不仅是性价比 浅析阿根廷放弃枭龙

来源:百度文库 编辑:超级军网 时间:2024/04/29 19:36:22
凤凰军事 谈兵论战 7月29日

据FlightGlobal消息,经过数年的评估工作,阿根廷最终决定放弃中巴联合研制的“枭龙”战机,转而购买18架以色列翻新的二手“幼狮”Block60战机,合同价值5亿美元。

消息传来令很多中巴网友大跌眼镜,纷纷吐槽:有认为阿根廷出不起钱只能买二手老机的,也有认为他们是被以色列忽悠了的,还有认为是内部腐败吃了回扣的。

然而,军购不是淘宝,通常不是谁家东西性价比高质量优秀售后良心就能放心买买买的。任何武器买在购买的时候,除了武器性能高低之外,还要考虑本国军队的使用习惯、后勤保障体系的建设、附带的政治经济条件、对邻国和潜在对手产生的影响、付款方式的便利等各种复杂的问题。

而售价也仅仅是一个开始,买来以后的人员培训、维持训练、配套武器弹药、修理维护设施等费用才是大头。以加拿大准备采购65架F-35A战机为例,2016年交付,单价约为1.4亿美元,但是据加拿大国会预算处评估全寿命成本高达293亿,即使是加国防部评估的全寿命成本也达到173亿,远超过飞机本身售价的91亿。最终因成本问题,加拿大重新考虑F-35A的购买计划。

回头看阿根廷现在的情况:阿根廷空军现在的主力战机为6架法制幻影3、4架幻影5和4架以色列版幻影5“鹰”式战机。都是上世纪60年代的老飞机,而且数量很少。此次阿根廷一口气采购18架“幼狮”以替换老旧的西班牙二手幻影F1M战机,可以让制空力量得到很大的提升。而且替换之后可以继续沿用现有的后勤体系,若是引进“枭龙”的话,则需要另外投资建设不同标准体系的后勤系统,花费就上去了。

“幼狮”是以色列在盗取了法国幻影5战机全套蓝图以后,自行改进设计的一款二代战机。继承了幻影5战机大后掠三角翼的基本布局并在进气道外增加了一对鸭翼,在维持其不错的高空高速性能之外也增加了战机的灵活度。换装了美制J79-J1E涡喷发动机并对机身进行了相应的修型。其飞行性能为2马赫比枭龙战机的1.6马赫极速要快不少,适合打了就跑的截击战术。“幼狮”相对更大的机翼面积也带来了较低的翼载荷,在高速情况下机动性也比较好。

相对于机体性能差距,block60版本的“幼狮”配备的是EL/M-2052有源相控阵雷达,可同时跟踪64个目标。这一点上“枭龙”现在配备的KLJ-7脉冲多普勒雷达尚无法比较,而“枭龙”装备相控阵的“枭龙”III改进型还在开发之中,配备有源相控阵雷达还是无源相控阵雷达尚无定论。而且阿根廷在考察“枭龙”的时候也明确提出使用西方航电系统,主要也是出于使用习惯和后勤保障上的考虑。然而对负责开发的中巴而言则必然会为此提出更高的报价,因为整合非制式元器件需要改进设计和重新测试,有一个磨合期,这些都是成本,最后“枭龙”的价格优势也将被抵消。

伴随着近年来阿根廷经济形势的不乐观,5亿美元的战机采购费用对于现在动辄7、8千万美元起价的新锐三代战机自然是不能奢望,拥有不错的性能同时还能最大程度节约日常维护、训练等后勤费用的“幼狮”确实算是个不错的选择。而且18架的数量对于仅有14架战斗机的阿根廷而言也是战力的巨大增强。至于机体使用寿命么,只好用越老的产品越皮实耐用来安慰自己了。何况阿根廷本身装备的战机就有很大一部分是二手货,买惯了二手的突然得到一批崭新战机大概会难以适应的吧。

最后,至于马岛问题,曲曲5亿美元的预算,无论“幼狮”还是“枭龙”,在未来面对英国“台风”或者F-35的时候,都是毫无胜算的。就不用再谈了。(凤凰军事 铭锋)

http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150729/44297860_0.shtml
凤凰军事 谈兵论战 7月29日

据FlightGlobal消息,经过数年的评估工作,阿根廷最终决定放弃中巴联合研制的“枭龙”战机,转而购买18架以色列翻新的二手“幼狮”Block60战机,合同价值5亿美元。

消息传来令很多中巴网友大跌眼镜,纷纷吐槽:有认为阿根廷出不起钱只能买二手老机的,也有认为他们是被以色列忽悠了的,还有认为是内部腐败吃了回扣的。

然而,军购不是淘宝,通常不是谁家东西性价比高质量优秀售后良心就能放心买买买的。任何武器买在购买的时候,除了武器性能高低之外,还要考虑本国军队的使用习惯、后勤保障体系的建设、附带的政治经济条件、对邻国和潜在对手产生的影响、付款方式的便利等各种复杂的问题。

