超级军网这是最简单的了：荷兰潜艇所用鱼雷（下）
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The G 7AD (T1)torpedo
Service 1941- 1945
Origin German Navy
Year 1933
Diameter 533.4 mm / 21"
Weight 1538 Kg
Length 7179 mm
Warhead 300 Kg Ekrasit / Hexanite
Range/Speed 6000 (6600) m at 44 kts
8000 m at 40 kts
14000 (15310) m at 30 kts
Power plant 4 cylinder radial engine (Brotherhood),
compressed air (wet heater).
Notes Engine converted to burn kerosene instead of decalin.
In 1940 84 of these German torpedoes were captured by the British. None of the British submarines were equipped with torpedo tubes long enough to carry this torpedo, therefore these torpedoes were transferred to the Dutch submarine service. The Dutch torpedo tubes had a length of 7,4 m, so the German torpedoes would fit easily. The Dutch called this torpedo G 7AD, the 'D' stands for 'Dutch'. Quite often a launched G AD ended up running on the surface. The speed was limited to 40 kts because of breaking surface at higher speeds. Later replaced by the Mk VIII**.
This torpedo was used on the O 21 class.
The G 7E (T2)torpedo
Service, trials only 1945 - ?
Origin German Navy
Year 1936
Diameter 534.5 mm / 21"
Weight 1608 Kg
Length 7129 / 7163 mm
Warhead 300 Kg
Range/Speed 5000 m at 30 kts at 1700 rpm
Power plant Batteries, two 13 T 210 with 52 cells
Engine Motor GL 231/75
91 v - 950 a - 71 kw at 1777 rpm
83 v - 885 a - 60 kw at 1590 rpm
The standard German torpedo of World War II. It suffered from early problems with its internal depth-keeping equipment, and its firing pistol, but these were solved after Germany's Norwegian Campaign.
A batch of these torpedoes was captured in the Netherlands by the Dutch at the end of World War II. Five or Six of these torpedoes were kept for trials.
The Mk 18 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin Westinghouse/U.S. Navy.
Copy of the German G7 E.
Diameter 21"
Weight 3154 lbs
Length 20'5"
War head 575 lbs Torpex
Range Max 4000 m at 29 kts
Speed Max 30 kts
Power plant Electric, lead batteries with
a weight of approx. 750 Kg
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands, the torpedoes were also on loan.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy 'bought' a total of 10 Mk18 torpedoes.
The Mk 23 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin U.S. Navy
Diameter 21"
Weight 1446 Kg
Length 6.24 m
Warhead 271.8 Kg Ttorpex
Range 4500 yds
Speed 45 kts
Power plant Steam turbine
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 56 Mk23 torpedoes.
The Mk 20 torpedo
Service 1957?-?
1961 - 1972 (incl. surface fleet)
Origin British
Diameter 21"
Type Anti submarine
Guidance Passive, acoustic
Frequency 45 KHz
This torpedo was used on the Zwaardvis (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 32 (incl. surface fleet) Mk 20 torpedoes
The Mk 37 mod2 torpedo
Service Late 1960s -
Origin Northrop, U.S.
Design 1967
Diameter 19"
Length 161"
Weight 1690 lbs.
Warhead 145 Kg
Power plant Silver-zinc batteries
Guidance Wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 60 KHz
Notes Originally an anti submarine torpedo
Wire guided version developed from the mod1 version of the Mk 37 torpedo (1955). The internal wire reel is carried in an extender section between the after body and the tail cone. The major improvements of the Mk 37mod2 were increased acoustic acquisition range at deep depth, reduced susceptibility to surface seeking at shallow depths, improved shallow water performance (homing improvement), and better reliability and maintainability.
The torpedo can be command-enabled, receiving course changes in 2 deg/signal increments. It sends status signals (fin velocity switch activation, enable acquisition, and loss of target) back down the guidance wire. Preset operating depths are 200, 150, 100, and 40 ft. The anti-capture (anti surface-homing, tested in 1966) circuits are disabled when the torpedo runs below 200 ft in deep water or when it is homing passively. The torpedo can be set to run at constant depth (40, 100, 150,or 200 ft) while homing (before terminal manoeuvres), when above 100 ft depth in deep water, or when in shallow water. A helical snake search pattern is used when water depth is greater than 150 ft (2700 ft dia, 1000 ft maximum depth). Active acquisition range is 900+ yd at 900 ft depth. The Mk 37mod2 uses a ceramic transducer in place of the previous magnetostrictive one, which lost sensitivity at greater depth.
The Dutch Navy bought a total of 115 Mk 37 torpedoes.
In 1975 the Dutch Submarine service started upgrading the Mk 37 mod2 into the NT 37 C mod2.
Mk 37 torpedo loaded onboard a Dolfijn class submarine
The NT 37 C mod2 torpedo
Origin Honeywell, U.S.
Type Dual purpose
Design 1968 - 1973
Diameter 19"
Range 18000 yd at 36 kts
40500 yd at 23.8 kts
Speed Max speed 33 Kt
Power plant Engine running on Otto-Fuel II
These are modified Mk 37 mod2 torpedoes. The Dutch navy bought this 'kit' (100000$ a piece) and in 1975 the modifications were started. This modification included the replacement of the silver-zinc batteries and electric motor by an 90 HP engine running on Otto-Fuel II (from the Mk 46-1). Speed increased by 40% and range by 125% (endurance by 80%). High speed made it an effective straight-running anti ship torpedo.
Other improvements are true dual purpose capability, it could be set in 3 modes: 1) straight running at high speed with depth control. 2) Delayed homing, the torpedo running straight but searching if it misses, or beginning its search at a preset time/range. 3) full passive homing as in the original Mk 37.
In 1984 the Dutch Submarine service started modifying the NT 37 C mod2 into the NT 37 C/D/E.
On 7 June 1990 the last NT 37 C mod2 torpedo (exercise version) was fired.
The NT 37 C/D/E torpedo
Service 1984 -
Origin Honeywell / Northrop (NT)
Diameter 19"
Warhead 150 Kg
Range 20 km (10.8 nm)
Speed 35 kts
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
These are modified Mk 37 C mod2 torpedoes. The NT 37 C was upgraded first to the D type which incorporated a new homing head / acoustic system. The D type was tested by the Dutch in the Mediterranean in 1987. The NT 37 D was in its turn upgraded (late 1980s) to the E type, which incorporated a new guidance system (the 'E' stands for 'Electronic').
The NT 37 D is type C plus a new solid-state (vice vacuum tube) acoustic panel.
The NT 37 E is type D plus a new digital programmable (rather than analogue) guidance system (whose autopilot can be programmed to take the torpedo to specific geographical coordinates, e.g., for a harbour attack). The system incorporates additional anti ship run patterns. It also incorporates a self-noise-reduction nose assembly (with baffling to protect the transducer from engine and hull noise, and with a new nose shape to reduce flow noise, and a solid state guidance system (this means that all the vacuum tubes and relays are replaced by integrated circuits). All these modifications increase active detection range by 50-90% and passive detection range by 100-200%, partly because with less flow noise the acoustic system can be made more sensitive. Performance also improves at higher speed and in shallow water, in both cases thanks to noise reduction.
In 1995 the Zwaardvis (2) submarine class was decommissioned and therefore the NT 37 torpedo retired from active service also. Although it is possible to fire this torpedo with a Walrus (2) class submarine, the torpedo probably kept on stock only.
