原创翻译：孟买嘘嘘乐（饭前饭后慎入）

爬山虎链接http://www.ptfcn.com/?p=2076

In Mumbai, a Campaign Against Restroom Injustice
孟买厕所＂整风运动＂

MUMBAI, India — Men and women here in India’s largest city, a congested, humanity-soaked metropolis of roughly 20 million residents, would seem bound by at least one common misery: far too many people sharing far too few toilets.

印度孟买——两千万拥挤在印度最大都会的芸芸众生，似乎面临着至少一个共同难题：人太多，奈何厕所太少。

But there is a difference — unlike men, women often have to pay to urinate. So for months, social advocates like Minu Gandhi have canvassed the city, arguing that this disparity amounts to blatant discrimination and asking women to start demanding a right most of them had never contemplated: the Right to Pee.

但是男女有别，女人们经常得交费小便。为此，诸如Minu Gandhi等社会公知在孟买奔走数月，指责这一区别实乃赤裸裸的歧视，号召广大妇女起来争取她们以前从未意识到的权利——尿尿权。

“We all feel this is a basic civic right,” Ms. Gandhi said, “a human right.”

Minu Gandhi 女士称：＂吾等认为此乃基本公民权利，人权是也。＂

India has long had a sanitation problem. Recent census data found that more than half of Indian households lacked a toilet, a rate that has actually worsened in the past decade despite India’s growing wealth, as slums and other substandard housing have proliferated in growing cities. Yet what is unique about the so-called Right to Pee campaign — whose catchy title was coined by the Mumbai media and which now appears to be on the verge of achieving some of its goals — is the argument that the bathroom in India is governed by a double standard.

印度的卫生问题由来已久。据最近普查数据显示，超过半数的印度家庭没有厕所，尽管印度财富聚增，这一比例在过去十年实则恶化——在不断成长的城市中，贫民窟及其它低标准住房四处蔓延。但是尿尿权运动的独特之处在于，它声称印度的厕所存在双重标准。朗朗上口的＂尿尿权＂最初由孟买媒体喊响，目前似乎正要实现其部分目标。

Like men, women in villages often must urinate outdoors, in fields. But unlike them, they sometimes endure taunting and even sexual assault. Many rural women relieve themselves in small groups, before dawn, to protect against harassment.

如男子一样，农村女人经常被迫在户外田间小解。但是与男人不同，她们不时会遭到嘲弄甚至性侵。许多农村女子结伙在天亮前如厕，以免遭受骚扰。

In Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, millions of people depend on public toilets, which are usually in dark and filthy buildings that operate as male-controlled outposts. The municipal government provides 5,993 public toilets for men, compared with only 3,536 for women. Men have an additional 2,466 urinals. (A 2009 study found an even greater imbalance in New Delhi, the national capital, with 1,534 public toilets for men and 132 for women.)

而在孟买，数百万人口依赖于公厕，这些设施大多位于阴暗污秽且由男人把守的建筑里。孟买市政府提供有5993间男蹲位，相比之下仅有3536间女蹲位。此外男子还享有2466个小便池。（一项2009年的研究显示，国都新德里的比例更为失衡，1534间男厕，132间女厕。）

Almost always, a male attendant oversees these toilets, collecting fees. Petty corruption is rampant in India, and public toilets are no exception: Men must pay to use a toilet but can use urinals free (based on the premise that urinals, usually just a wall and a drainage trench, do not need water). But women are regularly charged to urinate, despite regulations saying they should not be.

这些公厕几乎均由男性管理、收费。在印度，小额贿赂成风，公厕亦无可幸免：男子大解需交费，小解免费（小便池就一堵墙、一条沟、不费水）；但女子小解通常得交钱，尽管规章里规定是免费。

“Even if you say you are only urinating, they say, ‘How do we know?’ ” said Yagna Parmar, another social activist involved in the campaign. “So they ask for money.”

