(中文翻译)澳洲军事专家库珀:成都歼20原型机隐身性能 ...

来源:百度文库 编辑:超级军网 时间:2024/04/29 14:00:41

转自龙腾网:http://www.ltaaa.com/bbs/forum.p ... &extra=page%3D1

本文是由澳大利亚军事专家卡罗·库珀和迈克尔·佩洛西联合撰写的一篇关于歼20隐身性能的初步评估的军事技术论文。由于篇幅过大,译者分上下两篇发表。上篇主要介绍了歼20的外形特点和隐形飞机的一些基本知识,包括隐身材料,并提出了估算RCS的方法。下篇将会进行具体的实验过程和图表分析,以及对歼20隐身性能的数值结果,并做以总结。附录部分没有进行翻译,其中的一些专业术语、理论、概念等均在译文中夹杂介绍。

鉴于译者在此之前对于航空航天及相关学科基本一窍不通,花费两周时间一边查资料一边完成翻译。文中对于一些常识的解释,一方面对外行们进行科普,另一方面也算自己的理解,希望懂行的大牛们勿嫌繁琐。另外还有一些艰深难懂的理论,译者也做了尝试性地解读,为了不影响篇幅,省略了大量的演算公式,只说结论,目的在于把原文所提到的每个参数的意义告诉读者。囿于译者能力所限,对于翻译错误或不准确的地方,欢迎提出批评,定会在第一时间予以修正,还望大家不吝赐教。

原文:http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2011-03.html

译者:病中乃知


A Preliminary Assessment of Specular Radar Cross Section Performance in the Chengdu J-20 Prototype
成都歼20原型机隐身性能初步评估





Air Power Australia Analysis 2011-03
4th July 2011


A Monograph by
Dr Michael J Pelosi, MBA, MPA,
Dr Carlo Kopp, SMAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng

Text, computer graphics © 2011 Michael Pelosi, © 2011 Carlo Kopp


澳大利亚空中力量分析 2011-3

2011年7月4日


论文由

迈克尔·J·佩洛西 博士/MBA/MPA

卡罗·库珀 博士/MSAIAA/SMIEEE/PEng

文字,电脑绘图©2011 迈克尔·佩洛西,© 2011 卡罗·库珀







First public flight of the Chengdu J-20 prototype, 11th January, 2011 . The shaping design of the J-20 presents no fundamental obstacles to its development into a genuine Very Low Observable design (Chinese Internet).
2011年1月11日,成都歼20原型机首次公开试飞。歼20的造型设计表明,不会对其改进型的超低可探测性(简称VLO,也就是隐身技术Stealth Technology)。设计造成实质影响。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract

摘要

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This study has explored the specular Radar Cross Section of the Chengdu J-20 prototype aircraft shaping design. Simulations using a Physical Optics simulation algorithm were performed for frequencies of 150 MHz, 600 MHz, 1.2 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 6.0 GHz, 8.0 GHz, 12.0 GHz, 16.0 GHz and 28 GHz without an absorbent coating, and for frequencies of 1.2 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 6.0 GHz, 8.0 GHz, 12.0 GHz, 16.0 GHz with an absorbent coating, covering all angular aspects of the airframe. In addition, the performance of a range of Chinese developed radar absorbers was modelled, based on a reasonable survey of unclassified Chinese research publications in the area. None of the surveyed materials were found to be suitable for use as impedance matched specular radar absorbers. Modelling has determined, that if the production J-20 retains the axisymmetric nozzles and smoothly area ruled sides, the aircraft could at best deliver robust Very Low Observable performance in the nose aspect angular sector. Conversely, if the production J-20 introduces a rectangular faceted nozzle design, and refinements to fuselage side shaping, the design would present very good potential for  robust Very Low Observable performance in the S-band and above, for the nose and tail aspect angular sectors, with good performance in the beam aspect angular sector. This study has therefore established through Physical Optics simulation across nine radio-frequency bands, that no fundamental obstacles exist in the shaping design of the J-20 prototype precluding its development into a genuine Very Low Observable design.
本课题探讨了成都歼20原型机隐身性能的造型设计,运用物理光学仿真算法在没有隐形涂层情况下分别进行了频率为150兆赫兹、600兆赫兹、1.2千兆赫兹、3.0千兆赫兹、6.0千兆赫兹、8.0千兆赫兹、12.0千兆赫兹、16.0千兆赫兹和28千兆赫兹的模拟,以及在敷设了隐身涂层的情况下,进行了频率为1.2千兆赫兹、3.0千兆赫兹、6.0千兆赫兹、8.0千兆赫兹、12.0千兆赫兹和16.0千兆赫兹的模拟,覆盖了整个机身的角度位面。此外,中国研制的雷达吸波材料的一系列性能已经建模,基于一份非机密的中国该领域研究发行的调查报告。调查表明,材料不适合作为匹配镜面雷达吸收剂的阻抗。在模型已经确定的情况下,如果歼20的生产保留轴对称喷口和符合面积律的平滑截面,飞机最多只能为机头部分提供强劲的超低可探测性能。反之,如果歼20的生产引进矩面喷口设计,改进侧面机身造型,强劲的超低可探测性能将会在S波段及以上范围展现出巨大的潜力,机头部分和机尾以及侧向也会有良好的性能。本课题是通过物理光学模拟穿越九个无线电波段,在歼20原型机的外形设计不存在根本缺陷的情况下,确保改进型达到真正的超低可探测设计。



