[分享]108影响人类的重要战争(9)

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文隶书; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他在征服了高卢,杀死了</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,俘虏了</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人。整个高卢在他的脚下颤抖,他是桀骜不驯的高卢成为了罗马的一个行省</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">……</font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></b></font><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">凯撒成功的起点</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——高卢之战</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪时,罗马已经彻底摧毁了迦太基,扫平了希腊,镇压了斯巴达克的起义,俨然是当时地中海世界最强大的霸主。但仍然有一个威胁始终困扰着罗马人。这就是高卢人的威胁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">罗马人所称的高卢人,即希腊人所称的凯尔特人,是欧洲一个古老的民族,其分布范围很广,从今天的法国到奥地利都是高卢人的踪影。罗马在共和国早期,就和高卢人发生了接触,并发生了战争,据说最早就是高卢人攻陷了罗马城,靠一只白鹅的报警,才使罗马人避免了灭顶之灾。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">225</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,罗马人在特拉蒙一战击败了高卢人,但是,过路人并没有就此停止与罗马人的冲突。罗马人把阿尔卑斯山以南的高卢部落称为山南高卢,阿尔卑斯山以北的高卢部落称为山外高卢。至公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪,罗马人已经征服了山南高卢地区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于罗马长期陷于布匿战争和东方的战事,无暇把注意力集中于高卢地区,但是罗马却一直在等待时机,彻底解除这一后患。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,凯撒出任高卢总督。凯撒是古罗马杰出的政治家、军事家和文学家,他出身于罗马古老的尤利乌斯家族,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁丧父,家境贫寒,少年时就有非凡的抱负和志向,幻象权力和荣誉。受过良好的机遇,学习过修辞学和演说术。他胆识过人,年轻时候就与众不同。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">78</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,他在回意大利时,在米利都附近被海盗抓住。海盗向他索取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">塔兰特作为赎金,他慷慨答应支付</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">塔兰特。但是刚一获得自由,他便领了一支军队去清剿捉他的海盗,将他们全部杀光。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当时高卢诸都并不是一个整体,其内部大体可分为赫尔维提亚、比尔格和凯尔特三个部族。三者之间有分有合,有斗争也有摩擦,但都把罗马人视为他们共同的敌人。罗马驻军高卢总督拥有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个军团的强大兵力,几乎占了全部兵力的半数,是老马兵权最大的总督。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,凯撒刚到高卢,一支赫尔维提亚人的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">365000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的军民混杂的部队集结在罗马边界的日内瓦罗纳河畔,意欲渡河迁移到西南部的肥沃地区。这是罗马人所不能容许的,凯撒决心阻截。但他只有一个军团。他立即下令破坏靠近日内瓦罗纳河上的惟一桥梁,并把军队布置在河对岸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里长的战线上,迅速构筑坚固的堡垒。他把指挥权交给副手,自己则悄悄返回意大利,调集大军越过阿尔卑斯山,出其不意地来到赫尔维提亚人的后方,在欧丹附近的一处洼地设下伏兵。但赫尔维提亚人准备进攻时,突然遭到罗马军队的夹击。全军猝不及防,虽然占有人数上的优势,却完全落入罗马军队的包围之中,顿时一片混乱,只得拼命突围。在罗马军团残酷无情的攻击中,很多人死于非命,大半被迫投降,只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">110000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人突出重围,向西北退去,一直退到远离罗马人的瑞士中部。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">初战获胜之后,凯撒又接着征服了东北部的高卢部落。但是高卢人并不甘心受奴役,不久就发起了反击。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">57</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,高卢比尔格部落结成联盟,向罗马军队展开进攻。双方战斗极为激烈,不分胜负。罗马人见难以取胜,便且战且走。比尔格人趁机追击。但当他们横渡安河的时候,预先埋伏在河边的凯撒精锐部队从侧面突然杀出,将毕尔格军拦腰截断。比尔格人立即陷入了绝境,随后被歼灭。凯撒趁机指挥大军长驱直入,进入比尔格人根据地,沿途烧杀抢掠达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天之久。这一役,整个毕尔格部落几乎毁灭殆尽,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">600</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个长老只剩下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮年男子只剩下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人,其首领逃往不列颠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但高卢人毕竟是一个酷爱自由和黩武好战的民族,他们不会轻易容忍罗马人的征服。