超级军网英文维基百科的J-20，英文好的进来看看靠谱不。
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/29 14:46:46
感情已经有名字Powerful Dragon了，估计可以翻为“劲龙”
Chengdu J-20
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
J-20 "Powerful Dragon"
Chengdu J-20
Role Stealth air superiority, multirole fighter
Strike fighter
National origin People's Republic of China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight January 11, 2011[1][2][3]
Introduced 2017–2019 (planned)[3]
Status In development/flight testing[3]
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built 2[1]
The Chengdu J-20 "Powerful Dragon"[1] is a fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.[4][5] In late 2010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests. The J-20 made its first flight on January 11, 2011.[6][1][7] General He Weirong, deputy commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2009 that he expects the J-20 to be operational in 2017–2019.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Development
o 1.1 Production and possible export
* 2 Design
* 3 See also
* 4 External links
* 5 References
[edit] Development
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1990s.[8] Two prototypes (#2001-01 & #2001-02) have been built as of the end of 2010.[9]
On December 22, 2010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.[10][11] It was reported on 30 December 2010 that top level officials were coming to the Chengdu facility to witness the first flight test.[12] The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 20 minutes, on January 11, 2011. A Chengdu J-10S served as the escort plane.[1][13][14] The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise at the speed with which" the plane was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.[15]
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and media pundits as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.[16] However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."[17] Given President Hu's ignorance of the test and the relatively limited initial coverage of the event in Chinese media, the test may not have been considered a significant event among the Chinese leadership, but some experts suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.[18] However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu. Rather, decisions regarding the production, development, and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.[19]
[edit] Production and possible export
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of new fifth generation fighter with Russia given a belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation than did China. Chinese leaders may be determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.[20] Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics, and sensors packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.[21] However he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.[21] Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production. Aviation Week raised the question of whether the plane is a prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the YF-22.[3]
[edit] Design
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[3] Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.[3][22] The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000-pound thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia.[23] Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kg/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.[5] Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan has said that one of the signs of problems in the development is that China is still seeking engines from Russia for the aircraft.[24]
The J-20 may have lower supercruise performance and agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, but might have larger weapon bays and carry more fuel.[25][26] The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts, and canted all-moving fins.[10][27] The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.[28] As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.[29][30] Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.[31] Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.[32] It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.[3][33]
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins. It also has an F-22 style nose section,[3] but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intakes with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, and a one-piece canopy. The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?). The aircraft may feature a "pure" glass cockpit (a single F-35 style color liquid crystal display (LCD) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)). Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10B to speed up the development. It was reported in November 2006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kg class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20. One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001-02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.[3][1][34]
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth design offers some advantages over the F-35 and PAK FA, and may be eventually comparable to the F-22,[35] but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that the excessive number of airfoils on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions. As of January 2011[update] the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy, this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth generation" engines had not been completed yet.[3][36] Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”[37] Furthermore, Gates said that U.S. intelligence may have underestimated Chinese progress in the development of the aircraft, although he would add that, "anybody who think the U.S. is in decline...underestimated the resilience of the United States.”[37]
Kopp and Goon have further speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.[38] If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio, limited agility and forward sector only stealth that is optimized for range and speed.[39] Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location, and therefore it would be inferior to 4.5th generation fighter aircraft in air to air combat.[40]
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.[41][42][43][44]感情已经有名字Powerful Dragon了，估计可以翻为“劲龙”
Chengdu J-20
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
J-20 "Powerful Dragon"
Chengdu J-20
Role Stealth air superiority, multirole fighter
Strike fighter
National origin People's Republic of China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight January 11, 2011[1][2][3]
Introduced 2017–2019 (planned)[3]
Status In development/flight testing[3]
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built 2[1]
The Chengdu J-20 "Powerful Dragon"[1] is a fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.[4][5] In late 2010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests. The J-20 made its first flight on January 11, 2011.[6][1][7] General He Weirong, deputy commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2009 that he expects the J-20 to be operational in 2017–2019.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Development
o 1.1 Production and possible export
* 2 Design
* 3 See also
* 4 External links
* 5 References
[edit] Development
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1990s.[8] Two prototypes (#2001-01 & #2001-02) have been built as of the end of 2010.[9]
On December 22, 2010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.[10][11] It was reported on 30 December 2010 that top level officials were coming to the Chengdu facility to witness the first flight test.[12] The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 20 minutes, on January 11, 2011. A Chengdu J-10S served as the escort plane.[1][13][14] The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise at the speed with which" the plane was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.[15]
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and media pundits as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.[16] However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."[17] Given President Hu's ignorance of the test and the relatively limited initial coverage of the event in Chinese media, the test may not have been considered a significant event among the Chinese leadership, but some experts suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.[18] However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu. Rather, decisions regarding the production, development, and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.[19]