注释:Radar Cross Section(RCS),雷达散射截面是目标的一种折算面积,用来度量在雷达波照射下所产生的回波强度大小。RCS越小,说明反射越小,越不容易被发现,从而达到“隐身”的效果。RCS减缩有两种途径:一种是外形隐身,通过改变机身造型,把雷达波反射到雷达无法接收的方向上;一种是材料隐身,通过对机身敷设吸波涂层,把雷达波的能量损耗掉。通常外形隐身占到整个RCS减缩的90%左右,也就是说,衡量一架飞机隐身性能的优劣,主要看造型设计是否合理。同时,造型设计关乎到飞机的气动布局,所以如何兼顾隐身和气动的性能,成为了隐身设计的一大课题。

阻抗匹配:当飞行器受到雷达波的照射时,飞行器本身将产生一个散射场,如果雷达吸波材料的阻抗负载合适,则可以使阻抗产生的电磁场与飞行器产生的散射场的场强矢量振幅相当,相位相反,从而相互干涉,使两个场的合成场强减弱,降低飞机的RCS。





·Introduction
·J-20 Prototype Very Low Observable Airframe Shaping Design Features
  Chinese Absorbent Materials Technology
·Radar Cross Section Simulation Method / Simulator Design and Capabilities
  Aircraft Model Features and Limitations
  What the Simulation Does Not Demonstrate
  What the Simulation Does Demonstrate
·Specular Radar Cross Section Simulation Results
  Analysis of Shape Related Specular Radar Cross Section
  Analysis of Specular RCS with a Representative RAM Coating
·Conclusions
·Endnotes, References and Bibliography:
·Annex A Scales, Bands, Geometries, and Representative Threats
·Annex B Basic Concepts in Absorbent Coatings Technology
·Annex C Axisymmetric Nozzle RCS Performance
·Annex D Viewing RCS Plots
·Annex E Glossary of Terms

·介绍
·歼20原型机超低可探测机身外形设计特点
      中国的吸波材料技术
·RCS的模拟方法/模拟设计和功能
      飞机模型的特点和局限性
      什么是非论证模拟
      什么是论证模拟
·镜面RCS的模拟结果
      外形RCS的相关分析
      涂抹典型雷达吸波材料的隐身性能分析
·结论
·附注、参考文献和参考书目:
·附录一 减缩、波段、几何和典型威胁
·附录二 吸收材料技术的基本概念
·附录三 轴对称喷口的隐身性能
·附录四 查看RCS图解
·附录五 术语

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction

介绍

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There has been extensive media speculation about the Radar Cross Section [RCS] of the J-20 stealth fighter, since the PLA-AF first exposed the prototype to the public in late December, 2010. Sadly much of this speculation has no valid scientific basis, yet appears to be regarded seriously enough to have influenced public statements by numerous senior officials in Western defence departments.
自从2010年12月份中国空军首次公开透露了原型机以来,很多媒体都在猜测歼20隐形战斗机的RCS。这种猜测虽然没有科学依据,却似乎被认为是一份足以影响到许多西方国防部门高级官员的公开声明。

Performing a full assessment of the RCS of any Low Observable [LO / -10 to -30 dBSM, Refer Table A.1] or Very Low Observable [VLO / -30 to -40 dBSM, Refer Table A.1] aircraft is not a trivial task, as due consideration needs to be given to all major and minor RCS contributors in the design.
进行任何低可探测(LO / -10到-30 dBSM,参见 表格A.1) 或者超低可探测(VLO / -30到-40 dBSM,参见 表格A.1)飞机的全面评估不是一项简单的任务,需要考虑到设计之中所有主要和次要的RCS贡献。

注释:RCS用σ(Sigma)表示,常用单位为㎡(平方米)或dBSM(分贝平方米),公式为σ=4π *(目标处单位立体角内的散射功率/目标处单位面积上的入射功率),两个单位之间的转换关系是:1000㎡=30dbsm,100㎡=20dbsm,10㎡=10dbsm,1㎡=0dbsm,0.1㎡=-10dbsm,0.01㎡=-20dbsm,也就是说,如果RCS的值是0分贝,那么目标的有效照射面积便是1平方米。(显然,目标的真实面积肯定比1平方米大的多)RCS的“贡献”越大,其值越高。

Moreover, such an assessment, if it is to be useful, must consider the RCS from a range of different angular aspects, this encompassing azimuthal sectors and also elevation or depression angles characteristic of the surface and airborne threat systems the LO/VLO design is intended to defeat [Refer Figures A.3 and A.4].
另外,要使评估有效,必须考虑一系列不同角度位面的隐身效果,包括旨在挫败LO/VLO设计的地面和空中威胁系统在各个方位面以及俯仰角的典型特征。(参见 图表A.3和A.4)(威胁系统指能够搜索、捕获、攻击飞机的雷达、导弹等军事设施)