The Mk 48 mod4 torpedo
Origin Honeywell
Contractor Gould
Type Anti: fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines
and high performance surface ships
Diameter 21"
Length +/- 5.79 m
Weight +/- 1545 Kg
Warhead 267 Kg HE
Fuse Standoff (Proximity) fuse for under-the-keel
explosions
Range 38 km (20.5 nm) active
50 km (27 nm) passive
Speed 55 kts active
40 kts passive
Depth > 365 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 20 KHz
Power plant Air Turbine Pump Discharge (ATPD) system;
liquid (Otto) fuelled swash plate engine with
pump jet propulsion.
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 2,2 million US$ (1986)
Estimated at 2,1 million US$ (1992)
Estimated at 1 - 1,5 million US$ (1996)
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (1998)
The Mk 48 mod4 is designed to combat fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and high performance surface ships and is the standard torpedo for the Walrus (2) submarine class. Mk 48 mod4 torpedoes can operate with or without wire guidance and use active and/or passive homing. When launched they execute programmed target search, acquisition and attack procedures. It can also conduct multiple reattacks if it misses the target. The Mk 48 mod4 also incorporates TELCOM. TELCOM adds a 2-way wire link, allowing the torpedo operator to exploit the torpedo's own sonar, TELCOM transmits 14 torpedo and target parameters once each second. The Mk 48 mod4 was a transitional step towards the well known U.S. Navy Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo. In 1980 100 Mk 48's were supplied to the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Mk 48 torpedo loaded onboard a Walrus (2) class submarine.
The Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo
Service Not yet in Dutch service
Weight +/- 1663 Kg
Warhead 295 Kg HE
Range 20 km (11 nm) at 65 kts. (Navy report 1996)
27 km (14 nm) at 65 kts.
45 km (24 nm) at 40 kts.
Depth > 365 m (officially)
> 900 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 3,5 million US$ (1998) for Mk 48 ADCAP
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (2000) for Mk 48
Notes Check Mk 48 mod4 for other specs.
ADCAP (ADvanced CAPability) is an extensively modified version of the Mk 48 mod5 (follow-up of the Mk 48 mod4) with greater speed and endurance and a new seeker. The fuel rate to the swashplate engine is increased to add power (and more allowance is made for speed variation); more fuel is carried, in space liberated by a more compact computer. The new nose (transducer, electronically steered sonar with beam-former, and new signal processor) improves acquisition range, including range at high torpedo speed. A wider sonar field or view reduces the need for the torpedo to manoeuvre as it approaches its target. The ADCAP MODS program, suited to shallow-water operation against quit diesel submarines incorporates: a guidance and control software block upgrade and a torpedo propulsion upgrade (both restructured in 1993-94). There is also an upgrade to the analogue sonar transmitter. The guidance and control unit was tested beginning in October 1993. Other software tests were scheduled to start in 1996 and 1997. The advance sonar waveforms and computer processing were due for US fleet introduction in 1998.
It is expected that when the US Navy receives an upgraded version of the ADCAP the Dutch Submarine Service will receive the 'basic' ADCAP.
The Sub-Harpoon missile
Origin McDonnell Douglas
Warhead 227 Kg
Range 130 km (70 nm) active radar homing
Speed 0.9 mach
Guidance pre-programmed, active radar homing
The Walrus (2) class submarines can fire the Sub-Harpoon, but none are bought.
Some info regarding Torpedo Explosives
Name Description Formula g/ccm Kj/Kg Power*
Ekrasit Same as picric acid. - - - -
HBX HBX-1 and HBX-3 are castable mixtures of RDX, TNT, powdered aluminium, and D-2 wax with calcium chloride. These explosives are used in missile warheads and underwater ordnance. ? ? ? -
HBX-1: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 40.4 %, TNT 37.8 %, Al 17.1 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.7 %. 1.45
HBX-3: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 37.8 %, TNT 29 %, Al 4.9 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.9 %. 1.91
H-6 H-6 is an explosive that is a castable mixture of RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 45.1 % , TNT 29.2 %, powdered Aluminium 21 % and 4.7 %Wax & Lecithin. ? ? 1.75 >1.65
HMX High Melting eXplosive. Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine, Also called Octogen , More powerful than RDX. C4H8N8O8 1.96
(ß-form) 1387 1.7
HE High Explosive. A high explosive is characterized by the extreme rapidity with which its decomposition occurs; this action is known as detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, it decomposes almost instantaneously, either in a manner similar to an extremely rapid combustion or with rupture and rearrangement of the molecules themselves. ? ? ? ?
Hexanite Mixture of TNT and hexyl. Usually 60% TNT and 40 % Hexyl
slightly more powerful than TNT. ? 1.05 ? ?
Hexyl Also known as Dipicrylamine, Hexamine, Hexite or Hexanitrodiphenylamine. In an often used mixture with TNT
it is called Hexanite. C12H5N7O12
1.64
1098
?
Type 97 The standard explosive charge was 60% TNT and 40% Hexanite (Hexanitrodiphenylamine) in blocks. This had first been developed by the Germans in 1907 and was very resistant to shock. 7% more powerful than 100% TNT. ? ? ? ?
Picric acid Trinitrophenol. Also known as Pertit, Pikrinit, Melinit, Ekrasit and Shimose. Widely used military explosive in WWI and WWII. More sensitive than TNT. C6H3N3O7 1.763 4350 ?
PBX Plastic Bonded eXplosive. PBX is a term applied to a variety of explosive mixtures which have high mechanical strength, good explosive properties, excellent chemical stability, relative insensitivity to handling and shock, and high thermal output sensitivity. PBX's contain a high percentage of basic explosives such as RDX, HMX, HNS, or PETN in a mixture with a polymeric binder. - - - -
RDX Royal Demolition eXplosive in the UK and Research Department eXplosive in the USA., Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine Also referred to as Cyclonite, T 4, or Hexogen. RDX is a white crystalline solid usually used in mixtures with other explosives, oils, or waxes; it is rarely used alone. It has a high degree of stability in storage but is very sensitive to heat and shock C3H6N6O6 1.82 1394 1.5
Shimose Another name for Picric Acid. A mixture of TNT and picric acid. Also another name for Type 97. - - - -
TNT Trinitrotoluene, commonly known as TNT, is a constituent of many explosives, such as Amatol, Pentolite, Tetrytol, Torpex, Tritonal, Picratol, Ednatol, and Composition-B. It has been used under such names as triton, trotyl, trilite, trinol, and tritolo. C7H5N3O6 1.64
870
1
Torpex TORPedo EXplosive aka TPX. A mixture of 37-41% TNT, 41- 45% RDX (Cyclonite, Cyclomethylene Trinitramine) and 18% aluminium.
Torpex is attractive because of the increased explosive energy and higher detonation velocity of RDX as compared to TNT and the prolongation of the pressure wave by the aluminium. On a weight basis, Torpex is conservatively estimated to be about 50% more effective than TNT as an underwater explosive against ships. However, Torpex is more sensitive than TNT and RDX is expensive and difficult to make safely.
In the late 1940s Torpex was replaced by HBX, then H-6 in the 1960s and by PBX in the 1970s. ? 1.81 ? 1.61
Wet gun-cotton Wet gun-cotton is not affected by shock, failing to explode when penetrated by rifle bullets, or when loaded in shells, upon shock of discharge; is comparatively insensible to sympathetic explosion, and is not exploded by heat. ? ? ? 0.5
*= Explosive power compared to TNTThe G 7AD (T1)torpedo
Service 1941- 1945
Origin German Navy
Year 1933
Diameter 533.4 mm / 21"
Weight 1538 Kg
Length 7179 mm
Warhead 300 Kg Ekrasit / Hexanite
Range/Speed 6000 (6600) m at 44 kts
8000 m at 40 kts
14000 (15310) m at 30 kts
Power plant 4 cylinder radial engine (Brotherhood),
compressed air (wet heater).