而售价也仅仅是一个开始,买来以后的人员培训、维持训练、配套武器弹药、修理维护设施等费用才是大头。以加拿大准备采购65架F-35A战机为例,2016年交付,单价约为1.4亿美元,但是据加拿大国会预算处评估全寿命成本高达293亿,即使是加国防部评估的全寿命成本也达到173亿,远超过飞机本身售价的91亿。最终因成本问题,加拿大重新考虑F-35A的购买计划。

回头看阿根廷现在的情况:阿根廷空军现在的主力战机为6架法制幻影3、4架幻影5和4架以色列版幻影5“鹰”式战机。都是上世纪60年代的老飞机,而且数量很少。此次阿根廷一口气采购18架“幼狮”以替换老旧的西班牙二手幻影F1M战机,可以让制空力量得到很大的提升。而且替换之后可以继续沿用现有的后勤体系,若是引进“枭龙”的话,则需要另外投资建设不同标准体系的后勤系统,花费就上去了。

“幼狮”是以色列在盗取了法国幻影5战机全套蓝图以后,自行改进设计的一款二代战机。继承了幻影5战机大后掠三角翼的基本布局并在进气道外增加了一对鸭翼,在维持其不错的高空高速性能之外也增加了战机的灵活度。换装了美制J79-J1E涡喷发动机并对机身进行了相应的修型。其飞行性能为2马赫比枭龙战机的1.6马赫极速要快不少,适合打了就跑的截击战术。“幼狮”相对更大的机翼面积也带来了较低的翼载荷,在高速情况下机动性也比较好。

相对于机体性能差距,block60版本的“幼狮”配备的是EL/M-2052有源相控阵雷达,可同时跟踪64个目标。这一点上“枭龙”现在配备的KLJ-7脉冲多普勒雷达尚无法比较,而“枭龙”装备相控阵的“枭龙”III改进型还在开发之中,配备有源相控阵雷达还是无源相控阵雷达尚无定论。而且阿根廷在考察“枭龙”的时候也明确提出使用西方航电系统,主要也是出于使用习惯和后勤保障上的考虑。然而对负责开发的中巴而言则必然会为此提出更高的报价,因为整合非制式元器件需要改进设计和重新测试,有一个磨合期,这些都是成本,最后“枭龙”的价格优势也将被抵消。

伴随着近年来阿根廷经济形势的不乐观,5亿美元的战机采购费用对于现在动辄7、8千万美元起价的新锐三代战机自然是不能奢望,拥有不错的性能同时还能最大程度节约日常维护、训练等后勤费用的“幼狮”确实算是个不错的选择。而且18架的数量对于仅有14架战斗机的阿根廷而言也是战力的巨大增强。至于机体使用寿命么,只好用越老的产品越皮实耐用来安慰自己了。何况阿根廷本身装备的战机就有很大一部分是二手货,买惯了二手的突然得到一批崭新战机大概会难以适应的吧。

最后,至于马岛问题,曲曲5亿美元的预算,无论“幼狮”还是“枭龙”,在未来面对英国“台风”或者F-35的时候,都是毫无胜算的。就不用再谈了。(凤凰军事 铭锋)

http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150729/44297860_0.shtml


分不清幼狮和狮式战斗机就不要发帖了,幼狮哪里多了个鸭翼了?!有源相控阵雷达更是扯。

分不清幼狮和狮式战斗机就不要发帖了,幼狮哪里多了个鸭翼了?!有源相控阵雷达更是扯。

幼狮BLOCK 60
幼狮的鸭翼从开始就有
幼狮的鸭翼从开始就有

有源相控阵雷达?以色列从二代机就有Aesa了?狮式战斗机跟幼狮什么关系?到底谁是三代机?
发动机不好搞呀,老美的J79早就停产了,全新的寿命也不长,到时来个限购不定期还不是一堆废铁
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 14:30
有源相控阵雷达?以色列从二代机就有Aesa了?狮式战斗机跟幼狮什么关系?到底谁是三代机?
我说的鸭翼,你又转进到AESA,AESA只要你出钱,装鬼怪上一样,连狮和幼狮都能扯上关系,呵呵,利用假期好好学学语文。连幼狮有鸭翼都不知道,还发什么贴。
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 14:30
有源相控阵雷达?以色列从二代机就有Aesa了?狮式战斗机跟幼狮什么关系?到底谁是三代机?
童靴,你该去百度补补课
幼狮那个真叫鸭翼么?就一三角边条吧,以前觉得鸭翼高科技,现在觉得是烂大街的技术啊,二代都应用好多款,难怪美帝不屑搞鸭翼。
我说的鸭翼,你又转进到AESA,AESA只要你出钱,装鬼怪上一样,连狮和幼狮都能扯上关系,呵呵,利用假期好 ...

