超级军网布拉格就是否向中国出售雷达产生分歧[分享]
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/28 17:48:38
简氏防务周刊报道：布拉格就是否向中国出售雷达产生分歧。
捷克政府就是否向中国出售敏感的军事雷达系统技术而产生了分歧。
捷克电子公司ERA已经得到捷克工业与贸易部的批准，并获得许可证
向中国出售一定数量的VERA-E被动监视系统(PSSs)。但是，这个却没
有得到捷克外交部的批准，因为布拉格另一方面担心这会损害
和美国的关系。
代理外交部长Jan Winkler说：“我们一开始就强烈的保留向中国出口雷达的意见，但是政府方面已经有了一个
关于这方面的最终讲话，作为一个整体，我们尊重这个”，他又补充到“出口VERA
雷达系统非常麻烦，可能会引起盟国的不满”。
而且美国也已经开始对捷克施加强烈的外交影响，它担心中国会模仿
这种技术生产出自己的产品，然后再把产品卖给伊朗或者巴基斯坦等国家。
关于出售VERA-E系统的谈判已经持续很久了，然而，最终出售与否还是要
取决与捷克政府的态度（参见JDW 17 May 2003报道）。
虽然ERA公司没有说明要出售多少套以及其价格，但是，据捷克周报《Respekt》
报道，公司要出售十套系统，总价为五千四百七十万美元。
ERA主管Miroslav Sotona说：“我们已经耗巨资生产出这种系统，尽管某些人反对，
但是我不认为一夜之间就会被取消。”
来自捷克军事设备进出口公司Omnyx官员的话说，向中国出售此系统符合ERA公司的利益，
但是在捷克总统四月十五号正式访问中国时没有得到捷克总统的确认。据观察家说，这可能是
受到了来自美国的压力。
Sotona说：“Omnyx不能把武器系统卖给恐怖分子，在合同条文上它只是提供给中国军队，
我也知道这个问题很敏感”
捷克政府也是89年欧盟对华禁运成员之一，从那时起它就禁止向中国出售有关的军事
设备和技术。
“现在首要的问题是支持捷克的工业发展，而不是注意美国的反对态度”，捷克的工业贸也部长
Milan Urban说“在尊重欧盟的对华禁运条令上，我知道欧盟允许每个成员自己决定对华禁运的
程度”。
VERA-E是一种电子信息收集系统，同事也具有3D空中防御雷达的功能。其依靠
时间间隔技术，能够探测、管理、分辨、跟踪任何空中、地面和海面目标所发出的电子
信号，包括机载设备的通信。
ERA 从1996年开始为捷克生产固定VERA-E系统。并在2002年成功的研制出了
移动的雷达系统，捷克又购买了一定数量的系统。
在1999年三月到五月北约轰炸塞尔维亚科索沃地区时，曾怀疑塞尔维亚防空部队
使用了Tamara系统（VERA-E的另一种名字）击落了美国空军的F117夜间战斗机。
另附原文如下：
Date Posted: 23-Apr-2004
JANE'S DEFENCE WEEKLY - APRIL 28, 2004
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prague divided over radar export to China
JIRI KOMINEK JDW Correspondent
Prague
The Czech government is divided over the issue of exporting sensitive military radar systems to China.
Czech electronics company ERA has received approval from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade in the form of an export licence to export a number of VERA-E passive surveillance systems (PSSs) to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Export of the radar systems to China, however, has not received the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is concerned that, by exporting the systems, Prague runs the risk of damaging its relations with the US.
"We had strong reservations about exporting the radar systems from the start. However, the government as a whole has the final word and [Foreign Minister Cyril] Svoboda respects this," said Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jan Winkler. "Exporting the VERA radar system is very problematic and may complicate relations with our allies," Winkler added.
The US is said to be applying strong diplomatic pressure on the Czech government over concerns that China will copy the technology and begin to manufacture it for its own use and that Beijing may re-export the systems to states such as Iran or Pakistan.
ERA had been negotiating with China over the export of the VERA-E system for a number of years. However, the sale was dependent on receiving export approval from the Czech government (JDW 17 May 2003).
