USSR-俄罗斯航空机载计算机的发展简史--作于1999年

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http://www.pcweek.ru/themes/deta ... detail.php?ID=51809


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--


通过这篇文章， 相信航空爱好者能够对于苏联/俄罗斯， 主要是苏联的机载计算机的发展历程， 主要型号系列产品有一个基本的认知。



第一部分



该篇文章作于1999年， 主要还是以苏联的为主





The history of airborne digital computers in Russia


Author: Konstantin Kolpakov

31/08/1999




DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS


Digital computing means in the aircraft onboard equipment appeared at the turn of the 60-ies and the relatively short-term almost completely replaced the previously used analog calculators, because it provides higher accuracy of the tasks were more universal application and has the broad logical possibilities.

These quality onboard digital computer (BTSVM) you can use it in almost all sub-systems onboard aircraft equipment, provide stability BTSVM complicate the algorithm and allow for a more complex, and hence improved aircraft control laws and its subsystems. They are allowed to carry out information interaction between individual (previously not directly communicate with) subsystems, avionics and form a single set of airborne equipment (CCD), which ultimately increased the efficiency of the implementation of the flight plan and flight safety.

Using BTSVM require a certain unification of the electronic equipment the aircraft, which resulted in reduced time and reduced development costs and subsequent modernization of the CCD and the cost of its operation.



Appearance model QPM

The effective application of digital computers in the aircraft onboard equipment was necessary to solve the following problem:

- Develop BTSVM, the most satisfying in all respects the requirements of specific applications;

- Create an information exchange system, providing a pairing BTSVM with on-board instrumentation (sensors and executive bodies), and the interaction between a machine in the on-board computer system;

- To develop software, which includes the means to create and debug programs and tools that provide the computing process and the functioning of the machine.

The need to address the first two issues was evident initially, but the creation of software seemed to be minor. Therefore, in the early stages of development of digital avionics focused on the development BTSVM and means of interfacing with on-board equipment. The problem of creating software exacerbated by increasingly complex structure of the machine, the expansion of tasks, the emergence and development of onboard computer systems, and now the cost of software development exceed the costs of creating hardware.

The development of digital computers for aircraft onboard equipment began in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 50-ies. At this time, the vast majority of research institutes and instrument-KB Minaviaproma (OKB Electroavtomatika - LNPOEA, MIEA, GosNIIAS, NIIP) and Minradioproma (NII Argon - NITSEVT, VNIIRA, NPO "Vega", "AGAT" MRI ") (all used modern name), and several other companies began developing models of various kinds of digital computing devices (TSVU), on-board equipment of aircraft, and then the missiles. The 60-ies were created board TSVU, specialized and universal types, most of which were virtually no demand. The exception was BTSVM "Flame-BT (NPO" Vega "), which can be regarded as a prototype machine series" Orbita ".

By the mid 60-ies identified three companies - LNPOEA (OKB Electroavtomatika, St. Petersburg), NITSEVT (NII Argon, Moscow) and HC Leninets (St. Petersburg), the next three decades, have become major developers BTSVM aviation applications. Later development BTSVM conducted and other companies, such as MIEA (Moscow), "AGAT" MRI "(Zhukovsky), OKB" Aviaavtomatika "(Kursk), 3rd MSY ISPC" Avionics "(Moscow), etc. In the early 90 -- ies in the number of developers BTSVM entered Ramenskoye Avionics KB (RPKB) NIISI Sciences, JSC "Russian Avionics" (Zhukovsky). The main developer BTSVM for missiles, used as aircraft armament, became SRI Industry (Moscow), which during this period developed a series of on-board computing devices (BTSVU-201, BTSVU-301, BTSVU-305-10, BTSVU-305-12, BTSVU -350, BTSVU-400) and a series of embedded BTSVM (Dawn-30 "," Zarya-32 "," Zarya-32M "," Zarya-35 "," Zarya-37M "," Zarya-38 "and" Dawn -32MK "), as well as autonomous BTSVM Zarya-40" and "Dawn-41.