The assessment of RCS must also be performed at the operating wavelengths typical of the surface and airborne threat systems the LO/VLO design is intended to defeat [Refer Table A.2].
对RCS的评估也必须建立在旨在挫败LO/VLO设计的地面和空中威胁系统的工作波长典型特征之下。(参见 表格A.2)



注释:RCS的大小取决于:目标的物理特性(电特性)、目标的几何特性、目标被雷达波照射的方位、入射波的波长、入射场极化方式和接受天线的极化方式。这里先谈谈几何形状对RCS的影响。1、角反射器:雷达波会在两三个平面相交构成的尖锐折角上折射放大,产生很强的回波信号,尤其是正交直角。2、凹腔效应:雷达波在凹腔内经过多次反射、叠加放大之后返回雷达。3、平行原则:对飞机上的边缘进行平行设计,从而将照射的雷达波集中反射到雷达接收不到的方向。(下文中提到的回波的主瓣和副瓣,就是指把电磁波集中反射的几个方向)4、隐藏强散射源:比如弹仓内挂武器或者S型进气道设计,防止雷达波直接照射发动机叶片。5、用一个部件遮挡住另一个强散射部件,比如背负式进气道(进气道在机身上方)或者用垂尾来遮挡尾喷口。6、结构细节处理:包括对铆钉、台阶等处理,防止次级散射;以及把舱门盖口的边缘和缝隙设计成锯齿形状,这样一来可以加剧散射,降低回波方向的强度。


Definitions of these and other terms employed in this document are summarised in Annex E. Reference data for RCS scales, radio-frequency bands, engagement geometries,  and representative threat systems are summarised in Annex A.
这些定义和文章中引用的其它术语见附录E。参考资料来源于RCS减缩、无线电波段、接触几何和典型威胁系统见附录A。

If the RCS assessment does not consider angular and wavelength dependencies properly, it will be almost meaningless, in terms of providing a means of determining or estimating the survivability of the LO/VLO design. The common practice of providing a single RCS value for a single aspect at a single frequency yields little information about the actual effectiveness of the design. Such a single point figure permits at best a detection range estimate for a known radar operating at the specified wavelength and aspect.
如果RCS评估不考虑角度和波长的适当关联,只是按照某种方法来确定或估算LO/VLO设计的生存能力,这是毫无意义的。通常在单一频率下的单个面给定一个单一的RCS值,几乎不能印证真实的设计效果。这种单个点阵图所表示的最大范围只是一个已知雷达在规定波长和位面的探测距离。

The PLA's J-20 prototype is an important development in terms of grand strategy, as well as technological strategy, and basic technology. It shows that PLA thinking at the strategic level is focussed on defeating opposing IADS [Integrated Air Defence System] and fighter forces. In the domain of technological strategy, it shows a robust grasp of the limitations of Western technology deployed in Asia. In terms of basic technology, it shows that China's academic research and industrial base has mastered advanced LO/VLO shaping techniques.
解放军的歼20原型机是国家战略、科技战略和基础技术方面的重大进步。这表明了解放军在战略层面的考量已经对准了挫败IADS(综合防空系统)和空军力量。在科技战略领域,表明了PLA强有力地抓住了西方科技在亚洲部署的局限性。在基础技术方面,表明了中国的学术研究和工业基地已经掌握了先进的LO/VLO成形技术。

The intent of this study is to perform a preliminary assessment of the RCS of the J-20 prototype, to establish the potential of the aircraft to be fully developed as an LO/VLO combat asset.
本课题的目的是对歼20原型机的RCS进行初步评估,以确定飞机是否具有成为最先进的低可探测/超低可探测战斗王牌的潜能。

The assessment cannot be more than preliminary for a number of good reasons:

   1. The final airframe shaping remains unknown, and changes may arise through the development cycle, to improve
        aerodynamic performance, operational characteristics, and LO/VLO performance;
   2. The state of Chinese Radar Absorbent Materials (RAM), Radar Absorbent Structures (RAS) and radar absorbent
        coatings technology is not well understood in the West;
   3. The state of Chinese technologies for sensor aperture (radar, EO, passive RF) structural mode RCS reduction is not well
       understood in the West;
   4. The state of Chinese technologies for RCS flare spot reduction, in areas such as  navigation/communications antennas,
       seals, panel joins, drain apertures, cooling vents, and fasteners is not well understood in the West.

评估只能是最低级别的几个理由:

1、最终机身造型仍然未知,研发环节可能出现变数,进一步提高空气动力性能、操作特点和LO/VLO性能;
2、西方并不十分清楚中国的雷达吸波材料(RAM),雷达吸波结构(RAS)和雷达吸波涂层技术。
3、西方并不十分清楚中国的传感器(雷达、光电、被动射频)孔径的结构模式和RCS减缩技术。
4、西方并不十分清楚中国的RCS光斑减缩技术,还有导航/通信天线、封条、面板连接、排水孔、散热孔和紧固件等。



