence and mission in the Asia Pacific a top priority...As we plan and budget for the future, we will allocate the resources necessary to maintain our strong military presence in this region. We will preserve our unique ability to project power and deter threats to peace…Our enduring interests in the region demand our enduring presence in the region.
与大多数有核国家及另外一半人民一样，亚洲将在很大程度上决定世界的前景是冲突还是合作。作为总统，我必须做出战略决策 ----- 作为一个太平洋国家，美国在塑造本地区和本地区未来上将扮演一个更大、更长期的角色，我已指示我的国家安全团队，这是我们在亚太地区的首要任务和使命...我们未雨绸缪，我们将在这一地区分配必要的资源，保持强大的军事存在。我们将保持我们独特的力量投射能力，并阻止对和平的威胁......我们在该地区的持久利益要求我们在该地区的持久存在。（译注:这是奥总的原文，应该有官配的中文）
The United States is a Pacific power, and we are here to stay. Indeed, we are already modernizing America’s defense posture across the Asia Pacific. It will be more broadly distributed -- maintaining our strong presence in Japan and the Korean Peninsula, while enhancing our presence in Southeast Asia. Our posture will be more flexible -- with new capabilities to ensure that our forces can operate freely .. I believe we can address shared challenges, such as proliferation and maritime security, including cooperation in the South China Sea.[2]
美国是一个太平洋大国，我们在这里生息。事实上，我们已经着手现代化美国在整个亚洲太平洋地区的防卫态势。这将是更广泛地分布 - 在日本和朝鲜半岛保持强大的存在，同时加强我们在东南亚地区的存在。我们的立场将更加灵活 ----以确保我们的军队也能操作自如......我相信我们可以共同面对的挑战，如武器扩散问题和海上安全，包括在中国南海合作。【2】
The centerpiece of Obama's visit was the announcement that at least 2,500 elite US Marines will be stationed in Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory. In addition, in a series of significant parallel agreements, discussions with Washington were underway to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. Also the US will gain greater use of Australian Air Force bases for American aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on the country’s west coast.
公告称，奥巴马访问的核心是至少有2500名美国精英海军陆战队员将驻扎在澳大利亚达尔文。此外，针对一系列的平行协议进行讨论，包括在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国侦察机。此外，美国空军将获得更多使用澳大利亚空军基地的权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The Pentagon’s target is China.
五角大楼的目标是中国
To make the point clear to European members of NATO, in remarks to fellow NATO members in Washington in July 2012, Phillip Hammond, the UK Secretary of State for Defense declared explicitly that the new US defense shift to the Asia-Pacific region was aimed squarely at China. Hammond said that, "the rising strategic importance of the Asia-Pacific region requires all countries, but particularly the United States, to reflect in their strategic posture the emergence of China as a global power. Far from being concerned about the tilt to Asia-Pacific, the European NATO powers should welcome the fact that the US is willing to engage in this new strategic challenge on behalf of the alliance." [3]
2012年7月，为了使北约的欧洲成员国明白这一点，英国国防国务卿菲利普哈蒙德在华盛顿向其他北约成员国讲话时，明确声明，美国新国防战略转向亚太地区意在中国。哈蒙德说，“亚太地区的战略很重要，要求所有国家参与，特别是美国应对中国成为一个全球大国的战略。欧洲的北约国家应该欢迎的这一事实（对亚太地区的政策倾斜），而美国愿意承担盟国在新的战略上带头大哥这一角色”。
As with many of its operations, the Pentagon deployment is far deeper than the relatively small number of 2,500 new US soldiers might suggest.
由于其（驻澳美军）作用的多样性，随着五角大楼部署的深入，未来可能增加2500美军士兵。
In August 2011 the Pentagon presented its annual report on China’s military. It stated that China had closed key technological gaps. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for East Asia, Michael Schiffer, said that the pace and scope of China's military investments had "allowed China to pursue capabilities that we believe are potentially destabilizing to regional military balances, increase the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation and may contribute to regional tensions and anxieties." [4] He cited Chinese refurbishing of a Soviet-era aircraft carrier and China’s development of its J20 Stealth Fighter as indications of the new capability requiring a more active US military response. Schiffer also cited China's space and cyber operations, saying it was "developing a multi-dimensional program to improve its capabilities to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by adversaries during times of crisis or conflict." [5]
2011年8月，五角大楼发布了对中国军力的年度报告。报告显示，中国已缩小了关键技术上的差距。国防部东亚事务副助理秘书，迈克尔•希弗说：中国在军费投资的速度和范围的增长，“允许中国追求更强的能力，这样的能力我们认为是地区的军事平衡的潜在不稳定因素，增加了误解和误判的风险，并可能会增加地区紧张和焦虑。”【4】他列举了中国翻新的苏联时代的航母，中国发展J20隐形战斗机，这些需要美国更积极的军事回应。希弗还列举了中国的太空和网络作战，他说，这是“一个多维的计划，以提高中国的能力，来限制或阻止对手在灾难或冲突发生时使用天基武器。”【5】
Part II: Pentagon’s ‘Air-Sea Battle’
第二部分：五角大楼的‘海天战场’
The Pentagon strategy to defeat China in a coming war, details of which have filtered into the US press, is called “Air-Sea Battle.” This calls for an aggressive coordinated US attack. US stealth bombers and submarines would knock out China's long-range surveillance radar and precision missile systems deep inside the country. This initial "blinding campaign" would be followed by a larger air and naval assault on China itself.[6] Crucial to the advanced pentagon strategy, deployment of which has already quietly begun, is US military navy and air presence in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam and across the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. Australian troop and naval deployment is aimed at accessing the strategic Chinese South China Sea as well as the Indian Ocean. The stated motive is to “protect freedom of navigation” in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea. In reality it is to be positioned to cut China’s strategic oil routes in event of full conflict.
五角大楼的战略，即在未来的战争中打败中国，从美国新闻界的细节中可以看到，被称为“海天战场。”这就要求美国的攻击需要更强的协调性。美国隐形轰炸机和潜艇需具备摧毁中国的远程监视雷达和深处内陆的高精度导弹系统精。最初的“致盲战役”之后将进行针对中国本土的较大规模的空军和海军打击。【6】五角大楼的这个先进战略的关键，已经悄然开始部署------在日本，台湾，菲律宾，越南和整个中国南海和印度洋部署的海军和空军。澳大利亚部队和海军部署的目的旨在战略性经营南中国海以及印度洋。上述行动的冠冕堂皇的动机是为了“保护在马六甲海峡和中国南海航行自由”。事实上，是为了在全面冲突时切断中国的战略石油输送路线。
Air-Sea Battle's goal is to help US forces withstand an initial Chinese assault and counterattack to destroy sophisticated Chinese radar and missile systems built to keep US ships away from China's coastline.[7]
海天战场的目的是帮助美军抵抗住中国的初期进攻并对中国复杂的雷达和导弹系统进行反击。（这些雷达和导弹系统将美军舰只隔离于中国的海岸线之外）【7】
US ‘Air-Sea Battle’ against China
美国针对中国的‘海天战场’
In addition to the stationing of the US Marines in the north of Australia, Washington plans to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the strategically vital Indian Ocean. Also it will have use of Australian Air Force bases for American military aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on Australia’s west coast.[8]
另外，在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国远程侦察机。美国空军将获得使用澳大利亚空军基地的更大权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The architect of the Pentagon anti-China strategy of Air-Sea battle is Andrew Marshall, the man who has shaped Pentagon advanced warfare strategy for more than 40 years and among whose pupils were Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld. [9] Since the 1980s Marshall has been a promoter of an idea first posited in 1982 by Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov, then chief of the Soviet general staff, called RMA, or 'Revolution in Military Affairs.’ Marshall, today at the ripe age of 91, still holds his desk and evidently very much influence inside the Pentagon.
五角大楼反中国的海空战略的设计师安德鲁•马歇尔，他为五角大楼在战略服务40年以上，他的学生中有切尼和拉姆斯菲尔德。【9】20世纪80年代以来，马歇尔是由1982年的尼古拉•奥加尔科夫元帅首先提出的观点的拥护者，后者是当时的苏联高层，这个点子叫做RMA，或“军事事务革命”。马歇尔，今年已经91岁，仍在五角大楼拥有自己的办公桌，并显然拥有非常大的影响力。
The best definition of RMA was the one provided by Marshall himself: “A Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.” [10]
马歇尔本人对RMA作出的最好的定义是：“这是一个军事革命（RMA），是一项重大变革，由于新技术的创新应用带来的军事理论和军事组织结构的概念的巨变，从根本上改变了军事行动的特性和行为。”【10】
It was also Andrew Marshall who convinced US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his successor Robert Gates to deploy the Ballistic Missile “defense” Shield in Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkey and Japan as a strategy to minimize any potential nuclear threat from Russia and, in the case of Japan’s BMD, any potential nuclear threat from China.
正是安德鲁•马歇尔说服了美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德和他的继任者罗伯特•盖茨（Robert Gates）在波兰，捷克，土耳其和日本部署反导系统，以尽量减少来自俄罗斯的弹道导弹任何潜在的核威胁，在日本部署的BMD，阻止来自中国的潜在核威胁。
PART III: ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy of Pentagon
第三部分：五角大楼的‘珍珠链’战略
In January 2005, Andrew Marshall issued a classified internal report to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld titled “Energy Futures in Asia.” The Marshall report, which was leaked in full to a Washington newspaper, invented the term “string of pearls” strategy to describe what it called the growing Chinese military threat to “US strategic interests” in the Asian space.[11]
2005年1月，安德鲁•马歇尔为时任国防部长唐纳德•拉姆斯菲尔德撰写了题为“能源的未来在亚洲”机密内部报告，马歇尔的报告后被华盛顿的报纸批露。报告中发明了术语“珍珠链”战略，该战略用来应对中国不断增长的对 “美国在亚洲的战略利益” 的军事威胁。【11】
The internal Pentagon report claimed that “China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to the South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives.”
该五角大楼内部报告称，“中国在从中东到中国南海的海上通道沿线建立战略合作关系，定位是防御性的同时又是进攻性的，目的是保护中国的能源利益，也为其他广泛的安全目标服务。”
In the Pentagon Andrew Marshall report, the term China’s “String of Pearls” Strategy was used for the first time. It is a Pentagon term and not a Chinese term.
报告中写道：这是中国‘珍珠链’战略的第一次应用，但这个战略应当由美国来实施而不是中国。
The report stated that China was adopting a “string of pearls” strategy of bases and diplomatic ties stretching from the Middle East to southern China that includes a new naval base under construction at the Pakistani port of Gwadar. It claimed that “Beijing already has set up electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar in the country’s southwest corner, the part nearest the Persian Gulf. The post is monitoring ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea.” [12]
该报告指出，中国正在采取一种基于“珍珠链”的军事战略和外交手段，从中东延伸到中国南部，包括在巴基斯坦瓜达尔港口的建设新的海军基地。该报告称，“北京已经在该国的西南角的瓜达尔设立电子监听站，该处是离波斯湾最近的地方。该站监听着通过霍尔木兹海峡和阿拉伯海的船只。”【12】
The Marshall internal report went on to warn of other “pearls” in the sea-lane strategy of China:
报告罗列了中国‘珍珠链’战略的其他‘珍珠’，以期引起警醒：
• Bangladesh: China is strengthening its ties to the government and building a container port facility at Chittagong. The Chinese are “seeking much more extensive naval and commercial access” in Bangladesh.