Although ERA officials would not comment on the value of the contract or on the number of units that will be sold to China, the Czech weekly publication Respekt reported that the company is to export 10 systems worth Kcs1.5 billion ($54.7 million).
"We have invested a great deal of money in building the systems and despite opposition from certain circles I do not think that it would be possible to cancel the contract overnight," said Miroslav Sotona, director general of ERA.
Officials from Omnyx, a Czech company specialising in importing and exporting military equipment, that has an agreement to sell the systems to China on behalf of ERA, were not allowed to accompany Czech President Vaclav Klaus on an official visit to China on 15 April. This, say observers, suggests that the president's office may also be succumbing to US pressure.
"Omnyx is not selling the system to terrorists ... it's a legal contract for the Chinese military, although I realise a very sensitive one," said Sotona.
Apart from US opposition to the sale, Czech government members also had to wrestle with the issue that since 1989, following the Tiananmen Square incident, the EU has placed an embargo on China, banning the export of defence technology to the country because of its record on human rights' abuses. The Czech Republic is to become a member of the EU on 1 May.
"My primary concern is to support Czech industry and I am unaware of any US opposition to the sale," said Industry and Trade Minister, Milan Urban. "With respect to the EU embargo on China, as far as I know the EU allows individual members to decide to what extent the embargo is enforced."
The VERA-E is an electronics intelligence-gathering and PSS that can also function as a 3-D air-defence radar.
Relying on a time difference of arrival technique, the VERA-E system can detect, monitor, identify and track any airborne, ground and naval surface targets via their radar systems and any other electronics equipment that emit an electronic signal, including onboard communications.
The system is further able to detect jamming devices, secondary surveillance radar/'identification friend or foe' transponders, tactical air navigation/distance-measuring equipment interrogators, datalinks and other pulse emitters.
As a passive 3-D air-defence radar, it utilises four receiving stations, while as a 2-D radar it uses three receiving stations.
ERA began producing a stationary version of the VERA-E in 1996 and the Army of the Czech Republic (ACR) ordered an undisclosed number of systems.
The company succeeded in completing development and launching production of a mobile version of the system in 2002, when the ACR again procured an undisclosed number.
The VERA-E is a successor to the Ramona and Tamara PSSs made by ERA under the former communist regime.
A number of armed forces of the former Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union and Ukraine, bought the Ramona and Tamara systems.
During NATO bombing in Serbia within the Kosovo crisis between March and May 1999, the use of a Tamara system was suspected of aiding Serb air-defence forces down a US Air Force Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft.简氏防务周刊报道：布拉格就是否向中国出售雷达产生分歧。
捷克政府就是否向中国出售敏感的军事雷达系统技术而产生了分歧。
捷克电子公司ERA已经得到捷克工业与贸易部的批准，并获得许可证
向中国出售一定数量的VERA-E被动监视系统(PSSs)。但是，这个却没
有得到捷克外交部的批准，因为布拉格另一方面担心这会损害
和美国的关系。
代理外交部长Jan Winkler说：“我们一开始就强烈的保留向中国出口雷达的意见，但是政府方面已经有了一个
关于这方面的最终讲话，作为一个整体，我们尊重这个”，他又补充到“出口VERA
雷达系统非常麻烦，可能会引起盟国的不满”。
而且美国也已经开始对捷克施加强烈的外交影响，它担心中国会模仿
这种技术生产出自己的产品，然后再把产品卖给伊朗或者巴基斯坦等国家。
关于出售VERA-E系统的谈判已经持续很久了，然而，最终出售与否还是要
取决与捷克政府的态度（参见JDW 17 May 2003报道）。
虽然ERA公司没有说明要出售多少套以及其价格，但是，据捷克周报《Respekt》
报道，公司要出售十套系统，总价为五千四百七十万美元。
ERA主管Miroslav Sotona说：“我们已经耗巨资生产出这种系统，尽管某些人反对，
但是我不认为一夜之间就会被取消。”
来自捷克军事设备进出口公司Omnyx官员的话说，向中国出售此系统符合ERA公司的利益，
但是在捷克总统四月十五号正式访问中国时没有得到捷克总统的确认。据观察家说，这可能是
受到了来自美国的压力。
Sotona说：“Omnyx不能把武器系统卖给恐怖分子，在合同条文上它只是提供给中国军队，
我也知道这个问题很敏感”
捷克政府也是89年欧盟对华禁运成员之一，从那时起它就禁止向中国出售有关的军事
设备和技术。
“现在首要的问题是支持捷克的工业发展，而不是注意美国的反对态度”，捷克的工业贸也部长
Milan Urban说“在尊重欧盟的对华禁运条令上，我知道欧盟允许每个成员自己决定对华禁运的
程度”。
VERA-E是一种电子信息收集系统，同事也具有3D空中防御雷达的功能。其依靠