[edit] Production and possible export
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of new fifth generation fighter with Russia given a belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation than did China. Chinese leaders may be determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.[20] Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics, and sensors packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.[21] However he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.[21] Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production. Aviation Week raised the question of whether the plane is a prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the YF-22.[3]
[edit] Design
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[3] Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.[3][22] The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000-pound thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia.[23] Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kg/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.[5] Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan has said that one of the signs of problems in the development is that China is still seeking engines from Russia for the aircraft.[24]
The J-20 may have lower supercruise performance and agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, but might have larger weapon bays and carry more fuel.[25][26] The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts, and canted all-moving fins.[10][27] The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.[28] As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.[29][30] Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.[31] Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.[32] It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.[3][33]
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins. It also has an F-22 style nose section,[3] but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intakes with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, and a one-piece canopy. The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?). The aircraft may feature a "pure" glass cockpit (a single F-35 style color liquid crystal display (LCD) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)). Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10B to speed up the development. It was reported in November 2006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kg class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20. One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001-02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.[3][1][34]
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth design offers some advantages over the F-35 and PAK FA, and may be eventually comparable to the F-22,[35] but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that the excessive number of airfoils on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions. As of January 2011[update] the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy, this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth generation" engines had not been completed yet.[3][36] Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”[37] Furthermore, Gates said that U.S. intelligence may have underestimated Chinese progress in the development of the aircraft, although he would add that, "anybody who think the U.S. is in decline...underestimated the resilience of the United States.”[37]
Kopp and Goon have further speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.[38] If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio, limited agility and forward sector only stealth that is optimized for range and speed.[39] Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location, and therefore it would be inferior to 4.5th generation fighter aircraft in air to air combat.[40]
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.[41][42][43][44]
Chengdu J-20
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
J-20 "Powerful Dragon"
Chengdu J-20
Role Stealth air superiority, multirole fighter
Strike fighter
National origin People's Republic of China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight January 11, 2011[1][2][3]
Introduced 2017–2019 (planned)[3]
Status In development/flight testing[3]
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built 2[1]
The Chengdu J-20 "Powerful Dragon"[1] is a fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.[4][5] In late 2010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests. The J-20 made its first flight on January 11, 2011.[6][1][7] General He Weirong, deputy commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2009 that he expects the J-20 to be operational in 2017–2019.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Development
o 1.1 Production and possible export
* 2 Design
* 3 See also
* 4 External links
* 5 References
[edit] Development
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1990s.[8] Two prototypes (#2001-01 & #2001-02) have been built as of the end of 2010.[9]
On December 22, 2010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.[10][11] It was reported on 30 December 2010 that top level officials were coming to the Chengdu facility to witness the first flight test.[12] The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 20 minutes, on January 11, 2011. A Chengdu J-10S served as the escort plane.[1][13][14] The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise at the speed with which" the plane was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.[15]
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and media pundits as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.[16] However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."[17] Given President Hu's ignorance of the test and the relatively limited initial coverage of the event in Chinese media, the test may not have been considered a significant event among the Chinese leadership, but some experts suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.[18] However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu. Rather, decisions regarding the production, development, and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.[19]
[edit] Production and possible export
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of new fifth generation fighter with Russia given a belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation than did China. Chinese leaders may be determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.[20] Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics, and sensors packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.[21] However he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.[21] Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production. Aviation Week raised the question of whether the plane is a prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the YF-22.[3]
[edit] Design
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[3] Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.[3][22] The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000-pound thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia.[23] Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kg/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.[5] Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan has said that one of the signs of problems in the development is that China is still seeking engines from Russia for the aircraft.[24]
The J-20 may have lower supercruise performance and agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, but might have larger weapon bays and carry more fuel.[25][26] The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts, and canted all-moving fins.[10][27] The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.[28] As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.[29][30] Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.[31] Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.[32] It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.[3][33]
