超级军网（转帖）西方人眼中的中国人民志愿军
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/29 01:28:59
People's Volunteer Army
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) (simplified Chinese: 中国人民志愿军; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuàn Jūn) was the armed forces deployed by the Chinese government during the Korean War. The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army entered Korea on October 19th and completely withdrew from Korea by October 1958. The commander and political commissar of the CPVA was Peng Dehuai (彭德怀). The initial (Oct.25 – Nov.5, 1950) units in the CPVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42th, 50th, 66th Army.
Although all units in the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army belonged to the People's Liberation Army (the official name of the Chinese armed forces), the People's Volunteer Army was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The name was also accepted by the US government with the same purpose of avoiding escalation of the conflict.
Contents
1 Background
2 Strengths and Weaknesses
2.1 Clothing
2.2 Equipment
3 Actions during the war
3.1 First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
3.2 Second campaign 3.3 Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
3.4 Fourth campaign
3.5 Fifth campaign
4 Tactics5 Aftermath
5.1 Brainwashing and POWs
6 Chinese early involvement
7 Legacy
7.1 People's Republic of China
7.2 Republic of China
8 Literature
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
// Background
Although the Western forces were under American command, this army was officially a United Nations "police" force. In order to avoid an open war with the US and other UN members, China deployed what they termed a "volunteer army".[citation needed] Technically the People's Liberation Army only manned supply depots and infrastructure in Manchuria during the conflict, and never crossed the Yalu, while units assigned to fight UN forces became units of the People's Volunteer Army.[citation needed]
The name also helped to delude the US intelligence about the size and nature of the Chinese army who entered Korea, as some Americans believed that the PVA was merely a rabble of untrained volunteers.
Others think it is not just a euphemism. During the Korean War, the PRC recruited many young men and women to fight the United Nations forces, citing the reason that their presence on the Korean Peninsula endangered the newly formed People's Republic of China. The popular view of this war outside the communist world is different however. For example, most of the troops were veterans of the recent civil war, and virtually all senior officers had fought the Japanese during World War II. Their high morale presumably was the result of effective political indoctrination, notwithstanding that former Nationalist Army members constituted much of the strength of the intervention force.[1]
The UN troops drove to the Yalu River bordering China. This greatly concerned the Chinese, who worried that the UN forces would not stop at the Yalu River, the border between the PRK and China, and had warned Western leaders that such an action would not be tolerated. Many in the West, including General Douglas MacArthur, thought that spreading the war to China would be necessary. However, President Harry S. Truman and the other leaders disagreed, and MacArthur was ordered to be very cautious when approaching the Chinese border. Eventually, MacArthur disregarded these concerns, arguing that since the North Korean troops were being supplied by bases in Manchuria/China, those supply depots should be bombed. However, except on some rare occasions UN bombers remained out of Northeastern China during the war.
MacArthur refused to believe that the Chinese would really enter the war and ignored warnings from the Indian ambassador.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Clothing
The CPVA soldier was reasonably well clothed in keeping with the the PLA's guerrilla origin and egalitarian attitudes. All ranks wore a green or khaki shirt and trousers combination with leader's uniforms being different in cut and with red piping and collar tabs. However, their rubber soled canvas shoes provide no protection against the cold and many soldiers feet frozen during the heavy winter rains. The general lightness of their cotton uniforms did not prevent the freezing to death of thousands of soldiers in the extreme cold.
Equipment
The nominal strength of a PLA division was 9,500 men, a regiment was near 3,000, and a battalion had about 850 men. However, many divisions were below strength while those divisions opposite Taiwan were above strength. Their was also variation in organization and equipment as well as in the quantity and quality of equipment. Some of the PLA's equipment was from the Imperial Japanese Army or was captured from the KMT. Some Czechoslovak equipment was also purchased on the open market.
POW reports stated that some infantry regiments only had 800 personnel weapons such as rifles, carbines, and machine guns. And other infantry regiments had two thirds of their personnel equipped only with hand grenades with the expectation that soldiers would acquire personal weapons from the fallen. The initial divisions sent into Korea went without their heavy weapons such as heavy mortars and artillery with pack animals being used to transport weapons and ammunition.
PLA communications was way below the level of UN forces in that radios were only issued down to regiments who then used field phones, if available, to contact their battalions. Battalions then used bugles, whistles, and runners to talk to each other and their subordinate companies.
Actions during the war
First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
Chinese forces drove American and UN forces back near Yalu and promptly withdrew. The People's Republic of China had issued warnings that they would intervene if any non-South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, citing national security interests. Truman regarded the warnings as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN". [1] On October 8, 1950, the day after American troops crossed the parallel, Chairman Mao issued the order for the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (actually regulars in the Chinese People's Liberation Army) to be moved to the Yalu River, ready to cross.
Mao Zedong sought Soviet aid and saw intervention as essentially defensive: "If we allow the U.S. to occupy all of Korea… we must be prepared for the US to declare… war with China", he told Joseph Stalin. Premier Zhou Enlai was sent to Moscow to add force to Mao's cabled arguments. Mao delayed his forces while waiting for Soviet help, and the planned attack was thus postponed from 13 October to 19 October. Soviet assistance was limited to providing air support no nearer than 60 miles (96 km) from the battlefront. The MiG-15s in PRC colours would be an unpleasant surprise to the UN pilots; they would hold local air superiority against the F-80 Shooting Stars until newer F-86 Sabres were deployed. The Soviet role was known to the U.S. but they kept quiet to avoid any international and potential nuclear incidents. It has been alleged by the Chinese that the Soviets had agreed to full scale air support, which never transpired South of Pyongyang, and helped accelerate the Sino-Soviet Split.
On October 15, 1950, Truman went to Wake Island to discuss the possibility of Chinese intervention and his desire to limit the scope of the Korean conflict. MacArthur reassured Truman that "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter."
On October 19, 1950, Pyongyang, North Korea's capital, fell to UN forces.
The Chinese assault began on October 25, 1950, under the command of General Peng Dehuai with 270,000 PVA troops (it was assumed at the time that Lin Biao was in charge, but this notion has been disproved). The Chinese assault caught the UN troops by surprise, despite the capture of Chinese soldiers and other evidence of the entrance of the PLA into Korea. In addition, the Chinese, employing great skill and remarkable camouflage discipline, concealed their numeric and divisional strength after the first engagement with the UN. After these initial engagements, the Chinese withdrew into the mountains; UN forces ignored the stern warning delivered by the Chinese government and continued their advance to the Yalu. In fact, many UN leaders interpreted this withdrawal as a show of weakness; they thought the Chinese initial attack had been all they were capable of.
Second campaign
PVA advanced across North Korea towards 38th parallel. In late November, the Chinese struck again. In the west, along the Chongchon River, the Chinese army overran several South Korean divisions and landed an extremely heavy blow into the flank of the remaining UN forces; the resulting withdrawal of the U.S. Eighth Army was the longest retreat of an American unit in history [2]. In the east, at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir (November 26–December 13) a 3,000 man unit from the 7th Infantry Division, Task Force Faith, inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese brigades, but were soon surrounded. They fought their way out of the encirclement, but in so doing lost 2000 of their 3000 men killed or captured. They also lost all of their vehicles and most other equipment. This was considered to be one of the largest defeats of American military in history. The Marines fared better; though surrounded and forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese forces, who committed six divisions to trying to destroy the American Marines.
UN forces in northeast Korea withdrew to form a defensive perimeter around the port city of H?ngnam, where a Dunkirk-style evacuation was carried out in late December 1950. Approximately 100,000 military personnel and material and another 100,000 North Korean civilians were loaded onto a variety of merchant and military transport ships, not always voluntarily as the South Korean military and police often conscripted military-age males, and were moved to ports in UN-held territory on the southern tip of Korea.
Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
The PVA drove to the 37th parallel and recaptured Seoul. On January 4, 1951, Chinese and North Korean forces recaptured Seoul. Both the 8th Army and the X Corps were forced to retreat. General Walker was killed in an accident. He was replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway, who had led airborne troops in World War II. Ridgway took immediate steps to raise the morale and fighting spirit of the battered Eighth Army, which had fallen to low levels during its retreat from North Korea.
Fourth campaign
The overextended PVA went on the defensive. In March 1951, in Operation Ripper, a revitalized 8th Army, restored by Ridgway to fighting trim, expelled the North Korean and Chinese troops from Seoul, destroying much of the city with aerial and artillery bombardments in the process.
MacArthur was removed from command by President Truman on April 11, 1951, due to a disagreement over policy. MacArthur was succeeded by Ridgway, who managed to regroup UN forces for an effective counter-offensive. A series of attacks managed to slowly drive back the opposing forces, inflicting heavy casualties on Chinese and North Korean units as UN forces advanced some miles north of the 38th parallel.
Fifth campaign
A US counterattack stabilized along the 38th parallel. The rest of the war involved little territory change, large scale bombing of the population in the north, and lengthy peace negotiations (which started in Kaesong on July 10 of the same year). Even during the peace negotiations, combat continued. For the South Korean and allied forces, the goal was to recapture all of what had been South Korea before an agreement was reached in order to avoid loss of any territory. The Chinese attempted a similar operation at the Battle of the Hook, where they were repelled by British forces. A major issue of the negotiations was repatriation of POWs. The Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation, but only if the majority would return to China or North Korea, something that did not occur. The war continued until the Communists eventually dropped this issue.
On November 29, 1952, U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on July 27, 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarized zone (DMZ) was established around it, still defended to this day by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South before hostilities broke out but is currently a special city of the North. No peace treaty has been signed.People's Volunteer Army
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) (simplified Chinese: 中国人民志愿军; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuàn Jūn) was the armed forces deployed by the Chinese government during the Korean War. The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army entered Korea on October 19th and completely withdrew from Korea by October 1958. The commander and political commissar of the CPVA was Peng Dehuai (彭德怀). The initial (Oct.25 – Nov.5, 1950) units in the CPVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42th, 50th, 66th Army.
Although all units in the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army belonged to the People's Liberation Army (the official name of the Chinese armed forces), the People's Volunteer Army was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The name was also accepted by the US government with the same purpose of avoiding escalation of the conflict.
Contents
1 Background
2 Strengths and Weaknesses
2.1 Clothing
2.2 Equipment
3 Actions during the war
3.1 First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
3.2 Second campaign 3.3 Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
3.4 Fourth campaign
3.5 Fifth campaign
4 Tactics5 Aftermath
5.1 Brainwashing and POWs
6 Chinese early involvement
7 Legacy
7.1 People's Republic of China
7.2 Republic of China
8 Literature
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
// Background
Although the Western forces were under American command, this army was officially a United Nations "police" force. In order to avoid an open war with the US and other UN members, China deployed what they termed a "volunteer army".[citation needed] Technically the People's Liberation Army only manned supply depots and infrastructure in Manchuria during the conflict, and never crossed the Yalu, while units assigned to fight UN forces became units of the People's Volunteer Army.[citation needed]
The name also helped to delude the US intelligence about the size and nature of the Chinese army who entered Korea, as some Americans believed that the PVA was merely a rabble of untrained volunteers.
Others think it is not just a euphemism. During the Korean War, the PRC recruited many young men and women to fight the United Nations forces, citing the reason that their presence on the Korean Peninsula endangered the newly formed People's Republic of China. The popular view of this war outside the communist world is different however. For example, most of the troops were veterans of the recent civil war, and virtually all senior officers had fought the Japanese during World War II. Their high morale presumably was the result of effective political indoctrination, notwithstanding that former Nationalist Army members constituted much of the strength of the intervention force.[1]
The UN troops drove to the Yalu River bordering China. This greatly concerned the Chinese, who worried that the UN forces would not stop at the Yalu River, the border between the PRK and China, and had warned Western leaders that such an action would not be tolerated. Many in the West, including General Douglas MacArthur, thought that spreading the war to China would be necessary. However, President Harry S. Truman and the other leaders disagreed, and MacArthur was ordered to be very cautious when approaching the Chinese border. Eventually, MacArthur disregarded these concerns, arguing that since the North Korean troops were being supplied by bases in Manchuria/China, those supply depots should be bombed. However, except on some rare occasions UN bombers remained out of Northeastern China during the war.
MacArthur refused to believe that the Chinese would really enter the war and ignored warnings from the Indian ambassador.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Clothing
The CPVA soldier was reasonably well clothed in keeping with the the PLA's guerrilla origin and egalitarian attitudes. All ranks wore a green or khaki shirt and trousers combination with leader's uniforms being different in cut and with red piping and collar tabs. However, their rubber soled canvas shoes provide no protection against the cold and many soldiers feet frozen during the heavy winter rains. The general lightness of their cotton uniforms did not prevent the freezing to death of thousands of soldiers in the extreme cold.
Equipment
The nominal strength of a PLA division was 9,500 men, a regiment was near 3,000, and a battalion had about 850 men. However, many divisions were below strength while those divisions opposite Taiwan were above strength. Their was also variation in organization and equipment as well as in the quantity and quality of equipment. Some of the PLA's equipment was from the Imperial Japanese Army or was captured from the KMT. Some Czechoslovak equipment was also purchased on the open market.
POW reports stated that some infantry regiments only had 800 personnel weapons such as rifles, carbines, and machine guns. And other infantry regiments had two thirds of their personnel equipped only with hand grenades with the expectation that soldiers would acquire personal weapons from the fallen. The initial divisions sent into Korea went without their heavy weapons such as heavy mortars and artillery with pack animals being used to transport weapons and ammunition.
PLA communications was way below the level of UN forces in that radios were only issued down to regiments who then used field phones, if available, to contact their battalions. Battalions then used bugles, whistles, and runners to talk to each other and their subordinate companies.
Actions during the war
First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
Chinese forces drove American and UN forces back near Yalu and promptly withdrew. The People's Republic of China had issued warnings that they would intervene if any non-South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, citing national security interests. Truman regarded the warnings as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN". [1] On October 8, 1950, the day after American troops crossed the parallel, Chairman Mao issued the order for the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (actually regulars in the Chinese People's Liberation Army) to be moved to the Yalu River, ready to cross.
Mao Zedong sought Soviet aid and saw intervention as essentially defensive: "If we allow the U.S. to occupy all of Korea… we must be prepared for the US to declare… war with China", he told Joseph Stalin. Premier Zhou Enlai was sent to Moscow to add force to Mao's cabled arguments. Mao delayed his forces while waiting for Soviet help, and the planned attack was thus postponed from 13 October to 19 October. Soviet assistance was limited to providing air support no nearer than 60 miles (96 km) from the battlefront. The MiG-15s in PRC colours would be an unpleasant surprise to the UN pilots; they would hold local air superiority against the F-80 Shooting Stars until newer F-86 Sabres were deployed. The Soviet role was known to the U.S. but they kept quiet to avoid any international and potential nuclear incidents. It has been alleged by the Chinese that the Soviets had agreed to full scale air support, which never transpired South of Pyongyang, and helped accelerate the Sino-Soviet Split.
