俄罗斯今年列装的9K333Verba肩扛防空导弹，用于取代SA-2 ...

Military servicemen during the Interaction 2014 military drill for the Collective Rapid Reaction Force of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, at the Spassk Training Center in Kazakhstan. Source: Sergey Kuznecov / RIA Novosti The Verba portable air defence missile system, which is capable of distinguishing its target from any interference, has joined the Russian forces to replace the presently armed Igla-S. The Verba portable air defense missile system, which was developed within the Instrument Design Bureau (belongs to Vysokotochnye sistemy holding), was integrated into one of the airborne troops divisions and in a motorized infantry brigade in the Eastern Military District. The newest man-portable air-defence systems (MANPADS) should replace the currently armed Igla-S systems.

互动2014年军事演习的集体安全条约组织集体快速反应部队，在斯帕斯克培训中心在哈期间军人。来源：谢尔盖Kuznecov/俄新社的维巴便携式防空导弹系统，该系统能够从任何干扰辨别目标，已经加入了俄罗斯军队，以取代目前的武装伊格拉-S。该维巴便携式防空导弹系统，这是该仪器设计局内制定（属于Vysokotochnye SISTEMY控股），被纳入空降兵师之一，在东部军区某摩步旅。最新的便携式防空导弹（MANPADS）应取代目前武装伊格拉-S系统。


Verba can take out drones and cruise missiles

“The Verba will be delivered not only to the motorized rifle and tank brigades, but also to the Airborne Forces, as well as the Marines,” a Russian Defence Ministry spokesman familiar with the situation told RIR. “We plan to replace the presently armed Igla air defence system with the new MANPADS. However, the exact timing of a complete replacement, I cannot say at this point.”

The same source told the publication that it is possible that in the near future the new MANPADS will replace the anti-aircraft defence arsenal, and there will also be models with either wheels or a tracked chassis.

The main difference between the Verba and Russian MANPADS of the last generation is the heat-seeking multispectral optical heating-seeking head (GOS), through which the missile can distinguish the captured target from passive heat traps. These are now required elements in the defence systems of not only fighters, bombers, attack helicopters and attack aircraft, but also transport aircraft and helicopters.

“Now, MANPADS with multispectral GOS are being actively bought by the Armed Forces of the United States and France,” independent military expert, Anton Lavrov, one of the authors of the book “Tanki augusta (Tanks of August)” told RIR. “That being said, these missiles are not currently being exported.”

The Verba rocket can see its target in three spectra, so it is able to distinguish the target even in the case when so-called laser projectors attempt to blind the GOS MANPADS with their rays. The modern heat seeker can detect and engage targets with low thermal radiation, such as drones and cruise missiles. Not even helicopters with specially mounted devices that reduce the temperature of the engine exhaust are safe from the Verba.

维巴可以拿出无人机和巡航导弹

“该维巴将交付不仅给摩托化步兵和坦克旅，也让空降部队，以及海军陆战队员，”俄罗斯国防部发言人熟悉情况告诉RIR。 “我们计划用新MANPADS取代目前武装伊格拉防空系统。然而，一个完整的更换的确切时间，我不能说在这一点上。“

同一消息来源说，有可能在不久的将来，新的便携式导弹将取代防空武器库，而且也将有车型无论是车轮或履带式底盘出版。

所述维巴和俄语便携式导弹上一代之间的主要区别是热寻多光谱光学加热寻头（GOS），通过该导弹可以从被动热阱区分捕获的靶。现在，这些都需要不仅战斗机，轰炸机，攻击直升机和攻击机的防御系统的元素，同时也运输机和直升机。

“现在，MANPADS多光谱GOS正在积极购入美国和法国武装部队”独立军事专家，安东·拉夫罗夫，这本书“Tanki奥古斯塔（8月坦克）”的作者之一告诉RIR。 “话虽这么说，这些导弹没有被出口。”

该维巴火箭可以看到它的目标在三个光谱，所以它能够分辨目标，即使在情况下，当所谓的激光投影仪试图蒙蔽GOS MANPADS与他们的光芒。现代化的热导引头可以检测并打击目标低热辐射，如无人机和巡航导弹。甚至不与直升机专门安装的设备，以减少在发动机的排气的温度是从维巴安全。

Frontal attack

Most foreign MANPADS operate comfortably only in the course of pursuit, when the aircraft already flew past the position of the MANPADS operator, and the missile was fired after it, focusing on the thermal emissions coming from the aircraft’s engines. However, the Russian Verba with its 9m336 rocket can take the enemy head-on, with a frontal attack. In such a scenario, the multispectral optical heat-seeker does not recognize the heat emitted by the engine of the aircraft, but the heat that builds up on the wings and fuselage from air resistance.