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins. It also has an F-22 style nose section,[3] but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intakes with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, and a one-piece canopy. The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?). The aircraft may feature a "pure" glass cockpit (a single F-35 style color liquid crystal display (LCD) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)). Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10B to speed up the development. It was reported in November 2006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kg class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20. One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001-02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.[3][1][34]
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth design offers some advantages over the F-35 and PAK FA, and may be eventually comparable to the F-22,[35] but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that the excessive number of airfoils on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions. As of January 2011[update] the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy, this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth generation" engines had not been completed yet.[3][36] Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”[37] Furthermore, Gates said that U.S. intelligence may have underestimated Chinese progress in the development of the aircraft, although he would add that, "anybody who think the U.S. is in decline...underestimated the resilience of the United States.”[37]
Kopp and Goon have further speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.[38] If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio, limited agility and forward sector only stealth that is optimized for range and speed.[39] Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location, and therefore it would be inferior to 4.5th generation fighter aircraft in air to air combat.[40]
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.[41][42][43][44]感情已经有名字Powerful Dragon了，估计可以翻为“劲龙”
Chengdu J-20
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
J-20 "Powerful Dragon"
Chengdu J-20
Role Stealth air superiority, multirole fighter
Strike fighter
National origin People's Republic of China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight January 11, 2011[1][2][3]
Introduced 2017–2019 (planned)[3]
Status In development/flight testing[3]
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built 2[1]
The Chengdu J-20 "Powerful Dragon"[1] is a fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.[4][5] In late 2010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests. The J-20 made its first flight on January 11, 2011.[6][1][7] General He Weirong, deputy commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2009 that he expects the J-20 to be operational in 2017–2019.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Development
o 1.1 Production and possible export
* 2 Design
* 3 See also
* 4 External links
* 5 References
[edit] Development
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1990s.[8] Two prototypes (#2001-01 & #2001-02) have been built as of the end of 2010.[9]
On December 22, 2010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.[10][11] It was reported on 30 December 2010 that top level officials were coming to the Chengdu facility to witness the first flight test.[12] The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 20 minutes, on January 11, 2011. A Chengdu J-10S served as the escort plane.[1][13][14] The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise at the speed with which" the plane was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.[15]
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and media pundits as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.[16] However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."[17] Given President Hu's ignorance of the test and the relatively limited initial coverage of the event in Chinese media, the test may not have been considered a significant event among the Chinese leadership, but some experts suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.[18] However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu. Rather, decisions regarding the production, development, and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.[19]
[edit] Production and possible export
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of new fifth generation fighter with Russia given a belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation than did China. Chinese leaders may be determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.[20] Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics, and sensors packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.[21] However he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.[21] Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production. Aviation Week raised the question of whether the plane is a prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the YF-22.[3]
[edit] Design
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[3] Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.[3][22] The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000-pound thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia.[23] Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kg/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.[5] Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan has said that one of the signs of problems in the development is that China is still seeking engines from Russia for the aircraft.[24]
The J-20 may have lower supercruise performance and agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, but might have larger weapon bays and carry more fuel.[25][26] The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts, and canted all-moving fins.[10][27] The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.[28] As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.[29][30] Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.[31] Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.[32] It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.[3][33]
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins. It also has an F-22 style nose section,[3] but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intakes with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, and a one-piece canopy. The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?). The aircraft may feature a "pure" glass cockpit (a single F-35 style color liquid crystal display (LCD) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)). Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10B to speed up the development. It was reported in November 2006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kg class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20. One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001-02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.[3][1][34]
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth design offers some advantages over the F-35 and PAK FA, and may be eventually comparable to the F-22,[35] but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that the excessive number of airfoils on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions. As of January 2011[update] the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy, this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth generation" engines had not been completed yet.[3][36] Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”[37] Furthermore, Gates said that U.S. intelligence may have underestimated Chinese progress in the development of the aircraft, although he would add that, "anybody who think the U.S. is in decline...underestimated the resilience of the United States.”[37]
Kopp and Goon have further speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.[38] If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio, limited agility and forward sector only stealth that is optimized for range and speed.[39] Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location, and therefore it would be inferior to 4.5th generation fighter aircraft in air to air combat.[40]
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.[41][42][43][44]
给力龙，更贴切
powerful……
威龍吧...