注释:雷达吸波材料(RAM)是照射到飞机上的电磁能量被吸收并转化为热能,使反射出去的电波能量越少越好。雷达吸波材料分为涂敷型吸波材料与结构型吸波材料两种。雷达吸波结构(RAS)是一种结合飞机外形的曲面和部位,由RAM、透波材料及其它材料构成独特的吸波-承载复合结构。也就是说,一部分复合材料既可以起到吸波的作用,又可以充当承载和减重的作用。



转自龙腾网:http://www.ltaaa.com/bbs/forum.p ... &extra=page%3D1

本文是由澳大利亚军事专家卡罗·库珀和迈克尔·佩洛西联合撰写的一篇关于歼20隐身性能的初步评估的军事技术论文。由于篇幅过大,译者分上下两篇发表。上篇主要介绍了歼20的外形特点和隐形飞机的一些基本知识,包括隐身材料,并提出了估算RCS的方法。下篇将会进行具体的实验过程和图表分析,以及对歼20隐身性能的数值结果,并做以总结。附录部分没有进行翻译,其中的一些专业术语、理论、概念等均在译文中夹杂介绍。

鉴于译者在此之前对于航空航天及相关学科基本一窍不通,花费两周时间一边查资料一边完成翻译。文中对于一些常识的解释,一方面对外行们进行科普,另一方面也算自己的理解,希望懂行的大牛们勿嫌繁琐。另外还有一些艰深难懂的理论,译者也做了尝试性地解读,为了不影响篇幅,省略了大量的演算公式,只说结论,目的在于把原文所提到的每个参数的意义告诉读者。囿于译者能力所限,对于翻译错误或不准确的地方,欢迎提出批评,定会在第一时间予以修正,还望大家不吝赐教。

原文:http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2011-03.html

译者:病中乃知


A Preliminary Assessment of Specular Radar Cross Section Performance in the Chengdu J-20 Prototype
成都歼20原型机隐身性能初步评估





Air Power Australia Analysis 2011-03
4th July 2011


A Monograph by
Dr Michael J Pelosi, MBA, MPA,
Dr Carlo Kopp, SMAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng

Text, computer graphics © 2011 Michael Pelosi, © 2011 Carlo Kopp


澳大利亚空中力量分析 2011-3

2011年7月4日


论文由

迈克尔·J·佩洛西 博士/MBA/MPA

卡罗·库珀 博士/MSAIAA/SMIEEE/PEng

文字,电脑绘图©2011 迈克尔·佩洛西,© 2011 卡罗·库珀







First public flight of the Chengdu J-20 prototype, 11th January, 2011 . The shaping design of the J-20 presents no fundamental obstacles to its development into a genuine Very Low Observable design (Chinese Internet).
2011年1月11日,成都歼20原型机首次公开试飞。歼20的造型设计表明,不会对其改进型的超低可探测性(简称VLO,也就是隐身技术Stealth Technology)。设计造成实质影响。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract

摘要

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This study has explored the specular Radar Cross Section of the Chengdu J-20 prototype aircraft shaping design. Simulations using a Physical Optics simulation algorithm were performed for frequencies of 150 MHz, 600 MHz, 1.2 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 6.0 GHz, 8.0 GHz, 12.0 GHz, 16.0 GHz and 28 GHz without an absorbent coating, and for frequencies of 1.2 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 6.0 GHz, 8.0 GHz, 12.0 GHz, 16.0 GHz with an absorbent coating, covering all angular aspects of the airframe. In addition, the performance of a range of Chinese developed radar absorbers was modelled, based on a reasonable survey of unclassified Chinese research publications in the area. None of the surveyed materials were found to be suitable for use as impedance matched specular radar absorbers. Modelling has determined, that if the production J-20 retains the axisymmetric nozzles and smoothly area ruled sides, the aircraft could at best deliver robust Very Low Observable performance in the nose aspect angular sector. Conversely, if the production J-20 introduces a rectangular faceted nozzle design, and refinements to fuselage side shaping, the design would present very good potential for  robust Very Low Observable performance in the S-band and above, for the nose and tail aspect angular sectors, with good performance in the beam aspect angular sector. This study has therefore established through Physical Optics simulation across nine radio-frequency bands, that no fundamental obstacles exist in the shaping design of the J-20 prototype precluding its development into a genuine Very Low Observable design.
本课题探讨了成都歼20原型机隐身性能的造型设计,运用物理光学仿真算法在没有隐形涂层情况下分别进行了频率为150兆赫兹、600兆赫兹、1.2千兆赫兹、3.0千兆赫兹、6.0千兆赫兹、8.0千兆赫兹、12.0千兆赫兹、16.0千兆赫兹和28千兆赫兹的模拟,以及在敷设了隐身涂层的情况下,进行了频率为1.2千兆赫兹、3.0千兆赫兹、6.0千兆赫兹、8.0千兆赫兹、12.0千兆赫兹和16.0千兆赫兹的模拟,覆盖了整个机身的角度位面。此外,中国研制的雷达吸波材料的一系列性能已经建模,基于一份非机密的中国该领域研究发行的调查报告。调查表明,材料不适合作为匹配镜面雷达吸收剂的阻抗。在模型已经确定的情况下,如果歼20的生产保留轴对称喷口和符合面积律的平滑截面,飞机最多只能为机头部分提供强劲的超低可探测性能。反之,如果歼20的生产引进矩面喷口设计,改进侧面机身造型,强劲的超低可探测性能将会在S波段及以上范围展现出巨大的潜力,机头部分和机尾以及侧向也会有良好的性能。本课题是通过物理光学模拟穿越九个无线电波段,在歼20原型机的外形设计不存在根本缺陷的情况下,确保改进型达到真正的超低可探测设计。