投身于尿尿权运动的另一名社会人士Yagna Parmar说：＂即使你讲只是小便，管厕所的讲＇我们怎么知道？＇照样收钱。＂

At the northern rim of the city, inside a slum known as Shivaji Nagar, at least 350,000 people — perhaps twice that many by some estimates — live pressed together beside one of the city’s largest dumps. The exact number of public toilets is unclear but, by one estimate, the ratio is no better than 1 toilet for every 300 people. Women must adapt their daily routines: Many visit the bathroom early in the morning to avoid lines and leering. They avoid drinking much water. And they carry change.

城市北郊有一个名为Shivaji Nagar的贫民窟，至少35万（有人估计70万）男女蚁居于此，跟前就是孟买最大的垃圾填埋场之一。公厕的确切数目不详，但据统计，至少三百人才分得一个蹲位。妇女们必须改变日常作息：许多人早起如厕以避免排队或他人侧目，她们尽量少喝水，随身带零钱。

On a recent broiling morning, Mohammad Nasibul Ansari sat at the counter in front of a decrepit public toilet, gripping 10 rupee notes in his hand. A salaried attendant, Mr. Ansari said he did not charge anyone in the neighborhood — only outsiders — yet even as he spoke, a local woman walked up, wordlessly placed a 2 rupee coin on the counter and stepped into the women’s side of the small building.

最近一个酷热的早晨，Mohammad Nasibul Ansari 坐在一个破旧公厕的柜台前，手执碎币，这位年薪制管理员表示他不收街坊的钱，只对外人收费。可话音末落，一名当地女子走来，将一枚两卢比的硬币放在柜台上，一言不发，步入女厕。

“We’re just poor people,” Mr. Ansari said. “We have to take care of our families.”

Ansari 说：＂我们只是穷人，要养家糊口。＂

Mr. Ansari said the city government provided no money for maintenance and that he collected about 1,200 rupees, or $22, every day in toilet usage fees, from which he paid for electricity, water and cleaning. Yet inside, there was little evidence of cleaning or water. Cobwebs dangled from the ceiling; dirt and dried spit smeared the walls and floor. The ceramic squat toilets were stained and squalid. The stench was overwhelming.

Ansari 表示市政府并不拨款维护公厕，他每日收得大约1200卢比如厕费，约合22美元，从这里他要支付水电清扫等一应费用。但在公厕里几乎没有＂清扫＂或＂水＂的证据，天花板挂着蜘蛛网，墙头地面满是泥泞和痰迹。瓷制蹲便器污秽不堪，恶臭熏天。

“Do you really think what they are saying is true?” Usha Deshmukh, one of the Right to Pee advocates, derisively asked later. “They are cheating. They are eating all the money.”

尿尿权运动人士Usha Deshmukh嘲讽道：＂你当真信他？他们都在撒谎，钱都被他们私吞了。＂

Separately, a miniscandal erupted in New Delhi last week when it was disclosed that the country’s Planning Commission had spent roughly $54,000 to refurbish its toilets. Reflecting the sensitivity in India over the issue, at least one critic argued that the money could have been better spent on public toilets.

另外，新德里在上周爆发了一场小丑闻：印度国家计划委员会被曝光斥资五万四千美元装修厕所。至少一名批评者认为这笔钱本可以更好地花在公厕上，反映了印度国内对这一问题的敏感程度。

The campaign began last year when a coalition of social advocates gathered from around the state of Maharashtra, which includes Mumbai. Organizers in each city chose different issues, including domestic violence and equal access to water. The Mumbai group considered campaigns on housing, water or sanitation — all big problems in the city — before deciding on the Right to Pee.

