【軍武解密】美軍KH-7、KH-8、KH-9間諜衛星公開展示

【軍武解密】美軍KH-7、KH-8、KH-9間諜衛星公開展示

美國的照相偵察衛星

　　勞苦功高的回收型
　　美國光學照相偵察衛星有回收型和傳輸型兩種，而雷達偵察衛星只有傳輸型。
　　美國自1960年8月發射世界上第一顆照相偵察衛星以來，執行了很多項偵察衛星排程，主要是用於代替高空偵察機來了解前蘇聯的軍事實力。例如，科羅納（CORONA，又叫日冕）排程的衛星最初的主要目的就是確定前蘇聯正在以多快的速度生產遠端轟炸機、彈道導彈數量以及防空體系(包括截擊機和地空導彈發射場等)的部署情況。
　　不過，美國的照相偵察衛星大部分項目後來均被納入1962年3月正式開始的鎖眼（Keyhole,縮寫為KH）系列衛星排程。例如，其科羅納排程就包括KH-1～4共4個系列，氬排程的衛星為KH-5，火繩（又叫牽索）排程的衛星為KH-6，後發制人（又叫策略）排程的衛星為KH-7、8，六角形排程的衛星為KH-9（俗稱大鳥），凱南/晶體排程的衛星為KH-11，偶像排程的衛星為KH-12。
　　但是，為什麼沒有KH-10呢？這主要是因為KH-9衛星的成功和後來更先進的KH-11衛星的研制與成功發射使美國取消了KH-10衛星排程。KH-10又名載人軌道實驗室，為有人偵察衛星，研制目的是為了完成各種在太空難以執行的工作，但因成本過高於1969年被取消。
　　另外，美國先鋒排程的衛星和哨兵排程的衛星沒有納入KH系列裏，而是分別叫薩莫斯-A和薩莫斯-B。薩莫斯採用與軟片回收型完全不同的方式，即在衛星上使曝光後的軟片顯影，然後再對其進行掃描並用無線電將掃描的圖像數據傳回地面。這種衛星的分辨率低於軟片回收型，但能勝任普查，且可工作較長時間。後來因科羅納排程的衛星從1961年起開始提供前蘇聯的正規圖像，所以從1962年起該排程被取消了。
　　　　1963～1967年間發射的36顆KH-7是第1種真正的詳查型衛星，每顆星用兩個回收軟片艙將軟片送回地面，分辨率為0.5米，但工作壽命一般為5天，主要用於偵察前蘇聯當時的新式SS-7、8洲際彈道導彈。
　　1966～1984年發射的57顆KH-8是KH-7的改進型，它除攜帶有紅外相機和多光譜掃描儀外，還裝備了高分辨率主題測繪全景相機，分辨率達0.15米。它有機動變軌能力，工作壽命達30天。
　　俗稱大鳥的KH-9代表了美國光學照相偵察衛星向綜合型偵察衛星發展的趨勢，既能普查，又能詳查。這種衛星在1971～1986年發射了20顆，每顆衛星重13.1～13.4噸，裝有多種遙感器，兼有回收型和傳輸型兩種工作方式，其中4個獨立的軟片回收艙用於傳送分辨率達0.3米的詳查訊息，星上直徑6.1米的展開式天線過頂傳輸普查訊息，衛星工作壽命達71～275天。這種將詳查和普查功能的有機結合，提高了從空間取得詳細偵察情報的時效性。KH-9有3種軌道機動方式，即水平機動、垂直機動和規避機動，其中規避機動主要用於躲避敵方衛星的襲擊。KH-9是膠片回收型偵察衛星向圖像傳輸型偵察衛星的中間轉場。

為了慶祝其成立五十周年，美國國家偵察局(NRO)解密著名的KH-7、KH-8、KH-9間諜衛星，1月26日在美國國家航空航天博物館公開展示。









Declassified US Spy Satellites from Cold War Land in Ohio

Date: 28 January 2012 Time: 07:02 AM ET

A trio of once-secret U.S. spy satellites built to look down on the Soviet Union were unveiled in Ohio this week in a rare public display by the United States Air Force.