On October 15, 1950, Truman went to Wake Island to discuss the possibility of Chinese intervention and his desire to limit the scope of the Korean conflict. MacArthur reassured Truman that "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter."
On October 19, 1950, Pyongyang, North Korea's capital, fell to UN forces.
The Chinese assault began on October 25, 1950, under the command of General Peng Dehuai with 270,000 PVA troops (it was assumed at the time that Lin Biao was in charge, but this notion has been disproved). The Chinese assault caught the UN troops by surprise, despite the capture of Chinese soldiers and other evidence of the entrance of the PLA into Korea. In addition, the Chinese, employing great skill and remarkable camouflage discipline, concealed their numeric and divisional strength after the first engagement with the UN. After these initial engagements, the Chinese withdrew into the mountains; UN forces ignored the stern warning delivered by the Chinese government and continued their advance to the Yalu. In fact, many UN leaders interpreted this withdrawal as a show of weakness; they thought the Chinese initial attack had been all they were capable of.
Second campaign
PVA advanced across North Korea towards 38th parallel. In late November, the Chinese struck again. In the west, along the Chongchon River, the Chinese army overran several South Korean divisions and landed an extremely heavy blow into the flank of the remaining UN forces; the resulting withdrawal of the U.S. Eighth Army was the longest retreat of an American unit in history [2]. In the east, at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir (November 26–December 13) a 3,000 man unit from the 7th Infantry Division, Task Force Faith, inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese brigades, but were soon surrounded. They fought their way out of the encirclement, but in so doing lost 2000 of their 3000 men killed or captured. They also lost all of their vehicles and most other equipment. This was considered to be one of the largest defeats of American military in history. The Marines fared better; though surrounded and forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese forces, who committed six divisions to trying to destroy the American Marines.
UN forces in northeast Korea withdrew to form a defensive perimeter around the port city of H?ngnam, where a Dunkirk-style evacuation was carried out in late December 1950. Approximately 100,000 military personnel and material and another 100,000 North Korean civilians were loaded onto a variety of merchant and military transport ships, not always voluntarily as the South Korean military and police often conscripted military-age males, and were moved to ports in UN-held territory on the southern tip of Korea.
Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
The PVA drove to the 37th parallel and recaptured Seoul. On January 4, 1951, Chinese and North Korean forces recaptured Seoul. Both the 8th Army and the X Corps were forced to retreat. General Walker was killed in an accident. He was replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway, who had led airborne troops in World War II. Ridgway took immediate steps to raise the morale and fighting spirit of the battered Eighth Army, which had fallen to low levels during its retreat from North Korea.
Fourth campaign
The overextended PVA went on the defensive. In March 1951, in Operation Ripper, a revitalized 8th Army, restored by Ridgway to fighting trim, expelled the North Korean and Chinese troops from Seoul, destroying much of the city with aerial and artillery bombardments in the process.
MacArthur was removed from command by President Truman on April 11, 1951, due to a disagreement over policy. MacArthur was succeeded by Ridgway, who managed to regroup UN forces for an effective counter-offensive. A series of attacks managed to slowly drive back the opposing forces, inflicting heavy casualties on Chinese and North Korean units as UN forces advanced some miles north of the 38th parallel.
Fifth campaign
A US counterattack stabilized along the 38th parallel. The rest of the war involved little territory change, large scale bombing of the population in the north, and lengthy peace negotiations (which started in Kaesong on July 10 of the same year). Even during the peace negotiations, combat continued. For the South Korean and allied forces, the goal was to recapture all of what had been South Korea before an agreement was reached in order to avoid loss of any territory. The Chinese attempted a similar operation at the Battle of the Hook, where they were repelled by British forces. A major issue of the negotiations was repatriation of POWs. The Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation, but only if the majority would return to China or North Korea, something that did not occur. The war continued until the Communists eventually dropped this issue.
On November 29, 1952, U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on July 27, 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarized zone (DMZ) was established around it, still defended to this day by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South before hostilities broke out but is currently a special city of the North. No peace treaty has been signed.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) (simplified Chinese: 中国人民志愿军; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuàn Jūn) was the armed forces deployed by the Chinese government during the Korean War. The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army entered Korea on October 19th and completely withdrew from Korea by October 1958. The commander and political commissar of the CPVA was Peng Dehuai (彭德怀). The initial (Oct.25 – Nov.5, 1950) units in the CPVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42th, 50th, 66th Army.
Although all units in the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army belonged to the People's Liberation Army (the official name of the Chinese armed forces), the People's Volunteer Army was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The name was also accepted by the US government with the same purpose of avoiding escalation of the conflict.
Contents
1 Background
2 Strengths and Weaknesses
2.1 Clothing
2.2 Equipment
3 Actions during the war
3.1 First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
3.2 Second campaign 3.3 Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
3.4 Fourth campaign
3.5 Fifth campaign
4 Tactics5 Aftermath
5.1 Brainwashing and POWs
6 Chinese early involvement
7 Legacy
7.1 People's Republic of China
7.2 Republic of China
8 Literature
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
// Background
Although the Western forces were under American command, this army was officially a United Nations "police" force. In order to avoid an open war with the US and other UN members, China deployed what they termed a "volunteer army".[citation needed] Technically the People's Liberation Army only manned supply depots and infrastructure in Manchuria during the conflict, and never crossed the Yalu, while units assigned to fight UN forces became units of the People's Volunteer Army.[citation needed]
The name also helped to delude the US intelligence about the size and nature of the Chinese army who entered Korea, as some Americans believed that the PVA was merely a rabble of untrained volunteers.
Others think it is not just a euphemism. During the Korean War, the PRC recruited many young men and women to fight the United Nations forces, citing the reason that their presence on the Korean Peninsula endangered the newly formed People's Republic of China. The popular view of this war outside the communist world is different however. For example, most of the troops were veterans of the recent civil war, and virtually all senior officers had fought the Japanese during World War II. Their high morale presumably was the result of effective political indoctrination, notwithstanding that former Nationalist Army members constituted much of the strength of the intervention force.[1]
The UN troops drove to the Yalu River bordering China. This greatly concerned the Chinese, who worried that the UN forces would not stop at the Yalu River, the border between the PRK and China, and had warned Western leaders that such an action would not be tolerated. Many in the West, including General Douglas MacArthur, thought that spreading the war to China would be necessary. However, President Harry S. Truman and the other leaders disagreed, and MacArthur was ordered to be very cautious when approaching the Chinese border. Eventually, MacArthur disregarded these concerns, arguing that since the North Korean troops were being supplied by bases in Manchuria/China, those supply depots should be bombed. However, except on some rare occasions UN bombers remained out of Northeastern China during the war.
MacArthur refused to believe that the Chinese would really enter the war and ignored warnings from the Indian ambassador.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Clothing
The CPVA soldier was reasonably well clothed in keeping with the the PLA's guerrilla origin and egalitarian attitudes. All ranks wore a green or khaki shirt and trousers combination with leader's uniforms being different in cut and with red piping and collar tabs. However, their rubber soled canvas shoes provide no protection against the cold and many soldiers feet frozen during the heavy winter rains. The general lightness of their cotton uniforms did not prevent the freezing to death of thousands of soldiers in the extreme cold.
Equipment
The nominal strength of a PLA division was 9,500 men, a regiment was near 3,000, and a battalion had about 850 men. However, many divisions were below strength while those divisions opposite Taiwan were above strength. Their was also variation in organization and equipment as well as in the quantity and quality of equipment. Some of the PLA's equipment was from the Imperial Japanese Army or was captured from the KMT. Some Czechoslovak equipment was also purchased on the open market.
POW reports stated that some infantry regiments only had 800 personnel weapons such as rifles, carbines, and machine guns. And other infantry regiments had two thirds of their personnel equipped only with hand grenades with the expectation that soldiers would acquire personal weapons from the fallen. The initial divisions sent into Korea went without their heavy weapons such as heavy mortars and artillery with pack animals being used to transport weapons and ammunition.
PLA communications was way below the level of UN forces in that radios were only issued down to regiments who then used field phones, if available, to contact their battalions. Battalions then used bugles, whistles, and runners to talk to each other and their subordinate companies.
Actions during the war
First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
Chinese forces drove American and UN forces back near Yalu and promptly withdrew. The People's Republic of China had issued warnings that they would intervene if any non-South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, citing national security interests. Truman regarded the warnings as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN". [1] On October 8, 1950, the day after American troops crossed the parallel, Chairman Mao issued the order for the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (actually regulars in the Chinese People's Liberation Army) to be moved to the Yalu River, ready to cross.
Mao Zedong sought Soviet aid and saw intervention as essentially defensive: "If we allow the U.S. to occupy all of Korea… we must be prepared for the US to declare… war with China", he told Joseph Stalin. Premier Zhou Enlai was sent to Moscow to add force to Mao's cabled arguments. Mao delayed his forces while waiting for Soviet help, and the planned attack was thus postponed from 13 October to 19 October. Soviet assistance was limited to providing air support no nearer than 60 miles (96 km) from the battlefront. The MiG-15s in PRC colours would be an unpleasant surprise to the UN pilots; they would hold local air superiority against the F-80 Shooting Stars until newer F-86 Sabres were deployed. The Soviet role was known to the U.S. but they kept quiet to avoid any international and potential nuclear incidents. It has been alleged by the Chinese that the Soviets had agreed to full scale air support, which never transpired South of Pyongyang, and helped accelerate the Sino-Soviet Split.
On October 15, 1950, Truman went to Wake Island to discuss the possibility of Chinese intervention and his desire to limit the scope of the Korean conflict. MacArthur reassured Truman that "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter."
On October 19, 1950, Pyongyang, North Korea's capital, fell to UN forces.
The Chinese assault began on October 25, 1950, under the command of General Peng Dehuai with 270,000 PVA troops (it was assumed at the time that Lin Biao was in charge, but this notion has been disproved). The Chinese assault caught the UN troops by surprise, despite the capture of Chinese soldiers and other evidence of the entrance of the PLA into Korea. In addition, the Chinese, employing great skill and remarkable camouflage discipline, concealed their numeric and divisional strength after the first engagement with the UN. After these initial engagements, the Chinese withdrew into the mountains; UN forces ignored the stern warning delivered by the Chinese government and continued their advance to the Yalu. In fact, many UN leaders interpreted this withdrawal as a show of weakness; they thought the Chinese initial attack had been all they were capable of.
Second campaign
PVA advanced across North Korea towards 38th parallel. In late November, the Chinese struck again. In the west, along the Chongchon River, the Chinese army overran several South Korean divisions and landed an extremely heavy blow into the flank of the remaining UN forces; the resulting withdrawal of the U.S. Eighth Army was the longest retreat of an American unit in history [2]. In the east, at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir (November 26–December 13) a 3,000 man unit from the 7th Infantry Division, Task Force Faith, inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese brigades, but were soon surrounded. They fought their way out of the encirclement, but in so doing lost 2000 of their 3000 men killed or captured. They also lost all of their vehicles and most other equipment. This was considered to be one of the largest defeats of American military in history. The Marines fared better; though surrounded and forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese forces, who committed six divisions to trying to destroy the American Marines.
UN forces in northeast Korea withdrew to form a defensive perimeter around the port city of H?ngnam, where a Dunkirk-style evacuation was carried out in late December 1950. Approximately 100,000 military personnel and material and another 100,000 North Korean civilians were loaded onto a variety of merchant and military transport ships, not always voluntarily as the South Korean military and police often conscripted military-age males, and were moved to ports in UN-held territory on the southern tip of Korea.
Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
The PVA drove to the 37th parallel and recaptured Seoul. On January 4, 1951, Chinese and North Korean forces recaptured Seoul. Both the 8th Army and the X Corps were forced to retreat. General Walker was killed in an accident. He was replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway, who had led airborne troops in World War II. Ridgway took immediate steps to raise the morale and fighting spirit of the battered Eighth Army, which had fallen to low levels during its retreat from North Korea.
Fourth campaign
The overextended PVA went on the defensive. In March 1951, in Operation Ripper, a revitalized 8th Army, restored by Ridgway to fighting trim, expelled the North Korean and Chinese troops from Seoul, destroying much of the city with aerial and artillery bombardments in the process.
MacArthur was removed from command by President Truman on April 11, 1951, due to a disagreement over policy. MacArthur was succeeded by Ridgway, who managed to regroup UN forces for an effective counter-offensive. A series of attacks managed to slowly drive back the opposing forces, inflicting heavy casualties on Chinese and North Korean units as UN forces advanced some miles north of the 38th parallel.
Fifth campaign
A US counterattack stabilized along the 38th parallel. The rest of the war involved little territory change, large scale bombing of the population in the north, and lengthy peace negotiations (which started in Kaesong on July 10 of the same year). Even during the peace negotiations, combat continued. For the South Korean and allied forces, the goal was to recapture all of what had been South Korea before an agreement was reached in order to avoid loss of any territory. The Chinese attempted a similar operation at the Battle of the Hook, where they were repelled by British forces. A major issue of the negotiations was repatriation of POWs. The Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation, but only if the majority would return to China or North Korea, something that did not occur. The war continued until the Communists eventually dropped this issue.
On November 29, 1952, U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on July 27, 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarized zone (DMZ) was established around it, still defended to this day by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South before hostilities broke out but is currently a special city of the North. No peace treaty has been signed.People's Volunteer Army
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) (simplified Chinese: 中国人民志愿军; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuàn Jūn) was the armed forces deployed by the Chinese government during the Korean War. The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army entered Korea on October 19th and completely withdrew from Korea by October 1958. The commander and political commissar of the CPVA was Peng Dehuai (彭德怀). The initial (Oct.25 – Nov.5, 1950) units in the CPVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42th, 50th, 66th Army.
Although all units in the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army belonged to the People's Liberation Army (the official name of the Chinese armed forces), the People's Volunteer Army was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The name was also accepted by the US government with the same purpose of avoiding escalation of the conflict.
Contents
1 Background
2 Strengths and Weaknesses
2.1 Clothing
2.2 Equipment
3 Actions during the war
3.1 First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
3.2 Second campaign 3.3 Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
3.4 Fourth campaign
3.5 Fifth campaign
4 Tactics5 Aftermath
5.1 Brainwashing and POWs
6 Chinese early involvement
7 Legacy
7.1 People's Republic of China
7.2 Republic of China
8 Literature
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
// Background
Although the Western forces were under American command, this army was officially a United Nations "police" force. In order to avoid an open war with the US and other UN members, China deployed what they termed a "volunteer army".[citation needed] Technically the People's Liberation Army only manned supply depots and infrastructure in Manchuria during the conflict, and never crossed the Yalu, while units assigned to fight UN forces became units of the People's Volunteer Army.[citation needed]
The name also helped to delude the US intelligence about the size and nature of the Chinese army who entered Korea, as some Americans believed that the PVA was merely a rabble of untrained volunteers.