时间间隔技术，能够探测、管理、分辨、跟踪任何空中、地面和海面目标所发出的电子
信号，包括机载设备的通信。
ERA 从1996年开始为捷克生产固定VERA-E系统。并在2002年成功的研制出了
移动的雷达系统，捷克又购买了一定数量的系统。
在1999年三月到五月北约轰炸塞尔维亚科索沃地区时，曾怀疑塞尔维亚防空部队
使用了Tamara系统（VERA-E的另一种名字）击落了美国空军的F117夜间战斗机。
另附原文如下：
Date Posted: 23-Apr-2004
JANE'S DEFENCE WEEKLY - APRIL 28, 2004
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prague divided over radar export to China
JIRI KOMINEK JDW Correspondent
Prague
The Czech government is divided over the issue of exporting sensitive military radar systems to China.
Czech electronics company ERA has received approval from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade in the form of an export licence to export a number of VERA-E passive surveillance systems (PSSs) to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Export of the radar systems to China, however, has not received the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is concerned that, by exporting the systems, Prague runs the risk of damaging its relations with the US.
"We had strong reservations about exporting the radar systems from the start. However, the government as a whole has the final word and [Foreign Minister Cyril] Svoboda respects this," said Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jan Winkler. "Exporting the VERA radar system is very problematic and may complicate relations with our allies," Winkler added.
The US is said to be applying strong diplomatic pressure on the Czech government over concerns that China will copy the technology and begin to manufacture it for its own use and that Beijing may re-export the systems to states such as Iran or Pakistan.
ERA had been negotiating with China over the export of the VERA-E system for a number of years. However, the sale was dependent on receiving export approval from the Czech government (JDW 17 May 2003).
Although ERA officials would not comment on the value of the contract or on the number of units that will be sold to China, the Czech weekly publication Respekt reported that the company is to export 10 systems worth Kcs1.5 billion ($54.7 million).
"We have invested a great deal of money in building the systems and despite opposition from certain circles I do not think that it would be possible to cancel the contract overnight," said Miroslav Sotona, director general of ERA.
Officials from Omnyx, a Czech company specialising in importing and exporting military equipment, that has an agreement to sell the systems to China on behalf of ERA, were not allowed to accompany Czech President Vaclav Klaus on an official visit to China on 15 April. This, say observers, suggests that the president's office may also be succumbing to US pressure.
"Omnyx is not selling the system to terrorists ... it's a legal contract for the Chinese military, although I realise a very sensitive one," said Sotona.
Apart from US opposition to the sale, Czech government members also had to wrestle with the issue that since 1989, following the Tiananmen Square incident, the EU has placed an embargo on China, banning the export of defence technology to the country because of its record on human rights' abuses. The Czech Republic is to become a member of the EU on 1 May.
"My primary concern is to support Czech industry and I am unaware of any US opposition to the sale," said Industry and Trade Minister, Milan Urban. "With respect to the EU embargo on China, as far as I know the EU allows individual members to decide to what extent the embargo is enforced."
The VERA-E is an electronics intelligence-gathering and PSS that can also function as a 3-D air-defence radar.
Relying on a time difference of arrival technique, the VERA-E system can detect, monitor, identify and track any airborne, ground and naval surface targets via their radar systems and any other electronics equipment that emit an electronic signal, including onboard communications.
The system is further able to detect jamming devices, secondary surveillance radar/'identification friend or foe' transponders, tactical air navigation/distance-measuring equipment interrogators, datalinks and other pulse emitters.