孟加拉国：中国正在加强政府间的合作关系，并建设在吉大港的集装箱港口设施。中国人要 “寻求与孟加拉国海军和商业更广泛的合作”。
• Burma: China has developed close ties to the military regime in Rangoon and turned a nation wary of China into a “satellite” of Beijing close to the Strait of Malacca, through which 80 percent of China’s imported oil passes. China is building naval bases in Burma and has electronic intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Bengal and near the Strait of Malacca. Beijing also supplied Burma with “billions of dollars in military assistance to support a de facto military alliance,” the report said.
缅甸：中国已经与仰光军事政权建立了密切的联系，谨慎地把附近的马六甲海峡区域变成中国的“卫星”国，中国进口石油的80％由这里通过。中国在缅甸建立海军基地，并在孟加拉湾和马六甲海峡附近的岛屿上建设电子情报搜集设施。北京还为缅甸提供了“数十亿美元的军事援助，以支撑一个事实上的军事联盟。”
• Cambodia: China signed a military agreement in November 2003 to provide training and equipment. Cambodia is helping Beijing build a railway line from southern China to the sea.
柬埔寨：中国在2003年11月签署了一项军事协议，向柬提供培训和设备。柬埔寨正在帮助北京修建一条铁路线，从中国南部直达柬出海口。
• South China Sea: Chinese activities in the region are less about territorial claims than “protecting or denying the transit of tankers through the South China Sea,” the report said. China also is building up its military forces in the region to be able to “project air and sea power” from the mainland and Hainan Island. China recently upgraded a military airstrip on Woody Island and increased its presence through oil drilling platforms and ocean survey ships.
中国南海：中国在该地区的活动相对于领土要求而言”，是为了“保护或拒绝油轮通过中国南海”更多些，该报告称。中国还建立其在该地区的军事力量，以便有能力从大陆和海南岛“投射空中和海上力量”。中国最近升级了永兴岛的飞机跑道，通过增加石油钻井平台和海洋调查船体现军事存在。
• Thailand: China is considering funding construction of a $20 billion canal across the Kra Isthmus that would allow ships to bypass the Strait of Malacca. The canal project would give China port facilities, warehouses and other infrastructure in Thailand aimed at enhancing Chinese influence in the region, the report said… The U.S. military’s Southern Command produced a similar classified report in the late 1990s that warned that China was seeking to use commercial port facilities around the world to control strategic “chokepoints.” [13]
泰国：中国正在考虑建设耗资200亿美元的横跨克拉地峡运河，使船只绕过马六甲海峡。该运河项目将使中国在泰国拥有港口设施，仓库及其他基础设施，同时提高中国在该地区的影响力，该报告说... 20世纪90年代晚些时候，美军南方司令部制作过一个类似的机密报告中警告说，中国寻求使用世界各地的商业港口设施来控制战略“关卡”。【13】
欢迎来到龙腾网，我们提供最棒的国外网帖翻译!译文简介:
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支。
正文翻译:
by F. William Engdah
Global Research, August 24, 2012
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the nominal end of the Cold War some twenty years back, rather than reducing the size of its mammoth defense spending, the US and all US Presidents have enormously expanded spending for new weapons systems, increased permanent military bases around the world and expansion of NATO not only to former Warsaw Pact countries on Russia’s immediate periphery; it also has expanded NATO and US military presence deep into Asia on the perimeters of China through its conduct of the Afghan war and related campaigns.
自苏联的解体以来，冷战的铁幕也已落下了20年，美国庞大的军事开支不仅没有减少，历届美国的国会和总统反而大幅度增加在新武器系统上的开支，扩张其全球范围内的军事基地，北约的东扩也不仅限于前华约国家，更向俄罗斯的后院紧逼；同时在亚洲，通过主导发动阿富汗等战争，北约和美国的军事势力渗透向中国边境。
Part I The Pentagon Targets China
第一部分：五角大楼瞄准中国
On the basis of simple dollar outlays for military spending, the US Pentagon combined budget, leaving aside the huge budgets for such national security and defense-related agencies of US Government as the Department of Energy and US Treasury and other agencies, the US Department of Defense spent some $739 billion in 2011 on its military requirements. Were all other spending that is tied to US defense and national security included, the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates an annual military spending of over $1 trillion by the United States. That is an amount greater than the total defense-related spending of the next 42 nations combined, and more than the Gross Domestic Product of most nations.
作为一个纯支出单位，美国国防部的2011年年度预算达到7390亿美元，其中包括本土安全部门和防卫相关部门的巨额费用。伦敦的国际战略研究机构指出：实际上美国支出超过10000亿美元的军事费用。比排名2-43位的42个国家的总和还多，同时也超过绝大多数国家的GDP。
China officially spent barely 10% of the US outlay on its defense, some $90 billions, or, if certain defense-related arms import and other costs are included, perhaps $111 billion a year. Even if the Chinese authorities do not publish complete data on such sensitive areas, it is clear China spends a mere fraction of the USA and is starting from a military-technology base far behind the USA.
中国的军费大约是美国的10%，约合900亿美元，如果包括其他防卫相关的军备的话，则约为1110亿美元。虽然中国当局没有公布这个敏感领域的数据，但是很明显中国的军费是美国微小的部分，而且中国的军事技术基础仍远远落后美国。
China today, because of its dynamic economic growth and its determination to pursue sovereign Chinese national interests, merely because China exists, is becoming the Pentagon new “enemy image,” now replacing the earlier “enemy image” of Islam used after September 2001 by the Bush-Cheney Administration to justify the Pentagon’s global power pursuit, or that of Soviet Communism during the Cold War. The new US military posture against China has nothing to do with any aggressive threat from the side of China. The Pentagon has decided to escalate its aggressive military posture to China merely because China has become a strong vibrant independent pole in world economics and geopolitics. Only vassal states need apply to Washington’s globalized world.
现在的中国，不仅因其充满活力的经济和维护领土主权的决心，而且就因为中国还存在，她注定成为五角大楼的新假想敌，取代了冷战时期的苏联共XX和2001年9月之后由布什切尼政府树立的伊斯兰的敌人位置。五角大楼逐步升级其针对中国的进攻性军事策略，不是因为要处理来自中国方面的任何军事威胁，仅仅因为中国正在成为世界经济和地缘政治的充满活力的一极。这是为华盛顿全球化政府奴役世界服务的。
Obama Doctrine: China is the new ‘enemy image’
奥巴马的教义：中国是新敌人
After almost two decades of neglect of its interests in East Asia, in 2011, the Obama Administration announced that the US would make “a strategic pivot” in its foreign policy to focus its military and political attention on the Asia-Pacific, particularly Southeast Asia, that is, China. The term “strategic pivot” is a page out of the classic textbook from the father of British geopolitics, Sir Halford Mackinder, who spoke at various times of Russia and later China as “pivot powers” whose geographical and geopolitical position posed unique challenges toAnglo-Saxon and after 1945, to American hegemony.
2011年，在忽略其在东亚的利益近20年后，美国的（奥巴马）政府宣布将将其对外策略----军事、政治战略重心转向亚太地区，尤其是东南亚，也就是说中国。‘战略重心’这个词是英国地缘政治家哈尔福爵提出的经典论调，他在1945年多次提到，中国和俄罗斯，他们的地缘政治和地理位置命中注定是对盎格鲁-撒克逊----对美国霸权的的重大挑战。
During the final months of 2011 the Obama Administration clearly defined a new public military threat doctrine for US military readiness in the wake of the US military failures in Iraq and Afghanistan. During a Presidential trip to the Far East, while in Australia, the US President unveiled what is being termed the Obama Doctrine.[1]
在2011年晚些时候，随着美国在伊拉克和阿富汗的军事行动以失败告终，奥巴马政府明确了新的美国军事威胁，在访问远东期间，美国总统在澳大利亚阐明了其政策。【1】
Obama told the Australians then:
奥巴马这样跟澳大利亚人说：
With most of the world’s nuclear power and some half of humanity, Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by conflict or cooperation…As President, I have, therefore, made a deliberate and strategic decision -- as a Pacific nation, the United States will play a larger and long-term role in shaping this region and its future…I have directed my national security team to make our presence and mission in the Asia Pacific a top priority...As we plan and budget for the future, we will allocate the resources necessary to maintain our strong military presence in this region. We will preserve our unique ability to project power and deter threats to peace…Our enduring interests in the region demand our enduring presence in the region.
与大多数有核国家及另外一半人民一样，亚洲将在很大程度上决定世界的前景是冲突还是合作。作为总统，我必须做出战略决策 ----- 作为一个太平洋国家，美国在塑造本地区和本地区未来上将扮演一个更大、更长期的角色，我已指示我的国家安全团队，这是我们在亚太地区的首要任务和使命...我们未雨绸缪，我们将在这一地区分配必要的资源，保持强大的军事存在。我们将保持我们独特的力量投射能力，并阻止对和平的威胁......我们在该地区的持久利益要求我们在该地区的持久存在。（译注:这是奥总的原文，应该有官配的中文）
The United States is a Pacific power, and we are here to stay. Indeed, we are already modernizing America’s defense posture across the Asia Pacific. It will be more broadly distributed -- maintaining our strong presence in Japan and the Korean Peninsula, while enhancing our presence in Southeast Asia. Our posture will be more flexible -- with new capabilities to ensure that our forces can operate freely .. I believe we can address shared challenges, such as proliferation and maritime security, including cooperation in the South China Sea.[2]
美国是一个太平洋大国，我们在这里生息。事实上，我们已经着手现代化美国在整个亚洲太平洋地区的防卫态势。这将是更广泛地分布 - 在日本和朝鲜半岛保持强大的存在，同时加强我们在东南亚地区的存在。我们的立场将更加灵活 ----以确保我们的军队也能操作自如......我相信我们可以共同面对的挑战，如武器扩散问题和海上安全，包括在中国南海合作。【2】
The centerpiece of Obama's visit was the announcement that at least 2,500 elite US Marines will be stationed in Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory. In addition, in a series of significant parallel agreements, discussions with Washington were underway to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. Also the US will gain greater use of Australian Air Force bases for American aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on the country’s west coast.
公告称，奥巴马访问的核心是至少有2500名美国精英海军陆战队员将驻扎在澳大利亚达尔文。此外，针对一系列的平行协议进行讨论，包括在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国侦察机。此外，美国空军将获得更多使用澳大利亚空军基地的权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The Pentagon’s target is China.
五角大楼的目标是中国
To make the point clear to European members of NATO, in remarks to fellow NATO members in Washington in July 2012, Phillip Hammond, the UK Secretary of State for Defense declared explicitly that the new US defense shift to the Asia-Pacific region was aimed squarely at China. Hammond said that, "the rising strategic importance of the Asia-Pacific region requires all countries, but particularly the United States, to reflect in their strategic posture the emergence of China as a global power. Far from being concerned about the tilt to Asia-Pacific, the European NATO powers should welcome the fact that the US is willing to engage in this new strategic challenge on behalf of the alliance." [3]
2012年7月，为了使北约的欧洲成员国明白这一点，英国国防国务卿菲利普哈蒙德在华盛顿向其他北约成员国讲话时，明确声明，美国新国防战略转向亚太地区意在中国。哈蒙德说，“亚太地区的战略很重要，要求所有国家参与，特别是美国应对中国成为一个全球大国的战略。欧洲的北约国家应该欢迎的这一事实（对亚太地区的政策倾斜），而美国愿意承担盟国在新的战略上带头大哥这一角色”。
As with many of its operations, the Pentagon deployment is far deeper than the relatively small number of 2,500 new US soldiers might suggest.
