俄罗斯2011年发射屡次失败的反思

LZ呀，微风上面级9小时点5次火
这个HM7B或者YF-75能做到？
质子可以从拜科鲁尔把卫星直接打进GEO轨道，CZ-3和阿里安－5在维度低得多的发射场能做到不？

LZ发表的，太不符合事实性了。

神马也不懂的人，敢说。美国中国法国都买毛子的火箭技术，现在。
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微风上面级9小时点5次火
质子可以从拜科鲁尔把卫星直接打进GEO轨道，CZ-3和阿里安－5在维度低得多的发射场能做到不？
LZ.你确定你知道什么叫低温上面级，什么叫先进的低温上面级吗？;P

楼主的忠言会被逆耳的。。还是让毛子欢乐的整他们自己人吧，整的越乱越好。。整人的功夫毛子是要比TG有更丰富的经验的。
毛子的很多所谓快刀斩乱麻似的改革其实都是换汤不换药，留下的隐患极多。。。

我欲魔血染青天 发表于 2011-12-24 12:08
楼主的忠言会被逆耳的。。还是让毛子欢乐的整他们自己人吧，整的越乱越好。。整人的功夫毛子是要比T ...
神马也不懂的LZ，招来个什么也不懂的捧哏。说相声。;P

为毛子近1年来的5次航天事故默哀。。。楼上的，一起吧。。

我欲魔血染青天 发表于 2011-12-24 12:12
为毛子近1年来的5次航天事故默哀。。。楼上的，一起吧。。
我们的核鱼部队，完全可以笑话MD和毛子的长尾鲨，库尔斯克号悲剧，我们没有这样的事故。;P如果脸皮够厚的话。

毛子核潜艇原来只有库尔斯克一次事故。。难道我孤陋寡闻了？？ 您给讲解讲解？光俄罗斯时代。。。。

楼主对布拉瓦齐射2枚成功，远超TB，TB现在巨浪2还是杯具怎么看？按你的理论这布拉瓦成功是不是反映俄罗斯国力增长，TB巨浪失败反映TB国力还不如八几年。

很喜欢看楼主的长篇大论 从不同角度看待问题 观点争鸣嘛 干嘛之前决定不说了
不过火星探测器的问题好像不是火箭的原因

很喜欢看楼主的长篇大论 从不同角度看待问题 观点争鸣嘛 干嘛之前决定不说了
不过火星探测器的问题好像不是火箭的原因

老毛子每年接的单子照样很多 不会因为几次失败就完蛋的

  毛子还是不可小视的，PS我们的YF75低温上面级很先进吗？

现在发动军备竞赛很不错啊，肯定能拖死毛子的美帝看你的拉

奥巴马的马甲 发表于 2011-12-24 13:25
现在发动军备竞赛很不错啊，肯定能拖死毛子的美帝看你的拉
毛了资源多，中欧都会买。有资源有市场，拖不死的。实在不行还可以租地。

你确定JL2没有成功,巨浪2没搞成,TG会让094服役??你的意思是说到现在我们服役的094还是背着12个空筒子瞎转悠!千万别被港媒忽悠!!!

兰系 发表于 2011-12-24 12:48
楼主对布拉瓦齐射2枚成功，远超TB，TB现在巨浪2还是杯具怎么看？按你的理论这布拉瓦成功是不是反映俄罗斯国 ...

你确定JL2没有成功,巨浪2没搞成,TG会让094服役??你的意思是说到现在我们服役的094还是背着12个空筒子瞎转悠!千万别被港媒忽悠!!!

