超级军网[分享]108影响人类的重要战争（15）
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/29 15:33:23
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文隶书; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他目光敏锐，身材颀长，躯体强壮，面对雄伟高峻的山脉，终年积雪的峰峦，他的万丈豪情足以使冰川融化，以致山地上充满着铁甲的闪光。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></i></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">铁骑震天下</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">查理大帝远征</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪末各蛮族部落侵入罗马帝国，西罗马帝国于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4756</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年灭亡以来，欧洲一直处于动荡之中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">486</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年法兰克部落首领克洛维建立了法兰克王国，在下游西岸一带建立了巩固的根基，并较快地占领了高卢的大部分地区。克洛维率领法兰克人信奉了基督教。克洛维的子孙后代相继为王，被称为“墨洛温王朝”。但从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪开始，法拉可王国的权力逐渐旁落到掌管宫廷事务的宫相手中。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">丕平从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">613</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年开始世袭宫相的职位。其后代查理·马特任宫相的时，面临占领了西班牙的阿拉伯人的全面入侵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">732</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在瓦提埃一战，查理·马特率法兰克军队重创阿拉伯人，随即连连获胜，将阿拉伯人驱至比利牛斯山以南，阿拉伯人至此失去了进攻欧洲的势头。查理·马特之子“矮子丕平”，废黜了墨洛温王朝末代国王，创建了加洛林王朝。丕平死后，法兰克王位传到查理和卡洛曼兄弟手中。不久卡洛曼病死，查理遂成为法兰克王国惟一的统治者，后人称之为查理大帝或查理曼大帝，在他</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的政治生涯中，共进行了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多次战争，以赫赫战功威震天下。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当时，统治意大利北部的是伦巴底国王德西迪厄斯，他本是查理的岳父，但是查理应罗马教皇阿德里安的请求，率军越过阿尔卑斯山，进攻意大利北部的伦巴底王国，经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年多的征战，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">774</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年攻占伦巴底全境。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当时对欧洲威胁最大的是撒拉森人，他们是阿拉伯人的一支，从北非进入西班牙，建立了哥尔多瓦王国。查理于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">778</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年夏率军越过比利牛斯山远征西班牙，用强大的武力把撒拉森人逼退，迫使他们退回比利牛斯山以南地区，在那里建立了一个西班牙马克边区。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">查理大帝的另一志愿，是征服萨克森人，把所有的日耳曼部族都统一在一个基督教帝国之内。萨克森人居住在德意志西北部的森林中，凶悍善战的且一直保持着他们信仰异教和地独立的地位。他们常常入侵，胜则南下烧杀掳掠，败则隐没在丛林中，踪迹难寻。经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年苦战，查理终于击败萨克森军。萨克森王维蒂金逃往国外。一年后他又渡河返回本土，重新起兵，并在战场上屡屡得胜。查理调动了几乎所有的兵力，再次击溃了维蒂金军，但他再次逃往国外。盛怒之下，查理对参加反叛者进行了最为残酷的血洗。据说有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4500</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名萨克森人被集体屠杀。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而令人惊异的是，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">782-783</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年，维蒂金又卷土重来。查理进行了多次围剿，始终无法将其彻底征服。从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">772</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">840</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年，查理大帝和萨克森人大战</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次之多，经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">33</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的反复较量。他终于认识到萨克森人倔强不屈的性格，便改变策略，一方面对被征服的萨克森人强行迁徙并使其改信基督教，另一方面放弃了大屠杀而实施安抚，最终征服了萨克森人，使其成为法兰克臣民。维蒂金被封为萨克森公爵，他就是日后法国卡佩王朝的先祖。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">经过几十年的连续征战，查理建立了一个继罗马帝国之后欧洲最强大的帝国。他派了一支远征军去讨伐并征服极西端的不列颠人，有用武力把东方的文德人远远赶出边境之外。接下来是对匈奴人和阿瓦尔人的战争。这些强悍的游牧民族曾骚扰欧洲达几个世纪之久，后来驻扎在多瑙河下游，一直是查理大帝的心腹之患。查理大帝与匈奴、阿瓦尔人的鏖战空前惨烈，前后持续</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年之久，他在战斗中调用了最大的人力和物力，并亲自深入匈奴首都潘诺尼亚，直捣敌军的老营，击溃了匈奴主力部队。