Others think it is not just a euphemism. During the Korean War, the PRC recruited many young men and women to fight the United Nations forces, citing the reason that their presence on the Korean Peninsula endangered the newly formed People's Republic of China. The popular view of this war outside the communist world is different however. For example, most of the troops were veterans of the recent civil war, and virtually all senior officers had fought the Japanese during World War II. Their high morale presumably was the result of effective political indoctrination, notwithstanding that former Nationalist Army members constituted much of the strength of the intervention force.[1]
The UN troops drove to the Yalu River bordering China. This greatly concerned the Chinese, who worried that the UN forces would not stop at the Yalu River, the border between the PRK and China, and had warned Western leaders that such an action would not be tolerated. Many in the West, including General Douglas MacArthur, thought that spreading the war to China would be necessary. However, President Harry S. Truman and the other leaders disagreed, and MacArthur was ordered to be very cautious when approaching the Chinese border. Eventually, MacArthur disregarded these concerns, arguing that since the North Korean troops were being supplied by bases in Manchuria/China, those supply depots should be bombed. However, except on some rare occasions UN bombers remained out of Northeastern China during the war.
MacArthur refused to believe that the Chinese would really enter the war and ignored warnings from the Indian ambassador.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Clothing
The CPVA soldier was reasonably well clothed in keeping with the the PLA's guerrilla origin and egalitarian attitudes. All ranks wore a green or khaki shirt and trousers combination with leader's uniforms being different in cut and with red piping and collar tabs. However, their rubber soled canvas shoes provide no protection against the cold and many soldiers feet frozen during the heavy winter rains. The general lightness of their cotton uniforms did not prevent the freezing to death of thousands of soldiers in the extreme cold.
Equipment
The nominal strength of a PLA division was 9,500 men, a regiment was near 3,000, and a battalion had about 850 men. However, many divisions were below strength while those divisions opposite Taiwan were above strength. Their was also variation in organization and equipment as well as in the quantity and quality of equipment. Some of the PLA's equipment was from the Imperial Japanese Army or was captured from the KMT. Some Czechoslovak equipment was also purchased on the open market.
POW reports stated that some infantry regiments only had 800 personnel weapons such as rifles, carbines, and machine guns. And other infantry regiments had two thirds of their personnel equipped only with hand grenades with the expectation that soldiers would acquire personal weapons from the fallen. The initial divisions sent into Korea went without their heavy weapons such as heavy mortars and artillery with pack animals being used to transport weapons and ammunition.
PLA communications was way below the level of UN forces in that radios were only issued down to regiments who then used field phones, if available, to contact their battalions. Battalions then used bugles, whistles, and runners to talk to each other and their subordinate companies.
Actions during the war
First campaign (October 18-October 25, 1950)
Chinese forces drove American and UN forces back near Yalu and promptly withdrew. The People's Republic of China had issued warnings that they would intervene if any non-South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, citing national security interests. Truman regarded the warnings as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN". [1] On October 8, 1950, the day after American troops crossed the parallel, Chairman Mao issued the order for the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (actually regulars in the Chinese People's Liberation Army) to be moved to the Yalu River, ready to cross.
Mao Zedong sought Soviet aid and saw intervention as essentially defensive: "If we allow the U.S. to occupy all of Korea… we must be prepared for the US to declare… war with China", he told Joseph Stalin. Premier Zhou Enlai was sent to Moscow to add force to Mao's cabled arguments. Mao delayed his forces while waiting for Soviet help, and the planned attack was thus postponed from 13 October to 19 October. Soviet assistance was limited to providing air support no nearer than 60 miles (96 km) from the battlefront. The MiG-15s in PRC colours would be an unpleasant surprise to the UN pilots; they would hold local air superiority against the F-80 Shooting Stars until newer F-86 Sabres were deployed. The Soviet role was known to the U.S. but they kept quiet to avoid any international and potential nuclear incidents. It has been alleged by the Chinese that the Soviets had agreed to full scale air support, which never transpired South of Pyongyang, and helped accelerate the Sino-Soviet Split.
On October 15, 1950, Truman went to Wake Island to discuss the possibility of Chinese intervention and his desire to limit the scope of the Korean conflict. MacArthur reassured Truman that "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter."
On October 19, 1950, Pyongyang, North Korea's capital, fell to UN forces.
The Chinese assault began on October 25, 1950, under the command of General Peng Dehuai with 270,000 PVA troops (it was assumed at the time that Lin Biao was in charge, but this notion has been disproved). The Chinese assault caught the UN troops by surprise, despite the capture of Chinese soldiers and other evidence of the entrance of the PLA into Korea. In addition, the Chinese, employing great skill and remarkable camouflage discipline, concealed their numeric and divisional strength after the first engagement with the UN. After these initial engagements, the Chinese withdrew into the mountains; UN forces ignored the stern warning delivered by the Chinese government and continued their advance to the Yalu. In fact, many UN leaders interpreted this withdrawal as a show of weakness; they thought the Chinese initial attack had been all they were capable of.
Second campaign
PVA advanced across North Korea towards 38th parallel. In late November, the Chinese struck again. In the west, along the Chongchon River, the Chinese army overran several South Korean divisions and landed an extremely heavy blow into the flank of the remaining UN forces; the resulting withdrawal of the U.S. Eighth Army was the longest retreat of an American unit in history [2]. In the east, at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir (November 26–December 13) a 3,000 man unit from the 7th Infantry Division, Task Force Faith, inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese brigades, but were soon surrounded. They fought their way out of the encirclement, but in so doing lost 2000 of their 3000 men killed or captured. They also lost all of their vehicles and most other equipment. This was considered to be one of the largest defeats of American military in history. The Marines fared better; though surrounded and forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese forces, who committed six divisions to trying to destroy the American Marines.