The vintage reconnaissance satellites joined the Cold War Gallery at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Dayton, Ohio, on Thursday (Jan. 26), and will eventually be installed in a new wing for space relics and other aircraft. The satellites — called KH-7 Gambit 1, the KH-8 Gambit 3 and the KH-9 Hexagon — were officially declassified in September by the National Reconnaissance Office and released for public viewing.

"Last year the NRO celebrated its 50th anniversary, and we announced the declassification of two NRO systems, Gambit and Hexagon, which were America's eyes in space and the most sophisticated satellites of their time," NRO director Air Force Gen. (Ret.) Bruce Carlson said in a statement. "These systems were critical for monitoring key targets in the USSR and around the globe and provided much-needed cartographic information to the DOD to produce accurate, large-scale maps."

The Gambit and Hexagon satellites followed the NRO's iconic Corona spy satellite program, which was declassified in 1995. [Photos of the declassified spy satellites]

The spy satellite Gambit

The Gambit and Hexagon spy satellite systems were among the most prolific U.S. space reconnaissance systems used between the 1960s and 1980s. With a resolution of between 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to nearly 1 meter), the spacecraft used high-resolution cameras to photograph areas of interest, then return the film to Earth in special re-entry capsules.

The capsules plunged through Earth's atmosphere, then deployed a parachute so they could be caught in mid-air by Air Force aircraft, museum officials explained.

The Gambit 1 satellites flew between 1963 and 1967 and served as the first American high-resolution space reconnaissance system. They carried about 3,000 feet (914 meters) of film and were designed for short-term missions of about six and a half days.

Each Gambit 1 satellite was about15 feet (4.5 m) long, 5 feet (1.5 m) wide, and weighed about 1,154 pounds (523 kilograms), according to NRO records. In all, 38 Gambit missions were launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, though 10 flights failed.

Gambit 3 satellites were the same width as the Gambit 1 models,  but also slightly longer — reaching about 29 feet (9 m) in length. They flew on 54 missions between 1966 and 1984, with four recorded failures. The Gambit 3 series satellites carried 12,241 feet (3,731 meters) of film and were designed for longer missions of up to 31 days, according to NRO records.

Hexagon in space

Like the Gambit satellites, the Hexagon system also launched from Vandenberg and were the last U.S. reconnaissance satellites to use photographic film. They were also the largest — each Hexagon satellite was the size of a school bus and carried 60 miles of film, earning it the nickname "Big Bird."

The U.S. military launched 20 Hexagon spy satellites between 1971 and 1986, with one mission suffering a launch failure. Each Hexagon satellite mission lasted about 124 days, with each satellite carrying four film re-entry canisters, according to NRO documents. Their onboard camera systems could photograph wide swaths of terrain and capture about 370 nautical miles — the distance from Cincinnati to Washington — in each 6-inch frame.

According to Air Force museum officials, the Hexagon satellites photographed about 877 million square miles of the Earth's surface during their tenure.

"Gambit 1, Gambit 3 and Hexagon satellites are significant and rare artifacts, which will enable us to better present the story of Air Force operations in space," said Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Jack Hudson, the Air Force's National Museum director, during the Jan. 26 exhibit dedication. "The Air Force has provided launch, tracking, control and range safety services for reconnaissance satellites throughout the entire Cold War, and it continues these activities today."

The Gambit and Hexagon satellites are currently on display in the museum's Cold War Gallery, but will eventually be moved to a new building that will house a Space Gallery, Presidential Aircraft Gallery and Global Reach Gallery, museum officials said.