With the advent of mass-produced microprocessors (MP) the development of various BTSVM went wide front. At that time, were created: BTSVM series of "Integration", C-175, C-176 (HC Leninets, BTSVM "Lightning") and "Lightning-D" (ISPC "Avionics"), BTSVM "Alice" (IRI " Agate "), BTSVM MPO (OKB Aviaavtomatika"), BTSVM "Sigma" (SPC "Sinis") and others. However, most of these developments has not been practical application. In 90-ies are based BTSVM i80386 and i80486, among which may be noted family BTSVM-386/486 (AO RPKB) BTSVM ERM (JSC "Russian Avionics") and BTSVM MB-5 (SC RC "Module") .

Already in the early 70-ies BTSVM used in almost all subsystems of the CCD. These subsystems were created in enterprises of various ministries. For example, radio-electronic systems designed and equipped Minradiopromom BTSVM created at NII Argon, navigation and piloting and display system complex is designed and equipped Minaviapromom BTSVM created in LNPOEA. On board the aircraft used BTSVM with different architectures, which seriously hampered the refinement of hardware and software of the CCD, extends the creation of complex, high costs for their development and operation.

Based on the analysis conducted in the late 70's - early 80's, has developed a program creating families SBEVM uniform for use on mobile objects of all classes. This program was approved in 1984, the decision of the State Commission. In accordance with her LNPOEA work commenced on the creation of unified SBEVM - SB3541 and SB3542 architecture type "Elektronika-32", and in the NII Argon - SB5140 architecture "Search. Unfortunately, this program was not implemented. Been developed only a few cars (and even then with considerable slippage) - SB3541 based MPK1839, SB5140 and SB5580 on the basis of BMC 1537HM2. Experience in creating and SBEVM were counted, and the idea of interspecies unification was the logical culmination of developments in computer family "baguette" (the leading developer of NIISI RAS), which also includes the use of aircraft and vehicles "Baguette-53", "baguette-52" "Baguette-63" and "Baguette-62"



Appearance of different types of modules

Along with the general-purpose machines were working on the establishment of specialized processors for signal processing. In HC Leninets was created the first industrial programmable signal processor TS200 and TS300, a new processor. NIISI Academy of Sciences (KB "Corundum-M), presented a large sample signal processor" Baguette-55-02 "(TS400), which performs" Butterfly "at 40 million inv. / Sec. Currently the development of improved processor TS600.

For three decades BTSVM qualitatively changed. Their speed has increased more than three orders of magnitude and reached tens of millions of operations per second and storage capacity up to 8 - 16 MB. At the same time reduce the weight and power consumption. This is due to the improvement of the element base, architectural and structural organization of machines.

If in the beginning to build BTSVM used discrete components, then with the development of component base, they were replaced by integrated circuits (ICs), then schemes with medium and high integration (SIS and BIS), and finally sets of microprocessor-based LSI (LSI IPC).

Replacing the discrete components of large integrated circuits has increased the speed of the machine more than two orders of magnitude while reducing the order of magnitude more power and weight. Improvement of microprocessors in the 80's and early 90-ies allowed to raise at least another order of magnitude performance BTSVM, also improved internal and external interfaces of computers.

In the first BTSVM used non-standardized tires, providing interaction between the blocks machine and converters "code - analog and analog - code" to communicate with subscribers. As the structure BTSVM as an internal interface of the first interface is used "common rail", GOST 26765.51 - 86, and then the system bus VME, which is already an open interface. The analog front end is complemented by the radial channels for transmission of serial codes with a throughput of 48 kbps (GOST 18977 - 79), and then into the external input interface multiplexed channels with a bandwidth of 1 Mbps (GOST 26765.52 - 87). In the future, as the improvement of the structure, comprising an external interface, you can use channels in accordance with GOST 50832 - 95 (20 Mbps) network interfaces such as AS4074 (HSDB), but in the long run and type interface SCI (in option for real-time systems -- 1394) with a throughput of 1 Gb / s and 1 Gb / sec.