Notes Engine converted to burn kerosene instead of decalin.
In 1940 84 of these German torpedoes were captured by the British. None of the British submarines were equipped with torpedo tubes long enough to carry this torpedo, therefore these torpedoes were transferred to the Dutch submarine service. The Dutch torpedo tubes had a length of 7,4 m, so the German torpedoes would fit easily. The Dutch called this torpedo G 7AD, the 'D' stands for 'Dutch'. Quite often a launched G AD ended up running on the surface. The speed was limited to 40 kts because of breaking surface at higher speeds. Later replaced by the Mk VIII**.
This torpedo was used on the O 21 class.
The G 7E (T2)torpedo
Service, trials only 1945 - ?
Origin German Navy
Year 1936
Diameter 534.5 mm / 21"
Weight 1608 Kg
Length 7129 / 7163 mm
Warhead 300 Kg
Range/Speed 5000 m at 30 kts at 1700 rpm
Power plant Batteries, two 13 T 210 with 52 cells
Engine Motor GL 231/75
91 v - 950 a - 71 kw at 1777 rpm
83 v - 885 a - 60 kw at 1590 rpm
The standard German torpedo of World War II. It suffered from early problems with its internal depth-keeping equipment, and its firing pistol, but these were solved after Germany's Norwegian Campaign.
A batch of these torpedoes was captured in the Netherlands by the Dutch at the end of World War II. Five or Six of these torpedoes were kept for trials.
The Mk 18 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin Westinghouse/U.S. Navy.
Copy of the German G7 E.
Diameter 21"
Weight 3154 lbs
Length 20'5"
War head 575 lbs Torpex
Range Max 4000 m at 29 kts
Speed Max 30 kts
Power plant Electric, lead batteries with
a weight of approx. 750 Kg
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands, the torpedoes were also on loan.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy 'bought' a total of 10 Mk18 torpedoes.
The Mk 23 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin U.S. Navy
Diameter 21"
Weight 1446 Kg
Length 6.24 m
Warhead 271.8 Kg Ttorpex
Range 4500 yds
Speed 45 kts
Power plant Steam turbine
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 56 Mk23 torpedoes.
The Mk 20 torpedo
Service 1957?-?
1961 - 1972 (incl. surface fleet)
Origin British
Diameter 21"
Type Anti submarine
Guidance Passive, acoustic
Frequency 45 KHz
This torpedo was used on the Zwaardvis (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 32 (incl. surface fleet) Mk 20 torpedoes
The Mk 37 mod2 torpedo
Service Late 1960s -
Origin Northrop, U.S.
Design 1967
Diameter 19"
Length 161"
Weight 1690 lbs.
Warhead 145 Kg
Power plant Silver-zinc batteries
Guidance Wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 60 KHz
Notes Originally an anti submarine torpedo
Wire guided version developed from the mod1 version of the Mk 37 torpedo (1955). The internal wire reel is carried in an extender section between the after body and the tail cone. The major improvements of the Mk 37mod2 were increased acoustic acquisition range at deep depth, reduced susceptibility to surface seeking at shallow depths, improved shallow water performance (homing improvement), and better reliability and maintainability.
The torpedo can be command-enabled, receiving course changes in 2 deg/signal increments. It sends status signals (fin velocity switch activation, enable acquisition, and loss of target) back down the guidance wire. Preset operating depths are 200, 150, 100, and 40 ft. The anti-capture (anti surface-homing, tested in 1966) circuits are disabled when the torpedo runs below 200 ft in deep water or when it is homing passively. The torpedo can be set to run at constant depth (40, 100, 150,or 200 ft) while homing (before terminal manoeuvres), when above 100 ft depth in deep water, or when in shallow water. A helical snake search pattern is used when water depth is greater than 150 ft (2700 ft dia, 1000 ft maximum depth). Active acquisition range is 900+ yd at 900 ft depth. The Mk 37mod2 uses a ceramic transducer in place of the previous magnetostrictive one, which lost sensitivity at greater depth.
The Dutch Navy bought a total of 115 Mk 37 torpedoes.
In 1975 the Dutch Submarine service started upgrading the Mk 37 mod2 into the NT 37 C mod2.
Mk 37 torpedo loaded onboard a Dolfijn class submarine
The NT 37 C mod2 torpedo
Origin Honeywell, U.S.
Type Dual purpose
Design 1968 - 1973
Diameter 19"
Range 18000 yd at 36 kts
40500 yd at 23.8 kts
Speed Max speed 33 Kt
Power plant Engine running on Otto-Fuel II
These are modified Mk 37 mod2 torpedoes. The Dutch navy bought this 'kit' (100000$ a piece) and in 1975 the modifications were started. This modification included the replacement of the silver-zinc batteries and electric motor by an 90 HP engine running on Otto-Fuel II (from the Mk 46-1). Speed increased by 40% and range by 125% (endurance by 80%). High speed made it an effective straight-running anti ship torpedo.
Other improvements are true dual purpose capability, it could be set in 3 modes: 1) straight running at high speed with depth control. 2) Delayed homing, the torpedo running straight but searching if it misses, or beginning its search at a preset time/range. 3) full passive homing as in the original Mk 37.
In 1984 the Dutch Submarine service started modifying the NT 37 C mod2 into the NT 37 C/D/E.
On 7 June 1990 the last NT 37 C mod2 torpedo (exercise version) was fired.
The NT 37 C/D/E torpedo
Service 1984 -
Origin Honeywell / Northrop (NT)
Diameter 19"
Warhead 150 Kg
Range 20 km (10.8 nm)
Speed 35 kts
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
These are modified Mk 37 C mod2 torpedoes. The NT 37 C was upgraded first to the D type which incorporated a new homing head / acoustic system. The D type was tested by the Dutch in the Mediterranean in 1987. The NT 37 D was in its turn upgraded (late 1980s) to the E type, which incorporated a new guidance system (the 'E' stands for 'Electronic').
The NT 37 D is type C plus a new solid-state (vice vacuum tube) acoustic panel.
The NT 37 E is type D plus a new digital programmable (rather than analogue) guidance system (whose autopilot can be programmed to take the torpedo to specific geographical coordinates, e.g., for a harbour attack). The system incorporates additional anti ship run patterns. It also incorporates a self-noise-reduction nose assembly (with baffling to protect the transducer from engine and hull noise, and with a new nose shape to reduce flow noise, and a solid state guidance system (this means that all the vacuum tubes and relays are replaced by integrated circuits). All these modifications increase active detection range by 50-90% and passive detection range by 100-200%, partly because with less flow noise the acoustic system can be made more sensitive. Performance also improves at higher speed and in shallow water, in both cases thanks to noise reduction.
In 1995 the Zwaardvis (2) submarine class was decommissioned and therefore the NT 37 torpedo retired from active service also. Although it is possible to fire this torpedo with a Walrus (2) class submarine, the torpedo probably kept on stock only.