来源：
h t t p : / / w w w .space.com/14394-declassified-spy-satellites-air-force.html

相关网页：
The development of the Gambit and Hexagon satellite reconnaissance systems
h t t p : / / w w w .nro.gov/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT%20and%20HEXAGON%20Histories/2.PDF

---

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只要伊朗伊斯兰共和国革命军卫队挖到两千五百米特深，就肯定能对付敌方的入侵威胁，
将把地下军事设施挖到四千米超深，伊朗伊斯兰共和国一定能取得胜利！
　　——伊朗伊斯兰共和国总统马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪内贾德

---

【軍武解密】美軍KH-7、KH-8、KH-9間諜衛星公開展示

美國的照相偵察衛星

　　勞苦功高的回收型
　　美國光學照相偵察衛星有回收型和傳輸型兩種，而雷達偵察衛星只有傳輸型。
　　美國自1960年8月發射世界上第一顆照相偵察衛星以來，執行了很多項偵察衛星排程，主要是用於代替高空偵察機來了解前蘇聯的軍事實力。例如，科羅納（CORONA，又叫日冕）排程的衛星最初的主要目的就是確定前蘇聯正在以多快的速度生產遠端轟炸機、彈道導彈數量以及防空體系(包括截擊機和地空導彈發射場等)的部署情況。
　　不過，美國的照相偵察衛星大部分項目後來均被納入1962年3月正式開始的鎖眼（Keyhole,縮寫為KH）系列衛星排程。例如，其科羅納排程就包括KH-1～4共4個系列，氬排程的衛星為KH-5，火繩（又叫牽索）排程的衛星為KH-6，後發制人（又叫策略）排程的衛星為KH-7、8，六角形排程的衛星為KH-9（俗稱大鳥），凱南/晶體排程的衛星為KH-11，偶像排程的衛星為KH-12。
　　但是，為什麼沒有KH-10呢？這主要是因為KH-9衛星的成功和後來更先進的KH-11衛星的研制與成功發射使美國取消了KH-10衛星排程。KH-10又名載人軌道實驗室，為有人偵察衛星，研制目的是為了完成各種在太空難以執行的工作，但因成本過高於1969年被取消。
　　另外，美國先鋒排程的衛星和哨兵排程的衛星沒有納入KH系列裏，而是分別叫薩莫斯-A和薩莫斯-B。薩莫斯採用與軟片回收型完全不同的方式，即在衛星上使曝光後的軟片顯影，然後再對其進行掃描並用無線電將掃描的圖像數據傳回地面。這種衛星的分辨率低於軟片回收型，但能勝任普查，且可工作較長時間。後來因科羅納排程的衛星從1961年起開始提供前蘇聯的正規圖像，所以從1962年起該排程被取消了。
　　　　1963～1967年間發射的36顆KH-7是第1種真正的詳查型衛星，每顆星用兩個回收軟片艙將軟片送回地面，分辨率為0.5米，但工作壽命一般為5天，主要用於偵察前蘇聯當時的新式SS-7、8洲際彈道導彈。
　　1966～1984年發射的57顆KH-8是KH-7的改進型，它除攜帶有紅外相機和多光譜掃描儀外，還裝備了高分辨率主題測繪全景相機，分辨率達0.15米。它有機動變軌能力，工作壽命達30天。
　　俗稱大鳥的KH-9代表了美國光學照相偵察衛星向綜合型偵察衛星發展的趨勢，既能普查，又能詳查。這種衛星在1971～1986年發射了20顆，每顆衛星重13.1～13.4噸，裝有多種遙感器，兼有回收型和傳輸型兩種工作方式，其中4個獨立的軟片回收艙用於傳送分辨率達0.3米的詳查訊息，星上直徑6.1米的展開式天線過頂傳輸普查訊息，衛星工作壽命達71～275天。這種將詳查和普查功能的有機結合，提高了從空間取得詳細偵察情報的時效性。KH-9有3種軌道機動方式，即水平機動、垂直機動和規避機動，其中規避機動主要用於躲避敵方衛星的襲擊。KH-9是膠片回收型偵察衛星向圖像傳輸型偵察衛星的中間轉場。

為了慶祝其成立五十周年，美國國家偵察局(NRO)解密著名的KH-7、KH-8、KH-9間諜衛星，1月26日在美國國家航空航天博物館公開展示。









Declassified US Spy Satellites from Cold War Land in Ohio

Date: 28 January 2012 Time: 07:02 AM ET

A trio of once-secret U.S. spy satellites built to look down on the Soviet Union were unveiled in Ohio this week in a rare public display by the United States Air Force.