给力龙
:D
:D
前几天还传说NATO叫Fire Fang呢
这个汉语可能是咱的官方绰号？
前几天还传说NATO叫Fire Fang呢
这个汉语可能是咱的官方绰号？
暴力龙
whiteface 发表于 2011-1-14 10:11 
二楼
二楼
能不能起个有点内涵的名字，不要黄色、不要暴力、不要琼瑶阿姨
NATO的绰号应该还没有正式出来，按理应该是F起头的。
brucewoo 发表于 2011-1-14 10:20
whiteface 发表于 2011-1-14 10:11
二楼兄弟不得不说很有才
二楼兄弟不得不说很有才水平有限，翻译的很辛苦
Chengdu J-20
Role Stealth air superiority, multirole fighter
Strike fighter
National origin People's Republic of China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight January 11, 2011[1][2][3]
Introduced 2017–2019 (planned)[3]
Status In development/flight testing[3]
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built 2[1]
成都 J－20
定位：隐形空优、多用途战斗机、攻击机
国家：中华人民共和国
制造商：成都飞机工业集团
首飞： 2011年1月11日
状态： 研发测试中
主要用户：中国人民解放军
制造数量：2
The Chengdu J-20 "Powerful Dragon"[1] is a fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.[4][5] In late 2010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests. The J-20 made its first flight on January 11, 2011.[6][1][7] General He Weirong, deputy commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2009 that he expects the J-20 to be operational in 2017–2019.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Development
o 1.1 Production and possible export
* 2 Design
* 3 See also
* 4 External links
* 5 References
成都 J－20 “劲龙”（ Powerful Dragon）是第5代隐形、双发战斗机。该原形机是由成都飞机工业集团为中国空军研发的。在2010年末，J－20进行了高速滑行测试。J－20在2011年1月11日首飞。中国空军指挥官何为荣（He Weirong）将军在2009年说，他预计J－20在2017－2019年装备部队。
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1990s.[8] Two prototypes (#2001-01 & #2001-02) have been built as of the end of 2010.[9]
On December 22, 2010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.[10][11] It was reported on 30 December 2010 that top level officials were coming to the Chengdu facility to witness the first flight test.[12] The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 20 minutes, on January 11, 2011. A Chengdu J-10S served as the escort plane.[1][13][14] The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise at the speed with which" the plane was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.[15]
J－20隐形战斗机计划是上世纪90年代末开始的，它是J－XX的系列战机。在2010年末，制造出了两架原形机(#2001-01 & #2001-02)，2010年12月22日，在成都飞机设计院外，J－20进行了高速滑行，。在2010年12月30日，有高级官员去成都观看首次飞行测试。2011年1月11日，在一架J10S的护卫下，J－20进行了它的首次飞行。据[防卫杂志]（The Guardian）的报道专家们对该飞机的研发速度感到吃惊，但另一方面又说，中国的军事实力仍然落后于美国，中国的军事目标仅限于周边地区。
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and media pundits as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.[16] However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."[17] Given President Hu's ignorance of the test and the relatively limited initial coverage of the event in Chinese media, the test may not have been considered a significant event among the Chinese leadership, but some experts suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.[18] However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu. Rather, decisions regarding the production, development, and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.[19]
J－20首飞恰好在美国国防部长罗伯特.盖茨访华期间，这最初被五角大楼和媒体专家解读为对美方访问发出的一个信号。在与中国高层特别是国家主席胡*锦*涛会晤后，盖茨表示说：“中国领导人对此次试飞表示惊讶，（译者：晕），并对我保证并不针对我的访问”。根据胡主席对试飞的一无所知和中国媒体的有限报道，可以说对中国领导层来说，首飞并不是一个重要
事情。但是一些专家提醒说胡主席对首飞的不知情说明对中国军队的控制有问题（译者：砖家很有才！）。但是中美关系专家迈克尔.斯温（Michael Swaine），中国领导对此首飞不知情不能解读为对盖茨的冒犯和给胡主席的难堪，而是说明飞机的研发和测试被工程师和低级官员所掌控，而不是军方和政界高层。