本次运动始于去年，当时Maharashtra邦（包括孟买）的社会团体集会讨论，各地代表提出诸如家庭暴力、平等用水权等问题。孟买代表团先是考虑了住房、用水和卫生（均是该市的大问题），最后决定提出尿尿权。

“Initially, this was considered a little frivolous,” said Mumtaz Sheikh, one of the organizers. “But we told people, ‘No, this is an important issue, and we want to work on it.’ ”

组织者Mumtaz Sheikh表示：＂刚开始人们觉得有点太琐碎了，但我们跟他们讲这是个重要的议题，我们要为此努力。＂

Ms. Sheikh and other advocates saw an opportunity to raise awareness among women. Women now constitute almost half the city’s work force, yet many of them work in jobs with no access to a toilet. In various parts of the city, including slums, activists have gone door to door, collecting more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants.

Sheikh女士及其他倡议者认为这是一个唤醒妇女的好机会。孟买近一半的劳动大军由妇女组成，但很多妇女在上班时无法如厕。活动人士在孟买的许多地方，包括贫民窟走街串巷，征集了超过五万个签名，支持他们要求市府停止向小解妇女收费、修建更多的厕所、保洁、提供消毒巾和垃圾桶，并雇佣女性管理员。

Dr. Kamaxi Bhati, a physician and a researcher, linked the toilet situation in Mumbai directly to female health problems, especially a high incidence of urinary tract and bladder infections. Dr. Bhati said drinking water was vital to stave off such infections, yet many women tried to reduce water intake to limit how often they had to urinate. Not drinking enough water is doubly dangerous, given that temperatures can reach triple digits in Mumbai.

研究员Kamaxi Bhati医生将孟买厕所卫生与女性健康联系起来，尤其是尿道与膀胱感染的高发病率。Kamaxi Bhati医生认为多喝水可以减少此类疾病，但许多妇女为减少如厕次数而尽量少喝水。孟买气温可达华氏一百度以上，缺水更是危险。

“It’s the responsibility of the government to provide toilets,” she said. “Suppose my child has diarrhea. What do I do if I can’t pay?”

Kamaxi Bhati说：＂提供厕所是政府的责任，如果我的小孩要拉肚子，我没钱怎么办？＂

Municipal officials were willing to release statistics on the number of public toilets in the city but otherwise refused to comment on the issue, despite scores of requests made to three city departments.

市政官员愿意披露孟买公厕数量等统计数据，但却不顾数十次请求，始终拒绝对此话题发表评论。

The toilet fees might be considered nominal, ranging from 2 to 5 rupees (about 4 to 9 cents). Yet in India, the poverty line is so low that the government recently defined the urban poor as those living on less than 29 rupees a day.

如厕费或许低廉，2至5卢比（合4到9美分）不等。但在印度，贫困线是如此之低，政府对城市贫民的最新定义是毎日开销不足29卢比。

“It’s expensive for me,” Shubhangi Gamre said of the cost to visit the toilet. She lives in Shivaji Nagar and earns about $27 a month working in a tiny drugstore. “It cuts into our food money. How can we afford everything?”

居住于Shivaji Nagar贫民窟的Shubhangi Gamre 认为如厕费太贵了，她在一家小药店工作，每月收入27美元。＂都挤占到我们的伙食费了。我们哪能什么都担负得起。＂

Perhaps the months of canvassing and campaigning will pay off. Last week, social advocates met with city officials who told them of new plans to build hundreds of public toilets for women across the city. Some local legislators are now vowing to build toilets for women in every one of their districts.

也许数月来的奔忙就要见效。上周，社会活动人士与市政官员会面，官方称将为孟买妇女修建几百间公厕。一些地方议员现在发誓要给每个选区的妇女修建厕所。

Nothing is official yet, and promises often do not become reality in Indian politics. But the activists feel momentum is now in their favor.

尽管尚未正式成文，且政治承诺在印度经常成为空谈，但是活动人士感到形势对他们有利。

“Of course it’s a good feeling,” said Supriya Sonar, a member of the campaign, saying that the Right to Pee group is now lobbying for women to be hired in the proposed projects. “Our actual work starts now.”