匈奴的行宫被夷为平地，以至很久这片地区还一直是无人区，从而彻底解除了匈奴人虽欧洲的威胁。不久，多瑙河领域的一些国家纷纷向法兰克人称臣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在查理大帝统治的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年间，他曾经进行过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次重要战役，亲自参加过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次远征；他</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次大战萨克森人，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">战阿拉伯人，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">战匈奴人和阿瓦尔人，最后还抗击过北欧海盗，在武力上可谓达到了鼎盛时期。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">799</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月，教皇利奥三世遭到阴谋篡权者的袭击，逃往查理的宫廷避难，查理派人护送他返回罗马。教皇见他力量这样强大，便赠给他罗马军旗，想和他共同控制欧洲。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公元</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">800</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年圣诞节那天，查理大帝来到罗马圣彼得大教堂弥撒。正当他做祈祷的时，教皇利奥三世突然拿出一顶金冠，戴在查理大帝的头上，罗马的教士和贵族们开始齐声高呼：“奥古斯都，查理承上帝之命戴上金冠！天佑我罗马人的皇帝，赐予他和平、胜利！”这样，查理大帝就被奉为“罗马帝国的皇帝”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">查理大帝的征战不仅扫平了了西欧的混乱局面，而且抵制了阿拉伯人的入侵，也彻底解除了匈奴人对周边民族的威胁，使西欧自罗马帝国以后第一次统一在一个较为安定的国家政体之内，这对日后欧洲历史发展的进程和文化的振兴，都产生了十分深远的影响。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——〉</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法国古典英雄史诗《罗兰之歌》就是根据查理大帝时代的事迹流传下来的。据该史诗记述，罗兰侯爵是查理大帝手下</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勇将之一，西班牙战役后，查理大军返回，但走到比利牛斯山朗塞瓦尔峡谷时，被森林中埋伏的大队萨克森人袭击，罗兰吹起号角求援。查理大帝听到后，想回兵援救，但被素日忌恨罗兰的臣子所阻，导致罗兰得不到援兵，只能和敌人死拼，终于力竭而死。查理听到最后一声微弱的号音才率军回援，但罗兰和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名战士都已阵亡了。这一英雄史诗不断地被文学家所传颂，为各国人民所喜爱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/> <p></p></font></span></i></p><p></p><p></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-4 22:00:04编辑过]
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-4 22:00:04编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文隶书; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他目光敏锐，身材颀长，躯体强壮，面对雄伟高峻的山脉，终年积雪的峰峦，他的万丈豪情足以使冰川融化，以致山地上充满着铁甲的闪光。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></i></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">铁骑震天下</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">查理大帝远征</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪末各蛮族部落侵入罗马帝国，西罗马帝国于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4756</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年灭亡以来，欧洲一直处于动荡之中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">486</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年法兰克部落首领克洛维建立了法兰克王国，在下游西岸一带建立了巩固的根基，并较快地占领了高卢的大部分地区。克洛维率领法兰克人信奉了基督教。克洛维的子孙后代相继为王，被称为“墨洛温王朝”。但从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪开始，法拉可王国的权力逐渐旁落到掌管宫廷事务的宫相手中。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">丕平从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">613</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年开始世袭宫相的职位。其后代查理·马特任宫相的时，面临占领了西班牙的阿拉伯人的全面入侵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">732</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在瓦提埃一战，查理·马特率法兰克军队重创阿拉伯人，随即连连获胜，将阿拉伯人驱至比利牛斯山以南，阿拉伯人至此失去了进攻欧洲的势头。查理·马特之子“矮子丕平”，废黜了墨洛温王朝末代国王，创建了加洛林王朝。丕平死后，法兰克王位传到查理和卡洛曼兄弟手中。不久卡洛曼病死，查理遂成为法兰克王国惟一的统治者，后人称之为查理大帝或查理曼大帝，在他</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的政治生涯中，共进行了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多次战争，以赫赫战功威震天下。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当时，统治意大利北部的是伦巴底国王德西迪厄斯，他本是查理的岳父，但是查理应罗马教皇阿德里安的请求，率军越过阿尔卑斯山，进攻意大利北部的伦巴底王国，经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年多的征战，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">774</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年攻占伦巴底全境。