UN forces in northeast Korea withdrew to form a defensive perimeter around the port city of H?ngnam, where a Dunkirk-style evacuation was carried out in late December 1950. Approximately 100,000 military personnel and material and another 100,000 North Korean civilians were loaded onto a variety of merchant and military transport ships, not always voluntarily as the South Korean military and police often conscripted military-age males, and were moved to ports in UN-held territory on the southern tip of Korea.
Third campaign (December 31, 1950 - ?)
The PVA drove to the 37th parallel and recaptured Seoul. On January 4, 1951, Chinese and North Korean forces recaptured Seoul. Both the 8th Army and the X Corps were forced to retreat. General Walker was killed in an accident. He was replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway, who had led airborne troops in World War II. Ridgway took immediate steps to raise the morale and fighting spirit of the battered Eighth Army, which had fallen to low levels during its retreat from North Korea.
Fourth campaign
The overextended PVA went on the defensive. In March 1951, in Operation Ripper, a revitalized 8th Army, restored by Ridgway to fighting trim, expelled the North Korean and Chinese troops from Seoul, destroying much of the city with aerial and artillery bombardments in the process.
MacArthur was removed from command by President Truman on April 11, 1951, due to a disagreement over policy. MacArthur was succeeded by Ridgway, who managed to regroup UN forces for an effective counter-offensive. A series of attacks managed to slowly drive back the opposing forces, inflicting heavy casualties on Chinese and North Korean units as UN forces advanced some miles north of the 38th parallel.
Fifth campaign
A US counterattack stabilized along the 38th parallel. The rest of the war involved little territory change, large scale bombing of the population in the north, and lengthy peace negotiations (which started in Kaesong on July 10 of the same year). Even during the peace negotiations, combat continued. For the South Korean and allied forces, the goal was to recapture all of what had been South Korea before an agreement was reached in order to avoid loss of any territory. The Chinese attempted a similar operation at the Battle of the Hook, where they were repelled by British forces. A major issue of the negotiations was repatriation of POWs. The Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation, but only if the majority would return to China or North Korea, something that did not occur. The war continued until the Communists eventually dropped this issue.
On November 29, 1952, U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on July 27, 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarized zone (DMZ) was established around it, still defended to this day by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South before hostilities broke out but is currently a special city of the North. No peace treaty has been signed.
西方人眼中的中国人民志愿军（一）
中国人民志愿军
本文摘译自英国**全书网，文中资料出处见下文的参考资料。
译者于此严正声明：第一、译文观点不代表译者观点；第二、此译文仅供英文学习和交流之用，未得译者书面许可，任何人不得以影印等任何方式进行传播。
中国人民志愿军是指朝鲜战争期间中国政府在朝鲜部署参战的陆海空部队，部队司令员兼政治委员彭德怀，这支中国军队自1950年10月19日进入朝鲜，于1958年10月完全撤回中国。在1950年10月25日至当年11月5日首批进入朝鲜的中国人民志愿军包括第38军，39军，40军，42军，50军和第66军。
虽然实际上中国人民志愿军所有的部队都属于中国人民解放军，但为了避免被视为向美国宣战，中国特别组建了这支部队派往朝鲜参战。几乎出于同样的目的，美国政府为了避免两国矛盾的进一步升级，也对此表示接受。
本文目录
志愿军组建背景
志愿军的优势和弱点
志愿军的着装
志愿军的武器装备
中国志愿军入朝战役综述
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-10月25日）
第二次战役
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束日期不详）
第四次战役
第五次战役
志愿军所采用战术
志愿军参战的结果
战俘和对战俘强制洗脑
中国人最早介入朝鲜战争的情况
台海两岸对志愿军的传统看法分歧
大陆民众的看法
台湾民众的看法
文学作品种的中国人民志愿军
参考书目
相关内容链接
外部链接
中国人民志愿军组建的历史背景
虽然西方国家军队的确是在美国领导下参加朝鲜战争，但这些军队都统称为联合国“警察”部队。同样，为了避免与美国及联合国其它成员国公开宣战，中国派往朝鲜参战的部队也对外统称“志愿军”。也就是说，中国人民解放军名义上只给中国东北地区入朝参战军队的战争物资供应仓库和设施配备人员，不会跨过鸭绿江入朝参战，因此与联合国军队作战的任务自然就由中国人民志愿军的部队承担。
中国军队利用志愿军的称号进入朝鲜参战同时也成功地欺骗了美军的情报人员，使其搞不清进入朝鲜参战的军队的性质和规模。当时一些美国人也坚信中国人民志愿军不过是一帮未经军事训练的乌合之众
而另外一些人则认为，中国人民志愿军就是一支志愿军，而并非一个婉转的说法。 他们认为，在朝鲜战争期间，中国确实征募了许多中国青年男女奔赴朝鲜和联合国军队作战，因为这些参战的中国人认为联合国军队在朝鲜半岛的出现危及了新生的中国人民共和国的安全。目前，此事尚有争议，就是非共-产*党统治国家的人们对此也持不同意见。 举例来说，中国人民志愿军的战士绝大部分都是参加过此前与国民党的中国内战的老兵，事实上志愿军的所有高级军官也都参加过二战抗日战争。由于共*产-党对中国人民志愿军进行了有效的整治教导动员，所以这支军队的士气很高，虽然其中有许多士兵都曾是中国国民党军队的士兵。
在中国介入以前，联合国军队当时的确开到了中朝边境的鸭绿江边，联合国军的这一举动引起了中国政府的关注，使中国担心联合国军不会止步于中朝边境 ，而中国政府在此之前就曾向西方国家的领导人发出警告说中国不会坐视这种事情的发生。当时西方国家有许多人，包括麦克阿瑟将军，都认为有必要跨过鸭绿江，把战火烧到中国。但是，当时在任的美国总统杜鲁门和其他领导人不同意这一做法，并命令麦克阿瑟部署部队接近中朝边境时要小心从事。但在最后，麦克阿瑟无视美国政府的上述命令，争辩说北朝鲜军队从中国东北地区的战备仓库获得了战争物资供应补充，所以应该派飞机轰炸这些位于中国境内的物资补给仓库。不过，事实上，朝鲜战争期间，联合国军的轰炸机很少飞入中国东北边境进行轰炸行动任务。
最终，麦克阿瑟拒绝相信中国会真正介入朝鲜战争并不顾印度大使转达的中国政府的警告，还是派遣了轰炸机轰炸中国东北边境地区，从而引发了中国军队进入朝鲜参战。
中国人民志愿军的优势和弱点分析
志愿军的服装
中国人民志愿军的着装保持了其军队前身游击队服装的特点和官兵一致的传统，所有军队人员统一穿着黄褐色卡其布衬衣衬裤的军队制服，只是军官制服的款式有所不同，有红色滚边和领章。不过，志愿军的官兵所穿的胶底帆布鞋，根本就无法为其在朝鲜寒冷的冬雨季节提供保护，许多志愿军官兵的脚都曾经被冻伤。另外，志愿军官兵的棉布制服虽然轻盈灵活，便于部队行动，但无法防寒，这也导致数以千计的志愿兵官兵在极其寒冷的日子里被冻死。
志愿军的装备情况
中国人民解放军军队的军事人员标准配置为：一个师为9500人，一个团为近3000人，一个营为850人。 但部署在台湾海峡对面的解放军师一般都配员超过正常编制，而派往朝鲜的志愿军师大多编制不足。这两支军队在武器配备方面无论是质量还是数量也差别很大。解放军部队中有的武器还是抗日战争和解放战争中从日本人和国民党军队中缴获过来的战利品。中国军队也从公开市场上购买过部份捷克制造武器装备部队。
据志愿军战俘报告说，志愿军有的步兵团只有800件武器，这些武器主要是步枪，卡宾枪和机关枪。其他步兵团也只有三分之二的军事人员配备有手榴弹，其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。首批入朝的志愿军师没有配备诸如重迫击炮之类的重型武器，也没有炮兵，武器弹药依赖牲口运送。
中国人民解放军的通讯设备和联合国军的相比差距也很大，只能通过无线电通讯设备将命令传达到团级指挥员，然后团级指挥员又通过战场电话将命令传达给营级指挥员。而营级指挥员则只有通过军号，口哨以及传令兵将命令传达给其下属的连级指挥员和与其进行互相交流。
朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军历次战役介绍
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-25日）
在这次战役中，中国军队在鸭绿江附近击退美国领导的联合国军并迅速撤走。在此之前，中国政府曾警告说如果有任何非南韩的军队跨过38度线中国会为了维护其国家安全利益而进行干预。而当时美国总统杜鲁门则视该警告为“对联合国进行敲诈”。1950年10月8日，即美国军队跨过38度线的第二天，中国国家主席毛泽东发布命令，命令中国人民志愿军（实际上是中国人民解放军）开拨到鸭绿江边，准备渡过鸭绿江入朝参战。
当时毛泽东还试图获得苏联的援助并视中国军队介入朝鲜战争为一必要的防御手段，他曾经致电苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林说“如果我们允许美国人占领整个朝鲜，就必须准备对美国宣战“。为了增加其上述电文的说服力，毛泽东还派遣中国总理周恩来亲赴莫斯科寻求苏联的援助。为了等待苏联的援助，毛泽东还延迟了志愿军的入朝时间，并同时将计划对美军的打击从1950年10月13日推迟到10月19日。当时，苏联只承诺为中国人民志愿军提供有限的空中支援，范围也限定在离战斗前线60英里（96公里）的范围内。当时苏联为志愿军提供空中支援的飞机都涂上中国飞机的颜色和标志，这几乎让联合国军的飞行员们大吃一惊。苏联派遣的这些飞机的机型为米格-15，比起联合国军战争之初部署的F-80型 “流星”飞机拥有一定的空中优势，不过后来联合国军部署F-30型“军刀”飞机后，这种优势才不复存在。当时美国也很清楚苏联替中国人民志愿军提供空中支援，但为了避免问题国际化和可能的核战争，美国人对此也保持沉默。但中国一直坚称苏联在中国介入朝鲜战争前同意为志愿军提供全面的空中支援，但后来他们违背了其承诺，在战争中连平壤南边的中国人民志愿军都没得到苏联提供的空中支援，这甚至加速了后来中苏关系的破裂。
1950年10月15日，杜鲁门飞赴魏克岛，和联军统帅麦克阿瑟讨论中国介入朝鲜战争的可能性，同时他还向后者表态说希望把朝鲜战争限制在一定范围内。麦克阿瑟当时向杜鲁门保证说“如果中国军队试图赶到平壤参战，那将面临联合国军有史以来最大的一场屠杀”。
1950年10月19日，北朝鲜的首都平壤陷落，被联合国军占领。
1950年10月25日，根据其司令员兼政委彭德怀（当时人们以为是林彪，后来证明此说法有误）签署的命令，27万中国人民志愿军开始对联合国军发动攻击。 尽管之前联合国军根据被俘的中国士兵和其他证据得知中国军队已进入朝鲜，但中国志愿军的攻击仍然令他们大吃一惊。另外，在和联合国军的首次接战后，中国成功地对入朝军队进行了伪装和掩蔽，封锁了入朝军队的数量和编制等信息，并将军队撤入大山之中。而联合国军则忽视中国政府的严正警告，继续向鸭绿江边前进。事实上，当时许多联合国军的领导人都认为中国军队的这次撤退，表明中国军队力量弱小，不堪一击，他们甚至认为中国只有能力发动这一次攻击。
第二次战役
第一次战役后，中国志愿军向38度线横向推进，并在1950年11月下旬对美军发动了再次攻击；西线战场上，中国志愿军在朝鲜Chongchon河沿岸击溃打垮了南韩的几个师后给尚存的联合国军侧面予以沉重打击，这导致美军第八军有史以来最长距离的退却；东线战场上，在1950年11月26日至12月13日的朝鲜Chosin 水库战役中，中国志愿军的几个旅袭击并随后包围了配有3000名士兵的美军第七步兵师费斯特遣部队，给该美军部队造成了重大伤亡。遭到志愿军的围攻后，费丝特遣部队展开突围，但在突围中还是有2000名士兵战死或者被俘。这次战斗中，联合国军不但被击溃，还失去了其所有的车辆和大部分武器装备。这次战役的失败，目前被视为美军有史以来最严重的溃败之一。这次战役中，美国海军的表现要优于陆军，虽然同样遭到了志愿军六个师部队的包围而且背迫撤退，但美国海军还是突出了重围，并给试图围歼美国海军的中国军队造成了重大伤亡。