The vintage reconnaissance satellites joined the Cold War Gallery at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Dayton, Ohio, on Thursday (Jan. 26), and will eventually be installed in a new wing for space relics and other aircraft. The satellites — called KH-7 Gambit 1, the KH-8 Gambit 3 and the KH-9 Hexagon — were officially declassified in September by the National Reconnaissance Office and released for public viewing.

"Last year the NRO celebrated its 50th anniversary, and we announced the declassification of two NRO systems, Gambit and Hexagon, which were America's eyes in space and the most sophisticated satellites of their time," NRO director Air Force Gen. (Ret.) Bruce Carlson said in a statement. "These systems were critical for monitoring key targets in the USSR and around the globe and provided much-needed cartographic information to the DOD to produce accurate, large-scale maps."

The Gambit and Hexagon satellites followed the NRO's iconic Corona spy satellite program, which was declassified in 1995. [Photos of the declassified spy satellites]

The spy satellite Gambit

The Gambit and Hexagon spy satellite systems were among the most prolific U.S. space reconnaissance systems used between the 1960s and 1980s. With a resolution of between 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to nearly 1 meter), the spacecraft used high-resolution cameras to photograph areas of interest, then return the film to Earth in special re-entry capsules.

The capsules plunged through Earth's atmosphere, then deployed a parachute so they could be caught in mid-air by Air Force aircraft, museum officials explained.

The Gambit 1 satellites flew between 1963 and 1967 and served as the first American high-resolution space reconnaissance system. They carried about 3,000 feet (914 meters) of film and were designed for short-term missions of about six and a half days.

Each Gambit 1 satellite was about15 feet (4.5 m) long, 5 feet (1.5 m) wide, and weighed about 1,154 pounds (523 kilograms), according to NRO records. In all, 38 Gambit missions were launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, though 10 flights failed.

Gambit 3 satellites were the same width as the Gambit 1 models,  but also slightly longer — reaching about 29 feet (9 m) in length. They flew on 54 missions between 1966 and 1984, with four recorded failures. The Gambit 3 series satellites carried 12,241 feet (3,731 meters) of film and were designed for longer missions of up to 31 days, according to NRO records.

Hexagon in space

Like the Gambit satellites, the Hexagon system also launched from Vandenberg and were the last U.S. reconnaissance satellites to use photographic film. They were also the largest — each Hexagon satellite was the size of a school bus and carried 60 miles of film, earning it the nickname "Big Bird."

The U.S. military launched 20 Hexagon spy satellites between 1971 and 1986, with one mission suffering a launch failure. Each Hexagon satellite mission lasted about 124 days, with each satellite carrying four film re-entry canisters, according to NRO documents. Their onboard camera systems could photograph wide swaths of terrain and capture about 370 nautical miles — the distance from Cincinnati to Washington — in each 6-inch frame.

According to Air Force museum officials, the Hexagon satellites photographed about 877 million square miles of the Earth's surface during their tenure.

"Gambit 1, Gambit 3 and Hexagon satellites are significant and rare artifacts, which will enable us to better present the story of Air Force operations in space," said Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Jack Hudson, the Air Force's National Museum director, during the Jan. 26 exhibit dedication. "The Air Force has provided launch, tracking, control and range safety services for reconnaissance satellites throughout the entire Cold War, and it continues these activities today."

The Gambit and Hexagon satellites are currently on display in the museum's Cold War Gallery, but will eventually be moved to a new building that will house a Space Gallery, Presidential Aircraft Gallery and Global Reach Gallery, museum officials said.

来源：
h t t p : / / w w w .space.com/14394-declassified-spy-satellites-air-force.html

相关网页：
The development of the Gambit and Hexagon satellite reconnaissance systems
h t t p : / / w w w .nro.gov/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT%20and%20HEXAGON%20Histories/2.PDF

---

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•神秘三角形“不明飞行物”引发美国大争论 NASA揭秘成因 [图]
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---

只要伊朗伊斯兰共和国革命军卫队挖到两千五百米特深，就肯定能对付敌方的入侵威胁，
将把地下军事设施挖到四千米超深，伊朗伊斯兰共和国一定能取得胜利！
　　——伊朗伊斯兰共和国总统马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪内贾德

---