Analyzing the stages of development of the element base, architecture, structure BTSVM, its software, we can formulate the main features that characterize the generation of airborne digital computers. Although any BTSVM can only be conditionally assigned to any particular generation, as some of its parameters can correspond to either the previous or subsequent generations.

For BTSVM first generation was characterized by relatively low information and computing capacity and relatively primitive (from a modern point of view) the structure, implemented using discrete components. The structure of these BTSVM were arithmetic unit (AU), rapid and permanent storage devices (RAM and ROM), the control unit (CU) and a secondary power supply (VIP). Memory was a single-level cars. Closed architecture of these machines was based on functional blocks, which were developed specifically for each case. Any upgrading required additional development of the functional blocks with the desired characteristics. Programming was done in machine language, and for testing programs used by interpreting systems and control panels and display.

For the typical representatives BTSVM first generation are created in LNPOEA CVM-263 CVM-264, which are produced commercially from 1964 machines have a speed of 62 thousand op. / S (for the operation of the register - the register) and 31 thousand op. / S (for the operation of the register - the memory), RAM capacity of 256 16-bit words and ROM capacity 8Kx16 bit. MTBF - 200 hours, weight - 330 kg, power consumption - 2000 Tues

The structure BTSVM second generation begin to use elements of pipelining to ensure combine in the performance of operations, the processors that contain more sophisticated adders, and special devices to perform multiplication, division and calculation of elementary functions. Structure of machines sold on integrated circuits, but it remains deterministic and difficult modernized, ie, in effect, closed. To write programs that "are beginning to use language-level assembler, and for their operation - special debugging facilities, integrate with instrumental BTSVM computer.

The interaction with subscribers BTSVM first and second generations produced through the interface device (CS), which contained the necessary set of transducers, analogue - a figure "and" figure - the equivalent, as on-board equipment was basically an analog interface.

This device performed constructively or as a standalone unit, interacting with the machine via a digital channel, or integrate with BTSVM, forming input / output device. Even for the first generation BTSVM attempted unification of the introduction of the normal 847AT, which is regulated by the parameters of analog channels. For the exchange of consistent codes and one-off commands in the onboard computers of the second generation introduced channels such as ARINC-429 (GOST 18977 - 79).

Second generation can be roughly classified BTSVM families "Orbita-10" and "Orbit-20", created in LNPOEA and BTSVM Argon-15 "Development NII Argon (NITSEVT).



Appearance CVM 10-15

Serial production BTSVM family Orbita-10 "started in 1970 within the family - more than a dozen modifications having the same speed and different composition of peripherals and memory capacity.

BTSVM family "Orbita-10" - 16-bit, their performance in the format RS and RR is 62.5 and 125 thousand op. / Sec. In the basic model used memory capacity of 1024 words, the ROM capacity of 16K words and EZU capacity of 256 words. MTBF, weight and power consumption depend on the configuration of the machine and are within 250 - 500 h, 90 - 60 kg and 1500 - 500 W, respectively.

Programming BTSVM family performed at the level of machine code, attempts were made to create a programming language-level assembler. For debugging GosNIIAS suggested working out a set of programs (CPC), consisting of board machines, computers and instrumentation equipment, ensuring their pairing.

Mass production BTSVM family "Orbita-20" (LNPOEA), which brings together more than 50 different modifications, which started in 1974 BTSVM Today one of the family are the most massive computers aviation applications.

All machines have the same family of performance, equal to 200 thousand op. / S (operation addition) and 100 thousand op. / S (multiplication). The base model includes 512 words of RAM and ROM capacity of 16K words.