俄罗斯有低温发动机RD-56M，只是小白鼠三哥用得不是很顺利造成俄罗斯自己低温上面级进度也跟着拖延。

mcquery 发表于 2011-12-24 14:23
你确定JL2没有成功,巨浪2没搞成,TG会让094服役??你的意思是说到现在我们服役的094还是背着12个空筒子瞎 ...
目前已知情况，现在的巨浪2实验都是高尔夫在打。

百臂巨人 发表于 2011-12-24 14:34
俄罗斯有低温发动机RD-56M，只是小白鼠三哥用得不是很顺利造成俄罗斯自己低温上面级进度也跟着拖延。
RD-56M点火次数不够，毛子没法用
新的RD-0146要求能点火5次

mcquery 发表于 2011-12-24 14:23
你确定JL2没有成功,巨浪2没搞成,TG会让094服役??你的意思是说到现在我们服役的094还是背着12个空筒子瞎 ...
你猜对了。那就是12个空筒。

mcquery 发表于 2011-12-24 14:23
你确定JL2没有成功,巨浪2没搞成,TG会让094服役??你的意思是说到现在我们服役的094还是背着12个空筒子瞎 ...
目前为止肯定没战斗值班。

楼主对布拉瓦齐射2枚成功，远超TB，TB现在巨浪2还是杯具怎么看？按你的理论这布拉瓦成功是不是反映俄罗斯国 ...
你怎么知道巨浪2是悲剧呢？自我感觉还能再良好点吗？

目前为止肯定没战斗值班。
你是怎么知道的？

andychenli 发表于 2011-12-24 15:26
你是怎么知道的？
大约一年前的此时，长城200艇复出立功。自己算算时间吧。
老高尔夫上的试射成功才多久。

大约一年前的此时，长城200艇复出立功。自己算算时间吧。
老高尔夫上的试射成功才多久。
这条新闻是谁告诉你的，立功就是发射巨浪2吗？这就能证明094没服役吗？

苏联机器 发表于 2011-12-24 15:20
目前为止肯定没战斗值班。
别扯远了,我说的是094有没有背JL2,不是说值没值班的问题,况且,中国海域环境决定了中国的核鱼没有多少生存空间,在中国的常规力量没有达到控制第二岛链以内海域的情况下,09X根本出不去,也可以这么说,在中国整体军事实力没达到全球第二的时候,战略核鱼出去是非常危险的,怎么说呢,就是说你的核鱼即使被别人发现了,别人也不敢打的时候,你就可以战略值班了!!!

红色俱乐部 发表于 2011-12-24 15:04
你猜对了。那就是12个空筒。
这不能怪你们,只能说TG在核这个字上面,太保守，太保守了,基本上是见核就不会公开。当然不炫耀核武，一是可以获取国际声誉。二是可以让别人无法知晓你的核力量。但是这也带来了很多弊病，最大的弊病就是别人无法知道你的核能力的同时，可能会误判断你没有此核能力，就像你的判断一样！！！所以TG是该亮亮核牙了，必需要让对手知道，你若攻击我，我会让你万劫不复！！！

andychenli 发表于 2011-12-24 15:31
这条新闻是谁告诉你的，立功就是发射巨浪2吗？这就能证明094没服役吗？
那你说说发射了什么，需要用到那艘老高尔夫。

mcquery 发表于 2011-12-24 15:38
这不能怪你们,只能说TG在核这个字上面,太保守，太保守了,基本上是见核就不会公开。当然不炫耀核武，一是可 ...
我只知道导弹都是从高尔夫里面发射的，就是这么简单。你要是有料说明里面不是空的，请自行列举出来。

superloong 发表于 2011-12-24 13:48
毛了资源多，中欧都会买。有资源有市场，拖不死的。实在不行还可以租地。
:sleepy:有一定道理，毛子现在拼命搞北极

红色俱乐部 发表于 2011-12-24 15:43
我只知道导弹都是从高尔夫里面发射的，就是这么简单。你要是有料说明里面不是空的，请自行列举出来。
等于没说,那你要是有料证明里面是空的,请自行列举出来。

mcquery 发表于 2011-12-24 15:49
等于没说,那你要是有料证明里面是空的,请自行列举出来。
如果高尔夫不好搜索的话，用长城200艇搜索就会有答案。
没有完成试验平台下的发射，谁会在短时间内装入核潜艇。

你确定微风M是低温的人家是常温的，毛子有低温上面级不过不是微风M。

caozhuxianmab 发表于 2011-12-24 12:07
神马也不懂的人，敢说。美国中国法国都买毛子的火箭技术，现在。
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微风上面级9小时点5次火 ...