As a passive 3-D air-defence radar, it utilises four receiving stations, while as a 2-D radar it uses three receiving stations.
ERA began producing a stationary version of the VERA-E in 1996 and the Army of the Czech Republic (ACR) ordered an undisclosed number of systems.
The company succeeded in completing development and launching production of a mobile version of the system in 2002, when the ACR again procured an undisclosed number.
The VERA-E is a successor to the Ramona and Tamara PSSs made by ERA under the former communist regime.
A number of armed forces of the former Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union and Ukraine, bought the Ramona and Tamara systems.
During NATO bombing in Serbia within the Kosovo crisis between March and May 1999, the use of a Tamara system was suspected of aiding Serb air-defence forces down a US Air Force Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft.
捷克政府就是否向中国出售敏感的军事雷达系统技术而产生了分歧。
捷克电子公司ERA已经得到捷克工业与贸易部的批准，并获得许可证
向中国出售一定数量的VERA-E被动监视系统(PSSs)。但是，这个却没
有得到捷克外交部的批准，因为布拉格另一方面担心这会损害
和美国的关系。
代理外交部长Jan Winkler说：“我们一开始就强烈的保留向中国出口雷达的意见，但是政府方面已经有了一个
关于这方面的最终讲话，作为一个整体，我们尊重这个”，他又补充到“出口VERA
雷达系统非常麻烦，可能会引起盟国的不满”。
而且美国也已经开始对捷克施加强烈的外交影响，它担心中国会模仿
这种技术生产出自己的产品，然后再把产品卖给伊朗或者巴基斯坦等国家。
关于出售VERA-E系统的谈判已经持续很久了，然而，最终出售与否还是要
取决与捷克政府的态度（参见JDW 17 May 2003报道）。
虽然ERA公司没有说明要出售多少套以及其价格，但是，据捷克周报《Respekt》
报道，公司要出售十套系统，总价为五千四百七十万美元。
ERA主管Miroslav Sotona说：“我们已经耗巨资生产出这种系统，尽管某些人反对，
但是我不认为一夜之间就会被取消。”
来自捷克军事设备进出口公司Omnyx官员的话说，向中国出售此系统符合ERA公司的利益，
但是在捷克总统四月十五号正式访问中国时没有得到捷克总统的确认。据观察家说，这可能是
受到了来自美国的压力。
Sotona说：“Omnyx不能把武器系统卖给恐怖分子，在合同条文上它只是提供给中国军队，
我也知道这个问题很敏感”
捷克政府也是89年欧盟对华禁运成员之一，从那时起它就禁止向中国出售有关的军事
设备和技术。
“现在首要的问题是支持捷克的工业发展，而不是注意美国的反对态度”，捷克的工业贸也部长
Milan Urban说“在尊重欧盟的对华禁运条令上，我知道欧盟允许每个成员自己决定对华禁运的
程度”。
VERA-E是一种电子信息收集系统，同事也具有3D空中防御雷达的功能。其依靠
时间间隔技术，能够探测、管理、分辨、跟踪任何空中、地面和海面目标所发出的电子
信号，包括机载设备的通信。
ERA 从1996年开始为捷克生产固定VERA-E系统。并在2002年成功的研制出了
移动的雷达系统，捷克又购买了一定数量的系统。
在1999年三月到五月北约轰炸塞尔维亚科索沃地区时，曾怀疑塞尔维亚防空部队
使用了Tamara系统（VERA-E的另一种名字）击落了美国空军的F117夜间战斗机。
另附原文如下：
Date Posted: 23-Apr-2004
JANE'S DEFENCE WEEKLY - APRIL 28, 2004
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prague divided over radar export to China
JIRI KOMINEK JDW Correspondent
Prague
The Czech government is divided over the issue of exporting sensitive military radar systems to China.
Czech electronics company ERA has received approval from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade in the form of an export licence to export a number of VERA-E passive surveillance systems (PSSs) to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Export of the radar systems to China, however, has not received the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is concerned that, by exporting the systems, Prague runs the risk of damaging its relations with the US.
"We had strong reservations about exporting the radar systems from the start. However, the government as a whole has the final word and [Foreign Minister Cyril] Svoboda respects this," said Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jan Winkler. "Exporting the VERA radar system is very problematic and may complicate relations with our allies," Winkler added.