由于其（驻澳美军）作用的多样性，随着五角大楼部署的深入，未来可能增加2500美军士兵。
In August 2011 the Pentagon presented its annual report on China’s military. It stated that China had closed key technological gaps. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for East Asia, Michael Schiffer, said that the pace and scope of China's military investments had "allowed China to pursue capabilities that we believe are potentially destabilizing to regional military balances, increase the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation and may contribute to regional tensions and anxieties." [4] He cited Chinese refurbishing of a Soviet-era aircraft carrier and China’s development of its J20 Stealth Fighter as indications of the new capability requiring a more active US military response. Schiffer also cited China's space and cyber operations, saying it was "developing a multi-dimensional program to improve its capabilities to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by adversaries during times of crisis or conflict." [5]
2011年8月，五角大楼发布了对中国军力的年度报告。报告显示，中国已缩小了关键技术上的差距。国防部东亚事务副助理秘书，迈克尔•希弗说：中国在军费投资的速度和范围的增长，“允许中国追求更强的能力，这样的能力我们认为是地区的军事平衡的潜在不稳定因素，增加了误解和误判的风险，并可能会增加地区紧张和焦虑。”【4】他列举了中国翻新的苏联时代的航母，中国发展J20隐形战斗机，这些需要美国更积极的军事回应。希弗还列举了中国的太空和网络作战，他说，这是“一个多维的计划，以提高中国的能力，来限制或阻止对手在灾难或冲突发生时使用天基武器。”【5】
Part II: Pentagon’s ‘Air-Sea Battle’
第二部分：五角大楼的‘海天战场’
The Pentagon strategy to defeat China in a coming war, details of which have filtered into the US press, is called “Air-Sea Battle.” This calls for an aggressive coordinated US attack. US stealth bombers and submarines would knock out China's long-range surveillance radar and precision missile systems deep inside the country. This initial "blinding campaign" would be followed by a larger air and naval assault on China itself.[6] Crucial to the advanced pentagon strategy, deployment of which has already quietly begun, is US military navy and air presence in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam and across the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. Australian troop and naval deployment is aimed at accessing the strategic Chinese South China Sea as well as the Indian Ocean. The stated motive is to “protect freedom of navigation” in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea. In reality it is to be positioned to cut China’s strategic oil routes in event of full conflict.
五角大楼的战略，即在未来的战争中打败中国，从美国新闻界的细节中可以看到，被称为“海天战场。”这就要求美国的攻击需要更强的协调性。美国隐形轰炸机和潜艇需具备摧毁中国的远程监视雷达和深处内陆的高精度导弹系统精。最初的“致盲战役”之后将进行针对中国本土的较大规模的空军和海军打击。【6】五角大楼的这个先进战略的关键，已经悄然开始部署------在日本，台湾，菲律宾，越南和整个中国南海和印度洋部署的海军和空军。澳大利亚部队和海军部署的目的旨在战略性经营南中国海以及印度洋。上述行动的冠冕堂皇的动机是为了“保护在马六甲海峡和中国南海航行自由”。事实上，是为了在全面冲突时切断中国的战略石油输送路线。
Air-Sea Battle's goal is to help US forces withstand an initial Chinese assault and counterattack to destroy sophisticated Chinese radar and missile systems built to keep US ships away from China's coastline.[7]
海天战场的目的是帮助美军抵抗住中国的初期进攻并对中国复杂的雷达和导弹系统进行反击。（这些雷达和导弹系统将美军舰只隔离于中国的海岸线之外）【7】
US ‘Air-Sea Battle’ against China
美国针对中国的‘海天战场’
In addition to the stationing of the US Marines in the north of Australia, Washington plans to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the strategically vital Indian Ocean. Also it will have use of Australian Air Force bases for American military aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on Australia’s west coast.[8]
另外，在科科斯群岛（澳大利亚在印度洋上的领土）部署美国远程侦察机。美国空军将获得使用澳大利亚空军基地的更大权力，美国海军同时增加访问珀斯外军港的舰艇和潜艇的次数。
The architect of the Pentagon anti-China strategy of Air-Sea battle is Andrew Marshall, the man who has shaped Pentagon advanced warfare strategy for more than 40 years and among whose pupils were Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld. [9] Since the 1980s Marshall has been a promoter of an idea first posited in 1982 by Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov, then chief of the Soviet general staff, called RMA, or 'Revolution in Military Affairs.’ Marshall, today at the ripe age of 91, still holds his desk and evidently very much influence inside the Pentagon.
五角大楼反中国的海空战略的设计师安德鲁•马歇尔，他为五角大楼在战略服务40年以上，他的学生中有切尼和拉姆斯菲尔德。【9】20世纪80年代以来，马歇尔是由1982年的尼古拉•奥加尔科夫元帅首先提出的观点的拥护者，后者是当时的苏联高层，这个点子叫做RMA，或“军事事务革命”。马歇尔，今年已经91岁，仍在五角大楼拥有自己的办公桌，并显然拥有非常大的影响力。
The best definition of RMA was the one provided by Marshall himself: “A Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.” [10]
马歇尔本人对RMA作出的最好的定义是：“这是一个军事革命（RMA），是一项重大变革，由于新技术的创新应用带来的军事理论和军事组织结构的概念的巨变，从根本上改变了军事行动的特性和行为。”【10】
It was also Andrew Marshall who convinced US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his successor Robert Gates to deploy the Ballistic Missile “defense” Shield in Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkey and Japan as a strategy to minimize any potential nuclear threat from Russia and, in the case of Japan’s BMD, any potential nuclear threat from China.
正是安德鲁•马歇尔说服了美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德和他的继任者罗伯特•盖茨（Robert Gates）在波兰，捷克，土耳其和日本部署反导系统，以尽量减少来自俄罗斯的弹道导弹任何潜在的核威胁，在日本部署的BMD，阻止来自中国的潜在核威胁。
PART III: ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy of Pentagon
第三部分：五角大楼的‘珍珠链’战略
In January 2005, Andrew Marshall issued a classified internal report to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld titled “Energy Futures in Asia.” The Marshall report, which was leaked in full to a Washington newspaper, invented the term “string of pearls” strategy to describe what it called the growing Chinese military threat to “US strategic interests” in the Asian space.[11]
2005年1月，安德鲁•马歇尔为时任国防部长唐纳德•拉姆斯菲尔德撰写了题为“能源的未来在亚洲”机密内部报告，马歇尔的报告后被华盛顿的报纸批露。报告中发明了术语“珍珠链”战略，该战略用来应对中国不断增长的对 “美国在亚洲的战略利益” 的军事威胁。【11】
The internal Pentagon report claimed that “China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to the South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives.”
该五角大楼内部报告称，“中国在从中东到中国南海的海上通道沿线建立战略合作关系，定位是防御性的同时又是进攻性的，目的是保护中国的能源利益，也为其他广泛的安全目标服务。”
In the Pentagon Andrew Marshall report, the term China’s “String of Pearls” Strategy was used for the first time. It is a Pentagon term and not a Chinese term.
报告中写道：这是中国‘珍珠链’战略的第一次应用，但这个战略应当由美国来实施而不是中国。
The report stated that China was adopting a “string of pearls” strategy of bases and diplomatic ties stretching from the Middle East to southern China that includes a new naval base under construction at the Pakistani port of Gwadar. It claimed that “Beijing already has set up electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar in the country’s southwest corner, the part nearest the Persian Gulf. The post is monitoring ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea.” [12]
该报告指出，中国正在采取一种基于“珍珠链”的军事战略和外交手段，从中东延伸到中国南部，包括在巴基斯坦瓜达尔港口的建设新的海军基地。该报告称，“北京已经在该国的西南角的瓜达尔设立电子监听站，该处是离波斯湾最近的地方。该站监听着通过霍尔木兹海峡和阿拉伯海的船只。”【12】
The Marshall internal report went on to warn of other “pearls” in the sea-lane strategy of China:
报告罗列了中国‘珍珠链’战略的其他‘珍珠’，以期引起警醒：
• Bangladesh: China is strengthening its ties to the government and building a container port facility at Chittagong. The Chinese are “seeking much more extensive naval and commercial access” in Bangladesh.
孟加拉国：中国正在加强政府间的合作关系，并建设在吉大港的集装箱港口设施。中国人要 “寻求与孟加拉国海军和商业更广泛的合作”。
• Burma: China has developed close ties to the military regime in Rangoon and turned a nation wary of China into a “satellite” of Beijing close to the Strait of Malacca, through which 80 percent of China’s imported oil passes. China is building naval bases in Burma and has electronic intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Bengal and near the Strait of Malacca. Beijing also supplied Burma with “billions of dollars in military assistance to support a de facto military alliance,” the report said.
缅甸：中国已经与仰光军事政权建立了密切的联系，谨慎地把附近的马六甲海峡区域变成中国的“卫星”国，中国进口石油的80％由这里通过。中国在缅甸建立海军基地，并在孟加拉湾和马六甲海峡附近的岛屿上建设电子情报搜集设施。北京还为缅甸提供了“数十亿美元的军事援助，以支撑一个事实上的军事联盟。”
• Cambodia: China signed a military agreement in November 2003 to provide training and equipment. Cambodia is helping Beijing build a railway line from southern China to the sea.
柬埔寨：中国在2003年11月签署了一项军事协议，向柬提供培训和设备。柬埔寨正在帮助北京修建一条铁路线，从中国南部直达柬出海口。
• South China Sea: Chinese activities in the region are less about territorial claims than “protecting or denying the transit of tankers through the South China Sea,” the report said. China also is building up its military forces in the region to be able to “project air and sea power” from the mainland and Hainan Island. China recently upgraded a military airstrip on Woody Island and increased its presence through oil drilling platforms and ocean survey ships.
中国南海：中国在该地区的活动相对于领土要求而言”，是为了“保护或拒绝油轮通过中国南海”更多些，该报告称。中国还建立其在该地区的军事力量，以便有能力从大陆和海南岛“投射空中和海上力量”。中国最近升级了永兴岛的飞机跑道，通过增加石油钻井平台和海洋调查船体现军事存在。
• Thailand: China is considering funding construction of a $20 billion canal across the Kra Isthmus that would allow ships to bypass the Strait of Malacca. The canal project would give China port facilities, warehouses and other infrastructure in Thailand aimed at enhancing Chinese influence in the region, the report said… The U.S. military’s Southern Command produced a similar classified report in the late 1990s that warned that China was seeking to use commercial port facilities around the world to control strategic “chokepoints.” [13]
泰国：中国正在考虑建设耗资200亿美元的横跨克拉地峡运河，使船只绕过马六甲海峡。该运河项目将使中国在泰国拥有港口设施，仓库及其他基础设施，同时提高中国在该地区的影响力，该报告说... 20世纪90年代晚些时候，美军南方司令部制作过一个类似的机密报告中警告说，中国寻求使用世界各地的商业港口设施来控制战略“关卡”。【13】
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Breaking the String of Pearls
破除‘珍珠锁链’
Significant Pentagon and US actions since that 2005 report have been aimed to counter China’s attempts to defend its energy security via that “String of Pearls.” The US interventions since 2007 into Burma/Myanmar have had two phases.