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当时对欧洲威胁最大的是撒拉森人，他们是阿拉伯人的一支，从北非进入西班牙，建立了哥尔多瓦王国。查理于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">778</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年夏率军越过比利牛斯山远征西班牙，用强大的武力把撒拉森人逼退，迫使他们退回比利牛斯山以南地区，在那里建立了一个西班牙马克边区。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">查理大帝的另一志愿，是征服萨克森人，把所有的日耳曼部族都统一在一个基督教帝国之内。萨克森人居住在德意志西北部的森林中，凶悍善战的且一直保持着他们信仰异教和地独立的地位。他们常常入侵，胜则南下烧杀掳掠，败则隐没在丛林中，踪迹难寻。经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年苦战，查理终于击败萨克森军。萨克森王维蒂金逃往国外。一年后他又渡河返回本土，重新起兵，并在战场上屡屡得胜。查理调动了几乎所有的兵力，再次击溃了维蒂金军，但他再次逃往国外。盛怒之下，查理对参加反叛者进行了最为残酷的血洗。据说有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4500</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名萨克森人被集体屠杀。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而令人惊异的是，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">782-783</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年，维蒂金又卷土重来。查理进行了多次围剿，始终无法将其彻底征服。从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">772</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">840</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年，查理大帝和萨克森人大战</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次之多，经过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">33</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的反复较量。他终于认识到萨克森人倔强不屈的性格，便改变策略，一方面对被征服的萨克森人强行迁徙并使其改信基督教，另一方面放弃了大屠杀而实施安抚，最终征服了萨克森人，使其成为法兰克臣民。维蒂金被封为萨克森公爵，他就是日后法国卡佩王朝的先祖。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">经过几十年的连续征战，查理建立了一个继罗马帝国之后欧洲最强大的帝国。他派了一支远征军去讨伐并征服极西端的不列颠人，有用武力把东方的文德人远远赶出边境之外。接下来是对匈奴人和阿瓦尔人的战争。这些强悍的游牧民族曾骚扰欧洲达几个世纪之久，后来驻扎在多瑙河下游，一直是查理大帝的心腹之患。查理大帝与匈奴、阿瓦尔人的鏖战空前惨烈，前后持续</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年之久，他在战斗中调用了最大的人力和物力，并亲自深入匈奴首都潘诺尼亚，直捣敌军的老营，击溃了匈奴主力部队。匈奴的行宫被夷为平地，以至很久这片地区还一直是无人区，从而彻底解除了匈奴人虽欧洲的威胁。不久，多瑙河领域的一些国家纷纷向法兰克人称臣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在查理大帝统治的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年间，他曾经进行过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次重要战役，亲自参加过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次远征；他</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次大战萨克森人，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">战阿拉伯人，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">战匈奴人和阿瓦尔人，最后还抗击过北欧海盗，在武力上可谓达到了鼎盛时期。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">799</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月，教皇利奥三世遭到阴谋篡权者的袭击，逃往查理的宫廷避难，查理派人护送他返回罗马。教皇见他力量这样强大，便赠给他罗马军旗，想和他共同控制欧洲。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公元</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">800</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年圣诞节那天，查理大帝来到罗马圣彼得大教堂弥撒。正当他做祈祷的时，教皇利奥三世突然拿出一顶金冠，戴在查理大帝的头上，罗马的教士和贵族们开始齐声高呼：“奥古斯都，查理承上帝之命戴上金冠！天佑我罗马人的皇帝，赐予他和平、胜利！”这样，查理大帝就被奉为“罗马帝国的皇帝”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">查理大帝的征战不仅扫平了了西欧的混乱局面，而且抵制了阿拉伯人的入侵，也彻底解除了匈奴人对周边民族的威胁，使西欧自罗马帝国以后第一次统一在一个较为安定的国家政体之内，这对日后欧洲历史发展的进程和文化的振兴，都产生了十分深远的影响。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——〉</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法国古典英雄史诗《罗兰之歌》就是根据查理大帝时代的事迹流传下来的。据该史诗记述，罗兰侯爵是查理大帝手下</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勇将之一，西班牙战役后，查理大军返回，但走到比利牛斯山朗塞瓦尔峡谷时，被森林中埋伏的大队萨克森人袭击，罗兰吹起号角求援。查理大帝听到后，想回兵援救，但被素日忌恨罗兰的臣子所阻，导致罗兰得不到援兵，只能和敌人死拼，终于力竭而死。查理听到最后一声微弱的号音才率军回援，但罗兰和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名战士都已阵亡了。这一英雄史诗不断地被文学家所传颂，为各国人民所喜爱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/> <p></p></font></span></i></p><p></p><p></p>[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-4 22:00:04编辑过]