你确定微风M是低温的人家是常温的，毛子有低温上面级不过不是微风M。

http://www.russianspaceweb.com/index.html


The RD-0146 engine was developed by KBKhA design bureau in Voronezh, Russia, in a little-publicized cooperation with the American firm Pratt & Whitney. In 2009, this powerplant, burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, came into prominence, as Russian space agency chose it for the second-stage of the Rus-M launch vehicle designed to carry future manned spacecraft. The decision marked the return of the Russian rocketry to the use of liquid hydrogen for the first time since this most efficient but hard to control rocket fuel powered the Energia heavy-lifting vehicle in the 1980s.
The ultimate rocket fuel
Hydrogen - the lightest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, had powered the Sun and stars from the beginning of time. The idea of using this highly flammable chemical as liquid rocket propellant was expressed at the dawn of the space era. The father of modern astronautics, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, had already fueled his theoretical rockets with liquid hydrogen at the beginning of the 20th century, only few years after James Dewar succeeded in turning hydrogen gas into liquid. Yet, the practical introduction of hydrogen into rocket technology took a back stage, as less efficient, but easier to tame propellants, such as kerosene had emerged. Sometimes during 1930s, at the German army's rocket research facility in Kummersdorf, propulsion expert Walter Thiel did test a small hydrogen engine. The project was apparently plagued by leaks and constant danger of explosion, leaving Wernher von Braun with great aversion toward hydrogen, which he expressed years later in the US with his resistance to the development of the Centaur upper stage powered by the RL-10 hydrogen engine. (336)
Yet, the most ambitious projects in the US space program were achieved thanks to rocket engines burning super-cold liquid hydrogen. The Saturn V moon rocket and the Space Shuttle both utilized hydrogen to carry heaviest payloads in the history of space exploration. The Centaur became an irreplaceable part of the US deep-space and other high-energy missions.
History of the project
In the meantime in USSR, despite a number of projects aimed to put hydrogen to work on upper stages of launch vehicles, the practical application of the cryogenic technology in space remained elusive.
In the feverish pace of the Moon Race of the 1960s, the father of the Soviet space program, Sergei Korolev had to rely on tried kerosene engines for its N1 Moon rocket. However a hydrogen-powered upper stages were still planned for follow-on versions of the rocket. To fulfill these hopes, Aleksei Isaev's design bureau, now known as KBKhM, developed the RD-56 engine with thrust of 7.5 tons. It was followed by the RD-57 engine developed by the collective led by Arkhip Lyulka and delivering around 40 tons of thrust. Neither of the engines made it to the launch pad, as the Soviet government terminated ill-fated lunar program, yet, an already completed work had left a rich heritage for the Soviet space industry.
During the 1970s, KBKhA design bureau in the city of Voronezh developed a powerful RD-0120 hydrogen engine for the core stage of the giant Energia booster. The engine could develop up to 200 tons of thrust and rivaled the SSME powerplant on the US Space Shuttle. Cluster of four RD-0120 engines performed flawlessly during two launches of the Energia rocket in 1987 and 1988. However the program was also abandoned, this time due to economic collapse of the 1990s. However, at the same time, the Russian government did manage to secure a contract with India to supply a modified version of the RD-56 engine for the upper stage of the nation's GSLV launch vehicle. Renamed KVD-1, a hydrogen-powered engine made a successful debut on the Indian rocket, simultaneously preserving Russia's potential in development of such technology.
All these engines employed so-called "staged combustion cycle," while the American RL-10 engine remained the only upper stage engine using so-called expander cycle. In this design, the super-cold liquid fuel, upon passing through the cooling loop of the combustion chamber, turns into gas before entering the combustion chamber, where it burns along with oxidizer.
In 1988, RKK Energia became the first Soviet organization to request KBKhA to develop a new hydrogen engine without a gas generator for the prospective Buran-T and Vulcan rockets. Designated RO-95, the engine would be able to generate 10 tons of thrust and a specific impulse of 475 seconds. At the time of the development start in 1989, test firings of the engine were expected in 1991-1992 period, however the work did not go beyond the preliminary design. (332) The Soviet government apparently decided not to fund the project, seeing it as a duplication of KBKhM's RD-56. (335) Further models designated RD-0131 and RD-0132 were also studied and also never developed. Finally, in 1995, KBKhA made another, so far stillborn attempt to develop an exotic RD-0126 engine equipped with an exotic "ring-shaped" nozzle.(331)