自2005年以来的报告指出中国的企图通过“珍珠串”捍卫自己的能源安全通道后， 2007年，美国对缅甸的干预已经进行了两个阶段。五角大楼和美国的行动卓有成效。
The first was the so-called Saffron Revolution, a US State Department and CIA-backed destabilization in 2007 aimed at putting the international spotlight on the Myanmar military dictatorship’s human rights practices. The aim was to further isolate the strategically located country internationally from all economic relations, aside from China. The background to the US actions was China’s construction of oil and gas pipelines from Kunming in China’s southwest Yunnan Province, across the old Burma Road across Myanmar to the Bay of Bengal across from India and Bangladesh in the northern Indian Ocean.
第一阶段即是所谓的木棉花革命，由美国国务院和中央情报局支持的2007年缅甸动乱，旨在将缅甸军事独裁的反人权的做法成为国际社会关注的焦点；进一步孤立（处在）战略位置的国家，切断其一切国际经济关系，除了中国。美国行动的背景是中国的石油和天然气管道的建设，从中国西南部的云南省的昆明市，通过老滇缅公路横跨缅甸到孟加拉湾，绕过印度经孟加拉国到达印度洋北部。
Forcing Burma’s military leaders into tighter dependency on China was one of the factors triggering the decision of the Myanmar military to open up economically to the West. They declared that the tightening of US economic sanctions had done the country great harm and President Thein Sein made his major liberalization opening, as well as allowing US-backed dissident, Aung San Suu Kyi, to be free and to run for elective office with her party, in return for promises from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of US investment in the country and possible easing of US economic sanctions. [14]
逼迫其更紧密地依赖于中国，是缅甸的军事领导人决定向西方开放的决定因素之一。他们表示美国经济制裁使国家受到了很大的伤害，总统登盛（Thein Sein）实行了他的自由化开放政策，并释放了受美国支持的持不同政见者昂山素季，让她和她的党派参加竞选，以换取美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿的承诺------美国在该国的进行投资和放松制裁的可能性【14】。
The US corporations approaching Burma are hand-picked by Washington to introduce the most destructive “free market” reforms that will open Myanmar to instability. The United States will not allow investment in entities owned by Myanmar’s armed forces or its Ministry of Defense. It also is able to place sanctions on “those who undermine the reform process, engage in human rights abuses, contribute to ethnic conflict or participate in military trade with North Korea.” The United States will block businesses or individuals from making transactions with any “specially designated nationals” or businesses that they control — allowing Washington, for example, to stop money from flowing to groups “disrupting the reform process.” It’s the classic “carrot and stick” approach, dangling the carrot of untold riches if Burma opens its economy to US corporations and punishing those who try to resist the takeover of the country’s prize assets. Oil and gas, vital to China, will be a special target of US intervention. American companies and people will be allowed to invest in the state-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise.[15]
进入缅甸的美国公司都是华盛顿手把手教出来的 “自由市场”经济破坏能手，将使缅甸更加不稳定。美国不会允许他们在缅甸军队或其国防部所拥有的实体投资。她也能够制裁“破坏改革进程，侵犯人权，参加种族冲突或与朝鲜的军事贸易”的人或机构，美国将阻止企业或个人与任何“特定国家或企业”进行贸易，例如，阻止资金流入“破坏改革进程”的机构。这是经典的“胡萝卜和大棒”的做法，如果缅甸向美国公司开放，惩罚那些试图抵制收购国家资产的人和行为，而美国为缅甸画了一张大饼。石油和天然气，对中国至关重要，也是美国的介入的特殊目标。美国的公司和个人将被允许投资于国有的缅甸石油和天然气企业。【15】
Obama also created a new power for the government to impose “blocking sanctions” on any individual threatening peace in Myanmar. Businesses with more than $500,000 in investment in the country will need to file an annual report with the State Department, with details on workers’ rights, land acquisitions and any payments of more than $10,000 to government entities, including Myanmar’s state-owned enterprises.
奥巴马政府实施的针对所有人的“围堵制裁”对缅甸的和平造成新的威胁。投资额超过$50万的企业将需要向国务院提交书面的年度报告，需详细列明工人的权利，土地征用和任何向政府单位（包括缅甸的国有企业）支付的超过$10,000的款项。
American companies and people will be allowed to invest in the state-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, but any investors will need to notify the State Department within 60 days.
美国的公司和个人将被允许投资于国有的缅甸石油和天然气企业，但所有投资者必须在60天内通知国务院。
As well, US “human rights” NGOs, many closely associated with or believed to be associated with US State Department geopolitical designs, including Freedom House, Human Rights Watch, Institute for Asian Democracy, Open Society Foundations, Physicians for Human Rights, U.S. Campaign for Burma, United to End Genocide— will now be allowed to operate inside Myanmar according to a decision by State Secretary Clinton in April 2012.[16]
同时，美国的“任泉”非政府组织，被认为是与美国国务院的地缘政治设计息息相关，根据国务卿克林顿在2012年4月决定，包括自由之家（Freedom House），任泉观察和亚洲民主研究所，开放社会基金会，医生促进任泉协会，美国缅甸统一战线，结束种族灭绝联合会等，现在将可在缅甸境内获准经营。【16】
Thailand, another key in China’s defensive String of Pearl Strategy has also been subject of intense destabilization over the past several years. Now with the sister of a corrupt former Prime Minister in office, US-Thai relations have significantly improved.
泰国在中国的‘珍珠链’上起重要作用，在过去的几年也相当的不稳定。现在由腐败的前总理的妹妹掌权，美泰关系已显著改善。
After months of bloody clashes, the US-backed billionaire, Former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra , managed to buy the way to put his sister, Yingluck Shinawatra in as Prime Minister, with him reportedly pulling the policy strings from abroad. Thaksin himself was enjoying comfortable status in the US as of this writing, in summer 2012.
据报道，经过数个月的流血冲突后，美国支持的亿万富翁泰国前总理他信•西那瓦，把他的妹妹英拉.西那瓦推为总理。而他信本人此时正在美国享受生活。
US relations with Thaksin’s sister, Yingluck Shinawatra, are moving in direct fulfillment of the Obama “strategic pivot” to focus on the “China threat.” In June 2012, General Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, after returning from a visit this month to Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore stated: “We want to be out there partnered with nations and have a rotational presence that would allow us to build up common capabilities for common interests.” This is precisely key beads in what the Pentagon calls the String of Pearls.
英拉的上位，是奥巴马的“战略支点”的直接实现，重点是“中国威胁论”。在2012年6月，美国参谋长联席会议主席马丁•登普西，在泰国、菲律宾和新加坡作一系列巡回访问后表示：“我们希望到这里来与各国合作，并保持一个合理的存在，使我们为共同利益进行共同的努力。”这正是珠五角大楼的‘珍珠链’的关键。
The Pentagon is now quietly negotiating to return to bases abandoned after the Vietnam War. It is negotiating with the Thai government to create a new “disaster relief” hub at the Royal Thai Navy Air Field at U-Tapao, 90 miles south of Bangkok.
五角大楼正在与越南悄悄的谈判，想要重回越战后放弃的基地。并计划与泰国皇家海军航空部门谈判，在曼谷以南145公里的乌塔堡设立一个新的“救灾”枢纽。
The US military built the two mile long runway there, one of Asia’s longest, in the 1960s as a major staging and refueling base during the Vietnam War.
在20世纪60年代，美国军方曾在那里建造的两英里长的跑道，是越南战争期间的主要升级和加油基地。也是亚洲最长的跑道之一。
The Pentagon is also working to secure more rights to US Navy visits to Thai ports and joint surveillance flights to monitor trade routes and military movements. The US Navy will soon base four of its newest warships — Littoral Combat Ships — in Singapore and would rotate them periodically to Thailand and other southeast Asian countries. The Navy is pursuing options to conduct joint airborne surveillance missions from Thailand.[17]
五角大楼也在努力争取更多的权利，以使美国海军更多的访问泰国港口并进行联合侦察飞行，并监视贸易路线和军事运动。美国海军将在不久的将来部署四艘最新的战舰 - 濒海战斗舰 - 在新加坡，并定期轮换到泰国和其他东南亚国家。海军正在寻求与泰国进行联合空中侦察的可能性。【17】
In addition, Deputy Defense Secretary Ashton Carter went to Thailand in July 2012 and the Thai government has invited Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, who met with the Thai minister of defense at a conference in Singapore in June.[18]
此外，国防部副部长阿什顿•卡特在2012年7月赴泰国，6月，泰国政府已在新加坡邀请美国国防部长莱昂•帕内塔（Leon Panetta）会见泰国国防部长。【18】
In 2014, the US Navy is scheduled to begin deploying new P-8A Poseidon reconnaissance and anti-submarine aircraft to the Pacific, replacing the P-3C Orion surveillance planes. The Navy is also preparing to deploy new high-altitude surveillance drones to the Asia-Pacific region around the same time. [19]
到2014年，美海军按计划将开始部署新的P-8A海神侦察机和反潜飞机来取代P-3C猎户座侦察机。同时海军还准备将新的高空侦察机部署到亚太地区。【19】
PART IV: India-US Defense ‘Look East Policy’
第四部分：印美防务‘向东看’
US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta was in India in June of this year where he proclaimed that defence cooperation with India is the lynchpin of US security strategy in Asia. He pledged to help develop India's military capabilities and to engage with India in joint production of defence "articles" of high technology. Panetta was the fifth Obama Cabinet secretary to visit India this year. The message that they have all brought is that, for the US, India will be the major relationship of the 21st century. The reason is China’s emergence. [20]
今年6月，美国国防部长莱昂•帕内塔（Leon Panetta）在印度宣称，与印度的防务合作是美国在亚洲安全战略的关键所在。他承诺将帮助发展印度的军事能力，并与印度联合开发‘尖端’军事技术。帕内塔是今年奥巴马内阁中第五个访问印度的高官。种种迹象表明，对于美国来说，在21世纪，印美关系将成为主要的双边关系。原因是中国的崛起。【20】
Several years ago during the Bush Administration, Washington made a major move to lock India in as a military ally of the US against the emerging Chinese presence in Asia. India calls it India’s “Look East Policy.” In reality, despite all claims to the contrary, it is a “look at China” military policy.
几年前，在布什政府期间，美国为应对正在崛起的中国在亚洲的存在，美国采取重大举措，将印度锁定为军事盟友。印度称其为“向东看政策”，虽然在现实中所有的说法与此相反，但它仍是一个“瞄准中国”的军事政策。
In comments in August 2012, Deputy Secretary of defense Ashton Carter stated, "India is also key part of our rebalance to the Asia-Pacific, and, we believe, to the broader security and prosperity of the 21st century. The US-India relationship is global in scope, like the reach and influence of both countries." [21] In 2011, the US military conducted more than 50 significant military activities with India.