Aesa那么好装的?歼10A咋不换啊,换作外国人搞二代机都想换就换了。
马岛问题既然毫无胜算,不如多生产几架“普卡拉"攻击机。反正就是面子工程,买“普卡拉"还可以多创造几个工作岗位。
iamsu7 发表于 2015-7-29 14:26
幼狮的鸭翼从开始就有
那其实不能算是鸭翼。只能算是涡流发生器。因为这东西根本不能动。
说白了现有枭龙的性能,也就那样了。极速也就一点六ma,
说白了现有枭龙的性能,也就那样了。极速也就一点六ma,
说这个小心。龙吹反驳你。人家说了2ma
wujingping 发表于 2015-7-29 14:52
那其实不能算是鸭翼。只能算是涡流发生器。因为这东西根本不能动。
涡流发生器是幻影2000,幼狮的爹是幻影5。就一战斗轰炸机,那会的鸭翼只是抬头用的


1494303531_58b2ef763041d4f80b50c53a39a8e884.jpg
印度豹其实是殊途同归,当然会有人和幼狮傻傻分不清楚

1494303531_58b2ef763041d4f80b50c53a39a8e884.jpg
印度豹其实是殊途同归,当然会有人和幼狮傻傻分不清楚
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 14:23
分不清幼狮和狮式战斗机就不要发帖了,幼狮哪里多了个鸭翼了?!有源相控阵雷达更是扯。
看你楼下图
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 14:23
分不清幼狮和狮式战斗机就不要发帖了,幼狮哪里多了个鸭翼了?!有源相控阵雷达更是扯。
听人劝,吃饱饭,兄弟我发现你说的不靠谱
iamsu7 发表于 2015-7-29 14:25
幼狮BLOCK 60...
鼻子这么长?来自: iPhone客户端
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 14:44
幼狮那个真叫鸭翼么?就一三角边条吧,以前觉得鸭翼高科技,现在觉得是烂大街的技术啊,二代都应用好多款,难怪美帝不屑搞鸭翼。...
六代机的初期方案又在弄了来自: iPhone客户端
阿根廷就是买阵风,也不可能打下马岛。
iamsu7 发表于 2015-7-29 15:00
涡流发生器是幻影2000,幼狮的爹是幻影5。就一战斗轰炸机,那会的鸭翼只是抬头用的
一回事儿。不因为大小和形状的不同就发生质变。这东西根本就不能算鸭翼。
wujingping 发表于 2015-7-29 15:21
一回事儿。不因为大小和形状的不同就发生质变。这东西根本就不能算鸭翼。
谁规定的全动的才叫鸭翼?一干鸭式布局的都被你否定了。
一回事儿。不因为大小和形状的不同就发生质变。这东西根本就不能算鸭翼。

就是就是,苏33还是能动的,欧粉都说苏33那个不能算鸭翼。
谁规定的全动的才叫鸭翼?一干鸭式布局的都被你否定了。
请你分析下中秋上的那对前翼能不能叫作鸭翼?
之前看到的资料记得KFIR BLK60用的是EL2032 无源相控阵雷达,不过这个雷达也能在TWS模式下对64个目标进行tag,格斗方面,可以使用头显和Python 4/5格斗弹。而且这个雷达有SAR和ISAR能力,ISAR对海面大型目标的识别距离达到了150公里。高剖面,三副油箱,4枚1000磅炸弹的对地作战半径1000公里。
QQ截图20150729154105.png
iamsu7 发表于 2015-7-29 15:31
谁规定的全动的才叫鸭翼?一干鸭式布局的都被你否定了。
雷式战斗机的前翼也不是全动的,只有一部分能动。但是也不妨碍人家叫做“鸭式”。但是这个幼师倒好,完全不能动。折算哪门子鸭翼啊。鸭式布局是吧水平舵放到前面才叫鸭翼。幼师那个,完全没有操控俯仰的能力,起的作用仅仅是发生涡流,这东西能算舵吗?
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 15:32
就是就是,苏33还是能动的,欧粉都说苏33那个不能算鸭翼。
鸭式布局的关键是升降舵放到主翼的前面。苏33那样的,叫“鸭翼”是俗称,正确的讲应该是“前翼”。三翼面布局跟常规布局和鸭式布局都不同,应该是单独的一类。
二楼是专门来歪楼的
鸭式布局的关键是升降舵放到主翼的前面。苏33那样的,叫“鸭翼”是俗称,正确的讲应该是“前翼”。三翼面 ...