运动成员Supriya Sonar说到：＂当然感觉不错。＂并指出嘘嘘权组织正积极推动政府在新项目中雇佣妇女，＂我们的工作就此开始。＂

纽约时报原文

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/1 ... &pagewanted=all爬山虎链接http://www.ptfcn.com/?p=2076

In Mumbai, a Campaign Against Restroom Injustice
孟买厕所＂整风运动＂

MUMBAI, India — Men and women here in India’s largest city, a congested, humanity-soaked metropolis of roughly 20 million residents, would seem bound by at least one common misery: far too many people sharing far too few toilets.

印度孟买——两千万拥挤在印度最大都会的芸芸众生，似乎面临着至少一个共同难题：人太多，奈何厕所太少。

But there is a difference — unlike men, women often have to pay to urinate. So for months, social advocates like Minu Gandhi have canvassed the city, arguing that this disparity amounts to blatant discrimination and asking women to start demanding a right most of them had never contemplated: the Right to Pee.

但是男女有别，女人们经常得交费小便。为此，诸如Minu Gandhi等社会公知在孟买奔走数月，指责这一区别实乃赤裸裸的歧视，号召广大妇女起来争取她们以前从未意识到的权利——尿尿权。

“We all feel this is a basic civic right,” Ms. Gandhi said, “a human right.”

Minu Gandhi 女士称：＂吾等认为此乃基本公民权利，人权是也。＂

India has long had a sanitation problem. Recent census data found that more than half of Indian households lacked a toilet, a rate that has actually worsened in the past decade despite India’s growing wealth, as slums and other substandard housing have proliferated in growing cities. Yet what is unique about the so-called Right to Pee campaign — whose catchy title was coined by the Mumbai media and which now appears to be on the verge of achieving some of its goals — is the argument that the bathroom in India is governed by a double standard.

印度的卫生问题由来已久。据最近普查数据显示，超过半数的印度家庭没有厕所，尽管印度财富聚增，这一比例在过去十年实则恶化——在不断成长的城市中，贫民窟及其它低标准住房四处蔓延。但是尿尿权运动的独特之处在于，它声称印度的厕所存在双重标准。朗朗上口的＂尿尿权＂最初由孟买媒体喊响，目前似乎正要实现其部分目标。

Like men, women in villages often must urinate outdoors, in fields. But unlike them, they sometimes endure taunting and even sexual assault. Many rural women relieve themselves in small groups, before dawn, to protect against harassment.

如男子一样，农村女人经常被迫在户外田间小解。但是与男人不同，她们不时会遭到嘲弄甚至性侵。许多农村女子结伙在天亮前如厕，以免遭受骚扰。

In Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, millions of people depend on public toilets, which are usually in dark and filthy buildings that operate as male-controlled outposts. The municipal government provides 5,993 public toilets for men, compared with only 3,536 for women. Men have an additional 2,466 urinals. (A 2009 study found an even greater imbalance in New Delhi, the national capital, with 1,534 public toilets for men and 132 for women.)

而在孟买，数百万人口依赖于公厕，这些设施大多位于阴暗污秽且由男人把守的建筑里。孟买市政府提供有5993间男蹲位，相比之下仅有3536间女蹲位。此外男子还享有2466个小便池。（一项2009年的研究显示，国都新德里的比例更为失衡，1534间男厕，132间女厕。）

Almost always, a male attendant oversees these toilets, collecting fees. Petty corruption is rampant in India, and public toilets are no exception: Men must pay to use a toilet but can use urinals free (based on the premise that urinals, usually just a wall and a drainage trench, do not need water). But women are regularly charged to urinate, despite regulations saying they should not be.

这些公厕几乎均由男性管理、收费。在印度，小额贿赂成风，公厕亦无可幸免：男子大解需交费，小解免费（小便池就一堵墙、一条沟、不费水）；但女子小解通常得交钱，尽管规章里规定是免费。

“Even if you say you are only urinating, they say, ‘How do we know?’ ” said Yagna Parmar, another social activist involved in the campaign. “So they ask for money.”