在2012年8月，国防部副部长阿什顿•卡特说，“印度是我们的重新平衡亚太的重要组成部分，我们认为，一定会带来更广泛的安全和繁荣。21世纪美印关系将是全球范围的，互相之间定将深刻的互相影响。”【21】2011年，美军与印军共同卓越的执行了超过50次军事行动。”
Carter continued in remarks following a trip to New Delhi, "Our security interests converge: on maritime security, across the Indian Ocean region; in Afghanistan, where India has done so much for economic development and the Afghan security forces; and on broader regional issues, where we share long-term interests. I went to India at the request of Secretary Panetta and with a high-level delegation of U S technical and policy experts.” [22]
卡特在新德里访问后再次表示：“我们的安全利益涵盖：海上安全，包括整个印度洋地区；在阿富汗，印度为阿富汗的经济发展和安全部队贡献了如此多的努力；在更广泛的地区问题上，我们有着共同的长远利益。我是应局长帕内塔和美国的技术和政策专家高级别代表团的要求，前来印度的。”【22】
Indian Ocean
印度洋
The Pentagon “String of pearls” strategy against China in effect is not one of beautiful pearls, but a hangman’s noose around the perimeter of China, designed in the event of major conflict to completely cut China off from its access to vital raw materials, most especially oil from the Persian Gulf and Africa.
五角大楼‘珍珠链’战略对中国的影响不是美丽的珍珠，而是像一个刽子手的绞索一样围堵中国，这其中的主要目的，是完全切断中国的主要原料通道，尤其是从波斯湾和非洲来的石油。
Former Pentagon adviser Robert D. Kaplan, now with Stratford, has noted that the Indian Ocean is becoming the world’s “strategic center of gravity” and who controls that center, controls Eurasia, including China. The Ocean is the vital waterway passage for energy and trade flows between the Middle East and China and Far Eastern countries. More strategically, it is the heart of a developing south-south economic axis between China and Africa and Latin America.
前五角大楼顾问罗伯特•卡普兰，现在在斯特拉特福，已经注意到印度洋成为世界的“战略重心”，谁控制中心，谁就能控制欧亚大陆，包括中国在内。海洋是重要的水路通道，是中东和中国及远东国家之间的能源和贸易的通道。更具战略意义的是，它是一个发展中的中国，非洲和拉丁美洲的南 - 南之间的经济轴心的心脏。
Since 1997 trade between China and Africa has risen more than twenty-fold and trade with Latin America, including Brazil, has risen fourteen fold in only ten years. This dynamic, if allowed to continue, will eclipse the economic size of the European Union as well as the declining North American industrial economies in less than a decade. That is a development that Washington circles and Wall Street are determined to prevent at all costs.
自1997年以来，中国与非洲的贸易已经上涨超过20倍，而10年内中国与包括巴西在内的拉美贸易增长了14倍。这种发展的势头，如果继续，将在不到十年的时间内超过欧盟的经济规模以及不断下降的北美经济。这是华盛顿和华尔街必须不惜一切代价防止的事情。
Straddled by the Islamic Arch--which stretches from Somalia to Indonesia, passing through the countries of the Gulf and Central Asia-- the region surrounding the Indian Ocean has certainly become the world's new strategic center of gravity.[23]
从索马里到印尼，包括的海湾和中亚 –这些横跨印度洋的伊斯兰国家，必将成为世界新的战略重心。【23】
No rival economic bloc can be allowed to challenge American hegemony. Former Obama geopolitical adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, a student of Mackinder geopolitics and still today along with Henry Kissinger one of the most influential persons in the US power establishment, summed up the position as seen from Washington in his 1997 book, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and It's Geostrategic Imperatives:
没有哪个经济集团可以挑战美国的霸权。前奥巴马的地缘政治顾问兹比格涅夫•布热津斯基，是麦金德的地缘政治的学生，和如今依旧是华盛顿最有影响力的人之一亨利•基辛格一起，在1997年出版的书【大棋局】中总结了美国的主要任务和它的地缘战略的紧迫性：
It is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus of also challenging America. The formulation of a comprehensive and integrated Eurasian geo-strategy is therefore the purpose of this book. [24]
能够主宰欧亚大陆的挑战者的必将出现，从而也将不可避免的挑战美国。因此，制定一个全面和综合的欧亚地缘战略是这本书的目的。（译者:原文可能错误）【24】
For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia…. America's global primacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained. [25]
对于美国来说，地缘政治的最重要部分是欧亚大陆....美国的全球主导地位能维持多久，与如何能有效地维持其在欧亚大陆的优势是直接相关的。【25】
In that context, how America 'manages' Eurasia is critical. Eurasia is the globe's largest continent and is geopolitically axial. A power that dominates Eurasia would control two of the world's three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control over Eurasia would almost automatically entail Africa's subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania geopolitically peripheral to the world's central continent. About 75 per cent of the world's people live in Eurasia, and most of the world's physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. Eurasia accounts for 60 per cent of the world's GNP and about three-fourths of the world's known energy resources. [26]
书中写道，美国如何“管理”欧亚大陆是至关重要的。欧亚大陆是地球上最大的大陆，是地缘政治上的轴向。支配欧亚大陆的等于控制世界三大最先进，最具生产力的生产地区中的两个。在地图上仅有短暂的一瞥也表明欧亚大陆的控制权将自动导致非洲的从属地位，自动使西半球和大洋洲的地缘政治地位归于次要。约75％的世界人民生活在欧亚大陆，而基本所有的世界的物质财富也在那里，无论是企业和其下方的土壤。欧亚大陆占世界国民生产总值的60％，并占有约四分之三的世界上已知的能源资源。【26】
The Indian Ocean is crowned by what some call an Islamic Arch of countries stretching from East Africa to Indonesia by way of the Persian Gulf countries and Central Asia. The emergence of China and other much smaller Asian powers over the past two decades since the end of the Cold war has challenged US hegemony over the Indian Ocean for the first time since the beginning of the Cold War. Especially in the past years as American economic influence has precipitously declined globally and that of China has risen spectacularly, the Pentagon has begun to rethink its strategic presence in the Indian Ocean. The Obama ‘Asian Pivot’ is centered on asserting decisive Pentagon control over the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean and the waters of the South China Sea.
印度洋被冠以伊斯兰凯旋门-----横跨东非到印尼，包括波斯湾和中亚国家。自冷战结束以来的20年里，中国和其他更小的亚洲大国在印度洋上第一次挑战美国的霸权。特别是在过去几年美国经济的影响已急剧下降，中国的上升引人注目的时候，五角大楼已开始重新考虑其在印度洋的战略存在。奥巴马的“亚洲重心”为中心的主张决定性五角大楼着手控制印度洋和中国南海海域的海上通道。
The US military base at Okinawa, Japan is being rebuilt as a major center to project US military power towards China. As of 2010 there were over 35,000 US military personnel stationed in Japan and another 5,500 American civilians employed there by the United States Department of Defense. The United States Seventh Fleet is based in Yokosuka. The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force in Okinawa. 130 USAF fighters are stationed in the Misawa Air Base and Kadena Air Base.
日本冲绳的美军基地重建项目是美国应对中国军事实力的主要中心。截至2010年，共有超过35,000名美国军事人员驻扎在日本，另外美国国防部雇佣了5500美国平民，包括总部设在横须贺的美国第七舰队，第三海军陆战队远征部队在冲绳岛， 130美国空军战斗机驻扎在三泽空军基地和嘉手纳空军基地。
The Japanese government in 2011 began an armament program designed to counter the perceived growing Chinese threat. The Japanese command has urged their leaders to petition the United States to allow the sale of F-22A Raptor fighter jets, currently illegal under U.S law. South Korean and American military have deepened their strategic alliance and over 45,000 American soldiers are now stationed in South Korea. The South Koreans and Americans claim this is due to the North Korean military’s modernization. China and North Korea denounce it as needlessly provocative.[27]
日本政府于2011年开始其旨在对抗增长的中国威胁的装备计划。日本要求他们的领导人请美国允许F-22A猛禽战斗机的出售，目前根据美国法律，这是非法的。韩国和美国加深了他们的战略联盟，超过45,000名美国士兵驻扎在韩国。韩国和美国声称，这是由于朝鲜军队的现代化建设。中国和朝鲜谴责为不必要的挑衅。【27】
Under the cover of the US war on Terrorism, the US has developed major military agreements with the Philippines as well as with Indonesia’s army.
美国在反恐战争的掩护下，美国已经与菲律宾和印尼军队制订了重大的军事协议。
The military base on Diego Garcia is the lynchpin of US control over the Indian Ocean. In 1971 the US military depopulated the citizens of Diego Garcia to build a major military installation there to carry out missions against Iraq and Afghanistan.
迪戈加西亚军事基地是美国控制印度洋的关键所在。在1971年，美国减少市民人口，扩建迪戈加西亚了军事设施，该基地执行了对伊拉克和阿富汗的作战任务。
China has two Achilles heels—the Straits of Hormuz at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Malacca near Singapore. Some 20% of China oil passes through the Straits of Hormuz. And some 80% of Chinese oil imports pass through the Strait of Malacca as well as major freight trade.
中国有两个死穴，分别在波斯湾口的霍尔木兹海峡和新加坡附近的马六甲海峡。大约20％的中国石油需通过霍尔木兹海峡。而约80％的中国石油进口以及主要货运业必经马六甲海峡。
To prevent China from emerging successfully as the major economic competitor of the United States in the world, Washington launched the so-called Arab Spring in late 2010. While the aspirations of millions of ordinary Arab citizens in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and elsewhere for freedom and democracy was real, they were in effect used as unwitting cannon fodder to unleash a US strategy of chaos and intra-islamic wars and conflicts across the entire oil-rich Islamic world from Libya in North Africa across to Syria and ultimately Iran in the Middle East. [28]
为了防止中国成为美国在世界上的主要经济竞争对手，华盛顿在2010年年底推出了所谓的阿拉伯之春。虽然数以百万计的普通（突尼斯，利比亚，埃及和其他地方的阿拉伯）公民的自由和民主的愿望是真实的，但他们事实上仅起到了不知情的炮灰作用，美国的搞乱中东和挑起伊斯兰内部的战争和冲突的政策由他们实施，从北非的利比亚到叙利亚，最终到达中东地区-----石油资源丰富的伊斯兰世界伊朗。【28】
The US strategy within the Islamic Arch countries straddling the Indian Ocean is, as Mohamed Hassan, a strategic analyst put it thus:
美国针对伊斯兰国家的策略，战略分析家穆罕默德•哈桑是这样说的：
The US is…seeking to control these resources to prevent them reaching China. This was a major objective of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but these have turned into a fiasco. The US destroyed these countries in order to set up governments there which would be docile, but they have failed. The icing on the cake is that the new Iraqi and Afghan government trade with China! Beijing has therefore not needed to spend billions of dollars on an illegal war in order to get its hands on Iraq’s black gold: Chinese companies simply bought up oil concessions at auction totally within the rules.