“In addition to its new heat-seeking head, the Russian Verba distinguishes itself from the Igla with its superior performance characteristics, in particular in the range and altitude at which it can hit its target,” the representative of the Russian Defence Ministry told RIR.

While the majority of the actual characteristics of modern MANPADS remain tightly guarded, it has been voiced in media reports that the latest Verba rocket is able to hit a target at a distance of 6.5 km and at an altitude of 4.5 km. Its predecessor, the Igla, could reach its target at almost the same distance, but only at a height of 3.5 km. For the sake of comparison, the radius of the effective action of the American Stinger MANPADS is only 4.8 km in distance and 3.8 km in altitude.

正面攻击

大多数外国MANPADS只有在追求的过程中舒适地操作，当飞机已经飞了过去的MANPADS运营商的地位，并在导弹之后发射，重点对热排放量从飞机的发动机来。然而，俄罗斯维巴其9m336火箭可以把敌人的脑袋上，用正面攻击。在这样的情况下，该多光谱光热导引头不能识别由飞机的发动机发出的热量，但积聚在机翼和机身从空气阻力的热量。

“除了新的热寻的头，俄罗斯维巴中脱颖而出的伊格拉以其优越的性能特点，特别是在范围和高度，在它可以击中目标，”俄罗斯国防部的代表告诉RIR 。

虽然大多数现代MANPADS的实际特点仍然戒备森严，已表示媒体报道称，最新的维巴火箭能击中目标，在6.5公里的距离，并在4.5公里的高度。其前身伊格拉，可以在几乎相同的距离达到预期目标，但只在3.5公里的高度。为了便于比较，美国毒刺便携式防空系统的有效作用半径在距离只有4.8公里，海拔高度有3.8公里。

The new MANPADS, using the integrated automated control system (ACS) terminal, can be used both individually and as part of the battery. Through the ACS the commander uses data not only from ground radar, but also, according to some data, even from early radar warning aircraft. It can see its targets in advance, and then distribute them among operators of MANPADS in automatic mode.

“Currently systems with similar performance characteristics, equipped with multispectral optical heat-seeking heads are operational only in the United States and France. Foreign systems are also used in combination with an automated troop command system. However, Russia's Verba is still superior to its foreign counterparts in its tactical and technical characteristics,” independent military expert Anton Lavrov told RIR.

新便携式导弹，使用集成的自动化控制系统（ACS）的终端，可以单独和作为电池的一部分使用。通过在ACS指挥官使用数据不仅是从地面雷达，而且，根据一些数据，即使是从早期预警雷达飞机。它可以提前看到它的目标，然后分发它们在自动模式下MANPADS的运营商之一。

“目前系统相似的性能特点，配备了多光谱光热寻的头是可操作的只有美国和法国。外部系统也可用于结合一个自动化部队指挥系统。然而，俄罗斯的维巴仍优于其在战术和技术特点国外同行，“独立军事专家安东·拉夫罗夫告诉RIR。

http://in.rbth.com/economics/2014/09/03/new_verba_missile_to_replace_the_legendary_igla-s_38019.html




"银柳" 便携式防空导弹


图片来源：Vitaly Kuzmin


新型便携式防空导弹取代了著名的"针式（Igla）"导弹。后者不仅装备过俄军部队，还大量出口到其他国家。新导弹装有智能制导头，可以"无视"敌机释放的目标诱饵。"银柳（Verba）"导弹可以追踪无人机和巡航导弹。这些目标的热辐射很小，很难被探测到，但对新型便携式防空导弹来说，这算不上什么难事，因为它的制导头有三个工作光谱区（"银柳"的前身"针式"只有两个）。"银柳"导弹今年夏末起开始装备部队。军事专家认为，它是美国毒刺导弹强有力的竞争对手。