The Mk 48 mod4 torpedo
Origin Honeywell
Contractor Gould
Type Anti: fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines
and high performance surface ships
Diameter 21"
Length +/- 5.79 m
Weight +/- 1545 Kg
Warhead 267 Kg HE
Fuse Standoff (Proximity) fuse for under-the-keel
explosions
Range 38 km (20.5 nm) active
50 km (27 nm) passive
Speed 55 kts active
40 kts passive
Depth > 365 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 20 KHz
Power plant Air Turbine Pump Discharge (ATPD) system;
liquid (Otto) fuelled swash plate engine with
pump jet propulsion.
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 2,2 million US$ (1986)
Estimated at 2,1 million US$ (1992)
Estimated at 1 - 1,5 million US$ (1996)
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (1998)
The Mk 48 mod4 is designed to combat fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and high performance surface ships and is the standard torpedo for the Walrus (2) submarine class. Mk 48 mod4 torpedoes can operate with or without wire guidance and use active and/or passive homing. When launched they execute programmed target search, acquisition and attack procedures. It can also conduct multiple reattacks if it misses the target. The Mk 48 mod4 also incorporates TELCOM. TELCOM adds a 2-way wire link, allowing the torpedo operator to exploit the torpedo's own sonar, TELCOM transmits 14 torpedo and target parameters once each second. The Mk 48 mod4 was a transitional step towards the well known U.S. Navy Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo. In 1980 100 Mk 48's were supplied to the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Mk 48 torpedo loaded onboard a Walrus (2) class submarine.
The Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo
Service Not yet in Dutch service
Weight +/- 1663 Kg
Warhead 295 Kg HE
Range 20 km (11 nm) at 65 kts. (Navy report 1996)
27 km (14 nm) at 65 kts.
45 km (24 nm) at 40 kts.
Depth > 365 m (officially)
> 900 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 3,5 million US$ (1998) for Mk 48 ADCAP
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (2000) for Mk 48
Notes Check Mk 48 mod4 for other specs.
ADCAP (ADvanced CAPability) is an extensively modified version of the Mk 48 mod5 (follow-up of the Mk 48 mod4) with greater speed and endurance and a new seeker. The fuel rate to the swashplate engine is increased to add power (and more allowance is made for speed variation); more fuel is carried, in space liberated by a more compact computer. The new nose (transducer, electronically steered sonar with beam-former, and new signal processor) improves acquisition range, including range at high torpedo speed. A wider sonar field or view reduces the need for the torpedo to manoeuvre as it approaches its target. The ADCAP MODS program, suited to shallow-water operation against quit diesel submarines incorporates: a guidance and control software block upgrade and a torpedo propulsion upgrade (both restructured in 1993-94). There is also an upgrade to the analogue sonar transmitter. The guidance and control unit was tested beginning in October 1993. Other software tests were scheduled to start in 1996 and 1997. The advance sonar waveforms and computer processing were due for US fleet introduction in 1998.
It is expected that when the US Navy receives an upgraded version of the ADCAP the Dutch Submarine Service will receive the 'basic' ADCAP.
The Sub-Harpoon missile
Origin McDonnell Douglas
Warhead 227 Kg
Range 130 km (70 nm) active radar homing
Speed 0.9 mach
Guidance pre-programmed, active radar homing
The Walrus (2) class submarines can fire the Sub-Harpoon, but none are bought.
Some info regarding Torpedo Explosives
Name Description Formula g/ccm Kj/Kg Power*
Ekrasit Same as picric acid. - - - -
HBX HBX-1 and HBX-3 are castable mixtures of RDX, TNT, powdered aluminium, and D-2 wax with calcium chloride. These explosives are used in missile warheads and underwater ordnance. ? ? ? -
HBX-1: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 40.4 %, TNT 37.8 %, Al 17.1 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.7 %. 1.45
HBX-3: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 37.8 %, TNT 29 %, Al 4.9 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.9 %. 1.91
H-6 H-6 is an explosive that is a castable mixture of RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 45.1 % , TNT 29.2 %, powdered Aluminium 21 % and 4.7 %Wax & Lecithin. ? ? 1.75 >1.65
HMX High Melting eXplosive. Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine, Also called Octogen , More powerful than RDX. C4H8N8O8 1.96
(ß-form) 1387 1.7
HE High Explosive. A high explosive is characterized by the extreme rapidity with which its decomposition occurs; this action is known as detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, it decomposes almost instantaneously, either in a manner similar to an extremely rapid combustion or with rupture and rearrangement of the molecules themselves. ? ? ? ?
Hexanite Mixture of TNT and hexyl. Usually 60% TNT and 40 % Hexyl
slightly more powerful than TNT. ? 1.05 ? ?
Hexyl Also known as Dipicrylamine, Hexamine, Hexite or Hexanitrodiphenylamine. In an often used mixture with TNT
it is called Hexanite. C12H5N7O12
1.64
1098
?
Type 97 The standard explosive charge was 60% TNT and 40% Hexanite (Hexanitrodiphenylamine) in blocks. This had first been developed by the Germans in 1907 and was very resistant to shock. 7% more powerful than 100% TNT. ? ? ? ?
Picric acid Trinitrophenol. Also known as Pertit, Pikrinit, Melinit, Ekrasit and Shimose. Widely used military explosive in WWI and WWII. More sensitive than TNT. C6H3N3O7 1.763 4350 ?
PBX Plastic Bonded eXplosive. PBX is a term applied to a variety of explosive mixtures which have high mechanical strength, good explosive properties, excellent chemical stability, relative insensitivity to handling and shock, and high thermal output sensitivity. PBX's contain a high percentage of basic explosives such as RDX, HMX, HNS, or PETN in a mixture with a polymeric binder. - - - -
RDX Royal Demolition eXplosive in the UK and Research Department eXplosive in the USA., Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine Also referred to as Cyclonite, T 4, or Hexogen. RDX is a white crystalline solid usually used in mixtures with other explosives, oils, or waxes; it is rarely used alone. It has a high degree of stability in storage but is very sensitive to heat and shock C3H6N6O6 1.82 1394 1.5
Shimose Another name for Picric Acid. A mixture of TNT and picric acid. Also another name for Type 97. - - - -
TNT Trinitrotoluene, commonly known as TNT, is a constituent of many explosives, such as Amatol, Pentolite, Tetrytol, Torpex, Tritonal, Picratol, Ednatol, and Composition-B. It has been used under such names as triton, trotyl, trilite, trinol, and tritolo. C7H5N3O6 1.64
870
1
Torpex TORPedo EXplosive aka TPX. A mixture of 37-41% TNT, 41- 45% RDX (Cyclonite, Cyclomethylene Trinitramine) and 18% aluminium.
Torpex is attractive because of the increased explosive energy and higher detonation velocity of RDX as compared to TNT and the prolongation of the pressure wave by the aluminium. On a weight basis, Torpex is conservatively estimated to be about 50% more effective than TNT as an underwater explosive against ships. However, Torpex is more sensitive than TNT and RDX is expensive and difficult to make safely.
In the late 1940s Torpex was replaced by HBX, then H-6 in the 1960s and by PBX in the 1970s. ? 1.81 ? 1.61
Wet gun-cotton Wet gun-cotton is not affected by shock, failing to explode when penetrated by rifle bullets, or when loaded in shells, upon shock of discharge; is comparatively insensible to sympathetic explosion, and is not exploded by heat. ? ? ? 0.5
*= Explosive power compared to TNT
Service 1941- 1945
Origin German Navy
Year 1933
Diameter 533.4 mm / 21"
Weight 1538 Kg
Length 7179 mm
Warhead 300 Kg Ekrasit / Hexanite
Range/Speed 6000 (6600) m at 44 kts
8000 m at 40 kts
14000 (15310) m at 30 kts
Power plant 4 cylinder radial engine (Brotherhood),
compressed air (wet heater).
