请教美国70年代FRAM计划

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fle ... n_and_Modernization

Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization

The Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program of the United States Navy extended the lives of World War II-era destroyers by shifting their mission from a surface attack role to that of a submarine hunter. The FRAM program also covered cruisers, aircraft carriers, submarines, amphibious ships, and auxiliaries.

Background
The program was started by Admiral Arleigh Burke as a response to estimates that the Soviets would have a force of about 300 modern fast-attack submarines by 1957. The US Navy was unable to produce enough frigates to counter this threat, given other priorities such as new cruisers and aircraft carriers, so Burke instead looked for ways to modify the existing destroyer fleet which were rapidly becoming outdated anyway.

Burke oversaw preparation of a report to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees entitled "The Aging Fleet." The idea that became FRAM was only one of six recommendations of a special committee to address the poor material conditions of ships built during World War II. Those recommendations were, in order of preference: 1) build new ships, 2) give more time to maintenance, 3) accomplish more extensive overhauls, 4) provide more money for maintenance, 5) institute better training for maintenance personnel, or 6) create a large-scale modernization and rehabilitation program to fill the gap until new ships can be built. United States Secretary of the Navy Thomas S. Gates embraced the last recommendation in a meeting with United States Secretary of Defense Neil Hosler McElroy on 11 November 1958.

FRAM Destroyers
Among the destroyers Gearing and Sumner classes would take precedence over the Fletcher and Benson classes. Destroyer conversions relied on experience with Fletcher class destroyers modernized for transfer to Spain and Germany in 1957. The first two destroyers began FRAM in Boston, Massachusetts and Long Beach, California shipyards in March 1959.

In order to provide the ships with a credible anti-submarine weapon, the FRAM upgrade centered on the addition of AN/SQS-23 SONAR and two new weapon systems, the ASROC rocket-assisted torpedo launcher with a range of 1-5 miles, and the DASH antisubmarine helicopter with a range of up to 22 miles (35 km).[1] Both were armed with the new Mark 44 torpedo, which was also carried in torpedo tubes on the ships.

There were three different sets of FRAM upgrades. During refitting in the early 1950's, FRAM I Fletcher class destroyers gave up No. 2, 3 and 4 5"/38 caliber gun mounts. A trainable Mark 15 Hedgehog mount took the place of No. 2 gun, connected to a new, enlarged sonar suite. All topside 21" torpedo tubes were removed and replaced with 2 tubes mounted in the after deckhouse. One twin 3"/50 caliber gun mounts were placed aft, atop the after deckhouse. FRAM II changes saw the replacement of the Hedgehog mount with a Mark 108 ASW rocket launcher, the addition of 2 x 3 18" Mark 44 ASW Torpedo tubes and the removal of the 3-in guns for DASH hangar and flight deck. Only USS Radford (DD-446), USS Jenkins (DD-447) and USS Nicholas (DD-449) received the FRAM for Fletcher class destroyers.

Ships from the Gearing class were completely torn down and rebuilt from the hull up, including new engines, a much larger combat information center, and new sonar and radar systems. The 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes between the funnels were removed, and the 8-round ASROC battery placed there instead. The rear 3-inch/50 cal twin gun mount was removed, and that space used for the DASH's hangar and flight deck, with two new triple-tube launchers for the 18-inch Mk.44's placed just behind the rear funnel. This modernization was designed to extend the life of the destroyer by at least eight years.

FRAM II
Ships in the Sumner class received only armament modifications under FRAM II, and not all ships of the class received the FRAM upgrades. Although the rear deck was also converted as a flight deck, the new torpedo tubes were placed where the older 21" ones had been, and ASROC was not installed. The converted Sumner's were designed for another five years of service .

All classes came in for FRAM II refits starting about 1959, being rotated out of service in order to keep as many ships at sea as possible. The upgrades were complete in the early 1960s, and most of the ships involved continued to serve until the late 1960s.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fle ... n_and_Modernization

Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization

The Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program of the United States Navy extended the lives of World War II-era destroyers by shifting their mission from a surface attack role to that of a submarine hunter. The FRAM program also covered cruisers, aircraft carriers, submarines, amphibious ships, and auxiliaries.