美国寻求控制这些资源，以防止它们（资源）到达中国。在伊拉克和阿富汗的战争中，这是一个重大的目标，但这些都以惨败收场。美国摧毁了这些国家，再建立温顺的政府，但他们失败了。锦上添花的是，新的伊拉克和阿富汗政府与中国的贸易！因此，北京已经不需要一场非法的战争上花费数十亿美元，以获得伊拉克黑金：中国公司只是买了石油开采权，拍卖完全在规则之内。
[T]he USA's…strategy has failed all along the line. There is nevertheless one option still open to the US: maintaining chaos in order to prevent these countries from attaining stability for the benefit of China. This means continuing the war in Iraq and Afghanistan and extending it to countries such as Iran, Yemen or Somalia.[29]
这一系列美国战略已经失败。但有一个选项仍然向美国开放：保持混乱，以防止这些国家从中国获得好处，实现稳定。这意味着继续在伊拉克和阿富汗的战争，并将其扩展到国家，如伊朗，也门或索马里。【29】
PART V: South China Sea
第五部分：南中国海
The completion of the Pentagon “String of Pearls” hangman’s noose around China to cut off vital energy and other imports in event of war by 2012 was centered around the increased US manipulation of events in the South China Sea. The Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining of the People's Republic of China estimated that the South China Sea may contain 18 billion tons of crude oil (compared to Kuwait with 13 billion tons). The most optimistic estimate suggested that potential oil resources (not proved reserves) of the Spratly and Paracel Islands in the South China Sea could be as high as 105 billion barrels of oil, and that the total for the South China Sea could be as high as 213 billion barrels. [30]
在南中国海，美国操纵的旨在切断中国的能源命脉的冲突，以完成围堵中国的‘珍珠链’绞索，这些事件越来越多。据中华人民共和国财政部估计，中国南海可能包含180亿吨原油（科威特130亿吨）。最乐观的估计认为，在中国南海的南沙群岛和西沙群岛的潜在的石油资源（并不是探明储量）可能高达1050亿桶石油，而中国南海总量可能高达2130亿桶。【30】
The presence of such vast energy reserves has not surprisingly become a major energy security issue for China. Washington has made a calculated intervention in the past several years to sabotage those Chinese interests, using especially Vietnam as a wedge against Chinese oil exploration there. In July 2012 the National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Spratly and Paracel islands. US influence in Vietnam since the country opened to economic liberalization has become decisive.
如此巨大的能源储备的存在，南中国海成为中国主要的能源安全问题并不奇怪。在过去的几年里，华盛顿已经做了一个计画来干预、破坏这些中国的利益，特别是利用越南作为棋子在中国南海进行石油勘探。 2012年7月，越南国民议会通过了一项法律，越南的海上边界包括南沙群岛和西沙群岛。美国在该国开放经济实行自由化后具有决定性的影响力。
In 2011 the US military began cooperation with Vietnam, including joint “peaceful” military exercises. Washington has backed both The Philippines and Vietnam in their territorial claims over Chinese-claimed territories in the South China Sea, emboldening those small countries not to seek a diplomatic resolution.[31]
2011年的美国军方开始与越南的合作，包括联合“和平”的军事演习。华盛顿一直支持菲律宾和越南在在中国南海的作领土要求，为那些小国壮胆，而不是鼓励他们寻求通过外交手段解决争端。
In 2010 US and UK oil majors entered the bidding for exploration in the South China Sea. The bid by Chevron and BP added to the presence of US-based Anadarko Petroleum Corporation in the region. That move is essential to give Washington the pretext to “defend us oil interests” in the area. [32]
2010年，美国和英国的石油巨头进入中国南海的勘探招标。由总部设在美国的阿纳达科石油公司作为雪佛龙和BP在该地区的代言人存在。这一举动是华盛顿的“捍卫我们在该地区的石油利益”政策的借口是必不可少的。【32】
In April 2012, the Philippine warship Gregorio del Pilar was involved in a standoff with two Chinese surveillance vessels in the Scarborough Shoal, an area claimed by both nations. The Philippine navy had been trying to arrest Chinese fishermen who were allegedly taking government-protected marine species from the area, but the surveillance boats prevented them. On April 14, 2012, U.S. and the Philippines held their yearly exercises in Palawan, Philippines. On May 7, 2012, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying called a meeting with Alex Chua, Charge D'affaires of the Philippine Embassy in China, to make a serious representation over the incident at the Scarborough Shoal.
在2012年4月，菲律宾军舰格雷戈里奥皮拉尔号参与了与中国监测船在黄岩岛（原文斯卡伯勒礁），两方都声称这是自家领土。菲律宾海军一直在试图逮捕中国渔民，据称该地区政府是为了保护海洋物种，但海监船阻止了他们。 2012年4月14日，美国与菲律宾在菲律宾巴拉望岛举行了年度演习。 2012年5月7日，中国外交部副部长傅莹传唤菲律宾驻中国大使馆临时代办亚历克斯。蔡与会，对事件作出严正交涉。
From South Korea to Philippines to Vietnam, the Pentagon and US State Department is fanning the clash over rights to the South China Sea to stealthily insert US military presence there to “defend” Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean or Philippine interests. The military hangman’s noose around China is being slowly drawn tighter.
从韩国、菲律宾到越南，五角大楼和美国国务院正在中国南海极力煽动，偷偷地利用美国的军事存在“保卫”越南，日本，韩国和菲律宾的利益。刽子手的绞索中国的正在慢慢地收紧。
While China’s access to vast resources of offshore conventional oil and gas were being restricted, Washington was actively trying to lure China into massive pursuit of exploitation of shale gas inside China. The reasons had nothing to do with US goodwill towards China. It was in fact another major weapon in the destruction of China, now through a form of environmental warfare.
当中国在大量获得传统的海上石油和天然气资源上受到限制时，美国又极力忽悠中国在境内大规模开采页岩气。这与美国的商誉没有任何关系，事实上，这是推倒中国的另一个主要武器，通过某种形式的环境战来达到摧毁中国的目的。
破除‘珍珠锁链’
Significant Pentagon and US actions since that 2005 report have been aimed to counter China’s attempts to defend its energy security via that “String of Pearls.” The US interventions since 2007 into Burma/Myanmar have had two phases.
自2005年以来的报告指出中国的企图通过“珍珠串”捍卫自己的能源安全通道后， 2007年，美国对缅甸的干预已经进行了两个阶段。五角大楼和美国的行动卓有成效。
The first was the so-called Saffron Revolution, a US State Department and CIA-backed destabilization in 2007 aimed at putting the international spotlight on the Myanmar military dictatorship’s human rights practices. The aim was to further isolate the strategically located country internationally from all economic relations, aside from China. The background to the US actions was China’s construction of oil and gas pipelines from Kunming in China’s southwest Yunnan Province, across the old Burma Road across Myanmar to the Bay of Bengal across from India and Bangladesh in the northern Indian Ocean.
第一阶段即是所谓的木棉花革命，由美国国务院和中央情报局支持的2007年缅甸动乱，旨在将缅甸军事独裁的反人权的做法成为国际社会关注的焦点；进一步孤立（处在）战略位置的国家，切断其一切国际经济关系，除了中国。美国行动的背景是中国的石油和天然气管道的建设，从中国西南部的云南省的昆明市，通过老滇缅公路横跨缅甸到孟加拉湾，绕过印度经孟加拉国到达印度洋北部。
Forcing Burma’s military leaders into tighter dependency on China was one of the factors triggering the decision of the Myanmar military to open up economically to the West. They declared that the tightening of US economic sanctions had done the country great harm and President Thein Sein made his major liberalization opening, as well as allowing US-backed dissident, Aung San Suu Kyi, to be free and to run for elective office with her party, in return for promises from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of US investment in the country and possible easing of US economic sanctions. [14]
逼迫其更紧密地依赖于中国，是缅甸的军事领导人决定向西方开放的决定因素之一。他们表示美国经济制裁使国家受到了很大的伤害，总统登盛（Thein Sein）实行了他的自由化开放政策，并释放了受美国支持的持不同政见者昂山素季，让她和她的党派参加竞选，以换取美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿的承诺------美国在该国的进行投资和放松制裁的可能性【14】。
The US corporations approaching Burma are hand-picked by Washington to introduce the most destructive “free market” reforms that will open Myanmar to instability. The United States will not allow investment in entities owned by Myanmar’s armed forces or its Ministry of Defense. It also is able to place sanctions on “those who undermine the reform process, engage in human rights abuses, contribute to ethnic conflict or participate in military trade with North Korea.” The United States will block businesses or individuals from making transactions with any “specially designated nationals” or businesses that they control — allowing Washington, for example, to stop money from flowing to groups “disrupting the reform process.” It’s the classic “carrot and stick” approach, dangling the carrot of untold riches if Burma opens its economy to US corporations and punishing those who try to resist the takeover of the country’s prize assets. Oil and gas, vital to China, will be a special target of US intervention. American companies and people will be allowed to invest in the state-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise.[15]
进入缅甸的美国公司都是华盛顿手把手教出来的 “自由市场”经济破坏能手，将使缅甸更加不稳定。美国不会允许他们在缅甸军队或其国防部所拥有的实体投资。她也能够制裁“破坏改革进程，侵犯人权，参加种族冲突或与朝鲜的军事贸易”的人或机构，美国将阻止企业或个人与任何“特定国家或企业”进行贸易，例如，阻止资金流入“破坏改革进程”的机构。这是经典的“胡萝卜和大棒”的做法，如果缅甸向美国公司开放，惩罚那些试图抵制收购国家资产的人和行为，而美国为缅甸画了一张大饼。石油和天然气，对中国至关重要，也是美国的介入的特殊目标。美国的公司和个人将被允许投资于国有的缅甸石油和天然气企业。【15】
Obama also created a new power for the government to impose “blocking sanctions” on any individual threatening peace in Myanmar. Businesses with more than $500,000 in investment in the country will need to file an annual report with the State Department, with details on workers’ rights, land acquisitions and any payments of more than $10,000 to government entities, including Myanmar’s state-owned enterprises.
奥巴马政府实施的针对所有人的“围堵制裁”对缅甸的和平造成新的威胁。投资额超过$50万的企业将需要向国务院提交书面的年度报告，需详细列明工人的权利，土地征用和任何向政府单位（包括缅甸的国有企业）支付的超过$10,000的款项。
American companies and people will be allowed to invest in the state-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, but any investors will need to notify the State Department within 60 days.
美国的公司和个人将被允许投资于国有的缅甸石油和天然气企业，但所有投资者必须在60天内通知国务院。
As well, US “human rights” NGOs, many closely associated with or believed to be associated with US State Department geopolitical designs, including Freedom House, Human Rights Watch, Institute for Asian Democracy, Open Society Foundations, Physicians for Human Rights, U.S. Campaign for Burma, United to End Genocide— will now be allowed to operate inside Myanmar according to a decision by State Secretary Clinton in April 2012.[16]
同时，美国的“任泉”非政府组织，被认为是与美国国务院的地缘政治设计息息相关，根据国务卿克林顿在2012年4月决定，包括自由之家（Freedom House），任泉观察和亚洲民主研究所，开放社会基金会，医生促进任泉协会，美国缅甸统一战线，结束种族灭绝联合会等，现在将可在缅甸境内获准经营。【16】
Thailand, another key in China’s defensive String of Pearl Strategy has also been subject of intense destabilization over the past several years. Now with the sister of a corrupt former Prime Minister in office, US-Thai relations have significantly improved.