Notes Engine converted to burn kerosene instead of decalin.
In 1940 84 of these German torpedoes were captured by the British. None of the British submarines were equipped with torpedo tubes long enough to carry this torpedo, therefore these torpedoes were transferred to the Dutch submarine service. The Dutch torpedo tubes had a length of 7,4 m, so the German torpedoes would fit easily. The Dutch called this torpedo G 7AD, the 'D' stands for 'Dutch'. Quite often a launched G AD ended up running on the surface. The speed was limited to 40 kts because of breaking surface at higher speeds. Later replaced by the Mk VIII**.
This torpedo was used on the O 21 class.
The G 7E (T2)torpedo
Service, trials only 1945 - ?
Origin German Navy
Year 1936
Diameter 534.5 mm / 21"
Weight 1608 Kg
Length 7129 / 7163 mm
Warhead 300 Kg
Range/Speed 5000 m at 30 kts at 1700 rpm
Power plant Batteries, two 13 T 210 with 52 cells
Engine Motor GL 231/75
91 v - 950 a - 71 kw at 1777 rpm
83 v - 885 a - 60 kw at 1590 rpm
The standard German torpedo of World War II. It suffered from early problems with its internal depth-keeping equipment, and its firing pistol, but these were solved after Germany's Norwegian Campaign.
A batch of these torpedoes was captured in the Netherlands by the Dutch at the end of World War II. Five or Six of these torpedoes were kept for trials.
The Mk 18 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin Westinghouse/U.S. Navy.
Copy of the German G7 E.
Diameter 21"
Weight 3154 lbs
Length 20'5"
War head 575 lbs Torpex
Range Max 4000 m at 29 kts
Speed Max 30 kts
Power plant Electric, lead batteries with
a weight of approx. 750 Kg
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands, the torpedoes were also on loan.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy 'bought' a total of 10 Mk18 torpedoes.
The Mk 23 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin U.S. Navy
Diameter 21"
Weight 1446 Kg
Length 6.24 m
Warhead 271.8 Kg Ttorpex
Range 4500 yds
Speed 45 kts
Power plant Steam turbine
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 56 Mk23 torpedoes.
The Mk 20 torpedo
Service 1957?-?
1961 - 1972 (incl. surface fleet)
Origin British
Diameter 21"
Type Anti submarine
Guidance Passive, acoustic
Frequency 45 KHz
This torpedo was used on the Zwaardvis (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 32 (incl. surface fleet) Mk 20 torpedoes
The Mk 37 mod2 torpedo
Service Late 1960s -
Origin Northrop, U.S.
Design 1967
Diameter 19"
Length 161"
Weight 1690 lbs.
Warhead 145 Kg
Power plant Silver-zinc batteries
Guidance Wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 60 KHz
Notes Originally an anti submarine torpedo
Wire guided version developed from the mod1 version of the Mk 37 torpedo (1955). The internal wire reel is carried in an extender section between the after body and the tail cone. The major improvements of the Mk 37mod2 were increased acoustic acquisition range at deep depth, reduced susceptibility to surface seeking at shallow depths, improved shallow water performance (homing improvement), and better reliability and maintainability.
The torpedo can be command-enabled, receiving course changes in 2 deg/signal increments. It sends status signals (fin velocity switch activation, enable acquisition, and loss of target) back down the guidance wire. Preset operating depths are 200, 150, 100, and 40 ft. The anti-capture (anti surface-homing, tested in 1966) circuits are disabled when the torpedo runs below 200 ft in deep water or when it is homing passively. The torpedo can be set to run at constant depth (40, 100, 150,or 200 ft) while homing (before terminal manoeuvres), when above 100 ft depth in deep water, or when in shallow water. A helical snake search pattern is used when water depth is greater than 150 ft (2700 ft dia, 1000 ft maximum depth). Active acquisition range is 900+ yd at 900 ft depth. The Mk 37mod2 uses a ceramic transducer in place of the previous magnetostrictive one, which lost sensitivity at greater depth.
The Dutch Navy bought a total of 115 Mk 37 torpedoes.
In 1975 the Dutch Submarine service started upgrading the Mk 37 mod2 into the NT 37 C mod2.
Mk 37 torpedo loaded onboard a Dolfijn class submarine
The NT 37 C mod2 torpedo
Origin Honeywell, U.S.
Type Dual purpose
Design 1968 - 1973
Diameter 19"
Range 18000 yd at 36 kts
40500 yd at 23.8 kts
Speed Max speed 33 Kt
Power plant Engine running on Otto-Fuel II
These are modified Mk 37 mod2 torpedoes. The Dutch navy bought this 'kit' (100000$ a piece) and in 1975 the modifications were started. This modification included the replacement of the silver-zinc batteries and electric motor by an 90 HP engine running on Otto-Fuel II (from the Mk 46-1). Speed increased by 40% and range by 125% (endurance by 80%). High speed made it an effective straight-running anti ship torpedo.
Other improvements are true dual purpose capability, it could be set in 3 modes: 1) straight running at high speed with depth control. 2) Delayed homing, the torpedo running straight but searching if it misses, or beginning its search at a preset time/range. 3) full passive homing as in the original Mk 37.
In 1984 the Dutch Submarine service started modifying the NT 37 C mod2 into the NT 37 C/D/E.
On 7 June 1990 the last NT 37 C mod2 torpedo (exercise version) was fired.
The NT 37 C/D/E torpedo
Service 1984 -
Origin Honeywell / Northrop (NT)
Diameter 19"
Warhead 150 Kg
Range 20 km (10.8 nm)
Speed 35 kts
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
These are modified Mk 37 C mod2 torpedoes. The NT 37 C was upgraded first to the D type which incorporated a new homing head / acoustic system. The D type was tested by the Dutch in the Mediterranean in 1987. The NT 37 D was in its turn upgraded (late 1980s) to the E type, which incorporated a new guidance system (the 'E' stands for 'Electronic').
The NT 37 D is type C plus a new solid-state (vice vacuum tube) acoustic panel.
The NT 37 E is type D plus a new digital programmable (rather than analogue) guidance system (whose autopilot can be programmed to take the torpedo to specific geographical coordinates, e.g., for a harbour attack). The system incorporates additional anti ship run patterns. It also incorporates a self-noise-reduction nose assembly (with baffling to protect the transducer from engine and hull noise, and with a new nose shape to reduce flow noise, and a solid state guidance system (this means that all the vacuum tubes and relays are replaced by integrated circuits). All these modifications increase active detection range by 50-90% and passive detection range by 100-200%, partly because with less flow noise the acoustic system can be made more sensitive. Performance also improves at higher speed and in shallow water, in both cases thanks to noise reduction.
In 1995 the Zwaardvis (2) submarine class was decommissioned and therefore the NT 37 torpedo retired from active service also. Although it is possible to fire this torpedo with a Walrus (2) class submarine, the torpedo probably kept on stock only.
The Mk 48 mod4 torpedo
Origin Honeywell
Contractor Gould
Type Anti: fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines
and high performance surface ships
Diameter 21"
Length +/- 5.79 m
Weight +/- 1545 Kg
Warhead 267 Kg HE
Fuse Standoff (Proximity) fuse for under-the-keel
explosions
Range 38 km (20.5 nm) active
50 km (27 nm) passive
Speed 55 kts active
40 kts passive
Depth > 365 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 20 KHz
Power plant Air Turbine Pump Discharge (ATPD) system;
liquid (Otto) fuelled swash plate engine with
pump jet propulsion.