The US is said to be applying strong diplomatic pressure on the Czech government over concerns that China will copy the technology and begin to manufacture it for its own use and that Beijing may re-export the systems to states such as Iran or Pakistan.
ERA had been negotiating with China over the export of the VERA-E system for a number of years. However, the sale was dependent on receiving export approval from the Czech government (JDW 17 May 2003).
Although ERA officials would not comment on the value of the contract or on the number of units that will be sold to China, the Czech weekly publication Respekt reported that the company is to export 10 systems worth Kcs1.5 billion ($54.7 million).
"We have invested a great deal of money in building the systems and despite opposition from certain circles I do not think that it would be possible to cancel the contract overnight," said Miroslav Sotona, director general of ERA.
Officials from Omnyx, a Czech company specialising in importing and exporting military equipment, that has an agreement to sell the systems to China on behalf of ERA, were not allowed to accompany Czech President Vaclav Klaus on an official visit to China on 15 April. This, say observers, suggests that the president's office may also be succumbing to US pressure.
"Omnyx is not selling the system to terrorists ... it's a legal contract for the Chinese military, although I realise a very sensitive one," said Sotona.
Apart from US opposition to the sale, Czech government members also had to wrestle with the issue that since 1989, following the Tiananmen Square incident, the EU has placed an embargo on China, banning the export of defence technology to the country because of its record on human rights' abuses. The Czech Republic is to become a member of the EU on 1 May.
"My primary concern is to support Czech industry and I am unaware of any US opposition to the sale," said Industry and Trade Minister, Milan Urban. "With respect to the EU embargo on China, as far as I know the EU allows individual members to decide to what extent the embargo is enforced."
The VERA-E is an electronics intelligence-gathering and PSS that can also function as a 3-D air-defence radar.
Relying on a time difference of arrival technique, the VERA-E system can detect, monitor, identify and track any airborne, ground and naval surface targets via their radar systems and any other electronics equipment that emit an electronic signal, including onboard communications.
The system is further able to detect jamming devices, secondary surveillance radar/'identification friend or foe' transponders, tactical air navigation/distance-measuring equipment interrogators, datalinks and other pulse emitters.
As a passive 3-D air-defence radar, it utilises four receiving stations, while as a 2-D radar it uses three receiving stations.
ERA began producing a stationary version of the VERA-E in 1996 and the Army of the Czech Republic (ACR) ordered an undisclosed number of systems.
The company succeeded in completing development and launching production of a mobile version of the system in 2002, when the ACR again procured an undisclosed number.
The VERA-E is a successor to the Ramona and Tamara PSSs made by ERA under the former communist regime.
A number of armed forces of the former Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union and Ukraine, bought the Ramona and Tamara systems.
During NATO bombing in Serbia within the Kosovo crisis between March and May 1999, the use of a Tamara system was suspected of aiding Serb air-defence forces down a US Air Force Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft.简氏防务周刊报道：布拉格就是否向中国出售雷达产生分歧。
捷克政府就是否向中国出售敏感的军事雷达系统技术而产生了分歧。
捷克电子公司ERA已经得到捷克工业与贸易部的批准，并获得许可证
向中国出售一定数量的VERA-E被动监视系统(PSSs)。但是，这个却没
有得到捷克外交部的批准，因为布拉格另一方面担心这会损害
和美国的关系。
代理外交部长Jan Winkler说：“我们一开始就强烈的保留向中国出口雷达的意见，但是政府方面已经有了一个
关于这方面的最终讲话，作为一个整体，我们尊重这个”，他又补充到“出口VERA
雷达系统非常麻烦，可能会引起盟国的不满”。
而且美国也已经开始对捷克施加强烈的外交影响，它担心中国会模仿
这种技术生产出自己的产品，然后再把产品卖给伊朗或者巴基斯坦等国家。