三翼面布局有没有鸭翼的作用呢?是更高级的一种布局?据说采用三翼面后的侧卫极大提升了敏捷性并克服了跨音速陷阱等问题。
阿根廷政治文化习俗与TG相距颇大,且历来有排华倾向,现今遭遇严重经济困难,不得已来华寻找经济援助,但骨子还是亲西方更多
这是一个国家长期以来养成的惰性,就是怕麻烦,不想相面对麻烦,没有勇气解决麻烦,满足于当前的十几架二手飞机状态,只要不变更坏就可以接受。
这样一个国家只怕不会有翻盘的机会,中国的枭龙本是一个绝佳的机会,不仅有现货,连带技术,生产线都有了,只要用心去学,舍得本钱,说不定将来还能堆出自己的原创飞机。
想想如果中国当初就满足于买米格29来做本土防御,不愿意买生产线,也不投入研发,现在哪来那么多好飞机。
iamsu7 发表于 2015-7-29 14:25
幼狮BLOCK 60
这飞机长得跟开玩笑似的。。。
bf190 发表于 2015-7-29 14:57
说这个小心。龙吹反驳你。人家说了2ma

总的来说  枭龙空战推比低,极速低。尽管有瞬盘相对较好、介于石榴和歼十之间的特点,其他指标比起石榴都弱。比起某些二代机也各有优劣。人家幼师毕竟有个鸭翼,也不很差。。。。。枭龙还是需要改进
yes413a 发表于 2015-7-29 16:23
总的来说  枭龙空战推比低,极速低。尽管有瞬盘相对较好、介于石榴和歼十之间的特点,其他指标比起石榴 ...
固定鸭无配平、抬头作用,只是近耦涡流发生器。那里得知废才瞬盘相对较好?废才底子也是二代机。
Lunatica 发表于 2015-7-29 15:42
之前看到的资料记得KFIR BLK60用的是EL2032 无源相控阵雷达,不过这个雷达也能在TWS模式下对64个目标进行ta ...
但看了IAI官方网站,EL2052确实是AESA,因此不太会是笔误,而2032好像是多普勒雷达,因此阿根廷这次买的是升级版的60吧。
http://www.iai.co.il/2013/36655-34455-en/Airborne%20Radars.aspx
但看了IAI官方网站,EL2052确实是AESA,因此不太会是笔误,而2032好像是多普勒雷达,因此阿根廷这次买的 ...
赞叹西方的开放式设计,二代机都能换Aesa了,歼10却要大改才能装相控阵雷达。

S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 16:46
赞叹西方的开放式设计,二代机都能换Aesa了,歼10却要大改才能装相控阵雷达。


也不算是开放式设计,看了篇2013年的文章,似乎是说BLK60把原来飞机里的东西都拆了,全换新的线路了,并且有8000小时的质保。另外,2032雷达似乎是用在幼狮2000项目上的。BLK60当初目标国大概是哥伦比亚。
http://www.defense-aerospace.com ... nato-countries.html
Roaring Back (Israel offers Kfir Block-60 fighter)
Israel Air Force ^ | Sept. 25, 2013
Posted on 2013年9月26日 上午3:58:40 by sukhoi-30mki

Roaring Back

It is almost 40 years old, but it is perfectly fit and though many years have passed since it started its service in the IAF, the IAI "Kfir" is one of the most surprising exports of the IAI. From outside it looks almost the same, but on the inside, technology from the second decade of the 21st century is installed, making it a fighter that can do anything on the modern battlefield

"It was the evening of Israel's Independence Day and high above Ben Gurion Airport a triangular winged fighter plane rolled in and performed maneuvers with grace and precision. What made the inaugural flight noteworthy is the fact that after years of relying on French and American fighter planes, Israelis now manufacture a plane with their own hands".

IAF Magazine opened its August 1975 edition with these very words. Four months prior, on the eve of Independence Day, two Kfir planes were delivered to the IAF and the vision of the "Israeli fighter plane" became a reality with the inaugural flight described in IAF Magazine.

While it is fixed in the national consciousness as the first Israeli fighter plane, few people know that today, almost 40 years after that evening in Ben Gurion Airport, the Kfir ('Lion" in Hebrew) has leapt into the 21st century, a leap that has brought with it the best of technology and armaments of 2013 and has made it a plane with diverse and attractive capabilities.

New, Brand New

"In the critical area of 'see first - shoot first', the Kfir has capabilities that are no less powerful than the capabilities of any western or eastern fighter plane of the fourth generation (F-16, F-15, Eurofighter, Rafal, MiG-29, Sukhoi-30) and is a first class competitor with planes that are not equipped with stealth technology produced in recent decades", says Oren Aviram, Director of Marketing and Business Development in the "Lahav" factory of the IAI.

"If we take into account the technology and the computer systems installed in the newer fourth generation planes, it's around a decade old; in the 'Block 60' Kfir, the latest technology that is produced here these days is installed and that is where the advantage lies".

This situation is made possible because of the unique configuration of the aircraft system. According to Yossi Melamed, director of Lahav, "We work with open architecture, which allows us to continue to install innovations in the field of computing and avionics in the planes and actually to upgrade them all the time, unlike other fighter planes".

The "Block 60" which is the 2013 model of the Kfir, is an upgraded fighter plane that undergoes "stripping" before the beginning of the upgrading process. "Whether it's a Kfir that has arrived from a foreign customer or whether it's a local Kfir, we remove everything down to what we call the 'pipes', i.e. the central cylinder which constitutes the fuselage. Afterwards, we install everything new and if need be we produce parts that are needed", explains Melamed. "Of course, the equipment that is installed in the whole plane is new: wiring, avionics, computer systems, radar and various types of armaments and plane systems with zero hour flight".