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of new fifth generation fighter with Russia given a belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation than did China. Chinese leaders may be determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.[20] Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics, and sensors packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.[21] However he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.[21] Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production. Aviation Week raised the question of whether the plane is a prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the YF-22.[3]
[edit] Design
全球安全网（Globalsecurity.org）网表示说中国拒绝了与俄罗斯联合开发第5代战斗机，因为他们在合作中认为俄罗斯会比中国获益多。（译者：不知对不对）。中国领导认为他们的设计比俄罗斯的PAK FA好。俄罗斯军事评论员Ilya Kramnik推测中国和美、俄在战斗机技术上的差距有10－15年，中国不能制造所有飞机需要的先进复合材料、航电、传感器，他们转尔求助于外国供应商。他还推测中国的J－20比美俄的第5代战机便宜50%－80%（译者：拿不准，也许是只有50%－80%），潜在的客户包括巴基斯坦、中东、拉美、东南亚和富裕的非洲国家。比尔.斯维曼（Bill Sweetman）推测中国会在飞机的一些部件上遇到问题，比如说发动机，他伞有好几个发动机项目。航空周刊则提出问题：J－20是象T－50一样的原形机，还是象YF－22一样的验证机。
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[3] Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.[3][22] The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000-pound thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia.[23] Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kg/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.[5] Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan has said that one of the signs of problems in the development is that China is still seeking engines from Russia for the aircraft.[24]
J－20是一个单座、双发战机，看起业比苏霍伊T－50和洛克希德.马丁的F－22要大、要重。比尔.斯维曼（Bill Sweetman）估计J－20有75英尺长（23米），翼展45英尺（14米），不带外挂起飞重量75000－80000磅（34－36吨），原形机装备两台共32000磅推力的土星117S发动机，由俄罗斯提供。有中国的来源说，未来装备两台13200公斤推力的WS－10系列TVC（矢量喷口）发动机，由中国制造。五角大楼发言人大卫.r拉曼（Col. David Lapan），说此研发的一个重大问题是中国仍在向俄罗斯寻求适合J－20的发动机（译者：永远的发动机BKC）。
The J-20 may have lower supercruise performance and agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, but might have larger weapon bays and carry more fuel.[25][26] The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts, and canted all-moving fins.[10][27] The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.[28] As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.[29][30] Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.[31] Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.[32] It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.[3][33]
J－20也许在超音速巡航和机动性方面比F－22差，但它可能有更大的武器仓和能载更多的燃油。J－20拥有长而宽的机身（译者：宽么？）低的喷气进气口（译者：水平不行了），前鸭翼后三角翼。水泡式座仓盖、常规的圆形发动机排出的废气口。前部的楔形机头与F－22相似，身体和尾部和T－50相似。根据原形机的早期图片中，比尔.斯特曼认为原始设计为远程对地攻击机，和隐身版的F111没什么不同。道格拉斯.巴里则认为鸭式三角翼和倾斜垂尾的配置似乎类似于米格1.42。巴里又说，关键的不同是为了隐身改变了前鸭翼形状和发动机进气口，这说明也许是网络间谍帮了J－20的研发团队，洛克希德.马丁公司的分包商在开发F－35中，对J－20起了重要作用。
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins. It also has an F-22 style nose section,[3] but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intakes with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, and a one-piece canopy. The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?). The aircraft may feature a "pure" glass cockpit (a single F-35 style color liquid crystal display (LCD) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)). Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10B to speed up the development. It was reported in November 2006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kg class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20. One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001-02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.[3][1][34]
J－20有一对全动向后倾斜尾翼，这和F－35相似，而和F－22和T－50的梯形尾翼不同。它还有一个F－22的前鼻椎，但却和F－35一样向下倾斜。向前倾斜的进气口装备DSI进气道，和整体式座仓盖。J－20装备全数字飞行控制、火力控制、和发动机控制系统。它的火控雷达可能会采用相控阵雷达（AESA）（1475/KLJ5）.这架飞机可能有“纯”玻璃座舱，（一个F35式的LCD显示器和前视广角显示器）。很多这样的子系统已经在J10B测试，以加快开发速度。据报道，在2006年11月，推比＝10，17000公斤为J20准备的发动机（WS－15/大推）开始研发。一号原形机（2001－1）装备AL－31F，另一个（2001－02）装备改进的WS－10G，具有隐身喷口，能减少RCS和IR特征（红外线）。