Background
The program was started by Admiral Arleigh Burke as a response to estimates that the Soviets would have a force of about 300 modern fast-attack submarines by 1957. The US Navy was unable to produce enough frigates to counter this threat, given other priorities such as new cruisers and aircraft carriers, so Burke instead looked for ways to modify the existing destroyer fleet which were rapidly becoming outdated anyway.

Burke oversaw preparation of a report to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees entitled "The Aging Fleet." The idea that became FRAM was only one of six recommendations of a special committee to address the poor material conditions of ships built during World War II. Those recommendations were, in order of preference: 1) build new ships, 2) give more time to maintenance, 3) accomplish more extensive overhauls, 4) provide more money for maintenance, 5) institute better training for maintenance personnel, or 6) create a large-scale modernization and rehabilitation program to fill the gap until new ships can be built. United States Secretary of the Navy Thomas S. Gates embraced the last recommendation in a meeting with United States Secretary of Defense Neil Hosler McElroy on 11 November 1958.

FRAM Destroyers
Among the destroyers Gearing and Sumner classes would take precedence over the Fletcher and Benson classes. Destroyer conversions relied on experience with Fletcher class destroyers modernized for transfer to Spain and Germany in 1957. The first two destroyers began FRAM in Boston, Massachusetts and Long Beach, California shipyards in March 1959.

In order to provide the ships with a credible anti-submarine weapon, the FRAM upgrade centered on the addition of AN/SQS-23 SONAR and two new weapon systems, the ASROC rocket-assisted torpedo launcher with a range of 1-5 miles, and the DASH antisubmarine helicopter with a range of up to 22 miles (35 km).[1] Both were armed with the new Mark 44 torpedo, which was also carried in torpedo tubes on the ships.

There were three different sets of FRAM upgrades. During refitting in the early 1950's, FRAM I Fletcher class destroyers gave up No. 2, 3 and 4 5"/38 caliber gun mounts. A trainable Mark 15 Hedgehog mount took the place of No. 2 gun, connected to a new, enlarged sonar suite. All topside 21" torpedo tubes were removed and replaced with 2 tubes mounted in the after deckhouse. One twin 3"/50 caliber gun mounts were placed aft, atop the after deckhouse. FRAM II changes saw the replacement of the Hedgehog mount with a Mark 108 ASW rocket launcher, the addition of 2 x 3 18" Mark 44 ASW Torpedo tubes and the removal of the 3-in guns for DASH hangar and flight deck. Only USS Radford (DD-446), USS Jenkins (DD-447) and USS Nicholas (DD-449) received the FRAM for Fletcher class destroyers.

Ships from the Gearing class were completely torn down and rebuilt from the hull up, including new engines, a much larger combat information center, and new sonar and radar systems. The 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes between the funnels were removed, and the 8-round ASROC battery placed there instead. The rear 3-inch/50 cal twin gun mount was removed, and that space used for the DASH's hangar and flight deck, with two new triple-tube launchers for the 18-inch Mk.44's placed just behind the rear funnel. This modernization was designed to extend the life of the destroyer by at least eight years.

FRAM II
Ships in the Sumner class received only armament modifications under FRAM II, and not all ships of the class received the FRAM upgrades. Although the rear deck was also converted as a flight deck, the new torpedo tubes were placed where the older 21" ones had been, and ASROC was not installed. The converted Sumner's were designed for another five years of service .

All classes came in for FRAM II refits starting about 1959, being rotated out of service in order to keep as many ships at sea as possible. The upgrades were complete in the early 1960s, and most of the ships involved continued to serve until the late 1960s.

唉，看不懂

8dianbao 发表于 2009-5-3 17:25

只当是大学4、6级阅读参考资料读就行了（如果你是高中生的话就勉为其难了），这篇文章里又没有什么特别难懂的专业性词汇，只要有兴趣去读用翻译软件就可以看个八九不离十。

似乎都没有给DD们装防空导弹的计划