超级军网中国航天921-3计划
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/26 22:26:20
[B]Project 921-3 [/B]
The first model of the planned 921-3 manned shuttle was exhibited at Hannover Expo 2000. This showed a double-delta winged spaceplane with a single vertical stabiliser, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Based on the size of the presumed two crew side-by-side cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m and a length of 12 m, and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This seemed about half the size but the same configuration as the six-engined orbiter designed in the mid-1990's.
The Chinese 921-3 shuttle concept was a two-stage system with horizontal takeoff and landing. The appearance and layout of the system was similar to the West German Saenger-II. Launch mass would be 330 tonnes. An aerospace plane with accommodation for two to three crew and a payload of 6 tonnes would be mounted atop the first stage. It was felt by the Chinese that the horizontal launch method would result in lower system weight and provide a more flexible system that could be operated from any airfield.
The hypersonic lifting body first stage would be 85 m long and 12 m in diameter with three vertical stabilisers. The stage would have a launch mass of 198 tonnes and a landing mass of 79 tonnes. At launch the stage would be powered by six Lox/LH2/Methane engines with a thrust of 40 tonnes each and a specific impulse of 370 seconds. These would be supplemented by eight LH2-powered direct-flow ramjet engines with a specific impulse of 3500 seconds. The rocket engines alone would power the vehicle from the runway to a speed of Mach 0.8, at which point the ramjets would ignite. Up to an altitude of 9 km and a speed of Mach 1.8 to 2.0 the rocket and ramjet engines would operate in parallel to provide a constant acceleration, the rocket engines throttling back as the ramjets increased in thrust. Thereafter the first stage would be powered by ramjet thrust alone until it released the orbiter at an unspecified hypersonic speed. It would then return to its launch base.
The orbiter would have a launch mass of 132 tonnes, a landing mass of 25.3 tonnes, and would be equipped with four Lox/LH2 engines with a specific impulse of 460 seconds and thrust of 21 tonnes each. These would take the stage to an elliptical orbit of 100 to 300 km altitude. Further engine manoeuvres could take the spacecraft up to a 500 km altitude orbit.
China published photographs of a two-seat spaceplane simulator as early as 1980. This was possibly a test cockpit in an aircraft that flew parabolic trajectories to provide brief periods of zero-G. Given Tsien Hsue-shen抯, lifelong interest in winged hypersonics, it seems likely that this two seater was indeed the cockpit for a Chinese Dynasoar-type spaceplane. Reports of the existence of a wind tunnel model have continued through the years. However lack of funds prevented full scale development from beginning.
In April 1992 the Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could now be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The third stage, 921-3, was a modern space-earth transportation system, using a delta winged orbiter, to be operational by 2020. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work has been undertaken to date on the 921-3.
Some photographs have been released of a wind tunnel model. The narrow fuselage and wing tip vertical stabilisers were strongly reminiscent of the United States?X-20 Dynasoar spaceplane of the 1960抯. Another picture shows computer simulations of airflow around a different double-delta winged spacecraft. This has an appearance very close to the US space shuttle, but without a tail. This more closely resembled the Hannover model, except the latter was equipped with a modest vertical stabiliser similar to that on the Russian BOR-4 spaceplane.
This very ambitious project will probably be realised in a different form than that originally planned some time in the first half of the next century. The Hannover model suggests that a modest spaceplane, launched by expendable boosters, would be flown before proceeding to any full-scale reusable winged launch vehicles. By 2002 Chinese space scientists were speaking of a two-stage to orbit, ballistic recoverable transport as the first recoverable Chinese space vehicle.
Craft.Crew Size: 2. Total Length: 12.0 m. Maximum Diameter: 2.0 m. Total Mass: 12,000 kg.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Project 921-3 Chronology
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 April 1992 Chinese manned space programme authorised
The Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work was authorised on the 921-3 reusable spaceplane.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 December 1999 China Has No Shuttle Program
There is no a shuttle program in China, stated Liu Jiyuan, former president of China Aerospace Corporation, adding that the formal shuttle project had not started. He also said that the first Shenzhou manned flight would depends on the results of unmanned tests, and that no animal flights were planned.
Chinese shuttle craft - model at the Chinese Pavilion, Hannover Expo 2000.The model indicates a spaceplane similar to the cancelled European Hermes.
Chinese Shuttle
Photo published in 1980 of Chinese astronauts training in a shuttle-type cockpit[B]Project 921-3 [/B]
The first model of the planned 921-3 manned shuttle was exhibited at Hannover Expo 2000. This showed a double-delta winged spaceplane with a single vertical stabiliser, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Based on the size of the presumed two crew side-by-side cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m and a length of 12 m, and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This seemed about half the size but the same configuration as the six-engined orbiter designed in the mid-1990's.