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth design offers some advantages over the F-35 and PAK FA, and may be eventually comparable to the F-22,[35] but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that the excessive number of airfoils on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions. As of January 2011[update] the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy, this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth generation" engines had not been completed yet.[3][36] Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”[37] Furthermore, Gates said that U.S. intelligence may have underestimated Chinese progress in the development of the aircraft, although he would add that, "anybody who think the U.S. is in decline...underestimated the resilience of the United States.”[37]
卡洛.科普认为J－20的总体隐身设计要比T－50和F－35好，甚至能和F－22相比。但他和另外一些人的观点相同（国际防务月刊的施好伟、航空周刊的比尔.斯特曼），J－20过多的翼面会使它的多方位隐身受到挑战。2011年1月试飞的J20的尾喷口明显没有隐身设计，这很明显是是因为第5代的发动机还没完成。罗伯特.盖茨质疑J20的隐身性能到底如何，尽管他说过J－20的研发对我们的军事能力是一个威胁，我们必须注意他、并对我们的计划作一些调整。盖茨还说美国智库低估了中国飞机的研发进度，尽管他还说那些说美国走下坡路的人低估了美国恢复能力。，
Kopp and Goon have further speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.[38] If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio, limited agility and forward sector only stealth that is optimized for range and speed.[39] Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location, and therefore it would be inferior to 4.5th generation fighter aircraft in air to air combat.[40]
科普（Kopp）古恩（Goon）进一步推测，J20是设计作为一种截击机来攻击空中于今预警机和空中加油机。如果这是真的，它就更象是米格25的隐身版。斯特曼也同意这种观点：这种大形的飞机，推重比低、有限的机动性只有前向隐身而主要在速度和航程上优化，这应该是它的角色。刘易斯的个人网页（Lewis Page）上说，中国不可能快速拥有低可探测性转达，所以J20会是以攻击地面目标，就象美国上一代的F117一样。如果J20装备雷达，一开机会马上暴露它的位置，这样它就会比4.5代战斗机的格斗性能还差。
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.[41][42][43][44]
鸭式三角翼在亚音速和超音速飞行都极为有效（也可能在超音速巡航中也很有效），但并不知道中国是否有与欧洲台风战机相同的软件用来控制机翼，不管它是否是隐身的机翼。
Chengdu J-20
Role Stealth air superiority, multirole fighter
Strike fighter
National origin People's Republic of China
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight January 11, 2011[1][2][3]
Introduced 2017–2019 (planned)[3]
Status In development/flight testing[3]
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built 2[1]
成都 J－20
定位：隐形空优、多用途战斗机、攻击机
国家：中华人民共和国
制造商：成都飞机工业集团
首飞： 2011年1月11日
状态： 研发测试中
主要用户：中国人民解放军
制造数量：2
The Chengdu J-20 "Powerful Dragon"[1] is a fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.[4][5] In late 2010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests. The J-20 made its first flight on January 11, 2011.[6][1][7] General He Weirong, deputy commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2009 that he expects the J-20 to be operational in 2017–2019.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Development
o 1.1 Production and possible export
* 2 Design
* 3 See also
* 4 External links
* 5 References
成都 J－20 “劲龙”（ Powerful Dragon）是第5代隐形、双发战斗机。该原形机是由成都飞机工业集团为中国空军研发的。在2010年末，J－20进行了高速滑行测试。J－20在2011年1月11日首飞。中国空军指挥官何为荣（He Weirong）将军在2009年说，他预计J－20在2017－2019年装备部队。
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1990s.[8] Two prototypes (#2001-01 & #2001-02) have been built as of the end of 2010.[9]
On December 22, 2010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.[10][11] It was reported on 30 December 2010 that top level officials were coming to the Chengdu facility to witness the first flight test.[12] The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 20 minutes, on January 11, 2011. A Chengdu J-10S served as the escort plane.[1][13][14] The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise at the speed with which" the plane was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.[15]
