美国海军削减F35C采购数量，转而寻求防区外打击武器

原文出处：F-35Cs Cut Back As U.S. Navy Invests In Standoff Weapons

作者：比尔 斯维特曼

来源：航空周刊与空间技术

这虽然可以发在海军版，但由于涉及到战斗机和武器系统的使用，故发在空军版，文章较长，没发全文翻译，只挑了我认为重要的一部分，抱歉

The U.S. Navy has reduced its planned buys of the Lockheed Martin F-35C Joint Strike Fighter by almost one-third over the fiscal 2016-2020 Future Years Defense Program (FYDP), while committing almost $800 million to new standoff weapon developments and canceling the only missile program that was primarily dedicated to the F-35C. All the new developments are part of the fiscal 2016 presidential budget proposal and constitute the first move by a U.S. service to slow down its JSF procurements.

2016-2010财年海军决定对35C的采购数量削减三分之一，与此同时投入八亿美元对新型防区外打击武器进行研发；并且取消唯一为了35而研发的导弹（AIM-9X，后面会说到）。这是目前为止第一次美国队联合战术攻击机计划的采购数量进行削减。

This year’s budget buys four F-35Cs, including two added late in 2014 by the lame-duck Congress. The Navy now plans to buy another four aircraft each in FY2016 and 2017. The rate ramps up slowly in the final three years of the FYDP, peaking at 12 aircraft in FY 2020 and buying 38 F-35Cs in the plan period. The FYDP includes 83 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, unchanged from earlier years.

海军计划在16和17年分别采购4架战机，在财年计划的最后三年（18， 19， 20）逐步增加采购数量，2020年达到12架；给陆战队的35B采购计划不受此影响。

Under 2015 plans the Navy would have bought 54 F-35Cs in the FY16-20, with F-35C production reaching 20 per year in 2020. 19. The JSF Program Office states that “the Navy’s commitment to the program remains strong” and that it expects the Navy’s cutbacks to be offset by international JSF procurements.”

按照2015年的计划，海军打算在16-20财年中总共采购54架35C，而35C的生产率将在2020年达到每年20架。JSF项目办公室重申海军对该项目依然保持了高度的热情，并且他们预计削减的数量可以由海外采购数量来弥补。

The Navy says that the reduction is budget-driven. In fiscal 2020, each of the 12 F-35Cs has a gross weapon system unit cost of $144 million (44% more than the Air Force’s F-35A) and a flyaway cost of $131 million. The weapon system unit cost of the F-35B averages $147 million at its full 20/year production rate. In total, 2020 the Navy expects to spend $4.7 billion for 32 F-35s in 2020. In 2013, the service spent $3.7 billion for 49 new fighters, comprising 37 F/A-18E/Fs and 12 EA-18Gs.


The fiscal 2016 budget request would cancel the Raytheon AIM-9X Block III, an increased-range version of the air-to-air missile with a more powerful motor. In April 2014, AIM-9X program manager Capt. John Martins said that the Block III was primarily intended for the F-35C because it would permit the fighter to carry six beyond-visual range missiles: four AIM-120s internally and two Block IIIs on outer wing pylons. The Block III would have entered service by 2024. One element of the canceled project, a new warhead meeting insensitive munition standards, will continue into the AIM-9X program.

同样在16财年，专为其打造的AIM-9X block 3也将取消，原计划对该导弹装备更强大的发动机以增加射程。2014年4月，AIM-9X项目负责人称该导弹就是专为35打造的，这可以使35携带六枚超视距导弹：四枚内置120外加两枚外置AIM-9X。block 3原计划于2020年服役。

Two new initiatives cover standoff weapons launched outside the range of surface-to-air threats. The new-start Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile – Extended Range (AARGM-ER) gets $267 million in development funding across the 2016-20 FYDP and will mate the existing guidance system and warhead of the AGM-88E AARGM with a new motor. Two motor options were studied: dual-pulse for a 20-50% range improvement, or solid integrated rocket-ramjet for doubled range. Budget documents indicate that the Navy has chosen the rocket.

取而代之的防区外打击武器是全新曾程反辐射空对地导弹AARGM-ER，该计划提出了两种曾程方案：两阶段点火以增加20%到50%的射程，或火箭加冲压发动机组合以使射程扩大一倍，文件显示海军选择了第二套方案。相关信息请见附件

A new “precision strike weapons development program” funding line, budgeted at $510 million in the FYDP, primarily supports the new Next Generation Strike Capability effort, which combines two previous programs: Offensive Anti-Surface Warfare (OASuW) Increment II, a follow-on to Lockheed Martin’s Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (Lrasm) that would be capable of air and sea launch, and Next Generation Land Attack Weapon, a replacement for the Raytheon Tomahawk. NGSC could be either a common weapon or a family of weapons, but the goal is to use technologies “across multiple mission areas” to reduce cost. Near-term strike capability is to be provided by Lrasm and modernized Tomahawks – compensating for the wind-down of new Tomahawk production.