泰国在中国的‘珍珠链’上起重要作用，在过去的几年也相当的不稳定。现在由腐败的前总理的妹妹掌权，美泰关系已显著改善。
After months of bloody clashes, the US-backed billionaire, Former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra , managed to buy the way to put his sister, Yingluck Shinawatra in as Prime Minister, with him reportedly pulling the policy strings from abroad. Thaksin himself was enjoying comfortable status in the US as of this writing, in summer 2012.
据报道，经过数个月的流血冲突后，美国支持的亿万富翁泰国前总理他信•西那瓦，把他的妹妹英拉.西那瓦推为总理。而他信本人此时正在美国享受生活。
US relations with Thaksin’s sister, Yingluck Shinawatra, are moving in direct fulfillment of the Obama “strategic pivot” to focus on the “China threat.” In June 2012, General Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, after returning from a visit this month to Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore stated: “We want to be out there partnered with nations and have a rotational presence that would allow us to build up common capabilities for common interests.” This is precisely key beads in what the Pentagon calls the String of Pearls.
英拉的上位，是奥巴马的“战略支点”的直接实现，重点是“中国威胁论”。在2012年6月，美国参谋长联席会议主席马丁•登普西，在泰国、菲律宾和新加坡作一系列巡回访问后表示：“我们希望到这里来与各国合作，并保持一个合理的存在，使我们为共同利益进行共同的努力。”这正是珠五角大楼的‘珍珠链’的关键。
The Pentagon is now quietly negotiating to return to bases abandoned after the Vietnam War. It is negotiating with the Thai government to create a new “disaster relief” hub at the Royal Thai Navy Air Field at U-Tapao, 90 miles south of Bangkok.
五角大楼正在与越南悄悄的谈判，想要重回越战后放弃的基地。并计划与泰国皇家海军航空部门谈判，在曼谷以南145公里的乌塔堡设立一个新的“救灾”枢纽。
The US military built the two mile long runway there, one of Asia’s longest, in the 1960s as a major staging and refueling base during the Vietnam War.
在20世纪60年代，美国军方曾在那里建造的两英里长的跑道，是越南战争期间的主要升级和加油基地。也是亚洲最长的跑道之一。
The Pentagon is also working to secure more rights to US Navy visits to Thai ports and joint surveillance flights to monitor trade routes and military movements. The US Navy will soon base four of its newest warships — Littoral Combat Ships — in Singapore and would rotate them periodically to Thailand and other southeast Asian countries. The Navy is pursuing options to conduct joint airborne surveillance missions from Thailand.[17]
五角大楼也在努力争取更多的权利，以使美国海军更多的访问泰国港口并进行联合侦察飞行，并监视贸易路线和军事运动。美国海军将在不久的将来部署四艘最新的战舰 - 濒海战斗舰 - 在新加坡，并定期轮换到泰国和其他东南亚国家。海军正在寻求与泰国进行联合空中侦察的可能性。【17】
In addition, Deputy Defense Secretary Ashton Carter went to Thailand in July 2012 and the Thai government has invited Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, who met with the Thai minister of defense at a conference in Singapore in June.[18]
此外，国防部副部长阿什顿•卡特在2012年7月赴泰国，6月，泰国政府已在新加坡邀请美国国防部长莱昂•帕内塔（Leon Panetta）会见泰国国防部长。【18】
In 2014, the US Navy is scheduled to begin deploying new P-8A Poseidon reconnaissance and anti-submarine aircraft to the Pacific, replacing the P-3C Orion surveillance planes. The Navy is also preparing to deploy new high-altitude surveillance drones to the Asia-Pacific region around the same time. [19]
到2014年，美海军按计划将开始部署新的P-8A海神侦察机和反潜飞机来取代P-3C猎户座侦察机。同时海军还准备将新的高空侦察机部署到亚太地区。【19】
PART IV: India-US Defense ‘Look East Policy’
第四部分：印美防务‘向东看’
US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta was in India in June of this year where he proclaimed that defence cooperation with India is the lynchpin of US security strategy in Asia. He pledged to help develop India's military capabilities and to engage with India in joint production of defence "articles" of high technology. Panetta was the fifth Obama Cabinet secretary to visit India this year. The message that they have all brought is that, for the US, India will be the major relationship of the 21st century. The reason is China’s emergence. [20]
今年6月，美国国防部长莱昂•帕内塔（Leon Panetta）在印度宣称，与印度的防务合作是美国在亚洲安全战略的关键所在。他承诺将帮助发展印度的军事能力，并与印度联合开发‘尖端’军事技术。帕内塔是今年奥巴马内阁中第五个访问印度的高官。种种迹象表明，对于美国来说，在21世纪，印美关系将成为主要的双边关系。原因是中国的崛起。【20】
Several years ago during the Bush Administration, Washington made a major move to lock India in as a military ally of the US against the emerging Chinese presence in Asia. India calls it India’s “Look East Policy.” In reality, despite all claims to the contrary, it is a “look at China” military policy.
几年前，在布什政府期间，美国为应对正在崛起的中国在亚洲的存在，美国采取重大举措，将印度锁定为军事盟友。印度称其为“向东看政策”，虽然在现实中所有的说法与此相反，但它仍是一个“瞄准中国”的军事政策。
In comments in August 2012, Deputy Secretary of defense Ashton Carter stated, "India is also key part of our rebalance to the Asia-Pacific, and, we believe, to the broader security and prosperity of the 21st century. The US-India relationship is global in scope, like the reach and influence of both countries." [21] In 2011, the US military conducted more than 50 significant military activities with India.
在2012年8月，国防部副部长阿什顿•卡特说，“印度是我们的重新平衡亚太的重要组成部分，我们认为，一定会带来更广泛的安全和繁荣。21世纪美印关系将是全球范围的，互相之间定将深刻的互相影响。”【21】2011年，美军与印军共同卓越的执行了超过50次军事行动。”
Carter continued in remarks following a trip to New Delhi, "Our security interests converge: on maritime security, across the Indian Ocean region; in Afghanistan, where India has done so much for economic development and the Afghan security forces; and on broader regional issues, where we share long-term interests. I went to India at the request of Secretary Panetta and with a high-level delegation of U S technical and policy experts.” [22]
卡特在新德里访问后再次表示：“我们的安全利益涵盖：海上安全，包括整个印度洋地区；在阿富汗，印度为阿富汗的经济发展和安全部队贡献了如此多的努力；在更广泛的地区问题上，我们有着共同的长远利益。我是应局长帕内塔和美国的技术和政策专家高级别代表团的要求，前来印度的。”【22】
Indian Ocean
印度洋
The Pentagon “String of pearls” strategy against China in effect is not one of beautiful pearls, but a hangman’s noose around the perimeter of China, designed in the event of major conflict to completely cut China off from its access to vital raw materials, most especially oil from the Persian Gulf and Africa.
五角大楼‘珍珠链’战略对中国的影响不是美丽的珍珠，而是像一个刽子手的绞索一样围堵中国，这其中的主要目的，是完全切断中国的主要原料通道，尤其是从波斯湾和非洲来的石油。
Former Pentagon adviser Robert D. Kaplan, now with Stratford, has noted that the Indian Ocean is becoming the world’s “strategic center of gravity” and who controls that center, controls Eurasia, including China. The Ocean is the vital waterway passage for energy and trade flows between the Middle East and China and Far Eastern countries. More strategically, it is the heart of a developing south-south economic axis between China and Africa and Latin America.
前五角大楼顾问罗伯特•卡普兰，现在在斯特拉特福，已经注意到印度洋成为世界的“战略重心”，谁控制中心，谁就能控制欧亚大陆，包括中国在内。海洋是重要的水路通道，是中东和中国及远东国家之间的能源和贸易的通道。更具战略意义的是，它是一个发展中的中国，非洲和拉丁美洲的南 - 南之间的经济轴心的心脏。
Since 1997 trade between China and Africa has risen more than twenty-fold and trade with Latin America, including Brazil, has risen fourteen fold in only ten years. This dynamic, if allowed to continue, will eclipse the economic size of the European Union as well as the declining North American industrial economies in less than a decade. That is a development that Washington circles and Wall Street are determined to prevent at all costs.
自1997年以来，中国与非洲的贸易已经上涨超过20倍，而10年内中国与包括巴西在内的拉美贸易增长了14倍。这种发展的势头，如果继续，将在不到十年的时间内超过欧盟的经济规模以及不断下降的北美经济。这是华盛顿和华尔街必须不惜一切代价防止的事情。
Straddled by the Islamic Arch--which stretches from Somalia to Indonesia, passing through the countries of the Gulf and Central Asia-- the region surrounding the Indian Ocean has certainly become the world's new strategic center of gravity.[23]
从索马里到印尼，包括的海湾和中亚 –这些横跨印度洋的伊斯兰国家，必将成为世界新的战略重心。【23】
No rival economic bloc can be allowed to challenge American hegemony. Former Obama geopolitical adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, a student of Mackinder geopolitics and still today along with Henry Kissinger one of the most influential persons in the US power establishment, summed up the position as seen from Washington in his 1997 book, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and It's Geostrategic Imperatives:
没有哪个经济集团可以挑战美国的霸权。前奥巴马的地缘政治顾问兹比格涅夫•布热津斯基，是麦金德的地缘政治的学生，和如今依旧是华盛顿最有影响力的人之一亨利•基辛格一起，在1997年出版的书【大棋局】中总结了美国的主要任务和它的地缘战略的紧迫性：
It is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus of also challenging America. The formulation of a comprehensive and integrated Eurasian geo-strategy is therefore the purpose of this book. [24]
能够主宰欧亚大陆的挑战者的必将出现，从而也将不可避免的挑战美国。因此，制定一个全面和综合的欧亚地缘战略是这本书的目的。（译者:原文可能错误）【24】
For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia…. America's global primacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained. [25]
对于美国来说，地缘政治的最重要部分是欧亚大陆....美国的全球主导地位能维持多久，与如何能有效地维持其在欧亚大陆的优势是直接相关的。【25】
In that context, how America 'manages' Eurasia is critical. Eurasia is the globe's largest continent and is geopolitically axial. A power that dominates Eurasia would control two of the world's three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control over Eurasia would almost automatically entail Africa's subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania geopolitically peripheral to the world's central continent. About 75 per cent of the world's people live in Eurasia, and most of the world's physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. Eurasia accounts for 60 per cent of the world's GNP and about three-fourths of the world's known energy resources. [26]
书中写道，美国如何“管理”欧亚大陆是至关重要的。欧亚大陆是地球上最大的大陆，是地缘政治上的轴向。支配欧亚大陆的等于控制世界三大最先进，最具生产力的生产地区中的两个。在地图上仅有短暂的一瞥也表明欧亚大陆的控制权将自动导致非洲的从属地位，自动使西半球和大洋洲的地缘政治地位归于次要。约75％的世界人民生活在欧亚大陆，而基本所有的世界的物质财富也在那里，无论是企业和其下方的土壤。欧亚大陆占世界国民生产总值的60％，并占有约四分之三的世界上已知的能源资源。【26】
The Indian Ocean is crowned by what some call an Islamic Arch of countries stretching from East Africa to Indonesia by way of the Persian Gulf countries and Central Asia. The emergence of China and other much smaller Asian powers over the past two decades since the end of the Cold war has challenged US hegemony over the Indian Ocean for the first time since the beginning of the Cold War. Especially in the past years as American economic influence has precipitously declined globally and that of China has risen spectacularly, the Pentagon has begun to rethink its strategic presence in the Indian Ocean. The Obama ‘Asian Pivot’ is centered on asserting decisive Pentagon control over the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean and the waters of the South China Sea.