On-board digital computer "Argon-15" developed in the early 70's. It was delivered to users as a computing device consisting of a central processing unit (CPU) with a speed of 200 thousand op. / S (operation addition), a capacity of 2K words of RAM, a ROM capacity of 32K words (four blocks of 8K words) and nonvolatile memory (zushi) . The interface machine with onboard equipment (peripherals) created a developer corresponding subsystem.

By the mid 80-ies was developed four versions of the machine: "Argon-15", "Argon-15A", "Argon-15K" and "Argon-15-M. BTSVM Argon-15 "(RAM - 1K ROM - 24K words) has a mass of 35 kg and uptime 500 hours

Performance cars Argon-15K "- 500 thousand, and Argon-15-M" - 800 thousand short operations per second. BTSVM Argon-15-M "with a total capacity of 86K words of memory (RAM - 5K, ROM - 80 K and zushi - 1K words) has uptime 5000 h and weighs 16.6 kg.

In BTSVM third generation used hierarchical memory, including the scratchpad memory (Ron, general-purpose registers), a multi-level interrupt system, the channels of direct memory access, as well as mechanisms to protect information from unauthorized access. In the structure of the third generation of airborne vehicles are beginning to apply a means to support multiprocessing. The structure of these BTSVM is mainly line-modular organization and allows the alteration of the machines in a fairly wide range by using the required number of the (uniform) modules, ie, acquires a certain transparency. To build a unified scheme of modules used with middle and high levels of integration, including the microprocessor sets of large integrated circuits (MIC BIS). As part of the external interface for the exchange of information, along with converters, analog - a figure "and" figure - the analog "are used ad hoc teams and serial codes (GOST 18977-79), and multiplex channels are made in accordance with GOST 26765.52 - 87 (MIL - STD-1553B).=============================================================
http://www.pcweek.ru/themes/deta ... detail.php?ID=51809


=====================================



--


通过这篇文章， 相信航空爱好者能够对于苏联/俄罗斯， 主要是苏联的机载计算机的发展历程， 主要型号系列产品有一个基本的认知。



第一部分



该篇文章作于1999年， 主要还是以苏联的为主





The history of airborne digital computers in Russia


Author: Konstantin Kolpakov

31/08/1999




DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS


Digital computing means in the aircraft onboard equipment appeared at the turn of the 60-ies and the relatively short-term almost completely replaced the previously used analog calculators, because it provides higher accuracy of the tasks were more universal application and has the broad logical possibilities.

These quality onboard digital computer (BTSVM) you can use it in almost all sub-systems onboard aircraft equipment, provide stability BTSVM complicate the algorithm and allow for a more complex, and hence improved aircraft control laws and its subsystems. They are allowed to carry out information interaction between individual (previously not directly communicate with) subsystems, avionics and form a single set of airborne equipment (CCD), which ultimately increased the efficiency of the implementation of the flight plan and flight safety.

Using BTSVM require a certain unification of the electronic equipment the aircraft, which resulted in reduced time and reduced development costs and subsequent modernization of the CCD and the cost of its operation.



Appearance model QPM

The effective application of digital computers in the aircraft onboard equipment was necessary to solve the following problem:

- Develop BTSVM, the most satisfying in all respects the requirements of specific applications;

- Create an information exchange system, providing a pairing BTSVM with on-board instrumentation (sensors and executive bodies), and the interaction between a machine in the on-board computer system;

- To develop software, which includes the means to create and debug programs and tools that provide the computing process and the functioning of the machine.

The need to address the first two issues was evident initially, but the creation of software seemed to be minor. Therefore, in the early stages of development of digital avionics focused on the development BTSVM and means of interfacing with on-board equipment. The problem of creating software exacerbated by increasingly complex structure of the machine, the expansion of tasks, the emergence and development of onboard computer systems, and now the cost of software development exceed the costs of creating hardware.