During the stripping process, the body of the plane is checked down to the smallest screw. "After the process the plane undergoes in the 'Lahav' factory, it leaves with the ability to fly 8,000 hours with the manufacturer's warranty, meaning the plane can fly for decades", explains Aviram.

After the stripping process, the next step is the installation of the systems. One of the main systems is the version of the Data Link system that is installed in the Kfir planes produced by "Lahav" and also in all of the IAF fighter planes connecting the planes, control and command systems, and the armaments. The systems turns the Kfir into a plane that is suited for the battlefield of the 21st century, a battlefield that is based on a multitude of data, constantly connected and mainly data processing at record speeds in order to take necessary actions against targets with short exposure lengths and low signatures.

The Colombian Challenge

One of the main customers of the Kfir is the Colombian Air Force. "Colombia is a country that engaged in a battle", explains Oren. "The Kfir planes there work and attack; they have been engaged in continuous and intense operational activity for years".

Up until a few years ago the Colombians operated around a dozen Kfir fighters of the third generation configuration. "We faced some significant challenges on the Colombian project", adds Oren. "We had to upgrade the planes they own from third generation to fourth generation as well as double the number of Kfir planes of Colombia and finally, we were supposed to complete the project with in a period of three years".

All the Colombian planes underwent the upgrade process and became new planes within the same period of time that was assigned to the project. Consequently, on Colombian Independence Day which was set as the deadline, an impressive flying formation of 24 upgraded Kfir fighters flew across the sky.

"One of the main things in the project we put emphasis on was a high level of usability", said Melamed and not long before the level of usability was put to the test. The Colombian Air Force received an exclusive invitation to take part in the famous "Red Flag" week in USA. The Colombian Kfir planes flew over 2000 miles to the Nellis airbase in Nevada, using the new aerial refueling capabilities that constitute part of the upgrade and they all arrived safely, but the long flight was just a prelude to what happened at the "Red Flag" week.

"At some points in the flights during the week, the advanced fourth generation fighters of different countries took off in a partial composition following usability problems, while the Kfir planes demonstrated full usability in the air and yielded excellent results", explains Oren. "They did their job, scored hits and even surprised with their offensive abilities in aerial combat: the updated Kfir with advanced radar, electronic warfare, long range air-to-air armaments and advanced avionics managed to shot down fourth generation American fighters that flew against them as simulated enemy plane. The American participants thought very highly of the Colombian pilots and their Kfir planes, the many indications of which can be found on the internet".

Fire in the Sky

The people in "Lahav" put an emphasis on the Cost-Benefit characteristic of the 2013 "Block 60" model of the Kfir. "The Kfir is in line with fourth generation planes and brings with it between 80-120 percent of their capabilities in terms of avionics, armaments, payload and pods such as the 'Lightning' for nighttime attacks and laser designation capability for a precise attack, radar capabilities that include high resolution ground mapping, SAR capability that allows for information gathering and attacks in all weather conditions, all of this at a third of the price of fourth generation planes and with a flight hour at a fourth of the price of fourth generation Western planes with single engine", explains Aviram and Melamed adds that: "the customer receives a plane with radar capabilities, computer systems and advanced armaments at a significantly lower price than similar planes on the market".

The result is that more countries are already expressing interest in the Kfir planes, among them countries in Europe. The "Block 60" version for NATO countries will include connectivity, advanced radar of the AESA kind that allows activities in more than one mode simultaneously and more very advanced capabilities. (Emphasis added—Ed.) Beyond that, aerial refueling capabilities were also added giving the plane a much broader scope and there were significant changes in the cockpit.

"The cockpit of the Kfir fighters has undergone a big change", explains Oren. "There is a colored radar screen, a moving map, a new multi-strength mission computer and HOTAS capabilities that allow control of many activities without removing your hands from the stick".

The Kfir can now lock on 64 targets, share them with other planes and get an indication of who is locked on whom. "The ability of the radar to separate targets and categorize together with the network sharing allows for a full picture of the battlefield", says Oren. "The Kfir has cross-section radar that is very low and coupled with the capabilities of its radar it 'sees first and shoots first' better than most of the other fighter planes of the fourth generation".

Even with respect to armaments, the Kfir planes are at the forefront. "You can hang on the Kfir any kind of armament on the nine stations", Melamed emphasizes. "We combined laser-guided munitions that are assisted by the designation pod with autonomous guided bombs and advanced air-to-air missiles, like the Python-5 and BVR missiles equivalent to AMRAAM".

It turns out that these capabilities also have evidence in reality. As stated, Colombia is very active with the upgraded Kfir planes in the air-to-ground area, precise attacks in inclement weather and at night. As a result, the Kfir planes remain operational and in use at all hours of the day.