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 2,2 million US$ (1986)
Estimated at 2,1 million US$ (1992)
Estimated at 1 - 1,5 million US$ (1996)
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (1998)
The Mk 48 mod4 is designed to combat fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and high performance surface ships and is the standard torpedo for the Walrus (2) submarine class. Mk 48 mod4 torpedoes can operate with or without wire guidance and use active and/or passive homing. When launched they execute programmed target search, acquisition and attack procedures. It can also conduct multiple reattacks if it misses the target. The Mk 48 mod4 also incorporates TELCOM. TELCOM adds a 2-way wire link, allowing the torpedo operator to exploit the torpedo's own sonar, TELCOM transmits 14 torpedo and target parameters once each second. The Mk 48 mod4 was a transitional step towards the well known U.S. Navy Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo. In 1980 100 Mk 48's were supplied to the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Mk 48 torpedo loaded onboard a Walrus (2) class submarine.
The Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo
Service Not yet in Dutch service
Weight +/- 1663 Kg
Warhead 295 Kg HE
Range 20 km (11 nm) at 65 kts. (Navy report 1996)
27 km (14 nm) at 65 kts.
45 km (24 nm) at 40 kts.
Depth > 365 m (officially)
> 900 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 3,5 million US$ (1998) for Mk 48 ADCAP
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (2000) for Mk 48
Notes Check Mk 48 mod4 for other specs.
ADCAP (ADvanced CAPability) is an extensively modified version of the Mk 48 mod5 (follow-up of the Mk 48 mod4) with greater speed and endurance and a new seeker. The fuel rate to the swashplate engine is increased to add power (and more allowance is made for speed variation); more fuel is carried, in space liberated by a more compact computer. The new nose (transducer, electronically steered sonar with beam-former, and new signal processor) improves acquisition range, including range at high torpedo speed. A wider sonar field or view reduces the need for the torpedo to manoeuvre as it approaches its target. The ADCAP MODS program, suited to shallow-water operation against quit diesel submarines incorporates: a guidance and control software block upgrade and a torpedo propulsion upgrade (both restructured in 1993-94). There is also an upgrade to the analogue sonar transmitter. The guidance and control unit was tested beginning in October 1993. Other software tests were scheduled to start in 1996 and 1997. The advance sonar waveforms and computer processing were due for US fleet introduction in 1998.
It is expected that when the US Navy receives an upgraded version of the ADCAP the Dutch Submarine Service will receive the 'basic' ADCAP.
The Sub-Harpoon missile
Origin McDonnell Douglas
Warhead 227 Kg
Range 130 km (70 nm) active radar homing
Speed 0.9 mach
Guidance pre-programmed, active radar homing
The Walrus (2) class submarines can fire the Sub-Harpoon, but none are bought.
Some info regarding Torpedo Explosives
Name Description Formula g/ccm Kj/Kg Power*
Ekrasit Same as picric acid. - - - -
HBX HBX-1 and HBX-3 are castable mixtures of RDX, TNT, powdered aluminium, and D-2 wax with calcium chloride. These explosives are used in missile warheads and underwater ordnance. ? ? ? -
HBX-1: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 40.4 %, TNT 37.8 %, Al 17.1 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.7 %. 1.45
HBX-3: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 37.8 %, TNT 29 %, Al 4.9 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.9 %. 1.91
H-6 H-6 is an explosive that is a castable mixture of RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 45.1 % , TNT 29.2 %, powdered Aluminium 21 % and 4.7 %Wax & Lecithin. ? ? 1.75 >1.65
HMX High Melting eXplosive. Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine, Also called Octogen , More powerful than RDX. C4H8N8O8 1.96
(ß-form) 1387 1.7
HE High Explosive. A high explosive is characterized by the extreme rapidity with which its decomposition occurs; this action is known as detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, it decomposes almost instantaneously, either in a manner similar to an extremely rapid combustion or with rupture and rearrangement of the molecules themselves. ? ? ? ?
Hexanite Mixture of TNT and hexyl. Usually 60% TNT and 40 % Hexyl
slightly more powerful than TNT. ? 1.05 ? ?
Hexyl Also known as Dipicrylamine, Hexamine, Hexite or Hexanitrodiphenylamine. In an often used mixture with TNT
it is called Hexanite. C12H5N7O12
1.64
1098
?
Type 97 The standard explosive charge was 60% TNT and 40% Hexanite (Hexanitrodiphenylamine) in blocks. This had first been developed by the Germans in 1907 and was very resistant to shock. 7% more powerful than 100% TNT. ? ? ? ?
Picric acid Trinitrophenol. Also known as Pertit, Pikrinit, Melinit, Ekrasit and Shimose. Widely used military explosive in WWI and WWII. More sensitive than TNT. C6H3N3O7 1.763 4350 ?
PBX Plastic Bonded eXplosive. PBX is a term applied to a variety of explosive mixtures which have high mechanical strength, good explosive properties, excellent chemical stability, relative insensitivity to handling and shock, and high thermal output sensitivity. PBX's contain a high percentage of basic explosives such as RDX, HMX, HNS, or PETN in a mixture with a polymeric binder. - - - -
RDX Royal Demolition eXplosive in the UK and Research Department eXplosive in the USA., Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine Also referred to as Cyclonite, T 4, or Hexogen. RDX is a white crystalline solid usually used in mixtures with other explosives, oils, or waxes; it is rarely used alone. It has a high degree of stability in storage but is very sensitive to heat and shock C3H6N6O6 1.82 1394 1.5
Shimose Another name for Picric Acid. A mixture of TNT and picric acid. Also another name for Type 97. - - - -
TNT Trinitrotoluene, commonly known as TNT, is a constituent of many explosives, such as Amatol, Pentolite, Tetrytol, Torpex, Tritonal, Picratol, Ednatol, and Composition-B. It has been used under such names as triton, trotyl, trilite, trinol, and tritolo. C7H5N3O6 1.64
870
1
Torpex TORPedo EXplosive aka TPX. A mixture of 37-41% TNT, 41- 45% RDX (Cyclonite, Cyclomethylene Trinitramine) and 18% aluminium.
Torpex is attractive because of the increased explosive energy and higher detonation velocity of RDX as compared to TNT and the prolongation of the pressure wave by the aluminium. On a weight basis, Torpex is conservatively estimated to be about 50% more effective than TNT as an underwater explosive against ships. However, Torpex is more sensitive than TNT and RDX is expensive and difficult to make safely.
In the late 1940s Torpex was replaced by HBX, then H-6 in the 1960s and by PBX in the 1970s. ? 1.81 ? 1.61
Wet gun-cotton Wet gun-cotton is not affected by shock, failing to explode when penetrated by rifle bullets, or when loaded in shells, upon shock of discharge; is comparatively insensible to sympathetic explosion, and is not exploded by heat. ? ? ? 0.5
*= Explosive power compared to TNTThe G 7AD (T1)torpedo
Service 1941- 1945
Origin German Navy
Year 1933
Diameter 533.4 mm / 21"
Weight 1538 Kg
Length 7179 mm
Warhead 300 Kg Ekrasit / Hexanite
Range/Speed 6000 (6600) m at 44 kts
8000 m at 40 kts
14000 (15310) m at 30 kts
Power plant 4 cylinder radial engine (Brotherhood),
compressed air (wet heater).
Notes Engine converted to burn kerosene instead of decalin.
