美国轰炸机使用的Sperry球形炮塔的介绍。

二战美军轰炸机的基本自卫武器之一：.50机枪。


The Model 1918 had all of the major components in place that would keep the
Browning .50 caliber in service in American military arsenals into the 21st century. Some changes were made in 1933 in a joint effort by the Army and Navy. Two of the the improvements were a heavier bottom plate that better supported the receiver side plates and an increase in the ammunition lift capacity to 17 pounds, the latter in anticipation of longer and heavier linked ammunition belts. The resulting gun was designated the M2 Aircraft. (Source, image above and below, Machine Guns, by G. Chinn)
.50 caliber Browning M2 aircraft machine gun on training hard mount.
Stats for the M2 aircraft. The ground gun figures and photos are shown for comparison. The flexible ground gun (HB) has integral spadegrips. The aircraft version requires an adapter which incorporates the handles and trigger mechanism.
The ground Browning .50 caliber M2 HB on an M3 tripod.
An armorer working on a .50 M2
Blowup of the M2. Click to enlarge.
A belly gunner on a B-24L. In an attempt to reduce weight, the Sperry ball turret was eliminated and a single, ball-mounted .50 was substituted. The Sperry turret returned in the B-24M model.
B-25 nose gun adapter, a Mark 6 variant..
B-25 Mitchell. Most B-25s featured
this greenhouse nose position.
Two views of the B-25 adapter installed on M2.

ANM2 .50s and one ANM2 .30 (at bottom)
on a workbench. Source - National Archives.

A B-25 Mitchell fitted with eight .50s for strafing.
This photo is from the Chinn book.

A26B Invader over France.

另一种：.30机枪。觉得美军在三军武器通用化方面做得是最好的了。陆海空（陆军航空队和海军航空兵）三军有很多通用武器。



.30 caliber Browning M2 aircraft machine gun on training hard mount.The Browning .30 caliber is a work of art. It weighs nearly 1/3 less than it's ground cousin weighs. Virtually every part has been machined to reduce its weight. With a 300 mile per hour slip stream to cool it, the barrel can be thin and light. The military version is the Browning ANM2, the Colt commercial version is the MG40. It was used in both single and twin mounts, and as a fixed wing gun up until WW2 when it was realized that the .30 caliber round was simply too light to take out modern fighter aircraft. It was replaced but the .50 caliber M2. John Browning worked with the Belgian military and developed the FN series of guns, the FN30 ground gun and the FN38 & 39 aircraft guns. During WW2 the .30 caliber Browning was primarily used in training.
Shown here are .30 caliber bolts which illustrates the basic differences between ground and aircraft design. The aircraft bolt (1) has been reduced in height and width and excess material has been removed. The bolt from the ground gun (2) has had only the machining necessary to accommodate its component parts. The lightened bolt gives the aircraft gun a significantly higher rate of fire. (Source, photo at left: Steve Fleischman for Small Arms Review )
A gunnery school GI holding a .30 caliber ANM2.
The Browning 1919 -
the heavy barreled .30 caliber Browning. The Browning 1919A4 HB (heavy barrel)
ground machine gun on an M2 tripod.
The Colt Browning MG40 with slotted barrel shroud.
The Browning ANM2 fixed aircraft with a step down style barrel shroud.The A-24 Dauntless had twin mounted
.30 caliber ANM2 machine guns
Navy gunner with ANM2 .30
on a ring mount.Artwork from WW2 era Life magazine ads depicting the ANM2.
(These are worth enlarging - just click on one)1) Special enhanced cooling jacket with increased number of holes and expanded diameter at the throat of the barrel. There are 86 holes in 6 rows.
2) Most common military issue. 52 holes, 4 rows.
3) Slotted military that was also used on military guns. 27 holes, 6 rows
4) British MK2. 24 slots, 6 rows.
(Source: Steve Fleischman for Small Arms Review)
Shown above is a pair of ANM2s on a Mark 2 buffered mount.
At right are twin Belgian Browning FN38s on a hard mount. Note the front wind vane sight. More about that in the Sights section.



Colt MG40 schematic and parts list. Click on image to enlarge.

尾射手：


The Consolidated tail turret was used on the B-24 & PBY Liberator bombers as well as the front turret on the B-24.
Consolidated tail turret completely blown out of the tail of a B-24 by a flak hit. The Stinger tail turret appeared on the B-24 M model as part of an attempt to produce a lighter bomber. It was manually powered and had a wider turning radius than the Consolidated turret.The Martin hydraulic tail turret was used on the PBM3D flying boat.B-17 tail guns
B-17FAbove and right: B-17G. For the B-17 G the tail position was improved and a chin turret was added under the nose.

机头/机鼻炮塔（1/2）：


A precursor to WW2 turrets, this early 1930s B-10 nose turret looks like something from a Jules Verne novel.Also listed in the tail turret section, I begin with the SAC 7 tail turret here as it was the first turret used in the front of a B-24 when a resourceful repair depot in the European Theater replaced the original B-24 D's "greenhouse" forward gun position with the Consolidated Vultee tail turret, and thereafter the Oklahoma City Modification Center began installing the turrets stateside before shipping to the ETO. Eventually all Liberators were manufactured with nose turrets.
The original greenhouse style
forward gun position on the B-24
Liberator Bomber.
Drawing showing gun locations.Oklahoma City Modification
Center nose turret installation.
Consolidated tail turret on a B-24JConsolidated continued to use their Sac 7 for the nose position turret, but the Emerson nose turret (AAF #A-15/Navy #250CE-1) replaced the Sac 7 tail turret as the B-24 forward gun turret on planes manufactured at the Ford Willow Run plant in Michigan. The Emerson turret was somewhat of an improvement aerodynamically, but still had the aerodynamics of a bus. It had a wider field of fire but as with other nose turrets of the time, it did not have an air tight fit with the nose section and as a result leaked a tremendous amount of air into the fuselage. At 25,000 feet over Germany this air could be as cold as 50F degrees below zero.Gun sight.
Dad's Emerson turret on the
B-24J they flew in training. The Navy Used the Erco Ball Turret on it's Privateers