Melamed is looking forward with optimism. "In a few years, the intention is to sell between two to three squadrons".

Kfir in action

The 27th of June, 1979 was a good day for world records and indeed two were actually set. It was a day in which for the first time, an F-15 fighter shot down an enemy plane but more interestingly, it was the first time the Kfir won a "Dog fight".

Captain S', who holds the world record, said in the August 1979 edition of IAF Magazine: "I got cold feet, but when you're inside, everything work out", and today when Lieutenant Colonel (Res.) Shai Eshel looks back at that battle, he says that, in retrospect, it was possible to down even more Syrian MiGs. "The flight that same day was intended to intercept the Syrian MiGs that harassed the aerial photographing flights of the IAF that followed the placement of Syrian missile batteries in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon", he adds.

The pair of Phantom F-4 jets that took photographs was accompanied by eight intercepting planes. "Four of the planes consisting of Falcon (F-15) jets were visible. They talked on the two way radio and flew above Beirut, while our other four planes consisting of two Falcon (F-15) jets and two Kfir fighters, where I was number 4, went silent and flew at a low altitude outside of the area".

The Phantom planes began to go north from the Dead Sea area and ascended to reach an altitude of 60,000 feet from which the photographs can be taken. The Syrians that located the flight deployed eight MiGs from the Damascus area towards the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. Crossing the northern line of the photographers getting ready to intercept them, the MiGs accelerated and gained height.

"Immediately afterwards, the F-15 jets start to make radar contact with the MiGs, while the photographing planes turn their tails towards the Syrian planes that were flying towards them without knowing that they are arriving at a trap", explains Eshel. "Then, the controller tuned to the F-15 planes and gave the approval to open fire".

That is how the historic aerial battle began. While Eshel's silent aerial formation of four planes started to gain height towards the battle, the aerial formation of four F-15 planes opened fire. "We dropped extra fuel tanks, but my fuel tank got stuck because of a technical malfunction. As I was gaining height, the missiles launched by the F-15 fighters passed over our heads. We also entered the battle and I noticed a MiG spinning that I assumed was going to crash, so I didn't exert any effort on downing him. In retrospect, he landed safely and I missed an easy downing opportunity".

The radio network was filled with a lot of yelling and the air with missiles that were launched one after another. "I noticed two MiGs turning east and I went after them. From a range of 1500 meters I launched a missile towards the leader that exploded 2-3 meters behind it. It started to emit smoke, but the pilot continued to fly it. I approached it at a short distance in order to finish the job with canons, but he abandoned the plane and, in retrospect, it turned out that this moment was captured by the camera lens of the canon".

Eshel also tried to hit the second MiG. "The two of us were at low speed and so I tried to gain speed and raise the nose of the plane. I got into the missile launching position and I launched the second missile, but to my disappointment, it didn't hit the target. I reduced the distance between us in order to down him with a canon but he rolled over, entered a cloud and that is how I lost the opportunity".

At the end of the massive battle that lasted a very short time, it became clear that five MiGs were shot down. Landed at the base, it became clear to Eshel that the real battle had just begun.

"The F-15 pilots claimed that all the shoot-downs belong to them", recalls Eshel. "Together with the Commander of the Base, I traveled to the debrief in which it was determined that the downing belonged to me".
S400旋风 发表于 2015-7-29 16:46
赞叹西方的开放式设计,二代机都能换Aesa了,歼10却要大改才能装相控阵雷达。


也不算是开放式设计,看了篇2013年的文章,似乎是说BLK60把原来飞机里的东西都拆了,全换新的线路了,并且有8000小时的质保。另外,2032雷达似乎是用在幼狮2000项目上的。BLK60当初目标国大概是哥伦比亚。
http://www.defense-aerospace.com ... nato-countries.html
Roaring Back (Israel offers Kfir Block-60 fighter)
Israel Air Force ^ | Sept. 25, 2013
Posted on 2013年9月26日 上午3:58:40 by sukhoi-30mki

Roaring Back

It is almost 40 years old, but it is perfectly fit and though many years have passed since it started its service in the IAF, the IAI "Kfir" is one of the most surprising exports of the IAI. From outside it looks almost the same, but on the inside, technology from the second decade of the 21st century is installed, making it a fighter that can do anything on the modern battlefield

"It was the evening of Israel's Independence Day and high above Ben Gurion Airport a triangular winged fighter plane rolled in and performed maneuvers with grace and precision. What made the inaugural flight noteworthy is the fact that after years of relying on French and American fighter planes, Israelis now manufacture a plane with their own hands".

IAF Magazine opened its August 1975 edition with these very words. Four months prior, on the eve of Independence Day, two Kfir planes were delivered to the IAF and the vision of the "Israeli fighter plane" became a reality with the inaugural flight described in IAF Magazine.