注释:Radar Cross Section(RCS),雷达散射截面是目标的一种折算面积,用来度量在雷达波照射下所产生的回波强度大小。RCS越小,说明反射越小,越不容易被发现,从而达到“隐身”的效果。RCS减缩有两种途径:一种是外形隐身,通过改变机身造型,把雷达波反射到雷达无法接收的方向上;一种是材料隐身,通过对机身敷设吸波涂层,把雷达波的能量损耗掉。通常外形隐身占到整个RCS减缩的90%左右,也就是说,衡量一架飞机隐身性能的优劣,主要看造型设计是否合理。同时,造型设计关乎到飞机的气动布局,所以如何兼顾隐身和气动的性能,成为了隐身设计的一大课题。

阻抗匹配:当飞行器受到雷达波的照射时,飞行器本身将产生一个散射场,如果雷达吸波材料的阻抗负载合适,则可以使阻抗产生的电磁场与飞行器产生的散射场的场强矢量振幅相当,相位相反,从而相互干涉,使两个场的合成场强减弱,降低飞机的RCS。





·Introduction
·J-20 Prototype Very Low Observable Airframe Shaping Design Features
  Chinese Absorbent Materials Technology
·Radar Cross Section Simulation Method / Simulator Design and Capabilities
  Aircraft Model Features and Limitations
  What the Simulation Does Not Demonstrate
  What the Simulation Does Demonstrate
·Specular Radar Cross Section Simulation Results
  Analysis of Shape Related Specular Radar Cross Section
  Analysis of Specular RCS with a Representative RAM Coating
·Conclusions
·Endnotes, References and Bibliography:
·Annex A Scales, Bands, Geometries, and Representative Threats
·Annex B Basic Concepts in Absorbent Coatings Technology
·Annex C Axisymmetric Nozzle RCS Performance
·Annex D Viewing RCS Plots
·Annex E Glossary of Terms

·介绍
·歼20原型机超低可探测机身外形设计特点
      中国的吸波材料技术
·RCS的模拟方法/模拟设计和功能
      飞机模型的特点和局限性
      什么是非论证模拟
      什么是论证模拟
·镜面RCS的模拟结果
      外形RCS的相关分析
      涂抹典型雷达吸波材料的隐身性能分析
·结论
·附注、参考文献和参考书目:
·附录一 减缩、波段、几何和典型威胁
·附录二 吸收材料技术的基本概念
·附录三 轴对称喷口的隐身性能
·附录四 查看RCS图解
·附录五 术语

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction

介绍

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There has been extensive media speculation about the Radar Cross Section [RCS] of the J-20 stealth fighter, since the PLA-AF first exposed the prototype to the public in late December, 2010. Sadly much of this speculation has no valid scientific basis, yet appears to be regarded seriously enough to have influenced public statements by numerous senior officials in Western defence departments.
自从2010年12月份中国空军首次公开透露了原型机以来,很多媒体都在猜测歼20隐形战斗机的RCS。这种猜测虽然没有科学依据,却似乎被认为是一份足以影响到许多西方国防部门高级官员的公开声明。

Performing a full assessment of the RCS of any Low Observable [LO / -10 to -30 dBSM, Refer Table A.1] or Very Low Observable [VLO / -30 to -40 dBSM, Refer Table A.1] aircraft is not a trivial task, as due consideration needs to be given to all major and minor RCS contributors in the design.
进行任何低可探测(LO / -10到-30 dBSM,参见 表格A.1) 或者超低可探测(VLO / -30到-40 dBSM,参见 表格A.1)飞机的全面评估不是一项简单的任务,需要考虑到设计之中所有主要和次要的RCS贡献。

注释:RCS用σ(Sigma)表示,常用单位为㎡(平方米)或dBSM(分贝平方米),公式为σ=4π *(目标处单位立体角内的散射功率/目标处单位面积上的入射功率),两个单位之间的转换关系是:1000㎡=30dbsm,100㎡=20dbsm,10㎡=10dbsm,1㎡=0dbsm,0.1㎡=-10dbsm,0.01㎡=-20dbsm,也就是说,如果RCS的值是0分贝,那么目标的有效照射面积便是1平方米。(显然,目标的真实面积肯定比1平方米大的多)RCS的“贡献”越大,其值越高。

Moreover, such an assessment, if it is to be useful, must consider the RCS from a range of different angular aspects, this encompassing azimuthal sectors and also elevation or depression angles characteristic of the surface and airborne threat systems the LO/VLO design is intended to defeat [Refer Figures A.3 and A.4].
另外,要使评估有效,必须考虑一系列不同角度位面的隐身效果,包括旨在挫败LO/VLO设计的地面和空中威胁系统在各个方位面以及俯仰角的典型特征。(参见 图表A.3和A.4)(威胁系统指能够搜索、捕获、攻击飞机的雷达、导弹等军事设施)