In 1997, Khrunichev enterprise, the manufacturer of the Proton rocket, assigned KBKhA to develop an engine with the thrust of 10 tons and equipped with a nozzle extension for best performance at high altitude. The engine would be intended for Kislorodno-Vodorniy Racketniy Block, KVRB, or Oxygen-Hydrogen Rocket Stage in English. The vehicle was conceived as the most powerful upper stage of the upgraded Proton rocket and the next-generation Angara family of launch vehicles.
In parallel, the US firm Pratt & Whitney proposed to adapt its venerable RL-10 engine from the Centaur upper stage for the use on Proton. KBKhA then worked on adapting RL-10 for the Proton's upper stage, along with partial redesign and upgrades of some of the engine's components. However, due to potential proliferation problems, Pratt & Whitney was not able to continue this cooperation, prompting KBKhA to start an independent development of the RD-0146 engine. (331) Pratt & Whitney still partially financed the development of RD-0146, while also taking responsibility for marketing the applications of the engine outside the former Soviet Union. In such case, the company's Rocketdyne division would be responsible for delivery and maintenance of the system. (333)
In 1999, Khrunichev requested KBKhA to develop RD-0146U version of the engine for Proton and Angara rockets, also with the thrust of 10 tons. (332)
Engine description
The RD-0146 became the first Russian rocket engine without a gas generator, and it was also equipped with extendable nozzle extension without a coooling system and it was capable of multiple firings and thrust control in two planes. According to KBKhA, the lack of generator ensured high reliability of the engine, especially for multiple firings.
Also, for the first time in its development experience, KBKhA decided to employ two separate turbopumps for fuel and oxidizer, in the effort to improve the engine's performance characteristics. The fuel turbopump would spin with a record-breaking 123,000 (130,000 according to 331) rotations per minute. Such high rate enabled to minimize the size and mass, while still guaranteeing high efficiency of the pump. Load-bearing pumps were made of titanium alloys employing granular technology. A nozzle extension of the combustion chamber would be made of heat-resisting carbon-carbon composite. The engine itself would employ latest titanium and aluminum alloys in its design.
Development and testing
By the beginning of 2001, KBKhA produced a complete design documentation for the RD-0146 engine and a number of components of the engine had been manufactured at KBKhA's experimental facilities. For the first time in the Russian practice, ball-shaped valves had been developed with complete leak-proof and minimal resistance. The igniter was also developed and model tests of the injectors completed. Autonomous tests of some engine components were underway. At the time, the development of the section of the nozzle, which does not have cooling system and movable extension was conducted in cooperation with Institute of Thermal Chemistry and Iskra enterprise in the city of Perm.
At the beginning of 2001, a full-scale mockup of the RD-0146 engine had been shipped to Pratt & Whitney per previous agreements. Additionally three experimental components of the engine had been manufactured, including oxidizer and fuel line systems and a combustion chamber with the igniter. At the time, this hardware was scheduled for tests in March-May 2001. (331)
In 2002, RKK Energia returned to KBKhA with the request to develop a 10-ton engine for the prospective Onega booster. The engine was designated RD-0146E. (332)
In 2008, official KBKhA documents said that RD-0146U fired 17 times, including eight firings burning oxygen-hydrogen propellant and six tests using mix of oxygen and methane. At the time, KBKhA had already expected increased funding for the RD-0146 and RD-0163 projects in connection with the development of the prospective launch vehicle for the manned space program based in Vostochny. (334)
According to KBKhA web site accessed in 2009, all components of the RD-0146 engine, including the combustion chamber with the ignition system went through rigorous individual testing under tougher than nominal parameters. Four copies of the engine had been manufactured and used in 30 test firings, reaching 109.5 percent of nominal thrust. Total burn time had reached 1,680 seconds. One engine accumulated 1,604 seconds of performance in 27 test runs. There was no accidents or failures during tests, KBKhA said.
On Nov. 8, 2011, KBKhA announced that a long-duration test of the RD-0146 engine had been conducted at the company's test facility in Voronezh, lasting 300 seconds for the first time. The firing completed the engine's test program in 2011 accumulating a total of 630 seconds during the year, the company said.