关于出售VERA-E系统的谈判已经持续很久了，然而，最终出售与否还是要
取决与捷克政府的态度（参见JDW 17 May 2003报道）。
虽然ERA公司没有说明要出售多少套以及其价格，但是，据捷克周报《Respekt》
报道，公司要出售十套系统，总价为五千四百七十万美元。
ERA主管Miroslav Sotona说：“我们已经耗巨资生产出这种系统，尽管某些人反对，
但是我不认为一夜之间就会被取消。”
来自捷克军事设备进出口公司Omnyx官员的话说，向中国出售此系统符合ERA公司的利益，
但是在捷克总统四月十五号正式访问中国时没有得到捷克总统的确认。据观察家说，这可能是
受到了来自美国的压力。
Sotona说：“Omnyx不能把武器系统卖给恐怖分子，在合同条文上它只是提供给中国军队，
我也知道这个问题很敏感”
捷克政府也是89年欧盟对华禁运成员之一，从那时起它就禁止向中国出售有关的军事
设备和技术。
“现在首要的问题是支持捷克的工业发展，而不是注意美国的反对态度”，捷克的工业贸也部长
Milan Urban说“在尊重欧盟的对华禁运条令上，我知道欧盟允许每个成员自己决定对华禁运的
程度”。
VERA-E是一种电子信息收集系统，同事也具有3D空中防御雷达的功能。其依靠
时间间隔技术，能够探测、管理、分辨、跟踪任何空中、地面和海面目标所发出的电子
信号，包括机载设备的通信。
ERA 从1996年开始为捷克生产固定VERA-E系统。并在2002年成功的研制出了
移动的雷达系统，捷克又购买了一定数量的系统。
在1999年三月到五月北约轰炸塞尔维亚科索沃地区时，曾怀疑塞尔维亚防空部队
使用了Tamara系统（VERA-E的另一种名字）击落了美国空军的F117夜间战斗机。
另附原文如下：
Date Posted: 23-Apr-2004
JANE'S DEFENCE WEEKLY - APRIL 28, 2004
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prague divided over radar export to China
JIRI KOMINEK JDW Correspondent
Prague
The Czech government is divided over the issue of exporting sensitive military radar systems to China.
Czech electronics company ERA has received approval from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade in the form of an export licence to export a number of VERA-E passive surveillance systems (PSSs) to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Export of the radar systems to China, however, has not received the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is concerned that, by exporting the systems, Prague runs the risk of damaging its relations with the US.
"We had strong reservations about exporting the radar systems from the start. However, the government as a whole has the final word and [Foreign Minister Cyril] Svoboda respects this," said Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jan Winkler. "Exporting the VERA radar system is very problematic and may complicate relations with our allies," Winkler added.
The US is said to be applying strong diplomatic pressure on the Czech government over concerns that China will copy the technology and begin to manufacture it for its own use and that Beijing may re-export the systems to states such as Iran or Pakistan.
ERA had been negotiating with China over the export of the VERA-E system for a number of years. However, the sale was dependent on receiving export approval from the Czech government (JDW 17 May 2003).
Although ERA officials would not comment on the value of the contract or on the number of units that will be sold to China, the Czech weekly publication Respekt reported that the company is to export 10 systems worth Kcs1.5 billion ($54.7 million).
"We have invested a great deal of money in building the systems and despite opposition from certain circles I do not think that it would be possible to cancel the contract overnight," said Miroslav Sotona, director general of ERA.
Officials from Omnyx, a Czech company specialising in importing and exporting military equipment, that has an agreement to sell the systems to China on behalf of ERA, were not allowed to accompany Czech President Vaclav Klaus on an official visit to China on 15 April. This, say observers, suggests that the president's office may also be succumbing to US pressure.
"Omnyx is not selling the system to terrorists ... it's a legal contract for the Chinese military, although I realise a very sensitive one," said Sotona.
Apart from US opposition to the sale, Czech government members also had to wrestle with the issue that since 1989, following the Tiananmen Square incident, the EU has placed an embargo on China, banning the export of defence technology to the country because of its record on human rights' abuses. The Czech Republic is to become a member of the EU on 1 May.
"My primary concern is to support Czech industry and I am unaware of any US opposition to the sale," said Industry and Trade Minister, Milan Urban. "With respect to the EU embargo on China, as far as I know the EU allows individual members to decide to what extent the embargo is enforced."