这次战役中，朝鲜东北部的联合国军撤退到了朝鲜的港口城市H?ngnam周围，形成了一个防御圈，以掩护其他的联合国军及时撤退。1950年12月底，联合国军在该港口进行一场二战时敦刻尔克式的大撤退-约有10万联合国军官兵及其战争物资，另外还有10万朝鲜市民通过各种各样的军事或商业运输船只，撤退和疏散到了联合国军控制的朝鲜半岛南端的几个港口。上述被疏散的朝鲜市民中，有许多人并非自愿疏散到南边，只是因为南韩军方和警察认为他们是适于征召入伍年龄的男性而将其带走。
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束时间不详）
这次战役中，中国志愿军将联合国军赶过了37度线并重新占领了汉城-1951年1月4日，中国志愿军和朝鲜军队重新占领汉城，美国第八军和联合国军再次被迫后撤。联合国军统帅沃克将军也在一次意外事故中死亡，随后由二战时领导美国空运部队的马太.李德薇中将接替其指挥朝鲜半岛的联合国军。李德薇中将接任联合国军统帅后，立刻采取措施恢复甚至提高了美军第八军的士气和和其好战的战斗精神，因为这支部队在此前战争中被志愿军几乎完全打垮，随后又在长途撤退中士气低迷。
第四次战役
这次战役中，战线拉得过长的中国志愿军不得不步入防御作战。 1951年3月，联合国军发动名为“撕裂者”的战斗行动，李德薇中将整军后士气和好战精神得以恢复的美军第八军，通过空军轰炸打击和陆军炮击将北朝鲜军队和中国志愿军赶出了汉城。
1951年4月11日美国总统杜鲁门发布命令将麦克阿瑟去职，主要是由于后者与美国政府在朝鲜政策上存在意见分歧。此后，李德薇正式接任麦克阿瑟的联军统帅职务，并重组联合国军以发动反击。这次战役中，联合国军发动了一系列的攻势，将部队推进到了38度线以北数英里的地方，同时在推进过程中设法延缓了对方军队后撤速度，给中国和北朝鲜军队造成了重大的伤亡。
第五次战役
这次战役中，美军的反击使战线稳定在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近，然后就是双方军队相互发动攻击，小块的阵地数度度易手，北方遭受大规模的炮击，以及漫长的无休止的和平谈判（同年7月10日双方在朝鲜喀山开始和平谈判）。甚至在和平谈判进行的同时，双方军队同时也在战场上继续展开战斗。对于南韩和联合国军来说，战斗的目的就是夺回所有在战争爆发后被北朝鲜占去的领土。中国军队也曾发动名为“镰刀”的攻势行动，但被英军击退。和平谈判中争议分歧较大的主要是战俘遣返问题。中国和北朝鲜同意战俘自愿遣返，但也只是同意大多数战俘被遣返回中国和北朝鲜，然而事情最终的结果大多数战俘都没有遣返回中国和北朝鲜。这场战役一直持续到中国和北朝鲜在和平谈判中最终不再讨论战俘问题为止。
1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
中国人民志愿军
本文摘译自英国**全书网，文中资料出处见下文的参考资料。
译者于此严正声明：第一、译文观点不代表译者观点；第二、此译文仅供英文学习和交流之用，未得译者书面许可，任何人不得以影印等任何方式进行传播。
中国人民志愿军是指朝鲜战争期间中国政府在朝鲜部署参战的陆海空部队，部队司令员兼政治委员彭德怀，这支中国军队自1950年10月19日进入朝鲜，于1958年10月完全撤回中国。在1950年10月25日至当年11月5日首批进入朝鲜的中国人民志愿军包括第38军，39军，40军，42军，50军和第66军。
虽然实际上中国人民志愿军所有的部队都属于中国人民解放军，但为了避免被视为向美国宣战，中国特别组建了这支部队派往朝鲜参战。几乎出于同样的目的，美国政府为了避免两国矛盾的进一步升级，也对此表示接受。
本文目录
志愿军组建背景
志愿军的优势和弱点
志愿军的着装
志愿军的武器装备
中国志愿军入朝战役综述
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-10月25日）
第二次战役
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束日期不详）
第四次战役
第五次战役
志愿军所采用战术
志愿军参战的结果
战俘和对战俘强制洗脑
中国人最早介入朝鲜战争的情况
台海两岸对志愿军的传统看法分歧
大陆民众的看法
台湾民众的看法
文学作品种的中国人民志愿军
参考书目
相关内容链接
外部链接
中国人民志愿军组建的历史背景
虽然西方国家军队的确是在美国领导下参加朝鲜战争，但这些军队都统称为联合国“警察”部队。同样，为了避免与美国及联合国其它成员国公开宣战，中国派往朝鲜参战的部队也对外统称“志愿军”。也就是说，中国人民解放军名义上只给中国东北地区入朝参战军队的战争物资供应仓库和设施配备人员，不会跨过鸭绿江入朝参战，因此与联合国军队作战的任务自然就由中国人民志愿军的部队承担。
中国军队利用志愿军的称号进入朝鲜参战同时也成功地欺骗了美军的情报人员，使其搞不清进入朝鲜参战的军队的性质和规模。当时一些美国人也坚信中国人民志愿军不过是一帮未经军事训练的乌合之众
而另外一些人则认为，中国人民志愿军就是一支志愿军，而并非一个婉转的说法。 他们认为，在朝鲜战争期间，中国确实征募了许多中国青年男女奔赴朝鲜和联合国军队作战，因为这些参战的中国人认为联合国军队在朝鲜半岛的出现危及了新生的中国人民共和国的安全。目前，此事尚有争议，就是非共-产*党统治国家的人们对此也持不同意见。 举例来说，中国人民志愿军的战士绝大部分都是参加过此前与国民党的中国内战的老兵，事实上志愿军的所有高级军官也都参加过二战抗日战争。由于共*产-党对中国人民志愿军进行了有效的整治教导动员，所以这支军队的士气很高，虽然其中有许多士兵都曾是中国国民党军队的士兵。
在中国介入以前，联合国军队当时的确开到了中朝边境的鸭绿江边，联合国军的这一举动引起了中国政府的关注，使中国担心联合国军不会止步于中朝边境 ，而中国政府在此之前就曾向西方国家的领导人发出警告说中国不会坐视这种事情的发生。当时西方国家有许多人，包括麦克阿瑟将军，都认为有必要跨过鸭绿江，把战火烧到中国。但是，当时在任的美国总统杜鲁门和其他领导人不同意这一做法，并命令麦克阿瑟部署部队接近中朝边境时要小心从事。但在最后，麦克阿瑟无视美国政府的上述命令，争辩说北朝鲜军队从中国东北地区的战备仓库获得了战争物资供应补充，所以应该派飞机轰炸这些位于中国境内的物资补给仓库。不过，事实上，朝鲜战争期间，联合国军的轰炸机很少飞入中国东北边境进行轰炸行动任务。
最终，麦克阿瑟拒绝相信中国会真正介入朝鲜战争并不顾印度大使转达的中国政府的警告，还是派遣了轰炸机轰炸中国东北边境地区，从而引发了中国军队进入朝鲜参战。
中国人民志愿军的优势和弱点分析
志愿军的服装
中国人民志愿军的着装保持了其军队前身游击队服装的特点和官兵一致的传统，所有军队人员统一穿着黄褐色卡其布衬衣衬裤的军队制服，只是军官制服的款式有所不同，有红色滚边和领章。不过，志愿军的官兵所穿的胶底帆布鞋，根本就无法为其在朝鲜寒冷的冬雨季节提供保护，许多志愿军官兵的脚都曾经被冻伤。另外，志愿军官兵的棉布制服虽然轻盈灵活，便于部队行动，但无法防寒，这也导致数以千计的志愿兵官兵在极其寒冷的日子里被冻死。
志愿军的装备情况
中国人民解放军军队的军事人员标准配置为：一个师为9500人，一个团为近3000人，一个营为850人。 但部署在台湾海峡对面的解放军师一般都配员超过正常编制，而派往朝鲜的志愿军师大多编制不足。这两支军队在武器配备方面无论是质量还是数量也差别很大。解放军部队中有的武器还是抗日战争和解放战争中从日本人和国民党军队中缴获过来的战利品。中国军队也从公开市场上购买过部份捷克制造武器装备部队。
据志愿军战俘报告说，志愿军有的步兵团只有800件武器，这些武器主要是步枪，卡宾枪和机关枪。其他步兵团也只有三分之二的军事人员配备有手榴弹，其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。首批入朝的志愿军师没有配备诸如重迫击炮之类的重型武器，也没有炮兵，武器弹药依赖牲口运送。
中国人民解放军的通讯设备和联合国军的相比差距也很大，只能通过无线电通讯设备将命令传达到团级指挥员，然后团级指挥员又通过战场电话将命令传达给营级指挥员。而营级指挥员则只有通过军号，口哨以及传令兵将命令传达给其下属的连级指挥员和与其进行互相交流。
朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军历次战役介绍
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-25日）
在这次战役中，中国军队在鸭绿江附近击退美国领导的联合国军并迅速撤走。在此之前，中国政府曾警告说如果有任何非南韩的军队跨过38度线中国会为了维护其国家安全利益而进行干预。而当时美国总统杜鲁门则视该警告为“对联合国进行敲诈”。1950年10月8日，即美国军队跨过38度线的第二天，中国国家主席毛泽东发布命令，命令中国人民志愿军（实际上是中国人民解放军）开拨到鸭绿江边，准备渡过鸭绿江入朝参战。
当时毛泽东还试图获得苏联的援助并视中国军队介入朝鲜战争为一必要的防御手段，他曾经致电苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林说“如果我们允许美国人占领整个朝鲜，就必须准备对美国宣战“。为了增加其上述电文的说服力，毛泽东还派遣中国总理周恩来亲赴莫斯科寻求苏联的援助。为了等待苏联的援助，毛泽东还延迟了志愿军的入朝时间，并同时将计划对美军的打击从1950年10月13日推迟到10月19日。当时，苏联只承诺为中国人民志愿军提供有限的空中支援，范围也限定在离战斗前线60英里（96公里）的范围内。当时苏联为志愿军提供空中支援的飞机都涂上中国飞机的颜色和标志，这几乎让联合国军的飞行员们大吃一惊。苏联派遣的这些飞机的机型为米格-15，比起联合国军战争之初部署的F-80型 “流星”飞机拥有一定的空中优势，不过后来联合国军部署F-30型“军刀”飞机后，这种优势才不复存在。当时美国也很清楚苏联替中国人民志愿军提供空中支援，但为了避免问题国际化和可能的核战争，美国人对此也保持沉默。但中国一直坚称苏联在中国介入朝鲜战争前同意为志愿军提供全面的空中支援，但后来他们违背了其承诺，在战争中连平壤南边的中国人民志愿军都没得到苏联提供的空中支援，这甚至加速了后来中苏关系的破裂。
1950年10月15日，杜鲁门飞赴魏克岛，和联军统帅麦克阿瑟讨论中国介入朝鲜战争的可能性，同时他还向后者表态说希望把朝鲜战争限制在一定范围内。麦克阿瑟当时向杜鲁门保证说“如果中国军队试图赶到平壤参战，那将面临联合国军有史以来最大的一场屠杀”。
1950年10月19日，北朝鲜的首都平壤陷落，被联合国军占领。
1950年10月25日，根据其司令员兼政委彭德怀（当时人们以为是林彪，后来证明此说法有误）签署的命令，27万中国人民志愿军开始对联合国军发动攻击。 尽管之前联合国军根据被俘的中国士兵和其他证据得知中国军队已进入朝鲜，但中国志愿军的攻击仍然令他们大吃一惊。另外，在和联合国军的首次接战后，中国成功地对入朝军队进行了伪装和掩蔽，封锁了入朝军队的数量和编制等信息，并将军队撤入大山之中。而联合国军则忽视中国政府的严正警告，继续向鸭绿江边前进。事实上，当时许多联合国军的领导人都认为中国军队的这次撤退，表明中国军队力量弱小，不堪一击，他们甚至认为中国只有能力发动这一次攻击。
第二次战役
第一次战役后，中国志愿军向38度线横向推进，并在1950年11月下旬对美军发动了再次攻击；西线战场上，中国志愿军在朝鲜Chongchon河沿岸击溃打垮了南韩的几个师后给尚存的联合国军侧面予以沉重打击，这导致美军第八军有史以来最长距离的退却；东线战场上，在1950年11月26日至12月13日的朝鲜Chosin 水库战役中，中国志愿军的几个旅袭击并随后包围了配有3000名士兵的美军第七步兵师费斯特遣部队，给该美军部队造成了重大伤亡。遭到志愿军的围攻后，费丝特遣部队展开突围，但在突围中还是有2000名士兵战死或者被俘。这次战斗中，联合国军不但被击溃，还失去了其所有的车辆和大部分武器装备。这次战役的失败，目前被视为美军有史以来最严重的溃败之一。这次战役中，美国海军的表现要优于陆军，虽然同样遭到了志愿军六个师部队的包围而且背迫撤退，但美国海军还是突出了重围，并给试图围歼美国海军的中国军队造成了重大伤亡。
这次战役中，朝鲜东北部的联合国军撤退到了朝鲜的港口城市H?ngnam周围，形成了一个防御圈，以掩护其他的联合国军及时撤退。1950年12月底，联合国军在该港口进行一场二战时敦刻尔克式的大撤退-约有10万联合国军官兵及其战争物资，另外还有10万朝鲜市民通过各种各样的军事或商业运输船只，撤退和疏散到了联合国军控制的朝鲜半岛南端的几个港口。上述被疏散的朝鲜市民中，有许多人并非自愿疏散到南边，只是因为南韩军方和警察认为他们是适于征召入伍年龄的男性而将其带走。
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束时间不详）
这次战役中，中国志愿军将联合国军赶过了37度线并重新占领了汉城-1951年1月4日，中国志愿军和朝鲜军队重新占领汉城，美国第八军和联合国军再次被迫后撤。联合国军统帅沃克将军也在一次意外事故中死亡，随后由二战时领导美国空运部队的马太.李德薇中将接替其指挥朝鲜半岛的联合国军。李德薇中将接任联合国军统帅后，立刻采取措施恢复甚至提高了美军第八军的士气和和其好战的战斗精神，因为这支部队在此前战争中被志愿军几乎完全打垮，随后又在长途撤退中士气低迷。
第四次战役
这次战役中，战线拉得过长的中国志愿军不得不步入防御作战。 1951年3月，联合国军发动名为“撕裂者”的战斗行动，李德薇中将整军后士气和好战精神得以恢复的美军第八军，通过空军轰炸打击和陆军炮击将北朝鲜军队和中国志愿军赶出了汉城。
1951年4月11日美国总统杜鲁门发布命令将麦克阿瑟去职，主要是由于后者与美国政府在朝鲜政策上存在意见分歧。此后，李德薇正式接任麦克阿瑟的联军统帅职务，并重组联合国军以发动反击。这次战役中，联合国军发动了一系列的攻势，将部队推进到了38度线以北数英里的地方，同时在推进过程中设法延缓了对方军队后撤速度，给中国和北朝鲜军队造成了重大的伤亡。
第五次战役
这次战役中，美军的反击使战线稳定在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近，然后就是双方军队相互发动攻击，小块的阵地数度度易手，北方遭受大规模的炮击，以及漫长的无休止的和平谈判（同年7月10日双方在朝鲜喀山开始和平谈判）。甚至在和平谈判进行的同时，双方军队同时也在战场上继续展开战斗。对于南韩和联合国军来说，战斗的目的就是夺回所有在战争爆发后被北朝鲜占去的领土。中国军队也曾发动名为“镰刀”的攻势行动，但被英军击退。和平谈判中争议分歧较大的主要是战俘遣返问题。中国和北朝鲜同意战俘自愿遣返，但也只是同意大多数战俘被遣返回中国和北朝鲜，然而事情最终的结果大多数战俘都没有遣返回中国和北朝鲜。这场战役一直持续到中国和北朝鲜在和平谈判中最终不再讨论战俘问题为止。
1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
西方人眼中的中国人民志愿军（一）
中国人民志愿军
本文摘译自英国**全书网，文中资料出处见下文的参考资料。
译者于此严正声明：第一、译文观点不代表译者观点；第二、此译文仅供英文学习和交流之用，未得译者书面许可，任何人不得以影印等任何方式进行传播。
中国人民志愿军是指朝鲜战争期间中国政府在朝鲜部署参战的陆海空部队，部队司令员兼政治委员彭德怀，这支中国军队自1950年10月19日进入朝鲜，于1958年10月完全撤回中国。在1950年10月25日至当年11月5日首批进入朝鲜的中国人民志愿军包括第38军，39军，40军，42军，50军和第66军。
虽然实际上中国人民志愿军所有的部队都属于中国人民解放军，但为了避免被视为向美国宣战，中国特别组建了这支部队派往朝鲜参战。几乎出于同样的目的，美国政府为了避免两国矛盾的进一步升级，也对此表示接受。
本文目录
志愿军组建背景
志愿军的优势和弱点
志愿军的着装
志愿军的武器装备
中国志愿军入朝战役综述
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-10月25日）
第二次战役
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束日期不详）
第四次战役
第五次战役
志愿军所采用战术
志愿军参战的结果
战俘和对战俘强制洗脑
中国人最早介入朝鲜战争的情况