印度洋被冠以伊斯兰凯旋门-----横跨东非到印尼，包括波斯湾和中亚国家。自冷战结束以来的20年里，中国和其他更小的亚洲大国在印度洋上第一次挑战美国的霸权。特别是在过去几年美国经济的影响已急剧下降，中国的上升引人注目的时候，五角大楼已开始重新考虑其在印度洋的战略存在。奥巴马的“亚洲重心”为中心的主张决定性五角大楼着手控制印度洋和中国南海海域的海上通道。
The US military base at Okinawa, Japan is being rebuilt as a major center to project US military power towards China. As of 2010 there were over 35,000 US military personnel stationed in Japan and another 5,500 American civilians employed there by the United States Department of Defense. The United States Seventh Fleet is based in Yokosuka. The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force in Okinawa. 130 USAF fighters are stationed in the Misawa Air Base and Kadena Air Base.
日本冲绳的美军基地重建项目是美国应对中国军事实力的主要中心。截至2010年，共有超过35,000名美国军事人员驻扎在日本，另外美国国防部雇佣了5500美国平民，包括总部设在横须贺的美国第七舰队，第三海军陆战队远征部队在冲绳岛， 130美国空军战斗机驻扎在三泽空军基地和嘉手纳空军基地。
The Japanese government in 2011 began an armament program designed to counter the perceived growing Chinese threat. The Japanese command has urged their leaders to petition the United States to allow the sale of F-22A Raptor fighter jets, currently illegal under U.S law. South Korean and American military have deepened their strategic alliance and over 45,000 American soldiers are now stationed in South Korea. The South Koreans and Americans claim this is due to the North Korean military’s modernization. China and North Korea denounce it as needlessly provocative.[27]
日本政府于2011年开始其旨在对抗增长的中国威胁的装备计划。日本要求他们的领导人请美国允许F-22A猛禽战斗机的出售，目前根据美国法律，这是非法的。韩国和美国加深了他们的战略联盟，超过45,000名美国士兵驻扎在韩国。韩国和美国声称，这是由于朝鲜军队的现代化建设。中国和朝鲜谴责为不必要的挑衅。【27】
Under the cover of the US war on Terrorism, the US has developed major military agreements with the Philippines as well as with Indonesia’s army.
美国在反恐战争的掩护下，美国已经与菲律宾和印尼军队制订了重大的军事协议。
The military base on Diego Garcia is the lynchpin of US control over the Indian Ocean. In 1971 the US military depopulated the citizens of Diego Garcia to build a major military installation there to carry out missions against Iraq and Afghanistan.
迪戈加西亚军事基地是美国控制印度洋的关键所在。在1971年，美国减少市民人口，扩建迪戈加西亚了军事设施，该基地执行了对伊拉克和阿富汗的作战任务。
China has two Achilles heels—the Straits of Hormuz at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Malacca near Singapore. Some 20% of China oil passes through the Straits of Hormuz. And some 80% of Chinese oil imports pass through the Strait of Malacca as well as major freight trade.
中国有两个死穴，分别在波斯湾口的霍尔木兹海峡和新加坡附近的马六甲海峡。大约20％的中国石油需通过霍尔木兹海峡。而约80％的中国石油进口以及主要货运业必经马六甲海峡。
To prevent China from emerging successfully as the major economic competitor of the United States in the world, Washington launched the so-called Arab Spring in late 2010. While the aspirations of millions of ordinary Arab citizens in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and elsewhere for freedom and democracy was real, they were in effect used as unwitting cannon fodder to unleash a US strategy of chaos and intra-islamic wars and conflicts across the entire oil-rich Islamic world from Libya in North Africa across to Syria and ultimately Iran in the Middle East. [28]
为了防止中国成为美国在世界上的主要经济竞争对手，华盛顿在2010年年底推出了所谓的阿拉伯之春。虽然数以百万计的普通（突尼斯，利比亚，埃及和其他地方的阿拉伯）公民的自由和民主的愿望是真实的，但他们事实上仅起到了不知情的炮灰作用，美国的搞乱中东和挑起伊斯兰内部的战争和冲突的政策由他们实施，从北非的利比亚到叙利亚，最终到达中东地区-----石油资源丰富的伊斯兰世界伊朗。【28】
The US strategy within the Islamic Arch countries straddling the Indian Ocean is, as Mohamed Hassan, a strategic analyst put it thus:
美国针对伊斯兰国家的策略，战略分析家穆罕默德•哈桑是这样说的：
The US is…seeking to control these resources to prevent them reaching China. This was a major objective of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but these have turned into a fiasco. The US destroyed these countries in order to set up governments there which would be docile, but they have failed. The icing on the cake is that the new Iraqi and Afghan government trade with China! Beijing has therefore not needed to spend billions of dollars on an illegal war in order to get its hands on Iraq’s black gold: Chinese companies simply bought up oil concessions at auction totally within the rules.
美国寻求控制这些资源，以防止它们（资源）到达中国。在伊拉克和阿富汗的战争中，这是一个重大的目标，但这些都以惨败收场。美国摧毁了这些国家，再建立温顺的政府，但他们失败了。锦上添花的是，新的伊拉克和阿富汗政府与中国的贸易！因此，北京已经不需要一场非法的战争上花费数十亿美元，以获得伊拉克黑金：中国公司只是买了石油开采权，拍卖完全在规则之内。
[T]he USA's…strategy has failed all along the line. There is nevertheless one option still open to the US: maintaining chaos in order to prevent these countries from attaining stability for the benefit of China. This means continuing the war in Iraq and Afghanistan and extending it to countries such as Iran, Yemen or Somalia.[29]
这一系列美国战略已经失败。但有一个选项仍然向美国开放：保持混乱，以防止这些国家从中国获得好处，实现稳定。这意味着继续在伊拉克和阿富汗的战争，并将其扩展到国家，如伊朗，也门或索马里。【29】
PART V: South China Sea
第五部分：南中国海
The completion of the Pentagon “String of Pearls” hangman’s noose around China to cut off vital energy and other imports in event of war by 2012 was centered around the increased US manipulation of events in the South China Sea. The Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining of the People's Republic of China estimated that the South China Sea may contain 18 billion tons of crude oil (compared to Kuwait with 13 billion tons). The most optimistic estimate suggested that potential oil resources (not proved reserves) of the Spratly and Paracel Islands in the South China Sea could be as high as 105 billion barrels of oil, and that the total for the South China Sea could be as high as 213 billion barrels. [30]
在南中国海，美国操纵的旨在切断中国的能源命脉的冲突，以完成围堵中国的‘珍珠链’绞索，这些事件越来越多。据中华人民共和国财政部估计，中国南海可能包含180亿吨原油（科威特130亿吨）。最乐观的估计认为，在中国南海的南沙群岛和西沙群岛的潜在的石油资源（并不是探明储量）可能高达1050亿桶石油，而中国南海总量可能高达2130亿桶。【30】
The presence of such vast energy reserves has not surprisingly become a major energy security issue for China. Washington has made a calculated intervention in the past several years to sabotage those Chinese interests, using especially Vietnam as a wedge against Chinese oil exploration there. In July 2012 the National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Spratly and Paracel islands. US influence in Vietnam since the country opened to economic liberalization has become decisive.
如此巨大的能源储备的存在，南中国海成为中国主要的能源安全问题并不奇怪。在过去的几年里，华盛顿已经做了一个计画来干预、破坏这些中国的利益，特别是利用越南作为棋子在中国南海进行石油勘探。 2012年7月，越南国民议会通过了一项法律，越南的海上边界包括南沙群岛和西沙群岛。美国在该国开放经济实行自由化后具有决定性的影响力。
In 2011 the US military began cooperation with Vietnam, including joint “peaceful” military exercises. Washington has backed both The Philippines and Vietnam in their territorial claims over Chinese-claimed territories in the South China Sea, emboldening those small countries not to seek a diplomatic resolution.[31]
2011年的美国军方开始与越南的合作，包括联合“和平”的军事演习。华盛顿一直支持菲律宾和越南在在中国南海的作领土要求，为那些小国壮胆，而不是鼓励他们寻求通过外交手段解决争端。
In 2010 US and UK oil majors entered the bidding for exploration in the South China Sea. The bid by Chevron and BP added to the presence of US-based Anadarko Petroleum Corporation in the region. That move is essential to give Washington the pretext to “defend us oil interests” in the area. [32]
2010年，美国和英国的石油巨头进入中国南海的勘探招标。由总部设在美国的阿纳达科石油公司作为雪佛龙和BP在该地区的代言人存在。这一举动是华盛顿的“捍卫我们在该地区的石油利益”政策的借口是必不可少的。【32】
In April 2012, the Philippine warship Gregorio del Pilar was involved in a standoff with two Chinese surveillance vessels in the Scarborough Shoal, an area claimed by both nations. The Philippine navy had been trying to arrest Chinese fishermen who were allegedly taking government-protected marine species from the area, but the surveillance boats prevented them. On April 14, 2012, U.S. and the Philippines held their yearly exercises in Palawan, Philippines. On May 7, 2012, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying called a meeting with Alex Chua, Charge D'affaires of the Philippine Embassy in China, to make a serious representation over the incident at the Scarborough Shoal.
在2012年4月，菲律宾军舰格雷戈里奥皮拉尔号参与了与中国监测船在黄岩岛（原文斯卡伯勒礁），两方都声称这是自家领土。菲律宾海军一直在试图逮捕中国渔民，据称该地区政府是为了保护海洋物种，但海监船阻止了他们。 2012年4月14日，美国与菲律宾在菲律宾巴拉望岛举行了年度演习。 2012年5月7日，中国外交部副部长傅莹传唤菲律宾驻中国大使馆临时代办亚历克斯。蔡与会，对事件作出严正交涉。
From South Korea to Philippines to Vietnam, the Pentagon and US State Department is fanning the clash over rights to the South China Sea to stealthily insert US military presence there to “defend” Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean or Philippine interests. The military hangman’s noose around China is being slowly drawn tighter.
从韩国、菲律宾到越南，五角大楼和美国国务院正在中国南海极力煽动，偷偷地利用美国的军事存在“保卫”越南，日本，韩国和菲律宾的利益。刽子手的绞索中国的正在慢慢地收紧。
While China’s access to vast resources of offshore conventional oil and gas were being restricted, Washington was actively trying to lure China into massive pursuit of exploitation of shale gas inside China. The reasons had nothing to do with US goodwill towards China. It was in fact another major weapon in the destruction of China, now through a form of environmental warfare.
当中国在大量获得传统的海上石油和天然气资源上受到限制时，美国又极力忽悠中国在境内大规模开采页岩气。这与美国的商誉没有任何关系，事实上，这是推倒中国的另一个主要武器，通过某种形式的环境战来达到摧毁中国的目的。