本人敬重有骑士风范，绅士风度的人物。
俄罗斯人搞RD0126已经很多年了，但进展一直拖拖拉拉，这货估计到2015至2020年才能够最终搞定。如果RD0126能够现在就搞成功，俄罗斯人就不会再使用微风M上面级，微风M说白了就是不已死撑的产物。
美国，欧洲，日本与中国都已经使用低温上面级很长时间很久了，主流大国未来的下一代上面级如芬奇，YF75D，J2X之类也全是低温发动机。如果欧洲中国也舍得投资20亿美元不搞芬奇，YF75D改为搞微风M之类常温上面级，你以为以欧洲，中国今天的工业实力搞不出？！
RD170，NK33与RD0120只代表俄罗斯过往的辉煌，自苏联解体以来俄罗斯独立连搞个RD191与RD0126都非常艰难。原因一言难尽。

http://www.russianspaceweb.com/index.html


The RD-0146 engine was developed by KBKhA design bureau in Voronezh, Russia, in a little-publicized cooperation with the American firm Pratt & Whitney. In 2009, this powerplant, burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, came into prominence, as Russian space agency chose it for the second-stage of the Rus-M launch vehicle designed to carry future manned spacecraft. The decision marked the return of the Russian rocketry to the use of liquid hydrogen for the first time since this most efficient but hard to control rocket fuel powered the Energia heavy-lifting vehicle in the 1980s.
The ultimate rocket fuel
Hydrogen - the lightest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, had powered the Sun and stars from the beginning of time. The idea of using this highly flammable chemical as liquid rocket propellant was expressed at the dawn of the space era. The father of modern astronautics, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, had already fueled his theoretical rockets with liquid hydrogen at the beginning of the 20th century, only few years after James Dewar succeeded in turning hydrogen gas into liquid. Yet, the practical introduction of hydrogen into rocket technology took a back stage, as less efficient, but easier to tame propellants, such as kerosene had emerged. Sometimes during 1930s, at the German army's rocket research facility in Kummersdorf, propulsion expert Walter Thiel did test a small hydrogen engine. The project was apparently plagued by leaks and constant danger of explosion, leaving Wernher von Braun with great aversion toward hydrogen, which he expressed years later in the US with his resistance to the development of the Centaur upper stage powered by the RL-10 hydrogen engine. (336)
Yet, the most ambitious projects in the US space program were achieved thanks to rocket engines burning super-cold liquid hydrogen. The Saturn V moon rocket and the Space Shuttle both utilized hydrogen to carry heaviest payloads in the history of space exploration. The Centaur became an irreplaceable part of the US deep-space and other high-energy missions.
History of the project
In the meantime in USSR, despite a number of projects aimed to put hydrogen to work on upper stages of launch vehicles, the practical application of the cryogenic technology in space remained elusive.
In the feverish pace of the Moon Race of the 1960s, the father of the Soviet space program, Sergei Korolev had to rely on tried kerosene engines for its N1 Moon rocket. However a hydrogen-powered upper stages were still planned for follow-on versions of the rocket. To fulfill these hopes, Aleksei Isaev's design bureau, now known as KBKhM, developed the RD-56 engine with thrust of 7.5 tons. It was followed by the RD-57 engine developed by the collective led by Arkhip Lyulka and delivering around 40 tons of thrust. Neither of the engines made it to the launch pad, as the Soviet government terminated ill-fated lunar program, yet, an already completed work had left a rich heritage for the Soviet space industry.
During the 1970s, KBKhA design bureau in the city of Voronezh developed a powerful RD-0120 hydrogen engine for the core stage of the giant Energia booster. The engine could develop up to 200 tons of thrust and rivaled the SSME powerplant on the US Space Shuttle. Cluster of four RD-0120 engines performed flawlessly during two launches of the Energia rocket in 1987 and 1988. However the program was also abandoned, this time due to economic collapse of the 1990s. However, at the same time, the Russian government did manage to secure a contract with India to supply a modified version of the RD-56 engine for the upper stage of the nation's GSLV launch vehicle. Renamed KVD-1, a hydrogen-powered engine made a successful debut on the Indian rocket, simultaneously preserving Russia's potential in development of such technology.
All these engines employed so-called "staged combustion cycle," while the American RL-10 engine remained the only upper stage engine using so-called expander cycle. In this design, the super-cold liquid fuel, upon passing through the cooling loop of the combustion chamber, turns into gas before entering the combustion chamber, where it burns along with oxidizer.
In 1988, RKK Energia became the first Soviet organization to request KBKhA to develop a new hydrogen engine without a gas generator for the prospective Buran-T and Vulcan rockets. Designated RO-95, the engine would be able to generate 10 tons of thrust and a specific impulse of 475 seconds. At the time of the development start in 1989, test firings of the engine were expected in 1991-1992 period, however the work did not go beyond the preliminary design. (332) The Soviet government apparently decided not to fund the project, seeing it as a duplication of KBKhM's RD-56. (335) Further models designated RD-0131 and RD-0132 were also studied and also never developed. Finally, in 1995, KBKhA made another, so far stillborn attempt to develop an exotic RD-0126 engine equipped with an exotic "ring-shaped" nozzle.(331)