The assessment of RCS must also be performed at the operating wavelengths typical of the surface and airborne threat systems the LO/VLO design is intended to defeat [Refer Table A.2].
对RCS的评估也必须建立在旨在挫败LO/VLO设计的地面和空中威胁系统的工作波长典型特征之下。(参见 表格A.2)



注释:RCS的大小取决于:目标的物理特性(电特性)、目标的几何特性、目标被雷达波照射的方位、入射波的波长、入射场极化方式和接受天线的极化方式。这里先谈谈几何形状对RCS的影响。1、角反射器:雷达波会在两三个平面相交构成的尖锐折角上折射放大,产生很强的回波信号,尤其是正交直角。2、凹腔效应:雷达波在凹腔内经过多次反射、叠加放大之后返回雷达。3、平行原则:对飞机上的边缘进行平行设计,从而将照射的雷达波集中反射到雷达接收不到的方向。(下文中提到的回波的主瓣和副瓣,就是指把电磁波集中反射的几个方向)4、隐藏强散射源:比如弹仓内挂武器或者S型进气道设计,防止雷达波直接照射发动机叶片。5、用一个部件遮挡住另一个强散射部件,比如背负式进气道(进气道在机身上方)或者用垂尾来遮挡尾喷口。6、结构细节处理:包括对铆钉、台阶等处理,防止次级散射;以及把舱门盖口的边缘和缝隙设计成锯齿形状,这样一来可以加剧散射,降低回波方向的强度。


Definitions of these and other terms employed in this document are summarised in Annex E. Reference data for RCS scales, radio-frequency bands, engagement geometries,  and representative threat systems are summarised in Annex A.
这些定义和文章中引用的其它术语见附录E。参考资料来源于RCS减缩、无线电波段、接触几何和典型威胁系统见附录A。

If the RCS assessment does not consider angular and wavelength dependencies properly, it will be almost meaningless, in terms of providing a means of determining or estimating the survivability of the LO/VLO design. The common practice of providing a single RCS value for a single aspect at a single frequency yields little information about the actual effectiveness of the design. Such a single point figure permits at best a detection range estimate for a known radar operating at the specified wavelength and aspect.
如果RCS评估不考虑角度和波长的适当关联,只是按照某种方法来确定或估算LO/VLO设计的生存能力,这是毫无意义的。通常在单一频率下的单个面给定一个单一的RCS值,几乎不能印证真实的设计效果。这种单个点阵图所表示的最大范围只是一个已知雷达在规定波长和位面的探测距离。

The PLA's J-20 prototype is an important development in terms of grand strategy, as well as technological strategy, and basic technology. It shows that PLA thinking at the strategic level is focussed on defeating opposing IADS [Integrated Air Defence System] and fighter forces. In the domain of technological strategy, it shows a robust grasp of the limitations of Western technology deployed in Asia. In terms of basic technology, it shows that China's academic research and industrial base has mastered advanced LO/VLO shaping techniques.
解放军的歼20原型机是国家战略、科技战略和基础技术方面的重大进步。这表明了解放军在战略层面的考量已经对准了挫败IADS(综合防空系统)和空军力量。在科技战略领域,表明了PLA强有力地抓住了西方科技在亚洲部署的局限性。在基础技术方面,表明了中国的学术研究和工业基地已经掌握了先进的LO/VLO成形技术。

The intent of this study is to perform a preliminary assessment of the RCS of the J-20 prototype, to establish the potential of the aircraft to be fully developed as an LO/VLO combat asset.
本课题的目的是对歼20原型机的RCS进行初步评估,以确定飞机是否具有成为最先进的低可探测/超低可探测战斗王牌的潜能。

The assessment cannot be more than preliminary for a number of good reasons:

   1. The final airframe shaping remains unknown, and changes may arise through the development cycle, to improve
        aerodynamic performance, operational characteristics, and LO/VLO performance;
   2. The state of Chinese Radar Absorbent Materials (RAM), Radar Absorbent Structures (RAS) and radar absorbent
        coatings technology is not well understood in the West;
   3. The state of Chinese technologies for sensor aperture (radar, EO, passive RF) structural mode RCS reduction is not well
       understood in the West;
   4. The state of Chinese technologies for RCS flare spot reduction, in areas such as  navigation/communications antennas,
       seals, panel joins, drain apertures, cooling vents, and fasteners is not well understood in the West.