机头/机鼻炮塔（2/2）：


PB4Y
Navy Privateer
The PB4Y with 250SH bow turret.The Martin ball turret was the bow turret for the BPM-5 flying boat.
Nose position of a B-17F.
The adapter is a Mark 6.

上部炮塔，由随机工程师控制：


The plane's engineer manned the top turret. When not occupied as a gunner the engineer tended to the aircraft's many electrical and hydraulic systems and moved fuel between tanks as needed to keep the plane in balance.
The Martin top turret was used on the AAF's B-24 Liberator heavy bomber and the B-25 Mitchell attack bomber as well as the Navy's PB4Y Liberator and Privateer bombers.
Dad on top of the crew's B24L,
leaning against the Martin top turret.Turrets are most often associated with bombers and flying boats, but the Navy's Avenger featured a turret. The avenger was a dive bomber and the gunner provided defensive fire with a single .50 caliber Browning machine gun.The Martin 250H was used as both a top and rear turret in various flying boats.
Martin Mariner.The Bendix 250CE was used on the Navy PBY Mitchell in place of the Martin turret used by the Air Force.

腰部炮塔（1/2）：


The waist position usually had one dedicated gunner. The radio man, when available, was the second gunner. The earlier guns used open iron sights, but as wartime technology improved, reflector sights, and then compensating reflector sights, were added. The turrets either ejected the spent shells into a holding bin, or through a chute and out of the aircraft. The spent shells from the waist guns simply dropped at the feet of the gunners creating a difficult place to work. Sometimes a shovel was used to clear a place to stand.
The waist gunners had the unfortunate distinction of being in the most dangerous spot on the plane. In the photo below, left, you can see armor plates hanging beneath the rear of each gun.

B-17 gunner tries to maintain his footing amidst a growing pile of spent cartridges. The adapter is a Mark 6.
Gunners on a B-17 worked in tight quarters.Looking through the sights of a
B-24 waist .50.B-24 gunner with Browning on early adapter.
Cramped quarters in a B-24The Navy used tear drop turrets on both bombers and flying boats.

BACK TO TOP

瞄准具：环状。


The iron ring site was used in conjunction with either a front post or a wind vane site. The wind vane front sight was an early attempt to compensate for the effects of air and wind speed. It was developed in the era of relatively slow moving biplanes. It proved ineffective on a fast moving bomber with a fighter flying a pursuit curve, a situation which generally requires the gunner to shoot behind, not ahead of the attacker.
Training and aircraft sights for the .30 caliber Browning.
Wind vane sight on twin FN38s.
The business end of the
waist position .50.

瞄准具：反射式和计算机式：


The reflector ring sight was the first "heads up" display. An illuminated sight pattern was projected onto a glass lens. The gunner looked through this lens at his target. The sight ring images above were take looking through a Mark 9 sight. The small dot in the center is called the 'pipper'. This sight, invented by Sir Howard Grubb, the noted Irish optical engineer and telescope maker, around 1900, was used experimentally by the German Air Force in the first World War. It saw service in the early 1930s, first with the French Air Force, followed in the mid '30s by the German, British, American and Russian air forces. It saw combat on German and Russian aircraft in the Spanish Civil War, and was well developed by World War II. (Thanks to Ross Whistler for the historical background)The Mark 9 was a commonly used reflector sight. It could be found on turrets, flexible single and twin mounts, as well as the ground guns such as the .50 caliber quad.
The K-2 compensating sight was used on the
Sperry ball turret.
The Mark 18 was a compensating computing sight. At the time, it represented the cutting edge in targeting sights.

.50 & .30 CALIBER M2 AIRCRAFT MACHINE GUNSSource: Aircrewmans Gunnery Manual, 1944DIFFERENCES
IN PERFORMANCE
CALIBER .50CALIBER .30Weight64 pounds20 pounds Rate of fire per minute750-850 rounds1,350 rounds (approx.)Muzzle velocity (at 78 feet
from muzzle, with A.P. M2)2,900 feet per sec.2,715 feet per sec. Chamber pressure per sq. in.50,000 to 52,000 pounds48,000 to 50,000 poundsMaximum range A.P. M27,200 yards 4,500 yardsGround crewman load a P-51 Mustang
with .50 caliber linked ammunition.

还有很多介绍，自己看吧：


http://liberatorcrew.com/01_Home.htm


这个网站是B-24解放者式轰炸机的机组成员网站。

mirror

多谢楼主

看标题就知道是gunner那本书

这个介绍不是Gunner那本书,最后附上那本书只是参考.

哪里搞的[:a5:] [:a5:]

相当详细

看电影《孟菲斯美女号》，就对B-17的炮塔有生动的展现

都是英文看不懂啊？郁闷！

B17的旋转炮塔据说是最难找人用的，原因是这个位置的人要不停变换身体朝向，最容易晕机。

要是译成中文就爽了[:a2:]

要是有PDF下載就好了