在“新一代精确打击武器”一行，新的财年计划将之前的两种武器系统的拨款结合到了一起。一种是对之前洛克希德马丁的远程反舰导弹（LRASM）方案的发展，该导弹可由空中和海上平台发射；另一种新一代功陆武器，即战斧升级。新一代打击武器（NGSC）既可以是一种通用武器也可以是武器家族，但无论如何，发展的目标就是该武器或武器族能够承担多种任务以降低成本。近期的打击能力还是由LRASM和现代化改装的战斧导弹完成。

The Navy’s budget priorities reflect the views of Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Jonathan Greenert. In June 2012, shortly after he was appointed as CNO, Greenert published an article in the Naval Institute’s Proceedings magazine that downplayed the importance of advanced platforms, including stealth aircraft, in favor of “payloads” including standoff weapons. Speaking to a Navy technology conference in Washington on Feb. 4, Greenert reemphasized these points, saying that any future fighter will likely "not be so super-fast because you can't outrun missiles, and not so super-stealthy because you can't be invisible. Stealth may be overrated," he said. "If you move fast through the air...that puts out heat and you are going to be detected."

在约翰逊 格林内特被任命为海军行动部门主管以后，他的观点是弱化先进平台（包括隐形战机），但却注重防区外武器的发展。他在2月份的海军科技会议上再次强调了这一点：未来的战斗机可能不会对速度和隐身性能提出太高的要求，因为你“再快也玩不过导弹，再隐身也不能消失”，他认为“隐身平台的能力被夸大了”。他同时指出：如果你的速度太快，你产生的热量将让你被轻而易举的探测到。

Also, demonstrations carried out by the Navy and Boeing in 2013 and 2014 have been aimed at using the EA-18G Growler’s ALQ-218(V)2 electronic surveillance measures system to detect and track moving or relocatables emitting targets at long range, with enough accuracy to launch a weapon at them. Both AARGM-ER and Lrasm already use advanced radio-frequency (RF) guidance and would be compatible with that approach, and Raytheon has demonstrated an RF-based passive seeker, with a millimeter-wave active terminal mode, as a Tomahawk upgrade.
同时，2013和14年由F-18G所展示的用电子侦测手段探测并追踪可移动目标，并发射武器进行打击（译者注：显然海军对之前演习中电子大黄蜂击落F-22表现出了兴趣）。升级版的战斧包括了现金电波导航系统，末端则使用毫米波主动制导。


原文出处：F-35Cs Cut Back As U.S. Navy Invests In Standoff Weapons

作者：比尔 斯维特曼

来源：航空周刊与空间技术

这虽然可以发在海军版，但由于涉及到战斗机和武器系统的使用，故发在空军版，文章较长，没发全文翻译，只挑了我认为重要的一部分，抱歉

The U.S. Navy has reduced its planned buys of the Lockheed Martin F-35C Joint Strike Fighter by almost one-third over the fiscal 2016-2020 Future Years Defense Program (FYDP), while committing almost $800 million to new standoff weapon developments and canceling the only missile program that was primarily dedicated to the F-35C. All the new developments are part of the fiscal 2016 presidential budget proposal and constitute the first move by a U.S. service to slow down its JSF procurements.

2016-2010财年海军决定对35C的采购数量削减三分之一，与此同时投入八亿美元对新型防区外打击武器进行研发；并且取消唯一为了35而研发的导弹（AIM-9X，后面会说到）。这是目前为止第一次美国队联合战术攻击机计划的采购数量进行削减。

This year’s budget buys four F-35Cs, including two added late in 2014 by the lame-duck Congress. The Navy now plans to buy another four aircraft each in FY2016 and 2017. The rate ramps up slowly in the final three years of the FYDP, peaking at 12 aircraft in FY 2020 and buying 38 F-35Cs in the plan period. The FYDP includes 83 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, unchanged from earlier years.

海军计划在16和17年分别采购4架战机，在财年计划的最后三年（18， 19， 20）逐步增加采购数量，2020年达到12架；给陆战队的35B采购计划不受此影响。

Under 2015 plans the Navy would have bought 54 F-35Cs in the FY16-20, with F-35C production reaching 20 per year in 2020. 19. The JSF Program Office states that “the Navy’s commitment to the program remains strong” and that it expects the Navy’s cutbacks to be offset by international JSF procurements.”

按照2015年的计划，海军打算在16-20财年中总共采购54架35C，而35C的生产率将在2020年达到每年20架。JSF项目办公室重申海军对该项目依然保持了高度的热情，并且他们预计削减的数量可以由海外采购数量来弥补。

The Navy says that the reduction is budget-driven. In fiscal 2020, each of the 12 F-35Cs has a gross weapon system unit cost of $144 million (44% more than the Air Force’s F-35A) and a flyaway cost of $131 million. The weapon system unit cost of the F-35B averages $147 million at its full 20/year production rate. In total, 2020 the Navy expects to spend $4.7 billion for 32 F-35s in 2020. In 2013, the service spent $3.7 billion for 49 new fighters, comprising 37 F/A-18E/Fs and 12 EA-18Gs.