J－20隐形战斗机计划是上世纪90年代末开始的，它是J－XX的系列战机。在2010年末，制造出了两架原形机(#2001-01 & #2001-02)，2010年12月22日，在成都飞机设计院外，J－20进行了高速滑行，。在2010年12月30日，有高级官员去成都观看首次飞行测试。2011年1月11日，在一架J10S的护卫下，J－20进行了它的首次飞行。据[防卫杂志]（The Guardian）的报道专家们对该飞机的研发速度感到吃惊，但另一方面又说，中国的军事实力仍然落后于美国，中国的军事目标仅限于周边地区。
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and media pundits as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.[16] However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."[17] Given President Hu's ignorance of the test and the relatively limited initial coverage of the event in Chinese media, the test may not have been considered a significant event among the Chinese leadership, but some experts suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.[18] However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu. Rather, decisions regarding the production, development, and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.[19]
J－20首飞恰好在美国国防部长罗伯特.盖茨访华期间，这最初被五角大楼和媒体专家解读为对美方访问发出的一个信号。在与中国高层特别是国家主席胡*锦*涛会晤后，盖茨表示说：“中国领导人对此次试飞表示惊讶，（译者：晕），并对我保证并不针对我的访问”。根据胡主席对试飞的一无所知和中国媒体的有限报道，可以说对中国领导层来说，首飞并不是一个重要
事情。但是一些专家提醒说胡主席对首飞的不知情说明对中国军队的控制有问题（译者：砖家很有才！）。但是中美关系专家迈克尔.斯温（Michael Swaine），中国领导对此首飞不知情不能解读为对盖茨的冒犯和给胡主席的难堪，而是说明飞机的研发和测试被工程师和低级官员所掌控，而不是军方和政界高层。
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of new fifth generation fighter with Russia given a belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation than did China. Chinese leaders may be determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.[20] Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics, and sensors packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.[21] However he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.[21] Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production. Aviation Week raised the question of whether the plane is a prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the YF-22.[3]
[edit] Design
全球安全网（Globalsecurity.org）网表示说中国拒绝了与俄罗斯联合开发第5代战斗机，因为他们在合作中认为俄罗斯会比中国获益多。（译者：不知对不对）。中国领导认为他们的设计比俄罗斯的PAK FA好。俄罗斯军事评论员Ilya Kramnik推测中国和美、俄在战斗机技术上的差距有10－15年，中国不能制造所有飞机需要的先进复合材料、航电、传感器，他们转尔求助于外国供应商。他还推测中国的J－20比美俄的第5代战机便宜50%－80%（译者：拿不准，也许是只有50%－80%），潜在的客户包括巴基斯坦、中东、拉美、东南亚和富裕的非洲国家。比尔.斯维曼（Bill Sweetman）推测中国会在飞机的一些部件上遇到问题，比如说发动机，他伞有好几个发动机项目。航空周刊则提出问题：J－20是象T－50一样的原形机，还是象YF－22一样的验证机。
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[3] Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.[3][22] The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000-pound thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia.[23] Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kg/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.[5] Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan has said that one of the signs of problems in the development is that China is still seeking engines from Russia for the aircraft.[24]
J－20是一个单座、双发战机，看起业比苏霍伊T－50和洛克希德.马丁的F－22要大、要重。比尔.斯维曼（Bill Sweetman）估计J－20有75英尺长（23米），翼展45英尺（14米），不带外挂起飞重量75000－80000磅（34－36吨），原形机装备两台共32000磅推力的土星117S发动机，由俄罗斯提供。有中国的来源说，未来装备两台13200公斤推力的WS－10系列TVC（矢量喷口）发动机，由中国制造。五角大楼发言人大卫.r拉曼（Col. David Lapan），说此研发的一个重大问题是中国仍在向俄罗斯寻求适合J－20的发动机（译者：永远的发动机BKC）。
The J-20 may have lower supercruise performance and agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, but might have larger weapon bays and carry more fuel.[25][26] The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts, and canted all-moving fins.[10][27] The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.[28] As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.[29][30] Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.[31] Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.[32] It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.[3][33]