The Chinese 921-3 shuttle concept was a two-stage system with horizontal takeoff and landing. The appearance and layout of the system was similar to the West German Saenger-II. Launch mass would be 330 tonnes. An aerospace plane with accommodation for two to three crew and a payload of 6 tonnes would be mounted atop the first stage. It was felt by the Chinese that the horizontal launch method would result in lower system weight and provide a more flexible system that could be operated from any airfield.
The hypersonic lifting body first stage would be 85 m long and 12 m in diameter with three vertical stabilisers. The stage would have a launch mass of 198 tonnes and a landing mass of 79 tonnes. At launch the stage would be powered by six Lox/LH2/Methane engines with a thrust of 40 tonnes each and a specific impulse of 370 seconds. These would be supplemented by eight LH2-powered direct-flow ramjet engines with a specific impulse of 3500 seconds. The rocket engines alone would power the vehicle from the runway to a speed of Mach 0.8, at which point the ramjets would ignite. Up to an altitude of 9 km and a speed of Mach 1.8 to 2.0 the rocket and ramjet engines would operate in parallel to provide a constant acceleration, the rocket engines throttling back as the ramjets increased in thrust. Thereafter the first stage would be powered by ramjet thrust alone until it released the orbiter at an unspecified hypersonic speed. It would then return to its launch base.
The orbiter would have a launch mass of 132 tonnes, a landing mass of 25.3 tonnes, and would be equipped with four Lox/LH2 engines with a specific impulse of 460 seconds and thrust of 21 tonnes each. These would take the stage to an elliptical orbit of 100 to 300 km altitude. Further engine manoeuvres could take the spacecraft up to a 500 km altitude orbit.
China published photographs of a two-seat spaceplane simulator as early as 1980. This was possibly a test cockpit in an aircraft that flew parabolic trajectories to provide brief periods of zero-G. Given Tsien Hsue-shen抯, lifelong interest in winged hypersonics, it seems likely that this two seater was indeed the cockpit for a Chinese Dynasoar-type spaceplane. Reports of the existence of a wind tunnel model have continued through the years. However lack of funds prevented full scale development from beginning.
In April 1992 the Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could now be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The third stage, 921-3, was a modern space-earth transportation system, using a delta winged orbiter, to be operational by 2020. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work has been undertaken to date on the 921-3.
Some photographs have been released of a wind tunnel model. The narrow fuselage and wing tip vertical stabilisers were strongly reminiscent of the United States?X-20 Dynasoar spaceplane of the 1960抯. Another picture shows computer simulations of airflow around a different double-delta winged spacecraft. This has an appearance very close to the US space shuttle, but without a tail. This more closely resembled the Hannover model, except the latter was equipped with a modest vertical stabiliser similar to that on the Russian BOR-4 spaceplane.
This very ambitious project will probably be realised in a different form than that originally planned some time in the first half of the next century. The Hannover model suggests that a modest spaceplane, launched by expendable boosters, would be flown before proceeding to any full-scale reusable winged launch vehicles. By 2002 Chinese space scientists were speaking of a two-stage to orbit, ballistic recoverable transport as the first recoverable Chinese space vehicle.
Craft.Crew Size: 2. Total Length: 12.0 m. Maximum Diameter: 2.0 m. Total Mass: 12,000 kg.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Project 921-3 Chronology
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 April 1992 Chinese manned space programme authorised
The Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work was authorised on the 921-3 reusable spaceplane.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 December 1999 China Has No Shuttle Program
There is no a shuttle program in China, stated Liu Jiyuan, former president of China Aerospace Corporation, adding that the formal shuttle project had not started. He also said that the first Shenzhou manned flight would depends on the results of unmanned tests, and that no animal flights were planned.
Chinese shuttle craft - model at the Chinese Pavilion, Hannover Expo 2000.The model indicates a spaceplane similar to the cancelled European Hermes.
Chinese Shuttle
Photo published in 1980 of Chinese astronauts training in a shuttle-type cockpit
The first model of the planned 921-3 manned shuttle was exhibited at Hannover Expo 2000. This showed a double-delta winged spaceplane with a single vertical stabiliser, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Based on the size of the presumed two crew side-by-side cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m and a length of 12 m, and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This seemed about half the size but the same configuration as the six-engined orbiter designed in the mid-1990's.
The Chinese 921-3 shuttle concept was a two-stage system with horizontal takeoff and landing. The appearance and layout of the system was similar to the West German Saenger-II. Launch mass would be 330 tonnes. An aerospace plane with accommodation for two to three crew and a payload of 6 tonnes would be mounted atop the first stage. It was felt by the Chinese that the horizontal launch method would result in lower system weight and provide a more flexible system that could be operated from any airfield.