While it is fixed in the national consciousness as the first Israeli fighter plane, few people know that today, almost 40 years after that evening in Ben Gurion Airport, the Kfir ('Lion" in Hebrew) has leapt into the 21st century, a leap that has brought with it the best of technology and armaments of 2013 and has made it a plane with diverse and attractive capabilities.

New, Brand New

"In the critical area of 'see first - shoot first', the Kfir has capabilities that are no less powerful than the capabilities of any western or eastern fighter plane of the fourth generation (F-16, F-15, Eurofighter, Rafal, MiG-29, Sukhoi-30) and is a first class competitor with planes that are not equipped with stealth technology produced in recent decades", says Oren Aviram, Director of Marketing and Business Development in the "Lahav" factory of the IAI.

"If we take into account the technology and the computer systems installed in the newer fourth generation planes, it's around a decade old; in the 'Block 60' Kfir, the latest technology that is produced here these days is installed and that is where the advantage lies".

This situation is made possible because of the unique configuration of the aircraft system. According to Yossi Melamed, director of Lahav, "We work with open architecture, which allows us to continue to install innovations in the field of computing and avionics in the planes and actually to upgrade them all the time, unlike other fighter planes".

The "Block 60" which is the 2013 model of the Kfir, is an upgraded fighter plane that undergoes "stripping" before the beginning of the upgrading process. "Whether it's a Kfir that has arrived from a foreign customer or whether it's a local Kfir, we remove everything down to what we call the 'pipes', i.e. the central cylinder which constitutes the fuselage. Afterwards, we install everything new and if need be we produce parts that are needed", explains Melamed. "Of course, the equipment that is installed in the whole plane is new: wiring, avionics, computer systems, radar and various types of armaments and plane systems with zero hour flight".

During the stripping process, the body of the plane is checked down to the smallest screw. "After the process the plane undergoes in the 'Lahav' factory, it leaves with the ability to fly 8,000 hours with the manufacturer's warranty, meaning the plane can fly for decades", explains Aviram.

After the stripping process, the next step is the installation of the systems. One of the main systems is the version of the Data Link system that is installed in the Kfir planes produced by "Lahav" and also in all of the IAF fighter planes connecting the planes, control and command systems, and the armaments. The systems turns the Kfir into a plane that is suited for the battlefield of the 21st century, a battlefield that is based on a multitude of data, constantly connected and mainly data processing at record speeds in order to take necessary actions against targets with short exposure lengths and low signatures.

The Colombian Challenge

One of the main customers of the Kfir is the Colombian Air Force. "Colombia is a country that engaged in a battle", explains Oren. "The Kfir planes there work and attack; they have been engaged in continuous and intense operational activity for years".

Up until a few years ago the Colombians operated around a dozen Kfir fighters of the third generation configuration. "We faced some significant challenges on the Colombian project", adds Oren. "We had to upgrade the planes they own from third generation to fourth generation as well as double the number of Kfir planes of Colombia and finally, we were supposed to complete the project with in a period of three years".

All the Colombian planes underwent the upgrade process and became new planes within the same period of time that was assigned to the project. Consequently, on Colombian Independence Day which was set as the deadline, an impressive flying formation of 24 upgraded Kfir fighters flew across the sky.

"One of the main things in the project we put emphasis on was a high level of usability", said Melamed and not long before the level of usability was put to the test. The Colombian Air Force received an exclusive invitation to take part in the famous "Red Flag" week in USA. The Colombian Kfir planes flew over 2000 miles to the Nellis airbase in Nevada, using the new aerial refueling capabilities that constitute part of the upgrade and they all arrived safely, but the long flight was just a prelude to what happened at the "Red Flag" week.

"At some points in the flights during the week, the advanced fourth generation fighters of different countries took off in a partial composition following usability problems, while the Kfir planes demonstrated full usability in the air and yielded excellent results", explains Oren. "They did their job, scored hits and even surprised with their offensive abilities in aerial combat: the updated Kfir with advanced radar, electronic warfare, long range air-to-air armaments and advanced avionics managed to shot down fourth generation American fighters that flew against them as simulated enemy plane. The American participants thought very highly of the Colombian pilots and their Kfir planes, the many indications of which can be found on the internet".

Fire in the Sky

The people in "Lahav" put an emphasis on the Cost-Benefit characteristic of the 2013 "Block 60" model of the Kfir. "The Kfir is in line with fourth generation planes and brings with it between 80-120 percent of their capabilities in terms of avionics, armaments, payload and pods such as the 'Lightning' for nighttime attacks and laser designation capability for a precise attack, radar capabilities that include high resolution ground mapping, SAR capability that allows for information gathering and attacks in all weather conditions, all of this at a third of the price of fourth generation planes and with a flight hour at a fourth of the price of fourth generation Western planes with single engine", explains Aviram and Melamed adds that: "the customer receives a plane with radar capabilities, computer systems and advanced armaments at a significantly lower price than similar planes on the market".