In 1997, Khrunichev enterprise, the manufacturer of the Proton rocket, assigned KBKhA to develop an engine with the thrust of 10 tons and equipped with a nozzle extension for best performance at high altitude. The engine would be intended for Kislorodno-Vodorniy Racketniy Block, KVRB, or Oxygen-Hydrogen Rocket Stage in English. The vehicle was conceived as the most powerful upper stage of the upgraded Proton rocket and the next-generation Angara family of launch vehicles.
In parallel, the US firm Pratt & Whitney proposed to adapt its venerable RL-10 engine from the Centaur upper stage for the use on Proton. KBKhA then worked on adapting RL-10 for the Proton's upper stage, along with partial redesign and upgrades of some of the engine's components. However, due to potential proliferation problems, Pratt & Whitney was not able to continue this cooperation, prompting KBKhA to start an independent development of the RD-0146 engine. (331) Pratt & Whitney still partially financed the development of RD-0146, while also taking responsibility for marketing the applications of the engine outside the former Soviet Union. In such case, the company's Rocketdyne division would be responsible for delivery and maintenance of the system. (333)
In 1999, Khrunichev requested KBKhA to develop RD-0146U version of the engine for Proton and Angara rockets, also with the thrust of 10 tons. (332)
Engine description
The RD-0146 became the first Russian rocket engine without a gas generator, and it was also equipped with extendable nozzle extension without a coooling system and it was capable of multiple firings and thrust control in two planes. According to KBKhA, the lack of generator ensured high reliability of the engine, especially for multiple firings.
Also, for the first time in its development experience, KBKhA decided to employ two separate turbopumps for fuel and oxidizer, in the effort to improve the engine's performance characteristics. The fuel turbopump would spin with a record-breaking 123,000 (130,000 according to 331) rotations per minute. Such high rate enabled to minimize the size and mass, while still guaranteeing high efficiency of the pump. Load-bearing pumps were made of titanium alloys employing granular technology. A nozzle extension of the combustion chamber would be made of heat-resisting carbon-carbon composite. The engine itself would employ latest titanium and aluminum alloys in its design.
Development and testing
By the beginning of 2001, KBKhA produced a complete design documentation for the RD-0146 engine and a number of components of the engine had been manufactured at KBKhA's experimental facilities. For the first time in the Russian practice, ball-shaped valves had been developed with complete leak-proof and minimal resistance. The igniter was also developed and model tests of the injectors completed. Autonomous tests of some engine components were underway. At the time, the development of the section of the nozzle, which does not have cooling system and movable extension was conducted in cooperation with Institute of Thermal Chemistry and Iskra enterprise in the city of Perm.
At the beginning of 2001, a full-scale mockup of the RD-0146 engine had been shipped to Pratt & Whitney per previous agreements. Additionally three experimental components of the engine had been manufactured, including oxidizer and fuel line systems and a combustion chamber with the igniter. At the time, this hardware was scheduled for tests in March-May 2001. (331)
In 2002, RKK Energia returned to KBKhA with the request to develop a 10-ton engine for the prospective Onega booster. The engine was designated RD-0146E. (332)
In 2008, official KBKhA documents said that RD-0146U fired 17 times, including eight firings burning oxygen-hydrogen propellant and six tests using mix of oxygen and methane. At the time, KBKhA had already expected increased funding for the RD-0146 and RD-0163 projects in connection with the development of the prospective launch vehicle for the manned space program based in Vostochny. (334)
According to KBKhA web site accessed in 2009, all components of the RD-0146 engine, including the combustion chamber with the ignition system went through rigorous individual testing under tougher than nominal parameters. Four copies of the engine had been manufactured and used in 30 test firings, reaching 109.5 percent of nominal thrust. Total burn time had reached 1,680 seconds. One engine accumulated 1,604 seconds of performance in 27 test runs. There was no accidents or failures during tests, KBKhA said.
On Nov. 8, 2011, KBKhA announced that a long-duration test of the RD-0146 engine had been conducted at the company's test facility in Voronezh, lasting 300 seconds for the first time. The firing completed the engine's test program in 2011 accumulating a total of 630 seconds during the year, the company said.