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,他们在其卓越的领袖维奎格托里克斯领导下组织起</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">250000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的军队,决心与罗马人决一雌雄。这时凯撒恰巧已回到意大利,高卢人意欲趁此机会,切断凯撒与其军团之间的联系。凯撒要和其军队联系必须穿过阿尔卑斯山,而此山在隆冬季节已冰雪封住,高卢人认为冬天无人可以翻过山区。因此,当凯撒突然出现在军营中时,所有的高卢人都感到了极大的惊讶。随着凯撒的到来,高卢人并没有灰心丧气,他们在维奎格托里克斯的率领下不畏强敌,顽强地战斗着。他们对罗马人实行焦土政策,烧毁粮食和草料,不给罗马人留下一粒粮食,企图让罗马人得不到补给。罗马人则紧追不舍,寻找机会与高卢人进行决战。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年夏,双方在阿莱西亚对峙。维奎格托里克斯驻兵于阿莱西亚城,凯撒包围了这座城市,但是久攻不下,而高卢人则想从背后对罗马人进行反包围。面对这种危急情况,凯撒指挥习惯于土方作业,吃苦耐劳的罗马军团修筑起两道木城作为防御工事,木城前挖了密密麻麻的陷阱,陷阱后还有三道壕沟,每道壕沟之间相距</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,中间一条壕沟后面耸立着壁垒,而将其军队防守于壁垒之间。这样攻守双方角色戏剧性地出现了逆转。原本防守的高卢人变成了进攻者,而原本进攻的罗马人则变成了防守的一方。凯撒清楚地判断了形势,认为敌人虽有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">250000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人,但大多是未经战阵的乌合之众,决不是久经考验、装备精良、训练有素的罗马军团的对手。他等待着感情冲动的高卢人自投罗网,好在坚固的防御中消灭敌人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">高卢人面对凯撒军队的坚固工事毫无惧色,他们用泥土、树根甚至牺牲战友的尸体填埋壕沟和陷阱,迅速杀到罗马人的壁垒前。凯撒一面组织防守,以免派军队从高卢人的后方攻击他们的营垒。高卢人发现后,急忙回救,但为时已晚。凯撒又派骑兵从两面夹击,高卢人全军溃败,其领袖维奎格托里克斯被俘,高卢人大部分战死沙场,其余部队又顽强不屈地坚持了数月,但终究大势已去,不久就被罗马人镇压了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">凯撒对高卢的征服,是他政治生涯中的重要阶段,对罗马的政局以及凯撒后来的事业都有重要的意义。他把从高卢掠夺的大量财富用来作为他夺取政权的重要依靠,直接为他后来夺取罗马最高权力奠定了基础。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">简要说明:现在基督教的婚礼中,有两项传统仪式是源自罗马的习俗。一是新娘把戒指戴在左手无名指上,因为罗马人相信这里有一条神经直达心脏。二是新郎要抱新娘过门槛进入新房,以免入门时跌倒或首先跨入,因为罗马人相信这两件事都会导致神灵降下厄运。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文隶书; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他在征服了高卢,杀死了</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人,俘虏了</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人。整个高卢在他的脚下颤抖,他是桀骜不驯的高卢成为了罗马的一个行省</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">……</font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></b></font><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">凯撒成功的起点</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——高卢之战</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪时,罗马已经彻底摧毁了迦太基,扫平了希腊,镇压了斯巴达克的起义,俨然是当时地中海世界最强大的霸主。但仍然有一个威胁始终困扰着罗马人。这就是高卢人的威胁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">罗马人所称的高卢人,即希腊人所称的凯尔特人,是欧洲一个古老的民族,其分布范围很广,从今天的法国到奥地利都是高卢人的踪影。罗马在共和国早期,就和高卢人发生了接触,并发生了战争,据说最早就是高卢人攻陷了罗马城,靠一只白鹅的报警,才使罗马人避免了灭顶之灾。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">225</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,罗马人在特拉蒙一战击败了高卢人,但是,过路人并没有就此停止与罗马人的冲突。罗马人把阿尔卑斯山以南的高卢部落称为山南高卢,阿尔卑斯山以北的高卢部落称为山外高卢。至公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪,罗马人已经征服了山南高卢地区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于罗马长期陷于布匿战争和东方的战事,无暇把注意力集中于高卢地区,但是罗马却一直在等待时机,彻底解除这一后患。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,凯撒出任高卢总督。凯撒是古罗马杰出的政治家、军事家和文学家,他出身于罗马古老的尤利乌斯家族,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁丧父,家境贫寒,少年时就有非凡的抱负和志向,幻象权力和荣誉。受过良好的机遇,学习过修辞学和演说术。他胆识过人,年轻时候就与众不同。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">78</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,他在回意大利时,在米利都附近被海盗抓住。海盗向他索取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">塔兰特作为赎金,他慷慨答应支付</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">塔兰特。但是刚一获得自由,他便领了一支军队去清剿捉他的海盗,将他们全部杀光。