J－20也许在超音速巡航和机动性方面比F－22差，但它可能有更大的武器仓和能载更多的燃油。J－20拥有长而宽的机身（译者：宽么？）低的喷气进气口（译者：水平不行了），前鸭翼后三角翼。水泡式座仓盖、常规的圆形发动机排出的废气口。前部的楔形机头与F－22相似，身体和尾部和T－50相似。根据原形机的早期图片中，比尔.斯特曼认为原始设计为远程对地攻击机，和隐身版的F111没什么不同。道格拉斯.巴里则认为鸭式三角翼和倾斜垂尾的配置似乎类似于米格1.42。巴里又说，关键的不同是为了隐身改变了前鸭翼形状和发动机进气口，这说明也许是网络间谍帮了J－20的研发团队，洛克希德.马丁公司的分包商在开发F－35中，对J－20起了重要作用。
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins. It also has an F-22 style nose section,[3] but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intakes with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, and a one-piece canopy. The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?). The aircraft may feature a "pure" glass cockpit (a single F-35 style color liquid crystal display (LCD) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)). Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10B to speed up the development. It was reported in November 2006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kg class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20. One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001-02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.[3][1][34]
J－20有一对全动向后倾斜尾翼，这和F－35相似，而和F－22和T－50的梯形尾翼不同。它还有一个F－22的前鼻椎，但却和F－35一样向下倾斜。向前倾斜的进气口装备DSI进气道，和整体式座仓盖。J－20装备全数字飞行控制、火力控制、和发动机控制系统。它的火控雷达可能会采用相控阵雷达（AESA）（1475/KLJ5）.这架飞机可能有“纯”玻璃座舱，（一个F35式的LCD显示器和前视广角显示器）。很多这样的子系统已经在J10B测试，以加快开发速度。据报道，在2006年11月，推比＝10，17000公斤为J20准备的发动机（WS－15/大推）开始研发。一号原形机（2001－1）装备AL－31F，另一个（2001－02）装备改进的WS－10G，具有隐身喷口，能减少RCS和IR特征（红外线）。
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth design offers some advantages over the F-35 and PAK FA, and may be eventually comparable to the F-22,[35] but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that the excessive number of airfoils on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions. As of January 2011[update] the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy, this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth generation" engines had not been completed yet.[3][36] Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”[37] Furthermore, Gates said that U.S. intelligence may have underestimated Chinese progress in the development of the aircraft, although he would add that, "anybody who think the U.S. is in decline...underestimated the resilience of the United States.”[37]
卡洛.科普认为J－20的总体隐身设计要比T－50和F－35好，甚至能和F－22相比。但他和另外一些人的观点相同（国际防务月刊的施好伟、航空周刊的比尔.斯特曼），J－20过多的翼面会使它的多方位隐身受到挑战。2011年1月试飞的J20的尾喷口明显没有隐身设计，这很明显是是因为第5代的发动机还没完成。罗伯特.盖茨质疑J20的隐身性能到底如何，尽管他说过J－20的研发对我们的军事能力是一个威胁，我们必须注意他、并对我们的计划作一些调整。盖茨还说美国智库低估了中国飞机的研发进度，尽管他还说那些说美国走下坡路的人低估了美国恢复能力。，
Kopp and Goon have further speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.[38] If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio, limited agility and forward sector only stealth that is optimized for range and speed.[39] Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location, and therefore it would be inferior to 4.5th generation fighter aircraft in air to air combat.[40]
科普（Kopp）古恩（Goon）进一步推测，J20是设计作为一种截击机来攻击空中于今预警机和空中加油机。如果这是真的，它就更象是米格25的隐身版。斯特曼也同意这种观点：这种大形的飞机，推重比低、有限的机动性只有前向隐身而主要在速度和航程上优化，这应该是它的角色。刘易斯的个人网页（Lewis Page）上说，中国不可能快速拥有低可探测性转达，所以J20会是以攻击地面目标，就象美国上一代的F117一样。如果J20装备雷达，一开机会马上暴露它的位置，这样它就会比4.5代战斗机的格斗性能还差。
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.[41][42][43][44]
鸭式三角翼在亚音速和超音速飞行都极为有效（也可能在超音速巡航中也很有效），但并不知道中国是否有与欧洲台风战机相同的软件用来控制机翼，不管它是否是隐身的机翼。