本人敬重有骑士风范，绅士风度的人物。
俄罗斯人搞RD0126已经很多年了，但进展一直拖拖拉拉，这货估计到2015至2020年才能够最终搞定。如果RD0126能够现在就搞成功，俄罗斯人就不会再使用微风M上面级，微风M说白了就是不已死撑的产物。
美国，欧洲，日本与中国都已经使用低温上面级很长时间很久了，主流大国未来的下一代上面级如芬奇，YF75D，J2X之类也全是低温发动机。如果欧洲中国也舍得投资20亿美元不搞芬奇，YF75D改为搞微风M之类常温上面级，你以为以欧洲，中国今天的工业实力搞不出？！
RD170，NK33与RD0120只代表俄罗斯过往的辉煌，自苏联解体以来俄罗斯独立连搞个RD191与RD0126都非常艰难。原因一言难尽。

TG也需要微风M那样的常温上面级的，不然也不会在搞先进上面级了，以后深空探测，北斗2二期的直接入轨式MEO卫星都需要的

TG也需要微风M那样的常温上面级的，不然也不会在搞先进上面级了，以后深空探测，北斗2二期的直接入轨式MEO卫星都需要的

这就是RD0120与RD0146，俄罗斯搞RD0146已经很久了（多谢纸飞机兄指正，有错必改。）。

这就是RD0120与RD0146，俄罗斯搞RD0146已经很久了（多谢纸飞机兄指正，有错必改。）。

那你说说发射了什么，需要用到那艘老高尔夫。
你把八股拿来。这事除了高层和相关人员，外人要知道几乎不可能。我的消息还告诉我去年的现在这个时候巨浪2从江南附近的海域往西北打，一连打了七发呢

巨浪2就不要在这里讨论了吧，一是跑题，二是踩线

谁说094没有打过巨浪-2？

如果真像LZ说的那样，未来搞不好老美和欧洲还需要我们的神舟来往国际空间站运人哪！