Military servicemen during the Interaction 2014 military drill for the Collective Rapid Reaction Force of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, at the Spassk Training Center in Kazakhstan. Source: Sergey Kuznecov / RIA Novosti The Verba portable air defence missile system, which is capable of distinguishing its target from any interference, has joined the Russian forces to replace the presently armed Igla-S. The Verba portable air defense missile system, which was developed within the Instrument Design Bureau (belongs to Vysokotochnye sistemy holding), was integrated into one of the airborne troops divisions and in a motorized infantry brigade in the Eastern Military District. The newest man-portable air-defence systems (MANPADS) should replace the currently armed Igla-S systems.

互动2014年军事演习的集体安全条约组织集体快速反应部队，在斯帕斯克培训中心在哈期间军人。来源：谢尔盖Kuznecov/俄新社的维巴便携式防空导弹系统，该系统能够从任何干扰辨别目标，已经加入了俄罗斯军队，以取代目前的武装伊格拉-S。该维巴便携式防空导弹系统，这是该仪器设计局内制定（属于Vysokotochnye SISTEMY控股），被纳入空降兵师之一，在东部军区某摩步旅。最新的便携式防空导弹（MANPADS）应取代目前武装伊格拉-S系统。


Verba can take out drones and cruise missiles

“The Verba will be delivered not only to the motorized rifle and tank brigades, but also to the Airborne Forces, as well as the Marines,” a Russian Defence Ministry spokesman familiar with the situation told RIR. “We plan to replace the presently armed Igla air defence system with the new MANPADS. However, the exact timing of a complete replacement, I cannot say at this point.”

The same source told the publication that it is possible that in the near future the new MANPADS will replace the anti-aircraft defence arsenal, and there will also be models with either wheels or a tracked chassis.

The main difference between the Verba and Russian MANPADS of the last generation is the heat-seeking multispectral optical heating-seeking head (GOS), through which the missile can distinguish the captured target from passive heat traps. These are now required elements in the defence systems of not only fighters, bombers, attack helicopters and attack aircraft, but also transport aircraft and helicopters.

“Now, MANPADS with multispectral GOS are being actively bought by the Armed Forces of the United States and France,” independent military expert, Anton Lavrov, one of the authors of the book “Tanki augusta (Tanks of August)” told RIR. “That being said, these missiles are not currently being exported.”

The Verba rocket can see its target in three spectra, so it is able to distinguish the target even in the case when so-called laser projectors attempt to blind the GOS MANPADS with their rays. The modern heat seeker can detect and engage targets with low thermal radiation, such as drones and cruise missiles. Not even helicopters with specially mounted devices that reduce the temperature of the engine exhaust are safe from the Verba.

维巴可以拿出无人机和巡航导弹

“该维巴将交付不仅给摩托化步兵和坦克旅，也让空降部队，以及海军陆战队员，”俄罗斯国防部发言人熟悉情况告诉RIR。 “我们计划用新MANPADS取代目前武装伊格拉防空系统。然而，一个完整的更换的确切时间，我不能说在这一点上。“

同一消息来源说，有可能在不久的将来，新的便携式导弹将取代防空武器库，而且也将有车型无论是车轮或履带式底盘出版。

所述维巴和俄语便携式导弹上一代之间的主要区别是热寻多光谱光学加热寻头（GOS），通过该导弹可以从被动热阱区分捕获的靶。现在，这些都需要不仅战斗机，轰炸机，攻击直升机和攻击机的防御系统的元素，同时也运输机和直升机。

“现在，MANPADS多光谱GOS正在积极购入美国和法国武装部队”独立军事专家，安东·拉夫罗夫，这本书“Tanki奥古斯塔（8月坦克）”的作者之一告诉RIR。 “话虽这么说，这些导弹没有被出口。”

该维巴火箭可以看到它的目标在三个光谱，所以它能够分辨目标，即使在情况下，当所谓的激光投影仪试图蒙蔽GOS MANPADS与他们的光芒。现代化的热导引头可以检测并打击目标低热辐射，如无人机和巡航导弹。甚至不与直升机专门安装的设备，以减少在发动机的排气的温度是从维巴安全。

Frontal attack

Most foreign MANPADS operate comfortably only in the course of pursuit, when the aircraft already flew past the position of the MANPADS operator, and the missile was fired after it, focusing on the thermal emissions coming from the aircraft’s engines. However, the Russian Verba with its 9m336 rocket can take the enemy head-on, with a frontal attack. In such a scenario, the multispectral optical heat-seeker does not recognize the heat emitted by the engine of the aircraft, but the heat that builds up on the wings and fuselage from air resistance.