评估只能是最低级别的几个理由:

1、最终机身造型仍然未知,研发环节可能出现变数,进一步提高空气动力性能、操作特点和LO/VLO性能;
2、西方并不十分清楚中国的雷达吸波材料(RAM),雷达吸波结构(RAS)和雷达吸波涂层技术。
3、西方并不十分清楚中国的传感器(雷达、光电、被动射频)孔径的结构模式和RCS减缩技术。
4、西方并不十分清楚中国的RCS光斑减缩技术,还有导航/通信天线、封条、面板连接、排水孔、散热孔和紧固件等。



注释:雷达吸波材料(RAM)是照射到飞机上的电磁能量被吸收并转化为热能,使反射出去的电波能量越少越好。雷达吸波材料分为涂敷型吸波材料与结构型吸波材料两种。雷达吸波结构(RAS)是一种结合飞机外形的曲面和部位,由RAM、透波材料及其它材料构成独特的吸波-承载复合结构。也就是说,一部分复合材料既可以起到吸波的作用,又可以充当承载和减重的作用。


Achievement of credible LO or VLO performance is the result of a design having intended RCS characteristics in all of these
categories.The relative importance of the respective categories should be discussed.
在所有类别中,使其具有RCS特性的设计,是为了达到可靠的LO/VLO性能。我们要讨论的是相对重要的分类。

Sound airframe shaping is a necessary prerequisite for good LO or VLO performance. If shaping is poor, no amount of credible materials application and detail flare spot reduction will overcome the RCS contributions produced by the airframe shape, and genuine VLO performance will be unattainable.
合理的机身造型是良好的LO/VLO性能的先决条件。如果造型很差,即便使用再可靠的材料和细微光斑减缩,也无法比拟机身外形对于减少RCS的贡献。

If airframe shaping is sound, then careful and well considered application of Radar Absorbent Materials (RAM), Radar Absorbent Structures (RAS), radar absorbent coatings, aperture RCS reductions, and minor flare spot reductions techniques will yield a VLO design.
如果机身造型合理,只要谨慎地使用雷达吸波材料(RAM)、雷达吸波结构、雷达吸波涂层、孔径RCS减缩和较为次要的光斑减缩技术,就会凸显超低可探测设计。

As a result, modelling of the shape related RCS contributions of any VLO design is of very high value, as it determines not only whether the aircraft can achieve credible VLO category performance, but also where the designers will be investing effort in RAS, RAM and coating application to achieve this effect.
因此,与外形建模有关的任何VLO设计对于RCS贡献都具有非常高的价值,因为这不仅决定了飞机是否能达到可靠的隐身性能,同时也会使设计师致力于研究RAS、RAM和涂层的应用所产生的效果。

This paper will focus mostly on shape related RCS contributions, due to the uncertainties inherent in estimating the performance of unknown technologies for RAS, RAM, coatings, aperture RCS reductions, and minor flare spot reduction. Where applicable, reasonable assumptions will be made as to the performance of absorbent material related RCS reduction measures. Some tentative modelling of published Chinese RAM coatings will be performed.
本文将重点关注与外形相关的RCS贡献,对RAS、RAM、涂料、孔径RCS减缩和次要的光斑减缩等未知技术性能进行估算时,其固有的不确定因素是无法避免的。在适当情形下,合理的假设可以推算出RCS减缩措施相关的吸波材料的性能。同时,对一些中国已公开的RAM涂料的实验性模拟也会展开。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


J-20 Prototype Very Low Observable Airframe Shaping Design Features

歼20原型机超低可探测机身造型设计特点

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


The J-20 prototype designs displays a number of VLO design features, generally based on design rules developed for and employed in the construction of United States VLO combat aircraft. These display a good theoretical and practical understanding of the VLO design rules developed by US researchers in industry and US government research laboratories, between 1975 and 2000.
歼20原型机的设计显示了一些VLO的设计特点,在常规设计规则的基础上进行开发,同时借鉴了美国VLO战斗机的制造工艺。这些表明了对VLO设计规则有着良好的理论和实践中的理解,VLO设计规则是在1975年至2000年,由美国行业研究和美国政府研究实验室开发而成的。

Overall, the stealth shaping of the J-20 prototype design is without doubt considerably better than that seen in the Russian T-50 PAK-FA prototypes and, even more so, than that seen in the intended production configuration of the United States' F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
总的来说,歼20原型机的隐身造型设计无疑大大优于俄罗斯的T-50五代机,甚至是美国计划投产的F35联合攻击战斗机。

The J-20 design appears to be mostly constructed around the stealth shaping design rules employed in the US Air Force F-22A Raptor:
歼20的设计似乎大多都是围绕美国空军的F22的隐形造型设计规则:

1.The chined J-20 nose section and canopy are close in appearance to the F-22, yielding similar specular RCS performance in a mature design.
1、歼20的机头部分和座舱罩和F22的外观接近,设计十分成熟,所以二者的隐身性能十分接近。


注释:飞机各个部位的主要散射源和散射机理。头向——座舱、雷达舱和进气道的凹腔效应;正侧向——机身与垂尾的镜面反射、机翼与机身以及平尾与垂尾的角反射;后向——喷口的凹腔效应;斜侧向——机翼和平尾前后缘的边缘绕射;其它——外挂物散射、缝隙绕射、尖点绕射、表面波绕射等。

歼20机头部分的RCS减缩。其中,座舱罩采取了金属镀膜处理技术(光电设计),既遮挡住了雷达波,同时又不会影响可见光的照射,为飞行员提供了良好的视野。而进气道的入口斜切并设计成S型进气道,不会使雷达波直接照射到发动机叶片而产生强烈的散射源;同时内壁敷设吸波材料,雷达波在进气道来回反弹吸波,损耗功率。