投身于尿尿权运动的另一名社会人士Yagna Parmar说：＂即使你讲只是小便，管厕所的讲＇我们怎么知道？＇照样收钱。＂

At the northern rim of the city, inside a slum known as Shivaji Nagar, at least 350,000 people — perhaps twice that many by some estimates — live pressed together beside one of the city’s largest dumps. The exact number of public toilets is unclear but, by one estimate, the ratio is no better than 1 toilet for every 300 people. Women must adapt their daily routines: Many visit the bathroom early in the morning to avoid lines and leering. They avoid drinking much water. And they carry change.

城市北郊有一个名为Shivaji Nagar的贫民窟，至少35万（有人估计70万）男女蚁居于此，跟前就是孟买最大的垃圾填埋场之一。公厕的确切数目不详，但据统计，至少三百人才分得一个蹲位。妇女们必须改变日常作息：许多人早起如厕以避免排队或他人侧目，她们尽量少喝水，随身带零钱。

On a recent broiling morning, Mohammad Nasibul Ansari sat at the counter in front of a decrepit public toilet, gripping 10 rupee notes in his hand. A salaried attendant, Mr. Ansari said he did not charge anyone in the neighborhood — only outsiders — yet even as he spoke, a local woman walked up, wordlessly placed a 2 rupee coin on the counter and stepped into the women’s side of the small building.

最近一个酷热的早晨，Mohammad Nasibul Ansari 坐在一个破旧公厕的柜台前，手执碎币，这位年薪制管理员表示他不收街坊的钱，只对外人收费。可话音末落，一名当地女子走来，将一枚两卢比的硬币放在柜台上，一言不发，步入女厕。

“We’re just poor people,” Mr. Ansari said. “We have to take care of our families.”

Ansari 说：＂我们只是穷人，要养家糊口。＂

Mr. Ansari said the city government provided no money for maintenance and that he collected about 1,200 rupees, or $22, every day in toilet usage fees, from which he paid for electricity, water and cleaning. Yet inside, there was little evidence of cleaning or water. Cobwebs dangled from the ceiling; dirt and dried spit smeared the walls and floor. The ceramic squat toilets were stained and squalid. The stench was overwhelming.

Ansari 表示市政府并不拨款维护公厕，他每日收得大约1200卢比如厕费，约合22美元，从这里他要支付水电清扫等一应费用。但在公厕里几乎没有＂清扫＂或＂水＂的证据，天花板挂着蜘蛛网，墙头地面满是泥泞和痰迹。瓷制蹲便器污秽不堪，恶臭熏天。

“Do you really think what they are saying is true?” Usha Deshmukh, one of the Right to Pee advocates, derisively asked later. “They are cheating. They are eating all the money.”

尿尿权运动人士Usha Deshmukh嘲讽道：＂你当真信他？他们都在撒谎，钱都被他们私吞了。＂

Separately, a miniscandal erupted in New Delhi last week when it was disclosed that the country’s Planning Commission had spent roughly $54,000 to refurbish its toilets. Reflecting the sensitivity in India over the issue, at least one critic argued that the money could have been better spent on public toilets.

另外，新德里在上周爆发了一场小丑闻：印度国家计划委员会被曝光斥资五万四千美元装修厕所。至少一名批评者认为这笔钱本可以更好地花在公厕上，反映了印度国内对这一问题的敏感程度。

The campaign began last year when a coalition of social advocates gathered from around the state of Maharashtra, which includes Mumbai. Organizers in each city chose different issues, including domestic violence and equal access to water. The Mumbai group considered campaigns on housing, water or sanitation — all big problems in the city — before deciding on the Right to Pee.

本次运动始于去年，当时Maharashtra邦（包括孟买）的社会团体集会讨论，各地代表提出诸如家庭暴力、平等用水权等问题。孟买代表团先是考虑了住房、用水和卫生（均是该市的大问题），最后决定提出尿尿权。

“Initially, this was considered a little frivolous,” said Mumtaz Sheikh, one of the organizers. “But we told people, ‘No, this is an important issue, and we want to work on it.’ ”

组织者Mumtaz Sheikh表示：＂刚开始人们觉得有点太琐碎了，但我们跟他们讲这是个重要的议题，我们要为此努力。＂

Ms. Sheikh and other advocates saw an opportunity to raise awareness among women. Women now constitute almost half the city’s work force, yet many of them work in jobs with no access to a toilet. In various parts of the city, including slums, activists have gone door to door, collecting more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants.