The VERA-E is an electronics intelligence-gathering and PSS that can also function as a 3-D air-defence radar.
Relying on a time difference of arrival technique, the VERA-E system can detect, monitor, identify and track any airborne, ground and naval surface targets via their radar systems and any other electronics equipment that emit an electronic signal, including onboard communications.
The system is further able to detect jamming devices, secondary surveillance radar/'identification friend or foe' transponders, tactical air navigation/distance-measuring equipment interrogators, datalinks and other pulse emitters.
As a passive 3-D air-defence radar, it utilises four receiving stations, while as a 2-D radar it uses three receiving stations.
ERA began producing a stationary version of the VERA-E in 1996 and the Army of the Czech Republic (ACR) ordered an undisclosed number of systems.
The company succeeded in completing development and launching production of a mobile version of the system in 2002, when the ACR again procured an undisclosed number.
The VERA-E is a successor to the Ramona and Tamara PSSs made by ERA under the former communist regime.
A number of armed forces of the former Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union and Ukraine, bought the Ramona and Tamara systems.
During NATO bombing in Serbia within the Kosovo crisis between March and May 1999, the use of a Tamara system was suspected of aiding Serb air-defence forces down a US Air Force Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft.
好动西 啊
好东东！偶收藏了！
来暗的，把技术偷出来！
楼主所附原文结尾部分说得很清楚,VERA-E是ERA公司在共产党执政时代生产的Ramona和Tamara的后续型号.
这些小国家
怕死美国了
怕死美国了
所以说还是要立足自己，否则处处受制于人的滋味是不好受的。
以下是引用工农赤卫队在2004-4-26 14:33:00的发言：
而且美国也已经开始对捷克施加强烈的外交影响，它担心中国会模仿
这种技术生产出自己的产品，然后再把产品卖给伊朗或者巴基斯坦等国家。
美国佬怕的是这个
我们连核技术都卖，嘿嘿
又一个美国走狗！
不是说长波雷达就能侦测到隐形飞机吗！？
以前都说南联盟击落117是咱家的反隐形雷达，现在才知道那是咱YY!
以前都说南联盟击落117是咱家的反隐形雷达，现在才知道那是咱YY!
楼上的不要这样说，每个国家都有它的利益要考虑．作为捷克这样一个欧洲国家，得罪中国和美国都不讨好，所以自然要慎重考虑．
另外，捷克是一个小国，但它的军工技术是很不错的．
另外，捷克是一个小国，但它的军工技术是很不错的．
是个好东东 ,一定要拿下
谁不为自己着想，我们不也一样吗。但很可惜！
哎
哎
我认为按现在的技术水平,捷克的这类雷达还不足以完成锁定F-117的战术任务.
我们知道,常规雷达是通过接收自身发射的强大电磁波接触目标后的反射波探测目标的,而被动雷达则是通过捕捉目标自身的电磁幅射信号探测目标的.[B]常规雷达就像探照灯,被动雷达则像微光夜视仪[/B](不知我这比方恰当与否).
问题是"目标本身的幅射信号"指的是什么呢?无非有二:
[B]一是隐形飞机自身的通讯和传感设备的幅射[/B](目标探测和武器制导等).但F-117根本没装雷达,少量机内航空电子设备很容易屏蔽起来,执行任务时通讯设备完全可以处于只听不发的静默状态,采用GPS定位的JDAM不需要载机制导.所以它基本上没有什么自身幅射信号.
[B]二是无线电通讯和电视广播甚至手机等外部民用信号的反射[/B].理论上说飞机掠过空中,是会对各种电磁波产生扰动的.可是这类民用信号比雷达发射的电磁波弱得多,F-117对雷达波的反射都如此之小,对这类民用信号的反射波更是小得难以捕捉.再说这类民用信号极为杂乱,气候等各种因素都会对它产生扰动,就算你能发现出现扰动,也极难断定是出现了隐形飞行目标,并据此解算出其3D数据及运动速度和方向.
这第二类只是一些科技人员的设想和各国研制的方向,目前我未看到有研制成功实战型的完善产品.而TAMARA是一种冷战年代的较老装备了,以它的技术水平,绝无可能捕捉前述第二类信号,它只可能在F-117飞行员犯轻敌错误(如打破无线电静默)的情况下捕捉到它,否则绝无机会.