The result is that more countries are already expressing interest in the Kfir planes, among them countries in Europe. The "Block 60" version for NATO countries will include connectivity, advanced radar of the AESA kind that allows activities in more than one mode simultaneously and more very advanced capabilities. (Emphasis added—Ed.) Beyond that, aerial refueling capabilities were also added giving the plane a much broader scope and there were significant changes in the cockpit.

"The cockpit of the Kfir fighters has undergone a big change", explains Oren. "There is a colored radar screen, a moving map, a new multi-strength mission computer and HOTAS capabilities that allow control of many activities without removing your hands from the stick".

The Kfir can now lock on 64 targets, share them with other planes and get an indication of who is locked on whom. "The ability of the radar to separate targets and categorize together with the network sharing allows for a full picture of the battlefield", says Oren. "The Kfir has cross-section radar that is very low and coupled with the capabilities of its radar it 'sees first and shoots first' better than most of the other fighter planes of the fourth generation".

Even with respect to armaments, the Kfir planes are at the forefront. "You can hang on the Kfir any kind of armament on the nine stations", Melamed emphasizes. "We combined laser-guided munitions that are assisted by the designation pod with autonomous guided bombs and advanced air-to-air missiles, like the Python-5 and BVR missiles equivalent to AMRAAM".

It turns out that these capabilities also have evidence in reality. As stated, Colombia is very active with the upgraded Kfir planes in the air-to-ground area, precise attacks in inclement weather and at night. As a result, the Kfir planes remain operational and in use at all hours of the day.

Melamed is looking forward with optimism. "In a few years, the intention is to sell between two to three squadrons".

Kfir in action

The 27th of June, 1979 was a good day for world records and indeed two were actually set. It was a day in which for the first time, an F-15 fighter shot down an enemy plane but more interestingly, it was the first time the Kfir won a "Dog fight".

Captain S', who holds the world record, said in the August 1979 edition of IAF Magazine: "I got cold feet, but when you're inside, everything work out", and today when Lieutenant Colonel (Res.) Shai Eshel looks back at that battle, he says that, in retrospect, it was possible to down even more Syrian MiGs. "The flight that same day was intended to intercept the Syrian MiGs that harassed the aerial photographing flights of the IAF that followed the placement of Syrian missile batteries in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon", he adds.

The pair of Phantom F-4 jets that took photographs was accompanied by eight intercepting planes. "Four of the planes consisting of Falcon (F-15) jets were visible. They talked on the two way radio and flew above Beirut, while our other four planes consisting of two Falcon (F-15) jets and two Kfir fighters, where I was number 4, went silent and flew at a low altitude outside of the area".

The Phantom planes began to go north from the Dead Sea area and ascended to reach an altitude of 60,000 feet from which the photographs can be taken. The Syrians that located the flight deployed eight MiGs from the Damascus area towards the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. Crossing the northern line of the photographers getting ready to intercept them, the MiGs accelerated and gained height.

"Immediately afterwards, the F-15 jets start to make radar contact with the MiGs, while the photographing planes turn their tails towards the Syrian planes that were flying towards them without knowing that they are arriving at a trap", explains Eshel. "Then, the controller tuned to the F-15 planes and gave the approval to open fire".

That is how the historic aerial battle began. While Eshel's silent aerial formation of four planes started to gain height towards the battle, the aerial formation of four F-15 planes opened fire. "We dropped extra fuel tanks, but my fuel tank got stuck because of a technical malfunction. As I was gaining height, the missiles launched by the F-15 fighters passed over our heads. We also entered the battle and I noticed a MiG spinning that I assumed was going to crash, so I didn't exert any effort on downing him. In retrospect, he landed safely and I missed an easy downing opportunity".

The radio network was filled with a lot of yelling and the air with missiles that were launched one after another. "I noticed two MiGs turning east and I went after them. From a range of 1500 meters I launched a missile towards the leader that exploded 2-3 meters behind it. It started to emit smoke, but the pilot continued to fly it. I approached it at a short distance in order to finish the job with canons, but he abandoned the plane and, in retrospect, it turned out that this moment was captured by the camera lens of the canon".

Eshel also tried to hit the second MiG. "The two of us were at low speed and so I tried to gain speed and raise the nose of the plane. I got into the missile launching position and I launched the second missile, but to my disappointment, it didn't hit the target. I reduced the distance between us in order to down him with a canon but he rolled over, entered a cloud and that is how I lost the opportunity".

At the end of the massive battle that lasted a very short time, it became clear that five MiGs were shot down. Landed at the base, it became clear to Eshel that the real battle had just begun.

"The F-15 pilots claimed that all the shoot-downs belong to them", recalls Eshel. "Together with the Commander of the Base, I traveled to the debrief in which it was determined that the downing belonged to me".
yes413a 发表于 2015-7-29 16:23
总的来说  枭龙空战推比低,极速低。尽管有瞬盘相对较好、介于石榴和歼十之间的特点,其他指标比起石榴 ...
FC1推比是不大 那是要看和谁比
比这货 FC1的推比强的太多了