The fiscal 2016 budget request would cancel the Raytheon AIM-9X Block III, an increased-range version of the air-to-air missile with a more powerful motor. In April 2014, AIM-9X program manager Capt. John Martins said that the Block III was primarily intended for the F-35C because it would permit the fighter to carry six beyond-visual range missiles: four AIM-120s internally and two Block IIIs on outer wing pylons. The Block III would have entered service by 2024. One element of the canceled project, a new warhead meeting insensitive munition standards, will continue into the AIM-9X program.

同样在16财年，专为其打造的AIM-9X block 3也将取消，原计划对该导弹装备更强大的发动机以增加射程。2014年4月，AIM-9X项目负责人称该导弹就是专为35打造的，这可以使35携带六枚超视距导弹：四枚内置120外加两枚外置AIM-9X。block 3原计划于2020年服役。

Two new initiatives cover standoff weapons launched outside the range of surface-to-air threats. The new-start Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile – Extended Range (AARGM-ER) gets $267 million in development funding across the 2016-20 FYDP and will mate the existing guidance system and warhead of the AGM-88E AARGM with a new motor. Two motor options were studied: dual-pulse for a 20-50% range improvement, or solid integrated rocket-ramjet for doubled range. Budget documents indicate that the Navy has chosen the rocket.

取而代之的防区外打击武器是全新曾程反辐射空对地导弹AARGM-ER，该计划提出了两种曾程方案：两阶段点火以增加20%到50%的射程，或火箭加冲压发动机组合以使射程扩大一倍，文件显示海军选择了第二套方案。相关信息请见附件

A new “precision strike weapons development program” funding line, budgeted at $510 million in the FYDP, primarily supports the new Next Generation Strike Capability effort, which combines two previous programs: Offensive Anti-Surface Warfare (OASuW) Increment II, a follow-on to Lockheed Martin’s Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (Lrasm) that would be capable of air and sea launch, and Next Generation Land Attack Weapon, a replacement for the Raytheon Tomahawk. NGSC could be either a common weapon or a family of weapons, but the goal is to use technologies “across multiple mission areas” to reduce cost. Near-term strike capability is to be provided by Lrasm and modernized Tomahawks – compensating for the wind-down of new Tomahawk production.

在“新一代精确打击武器”一行，新的财年计划将之前的两种武器系统的拨款结合到了一起。一种是对之前洛克希德马丁的远程反舰导弹（LRASM）方案的发展，该导弹可由空中和海上平台发射；另一种新一代功陆武器，即战斧升级。新一代打击武器（NGSC）既可以是一种通用武器也可以是武器家族，但无论如何，发展的目标就是该武器或武器族能够承担多种任务以降低成本。近期的打击能力还是由LRASM和现代化改装的战斧导弹完成。

The Navy’s budget priorities reflect the views of Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Jonathan Greenert. In June 2012, shortly after he was appointed as CNO, Greenert published an article in the Naval Institute’s Proceedings magazine that downplayed the importance of advanced platforms, including stealth aircraft, in favor of “payloads” including standoff weapons. Speaking to a Navy technology conference in Washington on Feb. 4, Greenert reemphasized these points, saying that any future fighter will likely "not be so super-fast because you can't outrun missiles, and not so super-stealthy because you can't be invisible. Stealth may be overrated," he said. "If you move fast through the air...that puts out heat and you are going to be detected."

在约翰逊 格林内特被任命为海军行动部门主管以后，他的观点是弱化先进平台（包括隐形战机），但却注重防区外武器的发展。他在2月份的海军科技会议上再次强调了这一点：未来的战斗机可能不会对速度和隐身性能提出太高的要求，因为你“再快也玩不过导弹，再隐身也不能消失”，他认为“隐身平台的能力被夸大了”。他同时指出：如果你的速度太快，你产生的热量将让你被轻而易举的探测到。

Also, demonstrations carried out by the Navy and Boeing in 2013 and 2014 have been aimed at using the EA-18G Growler’s ALQ-218(V)2 electronic surveillance measures system to detect and track moving or relocatables emitting targets at long range, with enough accuracy to launch a weapon at them. Both AARGM-ER and Lrasm already use advanced radio-frequency (RF) guidance and would be compatible with that approach, and Raytheon has demonstrated an RF-based passive seeker, with a millimeter-wave active terminal mode, as a Tomahawk upgrade.
同时，2013和14年由F-18G所展示的用电子侦测手段探测并追踪可移动目标，并发射武器进行打击（译者注：显然海军对之前演习中电子大黄蜂击落F-22表现出了兴趣）。升级版的战斧包括了现金电波导航系统，末端则使用毫米波主动制导。