The hypersonic lifting body first stage would be 85 m long and 12 m in diameter with three vertical stabilisers. The stage would have a launch mass of 198 tonnes and a landing mass of 79 tonnes. At launch the stage would be powered by six Lox/LH2/Methane engines with a thrust of 40 tonnes each and a specific impulse of 370 seconds. These would be supplemented by eight LH2-powered direct-flow ramjet engines with a specific impulse of 3500 seconds. The rocket engines alone would power the vehicle from the runway to a speed of Mach 0.8, at which point the ramjets would ignite. Up to an altitude of 9 km and a speed of Mach 1.8 to 2.0 the rocket and ramjet engines would operate in parallel to provide a constant acceleration, the rocket engines throttling back as the ramjets increased in thrust. Thereafter the first stage would be powered by ramjet thrust alone until it released the orbiter at an unspecified hypersonic speed. It would then return to its launch base.
The orbiter would have a launch mass of 132 tonnes, a landing mass of 25.3 tonnes, and would be equipped with four Lox/LH2 engines with a specific impulse of 460 seconds and thrust of 21 tonnes each. These would take the stage to an elliptical orbit of 100 to 300 km altitude. Further engine manoeuvres could take the spacecraft up to a 500 km altitude orbit.
China published photographs of a two-seat spaceplane simulator as early as 1980. This was possibly a test cockpit in an aircraft that flew parabolic trajectories to provide brief periods of zero-G. Given Tsien Hsue-shen抯, lifelong interest in winged hypersonics, it seems likely that this two seater was indeed the cockpit for a Chinese Dynasoar-type spaceplane. Reports of the existence of a wind tunnel model have continued through the years. However lack of funds prevented full scale development from beginning.
In April 1992 the Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could now be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The third stage, 921-3, was a modern space-earth transportation system, using a delta winged orbiter, to be operational by 2020. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work has been undertaken to date on the 921-3.
Some photographs have been released of a wind tunnel model. The narrow fuselage and wing tip vertical stabilisers were strongly reminiscent of the United States?X-20 Dynasoar spaceplane of the 1960抯. Another picture shows computer simulations of airflow around a different double-delta winged spacecraft. This has an appearance very close to the US space shuttle, but without a tail. This more closely resembled the Hannover model, except the latter was equipped with a modest vertical stabiliser similar to that on the Russian BOR-4 spaceplane.
This very ambitious project will probably be realised in a different form than that originally planned some time in the first half of the next century. The Hannover model suggests that a modest spaceplane, launched by expendable boosters, would be flown before proceeding to any full-scale reusable winged launch vehicles. By 2002 Chinese space scientists were speaking of a two-stage to orbit, ballistic recoverable transport as the first recoverable Chinese space vehicle.
Craft.Crew Size: 2. Total Length: 12.0 m. Maximum Diameter: 2.0 m. Total Mass: 12,000 kg.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Project 921-3 Chronology
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 April 1992 Chinese manned space programme authorised
The Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work was authorised on the 921-3 reusable spaceplane.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 December 1999 China Has No Shuttle Program
There is no a shuttle program in China, stated Liu Jiyuan, former president of China Aerospace Corporation, adding that the formal shuttle project had not started. He also said that the first Shenzhou manned flight would depends on the results of unmanned tests, and that no animal flights were planned.
Chinese shuttle craft - model at the Chinese Pavilion, Hannover Expo 2000.The model indicates a spaceplane similar to the cancelled European Hermes.
Chinese Shuttle
Photo published in 1980 of Chinese astronauts training in a shuttle-type cockpit[B]Project 921-3 [/B]
The first model of the planned 921-3 manned shuttle was exhibited at Hannover Expo 2000. This showed a double-delta winged spaceplane with a single vertical stabiliser, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Based on the size of the presumed two crew side-by-side cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m and a length of 12 m, and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This seemed about half the size but the same configuration as the six-engined orbiter designed in the mid-1990's.
The Chinese 921-3 shuttle concept was a two-stage system with horizontal takeoff and landing. The appearance and layout of the system was similar to the West German Saenger-II. Launch mass would be 330 tonnes. An aerospace plane with accommodation for two to three crew and a payload of 6 tonnes would be mounted atop the first stage. It was felt by the Chinese that the horizontal launch method would result in lower system weight and provide a more flexible system that could be operated from any airfield.