Sheikh女士及其他倡议者认为这是一个唤醒妇女的好机会。孟买近一半的劳动大军由妇女组成，但很多妇女在上班时无法如厕。活动人士在孟买的许多地方，包括贫民窟走街串巷，征集了超过五万个签名，支持他们要求市府停止向小解妇女收费、修建更多的厕所、保洁、提供消毒巾和垃圾桶，并雇佣女性管理员。

Dr. Kamaxi Bhati, a physician and a researcher, linked the toilet situation in Mumbai directly to female health problems, especially a high incidence of urinary tract and bladder infections. Dr. Bhati said drinking water was vital to stave off such infections, yet many women tried to reduce water intake to limit how often they had to urinate. Not drinking enough water is doubly dangerous, given that temperatures can reach triple digits in Mumbai.

研究员Kamaxi Bhati医生将孟买厕所卫生与女性健康联系起来，尤其是尿道与膀胱感染的高发病率。Kamaxi Bhati医生认为多喝水可以减少此类疾病，但许多妇女为减少如厕次数而尽量少喝水。孟买气温可达华氏一百度以上，缺水更是危险。

“It’s the responsibility of the government to provide toilets,” she said. “Suppose my child has diarrhea. What do I do if I can’t pay?”

Kamaxi Bhati说：＂提供厕所是政府的责任，如果我的小孩要拉肚子，我没钱怎么办？＂

Municipal officials were willing to release statistics on the number of public toilets in the city but otherwise refused to comment on the issue, despite scores of requests made to three city departments.

市政官员愿意披露孟买公厕数量等统计数据，但却不顾数十次请求，始终拒绝对此话题发表评论。

The toilet fees might be considered nominal, ranging from 2 to 5 rupees (about 4 to 9 cents). Yet in India, the poverty line is so low that the government recently defined the urban poor as those living on less than 29 rupees a day.

如厕费或许低廉，2至5卢比（合4到9美分）不等。但在印度，贫困线是如此之低，政府对城市贫民的最新定义是毎日开销不足29卢比。

“It’s expensive for me,” Shubhangi Gamre said of the cost to visit the toilet. She lives in Shivaji Nagar and earns about $27 a month working in a tiny drugstore. “It cuts into our food money. How can we afford everything?”

居住于Shivaji Nagar贫民窟的Shubhangi Gamre 认为如厕费太贵了，她在一家小药店工作，每月收入27美元。＂都挤占到我们的伙食费了。我们哪能什么都担负得起。＂

Perhaps the months of canvassing and campaigning will pay off. Last week, social advocates met with city officials who told them of new plans to build hundreds of public toilets for women across the city. Some local legislators are now vowing to build toilets for women in every one of their districts.

也许数月来的奔忙就要见效。上周，社会活动人士与市政官员会面，官方称将为孟买妇女修建几百间公厕。一些地方议员现在发誓要给每个选区的妇女修建厕所。

Nothing is official yet, and promises often do not become reality in Indian politics. But the activists feel momentum is now in their favor.

尽管尚未正式成文，且政治承诺在印度经常成为空谈，但是活动人士感到形势对他们有利。

“Of course it’s a good feeling,” said Supriya Sonar, a member of the campaign, saying that the Right to Pee group is now lobbying for women to be hired in the proposed projects. “Our actual work starts now.”

运动成员Supriya Sonar说到：＂当然感觉不错。＂并指出嘘嘘权组织正积极推动政府在新项目中雇佣妇女，＂我们的工作就此开始。＂

纽约时报原文

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/1 ... &pagewanted=all