In 1940 84 of these German torpedoes were captured by the British. None of the British submarines were equipped with torpedo tubes long enough to carry this torpedo, therefore these torpedoes were transferred to the Dutch submarine service. The Dutch torpedo tubes had a length of 7,4 m, so the German torpedoes would fit easily. The Dutch called this torpedo G 7AD, the 'D' stands for 'Dutch'. Quite often a launched G AD ended up running on the surface. The speed was limited to 40 kts because of breaking surface at higher speeds. Later replaced by the Mk VIII**.
This torpedo was used on the O 21 class.
The G 7E (T2)torpedo
Service, trials only 1945 - ?
Origin German Navy
Year 1936
Diameter 534.5 mm / 21"
Weight 1608 Kg
Length 7129 / 7163 mm
Warhead 300 Kg
Range/Speed 5000 m at 30 kts at 1700 rpm
Power plant Batteries, two 13 T 210 with 52 cells
Engine Motor GL 231/75
91 v - 950 a - 71 kw at 1777 rpm
83 v - 885 a - 60 kw at 1590 rpm
The standard German torpedo of World War II. It suffered from early problems with its internal depth-keeping equipment, and its firing pistol, but these were solved after Germany's Norwegian Campaign.
A batch of these torpedoes was captured in the Netherlands by the Dutch at the end of World War II. Five or Six of these torpedoes were kept for trials.
The Mk 18 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin Westinghouse/U.S. Navy.
Copy of the German G7 E.
Diameter 21"
Weight 3154 lbs
Length 20'5"
War head 575 lbs Torpex
Range Max 4000 m at 29 kts
Speed Max 30 kts
Power plant Electric, lead batteries with
a weight of approx. 750 Kg
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands, the torpedoes were also on loan.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy 'bought' a total of 10 Mk18 torpedoes.
The Mk 23 torpedo
Service 1953 - 1971
Origin U.S. Navy
Diameter 21"
Weight 1446 Kg
Length 6.24 m
Warhead 271.8 Kg Ttorpex
Range 4500 yds
Speed 45 kts
Power plant Steam turbine
In 1953 two U.S. Navy Guppy type submarines (Walrus (1) class) were loaned to the Royal Netherlands Navy. These submarines were armed with the Mk 23 and the Mk 18 torpedo. In 1953 10 Mk 18's and 58 Mk 23's arrived in the Netherlands.
This torpedo was used on the Walrus (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 56 Mk23 torpedoes.
The Mk 20 torpedo
Service 1957?-?
1961 - 1972 (incl. surface fleet)
Origin British
Diameter 21"
Type Anti submarine
Guidance Passive, acoustic
Frequency 45 KHz
This torpedo was used on the Zwaardvis (1) class. The Dutch Navy bought a total of 32 (incl. surface fleet) Mk 20 torpedoes
The Mk 37 mod2 torpedo
Service Late 1960s -
Origin Northrop, U.S.
Design 1967
Diameter 19"
Length 161"
Weight 1690 lbs.
Warhead 145 Kg
Power plant Silver-zinc batteries
Guidance Wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 60 KHz
Notes Originally an anti submarine torpedo
Wire guided version developed from the mod1 version of the Mk 37 torpedo (1955). The internal wire reel is carried in an extender section between the after body and the tail cone. The major improvements of the Mk 37mod2 were increased acoustic acquisition range at deep depth, reduced susceptibility to surface seeking at shallow depths, improved shallow water performance (homing improvement), and better reliability and maintainability.
The torpedo can be command-enabled, receiving course changes in 2 deg/signal increments. It sends status signals (fin velocity switch activation, enable acquisition, and loss of target) back down the guidance wire. Preset operating depths are 200, 150, 100, and 40 ft. The anti-capture (anti surface-homing, tested in 1966) circuits are disabled when the torpedo runs below 200 ft in deep water or when it is homing passively. The torpedo can be set to run at constant depth (40, 100, 150,or 200 ft) while homing (before terminal manoeuvres), when above 100 ft depth in deep water, or when in shallow water. A helical snake search pattern is used when water depth is greater than 150 ft (2700 ft dia, 1000 ft maximum depth). Active acquisition range is 900+ yd at 900 ft depth. The Mk 37mod2 uses a ceramic transducer in place of the previous magnetostrictive one, which lost sensitivity at greater depth.
The Dutch Navy bought a total of 115 Mk 37 torpedoes.
In 1975 the Dutch Submarine service started upgrading the Mk 37 mod2 into the NT 37 C mod2.
Mk 37 torpedo loaded onboard a Dolfijn class submarine
The NT 37 C mod2 torpedo
Origin Honeywell, U.S.
Type Dual purpose
Design 1968 - 1973
Diameter 19"
Range 18000 yd at 36 kts
40500 yd at 23.8 kts
Speed Max speed 33 Kt
Power plant Engine running on Otto-Fuel II
These are modified Mk 37 mod2 torpedoes. The Dutch navy bought this 'kit' (100000$ a piece) and in 1975 the modifications were started. This modification included the replacement of the silver-zinc batteries and electric motor by an 90 HP engine running on Otto-Fuel II (from the Mk 46-1). Speed increased by 40% and range by 125% (endurance by 80%). High speed made it an effective straight-running anti ship torpedo.
Other improvements are true dual purpose capability, it could be set in 3 modes: 1) straight running at high speed with depth control. 2) Delayed homing, the torpedo running straight but searching if it misses, or beginning its search at a preset time/range. 3) full passive homing as in the original Mk 37.
In 1984 the Dutch Submarine service started modifying the NT 37 C mod2 into the NT 37 C/D/E.
On 7 June 1990 the last NT 37 C mod2 torpedo (exercise version) was fired.
The NT 37 C/D/E torpedo
Service 1984 -
Origin Honeywell / Northrop (NT)
Diameter 19"
Warhead 150 Kg
Range 20 km (10.8 nm)
Speed 35 kts
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
These are modified Mk 37 C mod2 torpedoes. The NT 37 C was upgraded first to the D type which incorporated a new homing head / acoustic system. The D type was tested by the Dutch in the Mediterranean in 1987. The NT 37 D was in its turn upgraded (late 1980s) to the E type, which incorporated a new guidance system (the 'E' stands for 'Electronic').
The NT 37 D is type C plus a new solid-state (vice vacuum tube) acoustic panel.
The NT 37 E is type D plus a new digital programmable (rather than analogue) guidance system (whose autopilot can be programmed to take the torpedo to specific geographical coordinates, e.g., for a harbour attack). The system incorporates additional anti ship run patterns. It also incorporates a self-noise-reduction nose assembly (with baffling to protect the transducer from engine and hull noise, and with a new nose shape to reduce flow noise, and a solid state guidance system (this means that all the vacuum tubes and relays are replaced by integrated circuits). All these modifications increase active detection range by 50-90% and passive detection range by 100-200%, partly because with less flow noise the acoustic system can be made more sensitive. Performance also improves at higher speed and in shallow water, in both cases thanks to noise reduction.
In 1995 the Zwaardvis (2) submarine class was decommissioned and therefore the NT 37 torpedo retired from active service also. Although it is possible to fire this torpedo with a Walrus (2) class submarine, the torpedo probably kept on stock only.