“In addition to its new heat-seeking head, the Russian Verba distinguishes itself from the Igla with its superior performance characteristics, in particular in the range and altitude at which it can hit its target,” the representative of the Russian Defence Ministry told RIR.

While the majority of the actual characteristics of modern MANPADS remain tightly guarded, it has been voiced in media reports that the latest Verba rocket is able to hit a target at a distance of 6.5 km and at an altitude of 4.5 km. Its predecessor, the Igla, could reach its target at almost the same distance, but only at a height of 3.5 km. For the sake of comparison, the radius of the effective action of the American Stinger MANPADS is only 4.8 km in distance and 3.8 km in altitude.

正面攻击

大多数外国MANPADS只有在追求的过程中舒适地操作，当飞机已经飞了过去的MANPADS运营商的地位，并在导弹之后发射，重点对热排放量从飞机的发动机来。然而，俄罗斯维巴其9m336火箭可以把敌人的脑袋上，用正面攻击。在这样的情况下，该多光谱光热导引头不能识别由飞机的发动机发出的热量，但积聚在机翼和机身从空气阻力的热量。

“除了新的热寻的头，俄罗斯维巴中脱颖而出的伊格拉以其优越的性能特点，特别是在范围和高度，在它可以击中目标，”俄罗斯国防部的代表告诉RIR 。

虽然大多数现代MANPADS的实际特点仍然戒备森严，已表示媒体报道称，最新的维巴火箭能击中目标，在6.5公里的距离，并在4.5公里的高度。其前身伊格拉，可以在几乎相同的距离达到预期目标，但只在3.5公里的高度。为了便于比较，美国毒刺便携式防空系统的有效作用半径在距离只有4.8公里，海拔高度有3.8公里。

The new MANPADS, using the integrated automated control system (ACS) terminal, can be used both individually and as part of the battery. Through the ACS the commander uses data not only from ground radar, but also, according to some data, even from early radar warning aircraft. It can see its targets in advance, and then distribute them among operators of MANPADS in automatic mode.

“Currently systems with similar performance characteristics, equipped with multispectral optical heat-seeking heads are operational only in the United States and France. Foreign systems are also used in combination with an automated troop command system. However, Russia's Verba is still superior to its foreign counterparts in its tactical and technical characteristics,” independent military expert Anton Lavrov told RIR.

新便携式导弹，使用集成的自动化控制系统（ACS）的终端，可以单独和作为电池的一部分使用。通过在ACS指挥官使用数据不仅是从地面雷达，而且，根据一些数据，即使是从早期预警雷达飞机。它可以提前看到它的目标，然后分发它们在自动模式下MANPADS的运营商之一。

“目前系统相似的性能特点，配备了多光谱光热寻的头是可操作的只有美国和法国。外部系统也可用于结合一个自动化部队指挥系统。然而，俄罗斯的维巴仍优于其在战术和技术特点国外同行，“独立军事专家安东·拉夫罗夫告诉RIR。

http://in.rbth.com/economics/2014/09/03/new_verba_missile_to_replace_the_legendary_igla-s_38019.html




"银柳" 便携式防空导弹


图片来源：Vitaly Kuzmin


新型便携式防空导弹取代了著名的"针式（Igla）"导弹。后者不仅装备过俄军部队，还大量出口到其他国家。新导弹装有智能制导头，可以"无视"敌机释放的目标诱饵。"银柳（Verba）"导弹可以追踪无人机和巡航导弹。这些目标的热辐射很小，很难被探测到，但对新型便携式防空导弹来说，这算不上什么难事，因为它的制导头有三个工作光谱区（"银柳"的前身"针式"只有两个）。"银柳"导弹今年夏末起开始装备部队。军事专家认为，它是美国毒刺导弹强有力的竞争对手。