台海两岸对志愿军的传统看法分歧
大陆民众的看法
台湾民众的看法
文学作品种的中国人民志愿军
参考书目
相关内容链接
外部链接
中国人民志愿军组建的历史背景
虽然西方国家军队的确是在美国领导下参加朝鲜战争，但这些军队都统称为联合国“警察”部队。同样，为了避免与美国及联合国其它成员国公开宣战，中国派往朝鲜参战的部队也对外统称“志愿军”。也就是说，中国人民解放军名义上只给中国东北地区入朝参战军队的战争物资供应仓库和设施配备人员，不会跨过鸭绿江入朝参战，因此与联合国军队作战的任务自然就由中国人民志愿军的部队承担。
中国军队利用志愿军的称号进入朝鲜参战同时也成功地欺骗了美军的情报人员，使其搞不清进入朝鲜参战的军队的性质和规模。当时一些美国人也坚信中国人民志愿军不过是一帮未经军事训练的乌合之众
而另外一些人则认为，中国人民志愿军就是一支志愿军，而并非一个婉转的说法。 他们认为，在朝鲜战争期间，中国确实征募了许多中国青年男女奔赴朝鲜和联合国军队作战，因为这些参战的中国人认为联合国军队在朝鲜半岛的出现危及了新生的中国人民共和国的安全。目前，此事尚有争议，就是非共-产*党统治国家的人们对此也持不同意见。 举例来说，中国人民志愿军的战士绝大部分都是参加过此前与国民党的中国内战的老兵，事实上志愿军的所有高级军官也都参加过二战抗日战争。由于共*产-党对中国人民志愿军进行了有效的整治教导动员，所以这支军队的士气很高，虽然其中有许多士兵都曾是中国国民党军队的士兵。
在中国介入以前，联合国军队当时的确开到了中朝边境的鸭绿江边，联合国军的这一举动引起了中国政府的关注，使中国担心联合国军不会止步于中朝边境 ，而中国政府在此之前就曾向西方国家的领导人发出警告说中国不会坐视这种事情的发生。当时西方国家有许多人，包括麦克阿瑟将军，都认为有必要跨过鸭绿江，把战火烧到中国。但是，当时在任的美国总统杜鲁门和其他领导人不同意这一做法，并命令麦克阿瑟部署部队接近中朝边境时要小心从事。但在最后，麦克阿瑟无视美国政府的上述命令，争辩说北朝鲜军队从中国东北地区的战备仓库获得了战争物资供应补充，所以应该派飞机轰炸这些位于中国境内的物资补给仓库。不过，事实上，朝鲜战争期间，联合国军的轰炸机很少飞入中国东北边境进行轰炸行动任务。
最终，麦克阿瑟拒绝相信中国会真正介入朝鲜战争并不顾印度大使转达的中国政府的警告，还是派遣了轰炸机轰炸中国东北边境地区，从而引发了中国军队进入朝鲜参战。
中国人民志愿军的优势和弱点分析
志愿军的服装
中国人民志愿军的着装保持了其军队前身游击队服装的特点和官兵一致的传统，所有军队人员统一穿着黄褐色卡其布衬衣衬裤的军队制服，只是军官制服的款式有所不同，有红色滚边和领章。不过，志愿军的官兵所穿的胶底帆布鞋，根本就无法为其在朝鲜寒冷的冬雨季节提供保护，许多志愿军官兵的脚都曾经被冻伤。另外，志愿军官兵的棉布制服虽然轻盈灵活，便于部队行动，但无法防寒，这也导致数以千计的志愿兵官兵在极其寒冷的日子里被冻死。
志愿军的装备情况
中国人民解放军军队的军事人员标准配置为：一个师为9500人，一个团为近3000人，一个营为850人。 但部署在台湾海峡对面的解放军师一般都配员超过正常编制，而派往朝鲜的志愿军师大多编制不足。这两支军队在武器配备方面无论是质量还是数量也差别很大。解放军部队中有的武器还是抗日战争和解放战争中从日本人和国民党军队中缴获过来的战利品。中国军队也从公开市场上购买过部份捷克制造武器装备部队。
据志愿军战俘报告说，志愿军有的步兵团只有800件武器，这些武器主要是步枪，卡宾枪和机关枪。其他步兵团也只有三分之二的军事人员配备有手榴弹，其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。首批入朝的志愿军师没有配备诸如重迫击炮之类的重型武器，也没有炮兵，武器弹药依赖牲口运送。
中国人民解放军的通讯设备和联合国军的相比差距也很大，只能通过无线电通讯设备将命令传达到团级指挥员，然后团级指挥员又通过战场电话将命令传达给营级指挥员。而营级指挥员则只有通过军号，口哨以及传令兵将命令传达给其下属的连级指挥员和与其进行互相交流。
朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军历次战役介绍
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-25日）
在这次战役中，中国军队在鸭绿江附近击退美国领导的联合国军并迅速撤走。在此之前，中国政府曾警告说如果有任何非南韩的军队跨过38度线中国会为了维护其国家安全利益而进行干预。而当时美国总统杜鲁门则视该警告为“对联合国进行敲诈”。1950年10月8日，即美国军队跨过38度线的第二天，中国国家主席毛泽东发布命令，命令中国人民志愿军（实际上是中国人民解放军）开拨到鸭绿江边，准备渡过鸭绿江入朝参战。
当时毛泽东还试图获得苏联的援助并视中国军队介入朝鲜战争为一必要的防御手段，他曾经致电苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林说“如果我们允许美国人占领整个朝鲜，就必须准备对美国宣战“。为了增加其上述电文的说服力，毛泽东还派遣中国总理周恩来亲赴莫斯科寻求苏联的援助。为了等待苏联的援助，毛泽东还延迟了志愿军的入朝时间，并同时将计划对美军的打击从1950年10月13日推迟到10月19日。当时，苏联只承诺为中国人民志愿军提供有限的空中支援，范围也限定在离战斗前线60英里（96公里）的范围内。当时苏联为志愿军提供空中支援的飞机都涂上中国飞机的颜色和标志，这几乎让联合国军的飞行员们大吃一惊。苏联派遣的这些飞机的机型为米格-15，比起联合国军战争之初部署的F-80型 “流星”飞机拥有一定的空中优势，不过后来联合国军部署F-30型“军刀”飞机后，这种优势才不复存在。当时美国也很清楚苏联替中国人民志愿军提供空中支援，但为了避免问题国际化和可能的核战争，美国人对此也保持沉默。但中国一直坚称苏联在中国介入朝鲜战争前同意为志愿军提供全面的空中支援，但后来他们违背了其承诺，在战争中连平壤南边的中国人民志愿军都没得到苏联提供的空中支援，这甚至加速了后来中苏关系的破裂。
1950年10月15日，杜鲁门飞赴魏克岛，和联军统帅麦克阿瑟讨论中国介入朝鲜战争的可能性，同时他还向后者表态说希望把朝鲜战争限制在一定范围内。麦克阿瑟当时向杜鲁门保证说“如果中国军队试图赶到平壤参战，那将面临联合国军有史以来最大的一场屠杀”。
1950年10月19日，北朝鲜的首都平壤陷落，被联合国军占领。
1950年10月25日，根据其司令员兼政委彭德怀（当时人们以为是林彪，后来证明此说法有误）签署的命令，27万中国人民志愿军开始对联合国军发动攻击。 尽管之前联合国军根据被俘的中国士兵和其他证据得知中国军队已进入朝鲜，但中国志愿军的攻击仍然令他们大吃一惊。另外，在和联合国军的首次接战后，中国成功地对入朝军队进行了伪装和掩蔽，封锁了入朝军队的数量和编制等信息，并将军队撤入大山之中。而联合国军则忽视中国政府的严正警告，继续向鸭绿江边前进。事实上，当时许多联合国军的领导人都认为中国军队的这次撤退，表明中国军队力量弱小，不堪一击，他们甚至认为中国只有能力发动这一次攻击。
第二次战役
第一次战役后，中国志愿军向38度线横向推进，并在1950年11月下旬对美军发动了再次攻击；西线战场上，中国志愿军在朝鲜Chongchon河沿岸击溃打垮了南韩的几个师后给尚存的联合国军侧面予以沉重打击，这导致美军第八军有史以来最长距离的退却；东线战场上，在1950年11月26日至12月13日的朝鲜Chosin 水库战役中，中国志愿军的几个旅袭击并随后包围了配有3000名士兵的美军第七步兵师费斯特遣部队，给该美军部队造成了重大伤亡。遭到志愿军的围攻后，费丝特遣部队展开突围，但在突围中还是有2000名士兵战死或者被俘。这次战斗中，联合国军不但被击溃，还失去了其所有的车辆和大部分武器装备。这次战役的失败，目前被视为美军有史以来最严重的溃败之一。这次战役中，美国海军的表现要优于陆军，虽然同样遭到了志愿军六个师部队的包围而且背迫撤退，但美国海军还是突出了重围，并给试图围歼美国海军的中国军队造成了重大伤亡。
这次战役中，朝鲜东北部的联合国军撤退到了朝鲜的港口城市H?ngnam周围，形成了一个防御圈，以掩护其他的联合国军及时撤退。1950年12月底，联合国军在该港口进行一场二战时敦刻尔克式的大撤退-约有10万联合国军官兵及其战争物资，另外还有10万朝鲜市民通过各种各样的军事或商业运输船只，撤退和疏散到了联合国军控制的朝鲜半岛南端的几个港口。上述被疏散的朝鲜市民中，有许多人并非自愿疏散到南边，只是因为南韩军方和警察认为他们是适于征召入伍年龄的男性而将其带走。
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束时间不详）
这次战役中，中国志愿军将联合国军赶过了37度线并重新占领了汉城-1951年1月4日，中国志愿军和朝鲜军队重新占领汉城，美国第八军和联合国军再次被迫后撤。联合国军统帅沃克将军也在一次意外事故中死亡，随后由二战时领导美国空运部队的马太.李德薇中将接替其指挥朝鲜半岛的联合国军。李德薇中将接任联合国军统帅后，立刻采取措施恢复甚至提高了美军第八军的士气和和其好战的战斗精神，因为这支部队在此前战争中被志愿军几乎完全打垮，随后又在长途撤退中士气低迷。
第四次战役
这次战役中，战线拉得过长的中国志愿军不得不步入防御作战。 1951年3月，联合国军发动名为“撕裂者”的战斗行动，李德薇中将整军后士气和好战精神得以恢复的美军第八军，通过空军轰炸打击和陆军炮击将北朝鲜军队和中国志愿军赶出了汉城。
1951年4月11日美国总统杜鲁门发布命令将麦克阿瑟去职，主要是由于后者与美国政府在朝鲜政策上存在意见分歧。此后，李德薇正式接任麦克阿瑟的联军统帅职务，并重组联合国军以发动反击。这次战役中，联合国军发动了一系列的攻势，将部队推进到了38度线以北数英里的地方，同时在推进过程中设法延缓了对方军队后撤速度，给中国和北朝鲜军队造成了重大的伤亡。
第五次战役
这次战役中，美军的反击使战线稳定在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近，然后就是双方军队相互发动攻击，小块的阵地数度度易手，北方遭受大规模的炮击，以及漫长的无休止的和平谈判（同年7月10日双方在朝鲜喀山开始和平谈判）。甚至在和平谈判进行的同时，双方军队同时也在战场上继续展开战斗。对于南韩和联合国军来说，战斗的目的就是夺回所有在战争爆发后被北朝鲜占去的领土。中国军队也曾发动名为“镰刀”的攻势行动，但被英军击退。和平谈判中争议分歧较大的主要是战俘遣返问题。中国和北朝鲜同意战俘自愿遣返，但也只是同意大多数战俘被遣返回中国和北朝鲜，然而事情最终的结果大多数战俘都没有遣返回中国和北朝鲜。这场战役一直持续到中国和北朝鲜在和平谈判中最终不再讨论战俘问题为止。
1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
中国人民志愿军
本文摘译自英国**全书网，文中资料出处见下文的参考资料。
译者于此严正声明：第一、译文观点不代表译者观点；第二、此译文仅供英文学习和交流之用，未得译者书面许可，任何人不得以影印等任何方式进行传播。
中国人民志愿军是指朝鲜战争期间中国政府在朝鲜部署参战的陆海空部队，部队司令员兼政治委员彭德怀，这支中国军队自1950年10月19日进入朝鲜，于1958年10月完全撤回中国。在1950年10月25日至当年11月5日首批进入朝鲜的中国人民志愿军包括第38军，39军，40军，42军，50军和第66军。
虽然实际上中国人民志愿军所有的部队都属于中国人民解放军，但为了避免被视为向美国宣战，中国特别组建了这支部队派往朝鲜参战。几乎出于同样的目的，美国政府为了避免两国矛盾的进一步升级，也对此表示接受。
本文目录
志愿军组建背景
志愿军的优势和弱点
志愿军的着装
志愿军的武器装备
中国志愿军入朝战役综述
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-10月25日）
第二次战役
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束日期不详）
第四次战役
第五次战役
志愿军所采用战术
志愿军参战的结果
战俘和对战俘强制洗脑
中国人最早介入朝鲜战争的情况
台海两岸对志愿军的传统看法分歧
大陆民众的看法
台湾民众的看法
文学作品种的中国人民志愿军
参考书目
相关内容链接
外部链接
中国人民志愿军组建的历史背景
虽然西方国家军队的确是在美国领导下参加朝鲜战争，但这些军队都统称为联合国“警察”部队。同样，为了避免与美国及联合国其它成员国公开宣战，中国派往朝鲜参战的部队也对外统称“志愿军”。也就是说，中国人民解放军名义上只给中国东北地区入朝参战军队的战争物资供应仓库和设施配备人员，不会跨过鸭绿江入朝参战，因此与联合国军队作战的任务自然就由中国人民志愿军的部队承担。
中国军队利用志愿军的称号进入朝鲜参战同时也成功地欺骗了美军的情报人员，使其搞不清进入朝鲜参战的军队的性质和规模。当时一些美国人也坚信中国人民志愿军不过是一帮未经军事训练的乌合之众
而另外一些人则认为，中国人民志愿军就是一支志愿军，而并非一个婉转的说法。 他们认为，在朝鲜战争期间，中国确实征募了许多中国青年男女奔赴朝鲜和联合国军队作战，因为这些参战的中国人认为联合国军队在朝鲜半岛的出现危及了新生的中国人民共和国的安全。目前，此事尚有争议，就是非共-产*党统治国家的人们对此也持不同意见。 举例来说，中国人民志愿军的战士绝大部分都是参加过此前与国民党的中国内战的老兵，事实上志愿军的所有高级军官也都参加过二战抗日战争。由于共*产-党对中国人民志愿军进行了有效的整治教导动员，所以这支军队的士气很高，虽然其中有许多士兵都曾是中国国民党军队的士兵。
在中国介入以前，联合国军队当时的确开到了中朝边境的鸭绿江边，联合国军的这一举动引起了中国政府的关注，使中国担心联合国军不会止步于中朝边境 ，而中国政府在此之前就曾向西方国家的领导人发出警告说中国不会坐视这种事情的发生。当时西方国家有许多人，包括麦克阿瑟将军，都认为有必要跨过鸭绿江，把战火烧到中国。但是，当时在任的美国总统杜鲁门和其他领导人不同意这一做法，并命令麦克阿瑟部署部队接近中朝边境时要小心从事。但在最后，麦克阿瑟无视美国政府的上述命令，争辩说北朝鲜军队从中国东北地区的战备仓库获得了战争物资供应补充，所以应该派飞机轰炸这些位于中国境内的物资补给仓库。不过，事实上，朝鲜战争期间，联合国军的轰炸机很少飞入中国东北边境进行轰炸行动任务。
最终，麦克阿瑟拒绝相信中国会真正介入朝鲜战争并不顾印度大使转达的中国政府的警告，还是派遣了轰炸机轰炸中国东北边境地区，从而引发了中国军队进入朝鲜参战。
中国人民志愿军的优势和弱点分析
志愿军的服装
中国人民志愿军的着装保持了其军队前身游击队服装的特点和官兵一致的传统，所有军队人员统一穿着黄褐色卡其布衬衣衬裤的军队制服，只是军官制服的款式有所不同，有红色滚边和领章。不过，志愿军的官兵所穿的胶底帆布鞋，根本就无法为其在朝鲜寒冷的冬雨季节提供保护，许多志愿军官兵的脚都曾经被冻伤。另外，志愿军官兵的棉布制服虽然轻盈灵活，便于部队行动，但无法防寒，这也导致数以千计的志愿兵官兵在极其寒冷的日子里被冻死。
志愿军的装备情况
中国人民解放军军队的军事人员标准配置为：一个师为9500人，一个团为近3000人，一个营为850人。 但部署在台湾海峡对面的解放军师一般都配员超过正常编制，而派往朝鲜的志愿军师大多编制不足。这两支军队在武器配备方面无论是质量还是数量也差别很大。解放军部队中有的武器还是抗日战争和解放战争中从日本人和国民党军队中缴获过来的战利品。中国军队也从公开市场上购买过部份捷克制造武器装备部队。
据志愿军战俘报告说，志愿军有的步兵团只有800件武器，这些武器主要是步枪，卡宾枪和机关枪。其他步兵团也只有三分之二的军事人员配备有手榴弹，其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。首批入朝的志愿军师没有配备诸如重迫击炮之类的重型武器，也没有炮兵，武器弹药依赖牲口运送。
中国人民解放军的通讯设备和联合国军的相比差距也很大，只能通过无线电通讯设备将命令传达到团级指挥员，然后团级指挥员又通过战场电话将命令传达给营级指挥员。而营级指挥员则只有通过军号，口哨以及传令兵将命令传达给其下属的连级指挥员和与其进行互相交流。
朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军历次战役介绍
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-25日）