The Mk 48 mod4 torpedo
Origin Honeywell
Contractor Gould
Type Anti: fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines
and high performance surface ships
Diameter 21"
Length +/- 5.79 m
Weight +/- 1545 Kg
Warhead 267 Kg HE
Fuse Standoff (Proximity) fuse for under-the-keel
explosions
Range 38 km (20.5 nm) active
50 km (27 nm) passive
Speed 55 kts active
40 kts passive
Depth > 365 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Frequency 20 KHz
Power plant Air Turbine Pump Discharge (ATPD) system;
liquid (Otto) fuelled swash plate engine with
pump jet propulsion.
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 2,2 million US$ (1986)
Estimated at 2,1 million US$ (1992)
Estimated at 1 - 1,5 million US$ (1996)
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (1998)
The Mk 48 mod4 is designed to combat fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and high performance surface ships and is the standard torpedo for the Walrus (2) submarine class. Mk 48 mod4 torpedoes can operate with or without wire guidance and use active and/or passive homing. When launched they execute programmed target search, acquisition and attack procedures. It can also conduct multiple reattacks if it misses the target. The Mk 48 mod4 also incorporates TELCOM. TELCOM adds a 2-way wire link, allowing the torpedo operator to exploit the torpedo's own sonar, TELCOM transmits 14 torpedo and target parameters once each second. The Mk 48 mod4 was a transitional step towards the well known U.S. Navy Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo. In 1980 100 Mk 48's were supplied to the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Mk 48 torpedo loaded onboard a Walrus (2) class submarine.
The Mk 48 ADCAP torpedo
Service Not yet in Dutch service
Weight +/- 1663 Kg
Warhead 295 Kg HE
Range 20 km (11 nm) at 65 kts. (Navy report 1996)
27 km (14 nm) at 65 kts.
45 km (24 nm) at 40 kts.
Depth > 365 m (officially)
> 900 m
Guidance wire-guided, active/passive homing
Cost As always different sources list different cost:
Estimated at 3,5 million US$ (1998) for Mk 48 ADCAP
Estimated at 2,5 million US$ (2000) for Mk 48
Notes Check Mk 48 mod4 for other specs.
ADCAP (ADvanced CAPability) is an extensively modified version of the Mk 48 mod5 (follow-up of the Mk 48 mod4) with greater speed and endurance and a new seeker. The fuel rate to the swashplate engine is increased to add power (and more allowance is made for speed variation); more fuel is carried, in space liberated by a more compact computer. The new nose (transducer, electronically steered sonar with beam-former, and new signal processor) improves acquisition range, including range at high torpedo speed. A wider sonar field or view reduces the need for the torpedo to manoeuvre as it approaches its target. The ADCAP MODS program, suited to shallow-water operation against quit diesel submarines incorporates: a guidance and control software block upgrade and a torpedo propulsion upgrade (both restructured in 1993-94). There is also an upgrade to the analogue sonar transmitter. The guidance and control unit was tested beginning in October 1993. Other software tests were scheduled to start in 1996 and 1997. The advance sonar waveforms and computer processing were due for US fleet introduction in 1998.
It is expected that when the US Navy receives an upgraded version of the ADCAP the Dutch Submarine Service will receive the 'basic' ADCAP.
The Sub-Harpoon missile
Origin McDonnell Douglas
Warhead 227 Kg
Range 130 km (70 nm) active radar homing
Speed 0.9 mach
Guidance pre-programmed, active radar homing
The Walrus (2) class submarines can fire the Sub-Harpoon, but none are bought.
Some info regarding Torpedo Explosives
Name Description Formula g/ccm Kj/Kg Power*
Ekrasit Same as picric acid. - - - -
HBX HBX-1 and HBX-3 are castable mixtures of RDX, TNT, powdered aluminium, and D-2 wax with calcium chloride. These explosives are used in missile warheads and underwater ordnance. ? ? ? -
HBX-1: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 40.4 %, TNT 37.8 %, Al 17.1 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.7 %. 1.45
HBX-3: RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 37.8 %, TNT 29 %, Al 4.9 %, Wax & Lecithin 4.9 %. 1.91
H-6 H-6 is an explosive that is a castable mixture of RDX (including Nitrocellulose, Calcium Chloride and Calcium Silicate) 45.1 % , TNT 29.2 %, powdered Aluminium 21 % and 4.7 %Wax & Lecithin. ? ? 1.75 >1.65
HMX High Melting eXplosive. Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine, Also called Octogen , More powerful than RDX. C4H8N8O8 1.96
(ß-form) 1387 1.7
HE High Explosive. A high explosive is characterized by the extreme rapidity with which its decomposition occurs; this action is known as detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, it decomposes almost instantaneously, either in a manner similar to an extremely rapid combustion or with rupture and rearrangement of the molecules themselves. ? ? ? ?
Hexanite Mixture of TNT and hexyl. Usually 60% TNT and 40 % Hexyl
slightly more powerful than TNT. ? 1.05 ? ?
Hexyl Also known as Dipicrylamine, Hexamine, Hexite or Hexanitrodiphenylamine. In an often used mixture with TNT
it is called Hexanite. C12H5N7O12
1.64
1098
?
Type 97 The standard explosive charge was 60% TNT and 40% Hexanite (Hexanitrodiphenylamine) in blocks. This had first been developed by the Germans in 1907 and was very resistant to shock. 7% more powerful than 100% TNT. ? ? ? ?
Picric acid Trinitrophenol. Also known as Pertit, Pikrinit, Melinit, Ekrasit and Shimose. Widely used military explosive in WWI and WWII. More sensitive than TNT. C6H3N3O7 1.763 4350 ?
PBX Plastic Bonded eXplosive. PBX is a term applied to a variety of explosive mixtures which have high mechanical strength, good explosive properties, excellent chemical stability, relative insensitivity to handling and shock, and high thermal output sensitivity. PBX's contain a high percentage of basic explosives such as RDX, HMX, HNS, or PETN in a mixture with a polymeric binder. - - - -
RDX Royal Demolition eXplosive in the UK and Research Department eXplosive in the USA., Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine Also referred to as Cyclonite, T 4, or Hexogen. RDX is a white crystalline solid usually used in mixtures with other explosives, oils, or waxes; it is rarely used alone. It has a high degree of stability in storage but is very sensitive to heat and shock C3H6N6O6 1.82 1394 1.5
Shimose Another name for Picric Acid. A mixture of TNT and picric acid. Also another name for Type 97. - - - -
TNT Trinitrotoluene, commonly known as TNT, is a constituent of many explosives, such as Amatol, Pentolite, Tetrytol, Torpex, Tritonal, Picratol, Ednatol, and Composition-B. It has been used under such names as triton, trotyl, trilite, trinol, and tritolo. C7H5N3O6 1.64
870
1
Torpex TORPedo EXplosive aka TPX. A mixture of 37-41% TNT, 41- 45% RDX (Cyclonite, Cyclomethylene Trinitramine) and 18% aluminium.
Torpex is attractive because of the increased explosive energy and higher detonation velocity of RDX as compared to TNT and the prolongation of the pressure wave by the aluminium. On a weight basis, Torpex is conservatively estimated to be about 50% more effective than TNT as an underwater explosive against ships. However, Torpex is more sensitive than TNT and RDX is expensive and difficult to make safely.
In the late 1940s Torpex was replaced by HBX, then H-6 in the 1960s and by PBX in the 1970s. ? 1.81 ? 1.61
Wet gun-cotton Wet gun-cotton is not affected by shock, failing to explode when penetrated by rifle bullets, or when loaded in shells, upon shock of discharge; is comparatively insensible to sympathetic explosion, and is not exploded by heat. ? ? ? 0.5
*= Explosive power compared to TNT