2.The J-20 trapezoidal edge aligned engine inlets are closest to the F-22, though they appear to be larger and employ an F-35 style DSI (Diverterless Supersonic Inlet) design, obviously intended to improve on F-22 inlet leading edge signature.
2、歼20梯形进气口的对齐方式与F22十分接近,但他们似乎更多地采用了F35的DSI(无附面层隔道超音速进气道 )设计风格,显然他们打算改进F22的进气口边缘的信号特征。

3.The J-20 wing fuselage join, critical for beam and all aspect stealth, is in shaping and angle very similar to the F-22, and clearly superior to both the T-50 PAK-FA prototypes and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
3、歼20的翼身融合在造型和角度上都与F22十分类似,对侧向和全向的隐身起到了重要作用,明显优于T50五代机和F35联合攻击战斗机。

注释:翼身融合,机翼和机身结合处的外形,无论取纵向截面或横向截面,其轮廓线都是连续曲线。消除了垂直侧面机身与机翼的角反射器效应。




4.The J-20 flat lower fuselage is optimal for all aspect wideband stealth, and emulates the F-22 design closely. It can produce a significant ground bounce return in some geometries, especially at lower altitudes, or angles approaching the normal.
4、歼20平滑的机身底部很好地模仿了F22的设计,是全频隐身的最佳选择。在一些地方,尤其是低空和靠近法线的角度,可以产生明显的地面反弹。

5.Planform alignment of the J-20 shows exact angular alignment between canard and delta leading edges, and exact crossed (starboard to port, port to starboard) angular edge alignment between canard and delta trailing edges. Leading edge sweep is ~43°, clearly intended for efficient supersonic flight.
5、歼20的平面对齐方式显示,鸭翼和三角翼的前缘对齐,鸭翼和三角翼对侧(右舷对左舷,左舷对右舷)后缘对齐。前缘后掠角约43度,显然倾向于超音速飞行。

注释:鸭式布局,是一种非常适于超音速空战的气动布局,座舱两侧有两个较小的三角翼(鸭翼),后边是一个较大的三角翼(主翼)。鸭式布局的优点是通过较小的鸭翼达到与水平尾翼同样的操纵效能,增强了低空的机动性。缺点是鸭翼一旦转动,角度就会变化,从而影响隐身效果。歼20的鸭翼采用隐身涂料和吸波/透波复合材料,估计对RCS的影响不会很大。

6.The J-20 nose and main undercarriage, and cheek weapon bay doors employ C-band through Ku-band optimised edge serration technology, based on F-117A and F-22 design rules.
6、歼20的机头、主起落架和两侧武器舱门采取了C波段到Ku波段的边缘锯齿优化技术,设计规则来自F117和F22。

7.The aft fuselage, tailbooms, fins/strakes and axi-symmetric nozzles are not compatible with high stealth performance, but may only be stop-gap measures to expedite flight testing of a prototype. Performance is notably poorer in the H polarisation.
7、后机身、尾段、安定翼/边条和轴对称喷口的设计不利于隐身,但也可能是为了加快原型机飞行试验的权宜之计。特别是在电磁波的H方向的隐身性能较差。

8.The airframe configuration and aft fuselage shape would be compatible with an F-22A style 2D TVC nozzle design, or a non-TVC rectangular nozzle designed for controlled infrared emission patterns and radio-frequency stealth. Infrared signature will be influenced by other considerations, especially engine bypass ratio.
8、如果使用二维推力矢量喷口设计或非推力矢量抑制红外和无线电隐身的喷口设计,机身结构和后机身外形将会与F22风格一致。红外特征还取决于其它因素,尤其是发动机涵道比。

注释:涵道比(bypass ratio),即涡轮发动机外涵道与内涵道空气流量的比值。内涵道的空气流入燃烧室与燃料混合,燃烧做功,外涵道的空气不进入燃烧室,而是与内涵道流出的燃气相混合后排出。外涵道的空气只通过风扇,流速较慢,且是低温,内涵道排出的是高温燃气,两种气体混合后降低了流速与温度,能够降低噪声,增加推力。

9.The choice of all moving slab stabilators and canards will impact RCS at deflection angles away from the neutral position. If large control deflections are produced in flight regimes other than close combat manoeuvring, the specular RCS of the all moving slab controls would need to be considered.
9、全动平尾和前翼在偏转角远离中间时会对RCS造成影响。与近距离作战不同,一般飞行状态下的大幅度偏转对RCS造成的影响必须考虑在内。

A qualitative assessment of the J-20 prototype clearly shows that the design has the potential for VLO capability, certainly in the very important forward hemisphere.
歼20原型机的质量评定清晰地表明设计拥有潜在的VLO性能,特别是在非常重要的前方半球。

Available imagery from similar or identical aspects permits direct comparisons between the J-20 and the United States F-22A and F-35 designs.
汗 才发现有人发过了 版主删帖吧。
几个月前就发过了
现在国内国外的砖家都一个样,给他一张图,他可以拍脑袋写出一大堆东西。
首次见到,不过这个澳洲砖家估计也是满嘴跑火车的主
Rcs>0.3,比22还有相当的距离…这个必须承认…
Rcs>0.3,比22还有相当的距离…这个必须承认…