在这次战役中，中国军队在鸭绿江附近击退美国领导的联合国军并迅速撤走。在此之前，中国政府曾警告说如果有任何非南韩的军队跨过38度线中国会为了维护其国家安全利益而进行干预。而当时美国总统杜鲁门则视该警告为“对联合国进行敲诈”。1950年10月8日，即美国军队跨过38度线的第二天，中国国家主席毛泽东发布命令，命令中国人民志愿军（实际上是中国人民解放军）开拨到鸭绿江边，准备渡过鸭绿江入朝参战。
当时毛泽东还试图获得苏联的援助并视中国军队介入朝鲜战争为一必要的防御手段，他曾经致电苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林说“如果我们允许美国人占领整个朝鲜，就必须准备对美国宣战“。为了增加其上述电文的说服力，毛泽东还派遣中国总理周恩来亲赴莫斯科寻求苏联的援助。为了等待苏联的援助，毛泽东还延迟了志愿军的入朝时间，并同时将计划对美军的打击从1950年10月13日推迟到10月19日。当时，苏联只承诺为中国人民志愿军提供有限的空中支援，范围也限定在离战斗前线60英里（96公里）的范围内。当时苏联为志愿军提供空中支援的飞机都涂上中国飞机的颜色和标志，这几乎让联合国军的飞行员们大吃一惊。苏联派遣的这些飞机的机型为米格-15，比起联合国军战争之初部署的F-80型 “流星”飞机拥有一定的空中优势，不过后来联合国军部署F-30型“军刀”飞机后，这种优势才不复存在。当时美国也很清楚苏联替中国人民志愿军提供空中支援，但为了避免问题国际化和可能的核战争，美国人对此也保持沉默。但中国一直坚称苏联在中国介入朝鲜战争前同意为志愿军提供全面的空中支援，但后来他们违背了其承诺，在战争中连平壤南边的中国人民志愿军都没得到苏联提供的空中支援，这甚至加速了后来中苏关系的破裂。
1950年10月15日，杜鲁门飞赴魏克岛，和联军统帅麦克阿瑟讨论中国介入朝鲜战争的可能性，同时他还向后者表态说希望把朝鲜战争限制在一定范围内。麦克阿瑟当时向杜鲁门保证说“如果中国军队试图赶到平壤参战，那将面临联合国军有史以来最大的一场屠杀”。
1950年10月19日，北朝鲜的首都平壤陷落，被联合国军占领。
1950年10月25日，根据其司令员兼政委彭德怀（当时人们以为是林彪，后来证明此说法有误）签署的命令，27万中国人民志愿军开始对联合国军发动攻击。 尽管之前联合国军根据被俘的中国士兵和其他证据得知中国军队已进入朝鲜，但中国志愿军的攻击仍然令他们大吃一惊。另外，在和联合国军的首次接战后，中国成功地对入朝军队进行了伪装和掩蔽，封锁了入朝军队的数量和编制等信息，并将军队撤入大山之中。而联合国军则忽视中国政府的严正警告，继续向鸭绿江边前进。事实上，当时许多联合国军的领导人都认为中国军队的这次撤退，表明中国军队力量弱小，不堪一击，他们甚至认为中国只有能力发动这一次攻击。
第二次战役
第一次战役后，中国志愿军向38度线横向推进，并在1950年11月下旬对美军发动了再次攻击；西线战场上，中国志愿军在朝鲜Chongchon河沿岸击溃打垮了南韩的几个师后给尚存的联合国军侧面予以沉重打击，这导致美军第八军有史以来最长距离的退却；东线战场上，在1950年11月26日至12月13日的朝鲜Chosin 水库战役中，中国志愿军的几个旅袭击并随后包围了配有3000名士兵的美军第七步兵师费斯特遣部队，给该美军部队造成了重大伤亡。遭到志愿军的围攻后，费丝特遣部队展开突围，但在突围中还是有2000名士兵战死或者被俘。这次战斗中，联合国军不但被击溃，还失去了其所有的车辆和大部分武器装备。这次战役的失败，目前被视为美军有史以来最严重的溃败之一。这次战役中，美国海军的表现要优于陆军，虽然同样遭到了志愿军六个师部队的包围而且背迫撤退，但美国海军还是突出了重围，并给试图围歼美国海军的中国军队造成了重大伤亡。
这次战役中，朝鲜东北部的联合国军撤退到了朝鲜的港口城市H?ngnam周围，形成了一个防御圈，以掩护其他的联合国军及时撤退。1950年12月底，联合国军在该港口进行一场二战时敦刻尔克式的大撤退-约有10万联合国军官兵及其战争物资，另外还有10万朝鲜市民通过各种各样的军事或商业运输船只，撤退和疏散到了联合国军控制的朝鲜半岛南端的几个港口。上述被疏散的朝鲜市民中，有许多人并非自愿疏散到南边，只是因为南韩军方和警察认为他们是适于征召入伍年龄的男性而将其带走。
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束时间不详）
这次战役中，中国志愿军将联合国军赶过了37度线并重新占领了汉城-1951年1月4日，中国志愿军和朝鲜军队重新占领汉城，美国第八军和联合国军再次被迫后撤。联合国军统帅沃克将军也在一次意外事故中死亡，随后由二战时领导美国空运部队的马太.李德薇中将接替其指挥朝鲜半岛的联合国军。李德薇中将接任联合国军统帅后，立刻采取措施恢复甚至提高了美军第八军的士气和和其好战的战斗精神，因为这支部队在此前战争中被志愿军几乎完全打垮，随后又在长途撤退中士气低迷。
第四次战役
这次战役中，战线拉得过长的中国志愿军不得不步入防御作战。 1951年3月，联合国军发动名为“撕裂者”的战斗行动，李德薇中将整军后士气和好战精神得以恢复的美军第八军，通过空军轰炸打击和陆军炮击将北朝鲜军队和中国志愿军赶出了汉城。
1951年4月11日美国总统杜鲁门发布命令将麦克阿瑟去职，主要是由于后者与美国政府在朝鲜政策上存在意见分歧。此后，李德薇正式接任麦克阿瑟的联军统帅职务，并重组联合国军以发动反击。这次战役中，联合国军发动了一系列的攻势，将部队推进到了38度线以北数英里的地方，同时在推进过程中设法延缓了对方军队后撤速度，给中国和北朝鲜军队造成了重大的伤亡。
第五次战役
这次战役中，美军的反击使战线稳定在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近，然后就是双方军队相互发动攻击，小块的阵地数度度易手，北方遭受大规模的炮击，以及漫长的无休止的和平谈判（同年7月10日双方在朝鲜喀山开始和平谈判）。甚至在和平谈判进行的同时，双方军队同时也在战场上继续展开战斗。对于南韩和联合国军来说，战斗的目的就是夺回所有在战争爆发后被北朝鲜占去的领土。中国军队也曾发动名为“镰刀”的攻势行动，但被英军击退。和平谈判中争议分歧较大的主要是战俘遣返问题。中国和北朝鲜同意战俘自愿遣返，但也只是同意大多数战俘被遣返回中国和北朝鲜，然而事情最终的结果大多数战俘都没有遣返回中国和北朝鲜。这场战役一直持续到中国和北朝鲜在和平谈判中最终不再讨论战俘问题为止。
1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
看着晕啊{:3_92:}
翻译帝现身啊
翻译官何在
这这这，从wiki里面随便粘一些就算转帖了？
这帖子太没营养了吧
里面没什么观点性东西
这帖子太没营养了吧
里面没什么观点性东西
有翻译的，我贴不上来，需要审核
西方人眼中的中国人民志愿军（一）
中国人民志愿军
本文摘译自英国**全书网，文中资料出处见下文的参考资料。
译者于此严正声明：第一、译文观点不代表译者观点；第二、此译文仅供英文学习和交流之用，未得译者书面许可，任何人不得以影印等任何方式进行传播。
中国人民志愿军是指朝鲜战争期间中国政府在朝鲜部署参战的陆海空部队，部队司令员兼政治委员彭德怀，这支中国军队自1950年10月19日进入朝鲜，于1958年10月完全撤回中国。在1950年10月25日至当年11月5日首批进入朝鲜的中国人民志愿军包括第38军，39军，40军，42军，50军和第66军。
虽然实际上中国人民志愿军所有的部队都属于中国人民解放军，但为了避免被视为向美国宣战，中国特别组建了这支部队派往朝鲜参战。几乎出于同样的目的，美国政府为了避免两国矛盾的进一步升级，也对此表示接受。
本文目录
志愿军组建背景
志愿军的优势和弱点
志愿军的着装
志愿军的武器装备
中国志愿军入朝战役综述
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-10月25日）
第二次战役
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束日期不详）
第四次战役
第五次战役
志愿军所采用战术
志愿军参战的结果
战俘和对战俘强制洗脑
中国人最早介入朝鲜战争的情况
台海两岸对志愿军的传统看法分歧
大陆民众的看法
台湾民众的看法
文学作品种的中国人民志愿军
参考书目
相关内容链接
外部链接
中国人民志愿军组建的历史背景
虽然西方国家军队的确是在美国领导下参加朝鲜战争，但这些军队都统称为联合国“警察”部队。同样，为了避免与美国及联合国其它成员国公开宣战，中国派往朝鲜参战的部队也对外统称“志愿军”。也就是说，中国人民解放军名义上只给中国东北地区入朝参战军队的战争物资供应仓库和设施配备人员，不会跨过鸭绿江入朝参战，因此与联合国军队作战的任务自然就由中国人民志愿军的部队承担。
中国军队利用志愿军的称号进入朝鲜参战同时也成功地欺骗了美军的情报人员，使其搞不清进入朝鲜参战的军队的性质和规模。当时一些美国人也坚信中国人民志愿军不过是一帮未经军事训练的乌合之众
而另外一些人则认为，中国人民志愿军就是一支志愿军，而并非一个婉转的说法。 他们认为，在朝鲜战争期间，中国确实征募了许多中国青年男女奔赴朝鲜和联合国军队作战，因为这些参战的中国人认为联合国军队在朝鲜半岛的出现危及了新生的中国人民共和国的安全。目前，此事尚有争议，就是非共-产*党统治国家的人们对此也持不同意见。 举例来说，中国人民志愿军的战士绝大部分都是参加过此前与国民党的中国内战的老兵，事实上志愿军的所有高级军官也都参加过二战抗日战争。由于共*产-党对中国人民志愿军进行了有效的整治教导动员，所以这支军队的士气很高，虽然其中有许多士兵都曾是中国国民党军队的士兵。
在中国介入以前，联合国军队当时的确开到了中朝边境的鸭绿江边，联合国军的这一举动引起了中国政府的关注，使中国担心联合国军不会止步于中朝边境 ，而中国政府在此之前就曾向西方国家的领导人发出警告说中国不会坐视这种事情的发生。当时西方国家有许多人，包括麦克阿瑟将军，都认为有必要跨过鸭绿江，把战火烧到中国。但是，当时在任的美国总统杜鲁门和其他领导人不同意这一做法，并命令麦克阿瑟部署部队接近中朝边境时要小心从事。但在最后，麦克阿瑟无视美国政府的上述命令，争辩说北朝鲜军队从中国东北地区的战备仓库获得了战争物资供应补充，所以应该派飞机轰炸这些位于中国境内的物资补给仓库。不过，事实上，朝鲜战争期间，联合国军的轰炸机很少飞入中国东北边境进行轰炸行动任务。
最终，麦克阿瑟拒绝相信中国会真正介入朝鲜战争并不顾印度大使转达的中国政府的警告，还是派遣了轰炸机轰炸中国东北边境地区，从而引发了中国军队进入朝鲜参战。
中国人民志愿军的优势和弱点分析
志愿军的服装
中国人民志愿军的着装保持了其军队前身游击队服装的特点和官兵一致的传统，所有军队人员统一穿着黄褐色卡其布衬衣衬裤的军队制服，只是军官制服的款式有所不同，有红色滚边和领章。不过，志愿军的官兵所穿的胶底帆布鞋，根本就无法为其在朝鲜寒冷的冬雨季节提供保护，许多志愿军官兵的脚都曾经被冻伤。另外，志愿军官兵的棉布制服虽然轻盈灵活，便于部队行动，但无法防寒，这也导致数以千计的志愿兵官兵在极其寒冷的日子里被冻死。
志愿军的装备情况
中国人民解放军军队的军事人员标准配置为：一个师为9500人，一个团为近3000人，一个营为850人。 但部署在台湾海峡对面的解放军师一般都配员超过正常编制，而派往朝鲜的志愿军师大多编制不足。这两支军队在武器配备方面无论是质量还是数量也差别很大。解放军部队中有的武器还是抗日战争和解放战争中从日本人和国民党军队中缴获过来的战利品。中国军队也从公开市场上购买过部份捷克制造武器装备部队。
据志愿军战俘报告说，志愿军有的步兵团只有800件武器，这些武器主要是步枪，卡宾枪和机关枪。其他步兵团也只有三分之二的军事人员配备有手榴弹，其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。首批入朝的志愿军师没有配备诸如重迫击炮之类的重型武器，也没有炮兵，武器弹药依赖牲口运送。
中国人民解放军的通讯设备和联合国军的相比差距也很大，只能通过无线电通讯设备将命令传达到团级指挥员，然后团级指挥员又通过战场电话将命令传达给营级指挥员。而营级指挥员则只有通过军号，口哨以及传令兵将命令传达给其下属的连级指挥员和与其进行互相交流。
朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军历次战役介绍
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-25日）
在这次战役中，中国军队在鸭绿江附近击退美国领导的联合国军并迅速撤走。在此之前，中国政府曾警告说如果有任何非南韩的军队跨过38度线中国会为了维护其国家安全利益而进行干预。而当时美国总统杜鲁门则视该警告为“对联合国进行敲诈”。1950年10月8日，即美国军队跨过38度线的第二天，中国国家主席毛泽东发布命令，命令中国人民志愿军（实际上是中国人民解放军）开拨到鸭绿江边，准备渡过鸭绿江入朝参战。
当时毛泽东还试图获得苏联的援助并视中国军队介入朝鲜战争为一必要的防御手段，他曾经致电苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林说“如果我们允许美国人占领整个朝鲜，就必须准备对美国宣战“。为了增加其上述电文的说服力，毛泽东还派遣中国总理周恩来亲赴莫斯科寻求苏联的援助。为了等待苏联的援助，毛泽东还延迟了志愿军的入朝时间，并同时将计划对美军的打击从1950年10月13日推迟到10月19日。当时，苏联只承诺为中国人民志愿军提供有限的空中支援，范围也限定在离战斗前线60英里（96公里）的范围内。当时苏联为志愿军提供空中支援的飞机都涂上中国飞机的颜色和标志，这几乎让联合国军的飞行员们大吃一惊。苏联派遣的这些飞机的机型为米格-15，比起联合国军战争之初部署的F-80型 “流星”飞机拥有一定的空中优势，不过后来联合国军部署F-30型“军刀”飞机后，这种优势才不复存在。当时美国也很清楚苏联替中国人民志愿军提供空中支援，但为了避免问题国际化和可能的核战争，美国人对此也保持沉默。但中国一直坚称苏联在中国介入朝鲜战争前同意为志愿军提供全面的空中支援，但后来他们违背了其承诺，在战争中连平壤南边的中国人民志愿军都没得到苏联提供的空中支援，这甚至加速了后来中苏关系的破裂。
1950年10月15日，杜鲁门飞赴魏克岛，和联军统帅麦克阿瑟讨论中国介入朝鲜战争的可能性，同时他还向后者表态说希望把朝鲜战争限制在一定范围内。麦克阿瑟当时向杜鲁门保证说“如果中国军队试图赶到平壤参战，那将面临联合国军有史以来最大的一场屠杀”。
1950年10月19日，北朝鲜的首都平壤陷落，被联合国军占领。
1950年10月25日，根据其司令员兼政委彭德怀（当时人们以为是林彪，后来证明此说法有误）签署的命令，27万中国人民志愿军开始对联合国军发动攻击。 尽管之前联合国军根据被俘的中国士兵和其他证据得知中国军队已进入朝鲜，但中国志愿军的攻击仍然令他们大吃一惊。另外，在和联合国军的首次接战后，中国成功地对入朝军队进行了伪装和掩蔽，封锁了入朝军队的数量和编制等信息，并将军队撤入大山之中。而联合国军则忽视中国政府的严正警告，继续向鸭绿江边前进。事实上，当时许多联合国军的领导人都认为中国军队的这次撤退，表明中国军队力量弱小，不堪一击，他们甚至认为中国只有能力发动这一次攻击。
第二次战役
第一次战役后，中国志愿军向38度线横向推进，并在1950年11月下旬对美军发动了再次攻击；西线战场上，中国志愿军在朝鲜Chongchon河沿岸击溃打垮了南韩的几个师后给尚存的联合国军侧面予以沉重打击，这导致美军第八军有史以来最长距离的退却；东线战场上，在1950年11月26日至12月13日的朝鲜Chosin 水库战役中，中国志愿军的几个旅袭击并随后包围了配有3000名士兵的美军第七步兵师费斯特遣部队，给该美军部队造成了重大伤亡。遭到志愿军的围攻后，费丝特遣部队展开突围，但在突围中还是有2000名士兵战死或者被俘。这次战斗中，联合国军不但被击溃，还失去了其所有的车辆和大部分武器装备。这次战役的失败，目前被视为美军有史以来最严重的溃败之一。这次战役中，美国海军的表现要优于陆军，虽然同样遭到了志愿军六个师部队的包围而且背迫撤退，但美国海军还是突出了重围，并给试图围歼美国海军的中国军队造成了重大伤亡。
这次战役中，朝鲜东北部的联合国军撤退到了朝鲜的港口城市H?ngnam周围，形成了一个防御圈，以掩护其他的联合国军及时撤退。1950年12月底，联合国军在该港口进行一场二战时敦刻尔克式的大撤退-约有10万联合国军官兵及其战争物资，另外还有10万朝鲜市民通过各种各样的军事或商业运输船只，撤退和疏散到了联合国军控制的朝鲜半岛南端的几个港口。上述被疏散的朝鲜市民中，有许多人并非自愿疏散到南边，只是因为南韩军方和警察认为他们是适于征召入伍年龄的男性而将其带走。
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束时间不详）