维拉-E比TAMARA要先进些,但原理差不多,性能不会出现突破性的进展,所谓隐形飞机克星的说法多是厂家乐见的神话.你[B]别指望买到它就一举破解了隐形飞机大患[/B],因为一种只在敌人犯错时才有用的装备是靠不住的.
当然能进口维拉-E是件好事.因为被动雷达毕竟是有前途的,我只是说它现在还派不了多大用场.我们也在搞被动雷达,捷克人搞得早,在定位精度和探测灵敏度方面有长处,借鉴一下肯定是好事.我只是觉得别把它吹得太神了.
另外,对付隐形飞机还得多管齐下,其它有前途的技术,如[B]俯视雷达相控阵雷达,合成孔径雷达,多基雷达,米波雷达及光学,红外和声波探测设备[/B]都要研制.一种办法靠不住,多几种手段把握就会大些.
附图是VERA-E的接收机,尺寸是1.3*0.9米,只有120公斤重,探测距离达450公里,范围是360度.
我们知道,常规雷达是通过接收自身发射的强大电磁波接触目标后的反射波探测目标的,而被动雷达则是通过捕捉目标自身的电磁幅射信号探测目标的.[B]常规雷达就像探照灯,被动雷达则像微光夜视仪[/B](不知我这比方恰当与否).
问题是"目标本身的幅射信号"指的是什么呢?无非有二:
[B]一是隐形飞机自身的通讯和传感设备的幅射[/B](目标探测和武器制导等).但F-117根本没装雷达,少量机内航空电子设备很容易屏蔽起来,执行任务时通讯设备完全可以处于只听不发的静默状态,采用GPS定位的JDAM不需要载机制导.所以它基本上没有什么自身幅射信号.
[B]二是无线电通讯和电视广播甚至手机等外部民用信号的反射[/B].理论上说飞机掠过空中,是会对各种电磁波产生扰动的.可是这类民用信号比雷达发射的电磁波弱得多,F-117对雷达波的反射都如此之小,对这类民用信号的反射波更是小得难以捕捉.再说这类民用信号极为杂乱,气候等各种因素都会对它产生扰动,就算你能发现出现扰动,也极难断定是出现了隐形飞行目标,并据此解算出其3D数据及运动速度和方向.
这第二类只是一些科技人员的设想和各国研制的方向,目前我未看到有研制成功实战型的完善产品.而TAMARA是一种冷战年代的较老装备了,以它的技术水平,绝无可能捕捉前述第二类信号,它只可能在F-117飞行员犯轻敌错误(如打破无线电静默)的情况下捕捉到它,否则绝无机会.
维拉-E比TAMARA要先进些,但原理差不多,性能不会出现突破性的进展,所谓隐形飞机克星的说法多是厂家乐见的神话.你[B]别指望买到它就一举破解了隐形飞机大患[/B],因为一种只在敌人犯错时才有用的装备是靠不住的.
当然能进口维拉-E是件好事.因为被动雷达毕竟是有前途的,我只是说它现在还派不了多大用场.我们也在搞被动雷达,捷克人搞得早,在定位精度和探测灵敏度方面有长处,借鉴一下肯定是好事.我只是觉得别把它吹得太神了.
另外,对付隐形飞机还得多管齐下,其它有前途的技术,如[B]俯视雷达相控阵雷达,合成孔径雷达,多基雷达,米波雷达及光学,红外和声波探测设备[/B]都要研制.一种办法靠不住,多几种手段把握就会大些.
附图是VERA-E的接收机,尺寸是1.3*0.9米,只有120公斤重,探测距离达450公里,范围是360度.
再看看VERA-E的工作界面还不错吧:
上面一张是显示界面,可同时显示200个截获的目标,而且还是三座标高精度定位的.
下面一张是对截获的目标幅射信号进行频率分析,水平就在这儿呢.
上面一张是显示界面,可同时显示200个截获的目标,而且还是三座标高精度定位的.
下面一张是对截获的目标幅射信号进行频率分析,水平就在这儿呢.
驭风好猛滴说~~~[em07][em08]