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当时高卢诸都并不是一个整体,其内部大体可分为赫尔维提亚、比尔格和凯尔特三个部族。三者之间有分有合,有斗争也有摩擦,但都把罗马人视为他们共同的敌人。罗马驻军高卢总督拥有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个军团的强大兵力,几乎占了全部兵力的半数,是老马兵权最大的总督。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,凯撒刚到高卢,一支赫尔维提亚人的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">365000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的军民混杂的部队集结在罗马边界的日内瓦罗纳河畔,意欲渡河迁移到西南部的肥沃地区。这是罗马人所不能容许的,凯撒决心阻截。但他只有一个军团。他立即下令破坏靠近日内瓦罗纳河上的惟一桥梁,并把军队布置在河对岸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里长的战线上,迅速构筑坚固的堡垒。他把指挥权交给副手,自己则悄悄返回意大利,调集大军越过阿尔卑斯山,出其不意地来到赫尔维提亚人的后方,在欧丹附近的一处洼地设下伏兵。但赫尔维提亚人准备进攻时,突然遭到罗马军队的夹击。全军猝不及防,虽然占有人数上的优势,却完全落入罗马军队的包围之中,顿时一片混乱,只得拼命突围。在罗马军团残酷无情的攻击中,很多人死于非命,大半被迫投降,只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">110000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人突出重围,向西北退去,一直退到远离罗马人的瑞士中部。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">初战获胜之后,凯撒又接着征服了东北部的高卢部落。但是高卢人并不甘心受奴役,不久就发起了反击。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">57</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,高卢比尔格部落结成联盟,向罗马军队展开进攻。双方战斗极为激烈,不分胜负。罗马人见难以取胜,便且战且走。比尔格人趁机追击。但当他们横渡安河的时候,预先埋伏在河边的凯撒精锐部队从侧面突然杀出,将毕尔格军拦腰截断。比尔格人立即陷入了绝境,随后被歼灭。凯撒趁机指挥大军长驱直入,进入比尔格人根据地,沿途烧杀抢掠达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天之久。这一役,整个毕尔格部落几乎毁灭殆尽,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">600</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个长老只剩下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮年男子只剩下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人,其首领逃往不列颠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但高卢人毕竟是一个酷爱自由和黩武好战的民族,他们不会轻易容忍罗马人的征服。公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,他们在其卓越的领袖维奎格托里克斯领导下组织起</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">250000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的军队,决心与罗马人决一雌雄。这时凯撒恰巧已回到意大利,高卢人意欲趁此机会,切断凯撒与其军团之间的联系。凯撒要和其军队联系必须穿过阿尔卑斯山,而此山在隆冬季节已冰雪封住,高卢人认为冬天无人可以翻过山区。因此,当凯撒突然出现在军营中时,所有的高卢人都感到了极大的惊讶。随着凯撒的到来,高卢人并没有灰心丧气,他们在维奎格托里克斯的率领下不畏强敌,顽强地战斗着。他们对罗马人实行焦土政策,烧毁粮食和草料,不给罗马人留下一粒粮食,企图让罗马人得不到补给。罗马人则紧追不舍,寻找机会与高卢人进行决战。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年夏,双方在阿莱西亚对峙。维奎格托里克斯驻兵于阿莱西亚城,凯撒包围了这座城市,但是久攻不下,而高卢人则想从背后对罗马人进行反包围。面对这种危急情况,凯撒指挥习惯于土方作业,吃苦耐劳的罗马军团修筑起两道木城作为防御工事,木城前挖了密密麻麻的陷阱,陷阱后还有三道壕沟,每道壕沟之间相距</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,中间一条壕沟后面耸立着壁垒,而将其军队防守于壁垒之间。这样攻守双方角色戏剧性地出现了逆转。原本防守的高卢人变成了进攻者,而原本进攻的罗马人则变成了防守的一方。凯撒清楚地判断了形势,认为敌人虽有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">250000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人,但大多是未经战阵的乌合之众,决不是久经考验、装备精良、训练有素的罗马军团的对手。他等待着感情冲动的高卢人自投罗网,好在坚固的防御中消灭敌人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">高卢人面对凯撒军队的坚固工事毫无惧色,他们用泥土、树根甚至牺牲战友的尸体填埋壕沟和陷阱,迅速杀到罗马人的壁垒前。凯撒一面组织防守,以免派军队从高卢人的后方攻击他们的营垒。高卢人发现后,急忙回救,但为时已晚。凯撒又派骑兵从两面夹击,高卢人全军溃败,其领袖维奎格托里克斯被俘,高卢人大部分战死沙场,其余部队又顽强不屈地坚持了数月,但终究大势已去,不久就被罗马人镇压了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">凯撒对高卢的征服,是他政治生涯中的重要阶段,对罗马的政局以及凯撒后来的事业都有重要的意义。他把从高卢掠夺的大量财富用来作为他夺取政权的重要依靠,直接为他后来夺取罗马最高权力奠定了基础。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt;"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">简要说明:现在基督教的婚礼中,有两项传统仪式是源自罗马的习俗。一是新娘把戒指戴在左手无名指上,因为罗马人相信这里有一条神经直达心脏。二是新郎要抱新娘过门槛进入新房,以免入门时跌倒或首先跨入,因为罗马人相信这两件事都会导致神灵降下厄运。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></i></p>
这才一啊。还有107