这次战役中，中国志愿军将联合国军赶过了37度线并重新占领了汉城-1951年1月4日，中国志愿军和朝鲜军队重新占领汉城，美国第八军和联合国军再次被迫后撤。联合国军统帅沃克将军也在一次意外事故中死亡，随后由二战时领导美国空运部队的马太.李德薇中将接替其指挥朝鲜半岛的联合国军。李德薇中将接任联合国军统帅后，立刻采取措施恢复甚至提高了美军第八军的士气和和其好战的战斗精神，因为这支部队在此前战争中被志愿军几乎完全打垮，随后又在长途撤退中士气低迷。
第四次战役
这次战役中，战线拉得过长的中国志愿军不得不步入防御作战。 1951年3月，联合国军发动名为“撕裂者”的战斗行动，李德薇中将整军后士气和好战精神得以恢复的美军第八军，通过空军轰炸打击和陆军炮击将北朝鲜军队和中国志愿军赶出了汉城。
1951年4月11日美国总统杜鲁门发布命令将麦克阿瑟去职，主要是由于后者与美国政府在朝鲜政策上存在意见分歧。此后，李德薇正式接任麦克阿瑟的联军统帅职务，并重组联合国军以发动反击。这次战役中，联合国军发动了一系列的攻势，将部队推进到了38度线以北数英里的地方，同时在推进过程中设法延缓了对方军队后撤速度，给中国和北朝鲜军队造成了重大的伤亡。
第五次战役
这次战役中，美军的反击使战线稳定在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近，然后就是双方军队相互发动攻击，小块的阵地数度度易手，北方遭受大规模的炮击，以及漫长的无休止的和平谈判（同年7月10日双方在朝鲜喀山开始和平谈判）。甚至在和平谈判进行的同时，双方军队同时也在战场上继续展开战斗。对于南韩和联合国军来说，战斗的目的就是夺回所有在战争爆发后被北朝鲜占去的领土。中国军队也曾发动名为“镰刀”的攻势行动，但被英军击退。和平谈判中争议分歧较大的主要是战俘遣返问题。中国和北朝鲜同意战俘自愿遣返，但也只是同意大多数战俘被遣返回中国和北朝鲜，然而事情最终的结果大多数战俘都没有遣返回中国和北朝鲜。这场战役一直持续到中国和北朝鲜在和平谈判中最终不再讨论战俘问题为止。
1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
中国人民志愿军
本文摘译自英国**全书网，文中资料出处见下文的参考资料。
译者于此严正声明：第一、译文观点不代表译者观点；第二、此译文仅供英文学习和交流之用，未得译者书面许可，任何人不得以影印等任何方式进行传播。
中国人民志愿军是指朝鲜战争期间中国政府在朝鲜部署参战的陆海空部队，部队司令员兼政治委员彭德怀，这支中国军队自1950年10月19日进入朝鲜，于1958年10月完全撤回中国。在1950年10月25日至当年11月5日首批进入朝鲜的中国人民志愿军包括第38军，39军，40军，42军，50军和第66军。
虽然实际上中国人民志愿军所有的部队都属于中国人民解放军，但为了避免被视为向美国宣战，中国特别组建了这支部队派往朝鲜参战。几乎出于同样的目的，美国政府为了避免两国矛盾的进一步升级，也对此表示接受。
本文目录
志愿军组建背景
志愿军的优势和弱点
志愿军的着装
志愿军的武器装备
中国志愿军入朝战役综述
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-10月25日）
第二次战役
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束日期不详）
第四次战役
第五次战役
志愿军所采用战术
志愿军参战的结果
战俘和对战俘强制洗脑
中国人最早介入朝鲜战争的情况
台海两岸对志愿军的传统看法分歧
大陆民众的看法
台湾民众的看法
文学作品种的中国人民志愿军
参考书目
相关内容链接
外部链接
中国人民志愿军组建的历史背景
虽然西方国家军队的确是在美国领导下参加朝鲜战争，但这些军队都统称为联合国“警察”部队。同样，为了避免与美国及联合国其它成员国公开宣战，中国派往朝鲜参战的部队也对外统称“志愿军”。也就是说，中国人民解放军名义上只给中国东北地区入朝参战军队的战争物资供应仓库和设施配备人员，不会跨过鸭绿江入朝参战，因此与联合国军队作战的任务自然就由中国人民志愿军的部队承担。
中国军队利用志愿军的称号进入朝鲜参战同时也成功地欺骗了美军的情报人员，使其搞不清进入朝鲜参战的军队的性质和规模。当时一些美国人也坚信中国人民志愿军不过是一帮未经军事训练的乌合之众
而另外一些人则认为，中国人民志愿军就是一支志愿军，而并非一个婉转的说法。 他们认为，在朝鲜战争期间，中国确实征募了许多中国青年男女奔赴朝鲜和联合国军队作战，因为这些参战的中国人认为联合国军队在朝鲜半岛的出现危及了新生的中国人民共和国的安全。目前，此事尚有争议，就是非共-产*党统治国家的人们对此也持不同意见。 举例来说，中国人民志愿军的战士绝大部分都是参加过此前与国民党的中国内战的老兵，事实上志愿军的所有高级军官也都参加过二战抗日战争。由于共*产-党对中国人民志愿军进行了有效的整治教导动员，所以这支军队的士气很高，虽然其中有许多士兵都曾是中国国民党军队的士兵。
在中国介入以前，联合国军队当时的确开到了中朝边境的鸭绿江边，联合国军的这一举动引起了中国政府的关注，使中国担心联合国军不会止步于中朝边境 ，而中国政府在此之前就曾向西方国家的领导人发出警告说中国不会坐视这种事情的发生。当时西方国家有许多人，包括麦克阿瑟将军，都认为有必要跨过鸭绿江，把战火烧到中国。但是，当时在任的美国总统杜鲁门和其他领导人不同意这一做法，并命令麦克阿瑟部署部队接近中朝边境时要小心从事。但在最后，麦克阿瑟无视美国政府的上述命令，争辩说北朝鲜军队从中国东北地区的战备仓库获得了战争物资供应补充，所以应该派飞机轰炸这些位于中国境内的物资补给仓库。不过，事实上，朝鲜战争期间，联合国军的轰炸机很少飞入中国东北边境进行轰炸行动任务。
最终，麦克阿瑟拒绝相信中国会真正介入朝鲜战争并不顾印度大使转达的中国政府的警告，还是派遣了轰炸机轰炸中国东北边境地区，从而引发了中国军队进入朝鲜参战。
中国人民志愿军的优势和弱点分析
志愿军的服装
中国人民志愿军的着装保持了其军队前身游击队服装的特点和官兵一致的传统，所有军队人员统一穿着黄褐色卡其布衬衣衬裤的军队制服，只是军官制服的款式有所不同，有红色滚边和领章。不过，志愿军的官兵所穿的胶底帆布鞋，根本就无法为其在朝鲜寒冷的冬雨季节提供保护，许多志愿军官兵的脚都曾经被冻伤。另外，志愿军官兵的棉布制服虽然轻盈灵活，便于部队行动，但无法防寒，这也导致数以千计的志愿兵官兵在极其寒冷的日子里被冻死。
志愿军的装备情况
中国人民解放军军队的军事人员标准配置为：一个师为9500人，一个团为近3000人，一个营为850人。 但部署在台湾海峡对面的解放军师一般都配员超过正常编制，而派往朝鲜的志愿军师大多编制不足。这两支军队在武器配备方面无论是质量还是数量也差别很大。解放军部队中有的武器还是抗日战争和解放战争中从日本人和国民党军队中缴获过来的战利品。中国军队也从公开市场上购买过部份捷克制造武器装备部队。
据志愿军战俘报告说，志愿军有的步兵团只有800件武器，这些武器主要是步枪，卡宾枪和机关枪。其他步兵团也只有三分之二的军事人员配备有手榴弹，其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。首批入朝的志愿军师没有配备诸如重迫击炮之类的重型武器，也没有炮兵，武器弹药依赖牲口运送。
中国人民解放军的通讯设备和联合国军的相比差距也很大，只能通过无线电通讯设备将命令传达到团级指挥员，然后团级指挥员又通过战场电话将命令传达给营级指挥员。而营级指挥员则只有通过军号，口哨以及传令兵将命令传达给其下属的连级指挥员和与其进行互相交流。
朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军历次战役介绍
第一次战役（1950年10月18日-25日）
在这次战役中，中国军队在鸭绿江附近击退美国领导的联合国军并迅速撤走。在此之前，中国政府曾警告说如果有任何非南韩的军队跨过38度线中国会为了维护其国家安全利益而进行干预。而当时美国总统杜鲁门则视该警告为“对联合国进行敲诈”。1950年10月8日，即美国军队跨过38度线的第二天，中国国家主席毛泽东发布命令，命令中国人民志愿军（实际上是中国人民解放军）开拨到鸭绿江边，准备渡过鸭绿江入朝参战。
当时毛泽东还试图获得苏联的援助并视中国军队介入朝鲜战争为一必要的防御手段，他曾经致电苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林说“如果我们允许美国人占领整个朝鲜，就必须准备对美国宣战“。为了增加其上述电文的说服力，毛泽东还派遣中国总理周恩来亲赴莫斯科寻求苏联的援助。为了等待苏联的援助，毛泽东还延迟了志愿军的入朝时间，并同时将计划对美军的打击从1950年10月13日推迟到10月19日。当时，苏联只承诺为中国人民志愿军提供有限的空中支援，范围也限定在离战斗前线60英里（96公里）的范围内。当时苏联为志愿军提供空中支援的飞机都涂上中国飞机的颜色和标志，这几乎让联合国军的飞行员们大吃一惊。苏联派遣的这些飞机的机型为米格-15，比起联合国军战争之初部署的F-80型 “流星”飞机拥有一定的空中优势，不过后来联合国军部署F-30型“军刀”飞机后，这种优势才不复存在。当时美国也很清楚苏联替中国人民志愿军提供空中支援，但为了避免问题国际化和可能的核战争，美国人对此也保持沉默。但中国一直坚称苏联在中国介入朝鲜战争前同意为志愿军提供全面的空中支援，但后来他们违背了其承诺，在战争中连平壤南边的中国人民志愿军都没得到苏联提供的空中支援，这甚至加速了后来中苏关系的破裂。
1950年10月15日，杜鲁门飞赴魏克岛，和联军统帅麦克阿瑟讨论中国介入朝鲜战争的可能性，同时他还向后者表态说希望把朝鲜战争限制在一定范围内。麦克阿瑟当时向杜鲁门保证说“如果中国军队试图赶到平壤参战，那将面临联合国军有史以来最大的一场屠杀”。
1950年10月19日，北朝鲜的首都平壤陷落，被联合国军占领。
1950年10月25日，根据其司令员兼政委彭德怀（当时人们以为是林彪，后来证明此说法有误）签署的命令，27万中国人民志愿军开始对联合国军发动攻击。 尽管之前联合国军根据被俘的中国士兵和其他证据得知中国军队已进入朝鲜，但中国志愿军的攻击仍然令他们大吃一惊。另外，在和联合国军的首次接战后，中国成功地对入朝军队进行了伪装和掩蔽，封锁了入朝军队的数量和编制等信息，并将军队撤入大山之中。而联合国军则忽视中国政府的严正警告，继续向鸭绿江边前进。事实上，当时许多联合国军的领导人都认为中国军队的这次撤退，表明中国军队力量弱小，不堪一击，他们甚至认为中国只有能力发动这一次攻击。
第二次战役
第一次战役后，中国志愿军向38度线横向推进，并在1950年11月下旬对美军发动了再次攻击；西线战场上，中国志愿军在朝鲜Chongchon河沿岸击溃打垮了南韩的几个师后给尚存的联合国军侧面予以沉重打击，这导致美军第八军有史以来最长距离的退却；东线战场上，在1950年11月26日至12月13日的朝鲜Chosin 水库战役中，中国志愿军的几个旅袭击并随后包围了配有3000名士兵的美军第七步兵师费斯特遣部队，给该美军部队造成了重大伤亡。遭到志愿军的围攻后，费丝特遣部队展开突围，但在突围中还是有2000名士兵战死或者被俘。这次战斗中，联合国军不但被击溃，还失去了其所有的车辆和大部分武器装备。这次战役的失败，目前被视为美军有史以来最严重的溃败之一。这次战役中，美国海军的表现要优于陆军，虽然同样遭到了志愿军六个师部队的包围而且背迫撤退，但美国海军还是突出了重围，并给试图围歼美国海军的中国军队造成了重大伤亡。
这次战役中，朝鲜东北部的联合国军撤退到了朝鲜的港口城市H?ngnam周围，形成了一个防御圈，以掩护其他的联合国军及时撤退。1950年12月底，联合国军在该港口进行一场二战时敦刻尔克式的大撤退-约有10万联合国军官兵及其战争物资，另外还有10万朝鲜市民通过各种各样的军事或商业运输船只，撤退和疏散到了联合国军控制的朝鲜半岛南端的几个港口。上述被疏散的朝鲜市民中，有许多人并非自愿疏散到南边，只是因为南韩军方和警察认为他们是适于征召入伍年龄的男性而将其带走。
第三次战役（1950年12月31日-结束时间不详）
这次战役中，中国志愿军将联合国军赶过了37度线并重新占领了汉城-1951年1月4日，中国志愿军和朝鲜军队重新占领汉城，美国第八军和联合国军再次被迫后撤。联合国军统帅沃克将军也在一次意外事故中死亡，随后由二战时领导美国空运部队的马太.李德薇中将接替其指挥朝鲜半岛的联合国军。李德薇中将接任联合国军统帅后，立刻采取措施恢复甚至提高了美军第八军的士气和和其好战的战斗精神，因为这支部队在此前战争中被志愿军几乎完全打垮，随后又在长途撤退中士气低迷。
第四次战役
这次战役中，战线拉得过长的中国志愿军不得不步入防御作战。 1951年3月，联合国军发动名为“撕裂者”的战斗行动，李德薇中将整军后士气和好战精神得以恢复的美军第八军，通过空军轰炸打击和陆军炮击将北朝鲜军队和中国志愿军赶出了汉城。
1951年4月11日美国总统杜鲁门发布命令将麦克阿瑟去职，主要是由于后者与美国政府在朝鲜政策上存在意见分歧。此后，李德薇正式接任麦克阿瑟的联军统帅职务，并重组联合国军以发动反击。这次战役中，联合国军发动了一系列的攻势，将部队推进到了38度线以北数英里的地方，同时在推进过程中设法延缓了对方军队后撤速度，给中国和北朝鲜军队造成了重大的伤亡。
第五次战役
这次战役中，美军的反击使战线稳定在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近，然后就是双方军队相互发动攻击，小块的阵地数度度易手，北方遭受大规模的炮击，以及漫长的无休止的和平谈判（同年7月10日双方在朝鲜喀山开始和平谈判）。甚至在和平谈判进行的同时，双方军队同时也在战场上继续展开战斗。对于南韩和联合国军来说，战斗的目的就是夺回所有在战争爆发后被北朝鲜占去的领土。中国军队也曾发动名为“镰刀”的攻势行动，但被英军击退。和平谈判中争议分歧较大的主要是战俘遣返问题。中国和北朝鲜同意战俘自愿遣返，但也只是同意大多数战俘被遣返回中国和北朝鲜，然而事情最终的结果大多数战俘都没有遣返回中国和北朝鲜。这场战役一直持续到中国和北朝鲜在和平谈判中最终不再讨论战俘问题为止。
1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
三哥立功了。。。
其他人则指望能从战死的士兵手中获得武器装备。
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看来西方制造了一个普遍的谣言，凡是GCD国家的军队都有一群捡武器的，后面是架着机枪的督战队，因为他们无法解释为什么这些军人都不怕死。
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看来西方制造了一个普遍的谣言，凡是GCD国家的军队都有一群捡武器的，后面是架着机枪的督战队，因为他们无法解释为什么这些军人都不怕死。
兵临城下的桥段
想到志愿军，俺就想到这几个词：“无畏”、“悲壮”、“旷古绝今的辉煌胜利”
伟大的中国人民志愿军战士及其指挥官们万岁、万岁、万万岁！
伟大的中国人民志愿军战士及其指挥官们万岁、万岁、万万岁！
那个年代刚刚经历土改，土地重新回到了农民手中，那些农民子弟真的是怀着保家卫国的激情去战斗的。这是李大眼之流所不能明白的。所痛恨今日社会之种种不平，但仍无碍我认为当年志愿军之伟大。不是一支伟大的军队怎么可能战胜美国为首的联合国军。
接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。
这里翻译的不对吧？关A3的鸟事？
这里翻译的不对吧？关A3的鸟事？
志愿军万岁！
为统一而奋斗 发表于 2010-5-14 14:18 
三锅当过传话的，因为TG和MD没外交关系。
三锅当过传话的，因为TG和MD没外交关系。
靠，真以为红色国家统统都连枪都没有啊。不过我国到底是从什么时候开始轻武器才够用的啊？恩，会不会是因为东方不像西方可以平民持枪啊？
"1952年11月29日，美国当时已当选而尚未就职之总统德怀特.艾森豪威尔赶赴朝鲜半岛，履行其当选后找出解决朝鲜冲突办法的选战诺言。随后，联合国各方接受印度的双方休战的提议，在1953年7月27日签订停火协议。根据该协议，冲突双方军队各自由前线向后撤退，在朝鲜半岛北纬38度线附近形成一片非军事区。自此后时至今日，就形成了如今该非军事区的北边就由北朝鲜军队驻防，南边由美军和南韩军队驻防的局面。和平谈判会场所在地喀山，原来是朝鲜的旧都，战前是南韩的领土，但战后到现在都是北朝鲜的一个特殊城市。双方在朝鲜战争后没有签署和平协定。"
恕在下孤陋寡闻，朝鲜半岛有喀山吗？
恕在下孤陋寡闻，朝鲜半岛有喀山吗？
炎黄贵胄 发表于 2010-5-14 20:44
说的应该是开城
说的应该是开城
回复 20# chrion
，多谢兄弟，我故意这样问的
，多谢兄弟，我故意这样问的