The hypersonic lifting body first stage would be 85 m long and 12 m in diameter with three vertical stabilisers. The stage would have a launch mass of 198 tonnes and a landing mass of 79 tonnes. At launch the stage would be powered by six Lox/LH2/Methane engines with a thrust of 40 tonnes each and a specific impulse of 370 seconds. These would be supplemented by eight LH2-powered direct-flow ramjet engines with a specific impulse of 3500 seconds. The rocket engines alone would power the vehicle from the runway to a speed of Mach 0.8, at which point the ramjets would ignite. Up to an altitude of 9 km and a speed of Mach 1.8 to 2.0 the rocket and ramjet engines would operate in parallel to provide a constant acceleration, the rocket engines throttling back as the ramjets increased in thrust. Thereafter the first stage would be powered by ramjet thrust alone until it released the orbiter at an unspecified hypersonic speed. It would then return to its launch base.
The orbiter would have a launch mass of 132 tonnes, a landing mass of 25.3 tonnes, and would be equipped with four Lox/LH2 engines with a specific impulse of 460 seconds and thrust of 21 tonnes each. These would take the stage to an elliptical orbit of 100 to 300 km altitude. Further engine manoeuvres could take the spacecraft up to a 500 km altitude orbit.
China published photographs of a two-seat spaceplane simulator as early as 1980. This was possibly a test cockpit in an aircraft that flew parabolic trajectories to provide brief periods of zero-G. Given Tsien Hsue-shen抯, lifelong interest in winged hypersonics, it seems likely that this two seater was indeed the cockpit for a Chinese Dynasoar-type spaceplane. Reports of the existence of a wind tunnel model have continued through the years. However lack of funds prevented full scale development from beginning.
In April 1992 the Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could now be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The third stage, 921-3, was a modern space-earth transportation system, using a delta winged orbiter, to be operational by 2020. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work has been undertaken to date on the 921-3.
Some photographs have been released of a wind tunnel model. The narrow fuselage and wing tip vertical stabilisers were strongly reminiscent of the United States?X-20 Dynasoar spaceplane of the 1960抯. Another picture shows computer simulations of airflow around a different double-delta winged spacecraft. This has an appearance very close to the US space shuttle, but without a tail. This more closely resembled the Hannover model, except the latter was equipped with a modest vertical stabiliser similar to that on the Russian BOR-4 spaceplane.
This very ambitious project will probably be realised in a different form than that originally planned some time in the first half of the next century. The Hannover model suggests that a modest spaceplane, launched by expendable boosters, would be flown before proceeding to any full-scale reusable winged launch vehicles. By 2002 Chinese space scientists were speaking of a two-stage to orbit, ballistic recoverable transport as the first recoverable Chinese space vehicle.
Craft.Crew Size: 2. Total Length: 12.0 m. Maximum Diameter: 2.0 m. Total Mass: 12,000 kg.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Project 921-3 Chronology
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 April 1992 Chinese manned space programme authorised
The Chinese leadership decided that an independent manned space program could be afforded. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921. The 921-1 manned capsule entered full scale development in 1993 and the 921-2 space station in 1999. Only preliminary work was authorised on the 921-3 reusable spaceplane.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 December 1999 China Has No Shuttle Program
There is no a shuttle program in China, stated Liu Jiyuan, former president of China Aerospace Corporation, adding that the formal shuttle project had not started. He also said that the first Shenzhou manned flight would depends on the results of unmanned tests, and that no animal flights were planned.
Chinese shuttle craft - model at the Chinese Pavilion, Hannover Expo 2000.The model indicates a spaceplane similar to the cancelled European Hermes.
Chinese Shuttle
Photo published in 1980 of Chinese astronauts training in a shuttle-type cockpit
921-3 Orbiter
This wind tunnel model of a Dynasoar-like spaceplane may represent the orbiter stage of the 921-3 reusable spacecraft.
921-3 Booster
This Chinese picture of computer simulated flow around a space shuttle-like shape might represent the booster stage of the 921-3 reusable spacecraft.
兄弟在哪找的，可以告诉我吗？
我想去看看！
我想去看看！
没问题!!
一个国外网站!
http://www.spacewar.com
里面有个目录叫space database
兄弟,如果读到好文章,别忘了发到这里来啊!! 我平时没有太多时间,请你帮忙啊!
谢了!!请多支持!
一个国外网站!
http://www.spacewar.com
里面有个目录叫space database
兄弟,如果读到好文章,别忘了发到这里来啊!! 我平时没有太多时间,请你帮忙啊!
谢了!!请多支持!
没问题
我就是学英语的，现在SARS来了不考试，正好看看，练习练习~~~~~~：）
我就是学英语的，现在SARS来了不考试，正好看看，练习练习~~~~~~：）