The development of digital computers for aircraft onboard equipment began in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 50-ies. At this time, the vast majority of research institutes and instrument-KB Minaviaproma (OKB Electroavtomatika - LNPOEA, MIEA, GosNIIAS, NIIP) and Minradioproma (NII Argon - NITSEVT, VNIIRA, NPO "Vega", "AGAT" MRI ") (all used modern name), and several other companies began developing models of various kinds of digital computing devices (TSVU), on-board equipment of aircraft, and then the missiles. The 60-ies were created board TSVU, specialized and universal types, most of which were virtually no demand. The exception was BTSVM "Flame-BT (NPO" Vega "), which can be regarded as a prototype machine series" Orbita ".

By the mid 60-ies identified three companies - LNPOEA (OKB Electroavtomatika, St. Petersburg), NITSEVT (NII Argon, Moscow) and HC Leninets (St. Petersburg), the next three decades, have become major developers BTSVM aviation applications. Later development BTSVM conducted and other companies, such as MIEA (Moscow), "AGAT" MRI "(Zhukovsky), OKB" Aviaavtomatika "(Kursk), 3rd MSY ISPC" Avionics "(Moscow), etc. In the early 90 -- ies in the number of developers BTSVM entered Ramenskoye Avionics KB (RPKB) NIISI Sciences, JSC "Russian Avionics" (Zhukovsky). The main developer BTSVM for missiles, used as aircraft armament, became SRI Industry (Moscow), which during this period developed a series of on-board computing devices (BTSVU-201, BTSVU-301, BTSVU-305-10, BTSVU-305-12, BTSVU -350, BTSVU-400) and a series of embedded BTSVM (Dawn-30 "," Zarya-32 "," Zarya-32M "," Zarya-35 "," Zarya-37M "," Zarya-38 "and" Dawn -32MK "), as well as autonomous BTSVM Zarya-40" and "Dawn-41.

With the advent of mass-produced microprocessors (MP) the development of various BTSVM went wide front. At that time, were created: BTSVM series of "Integration", C-175, C-176 (HC Leninets, BTSVM "Lightning") and "Lightning-D" (ISPC "Avionics"), BTSVM "Alice" (IRI " Agate "), BTSVM MPO (OKB Aviaavtomatika"), BTSVM "Sigma" (SPC "Sinis") and others. However, most of these developments has not been practical application. In 90-ies are based BTSVM i80386 and i80486, among which may be noted family BTSVM-386/486 (AO RPKB) BTSVM ERM (JSC "Russian Avionics") and BTSVM MB-5 (SC RC "Module") .

Already in the early 70-ies BTSVM used in almost all subsystems of the CCD. These subsystems were created in enterprises of various ministries. For example, radio-electronic systems designed and equipped Minradiopromom BTSVM created at NII Argon, navigation and piloting and display system complex is designed and equipped Minaviapromom BTSVM created in LNPOEA. On board the aircraft used BTSVM with different architectures, which seriously hampered the refinement of hardware and software of the CCD, extends the creation of complex, high costs for their development and operation.

Based on the analysis conducted in the late 70's - early 80's, has developed a program creating families SBEVM uniform for use on mobile objects of all classes. This program was approved in 1984, the decision of the State Commission. In accordance with her LNPOEA work commenced on the creation of unified SBEVM - SB3541 and SB3542 architecture type "Elektronika-32", and in the NII Argon - SB5140 architecture "Search. Unfortunately, this program was not implemented. Been developed only a few cars (and even then with considerable slippage) - SB3541 based MPK1839, SB5140 and SB5580 on the basis of BMC 1537HM2. Experience in creating and SBEVM were counted, and the idea of interspecies unification was the logical culmination of developments in computer family "baguette" (the leading developer of NIISI RAS), which also includes the use of aircraft and vehicles "Baguette-53", "baguette-52" "Baguette-63" and "Baguette-62"



Appearance of different types of modules

Along with the general-purpose machines were working on the establishment of specialized processors for signal processing. In HC Leninets was created the first industrial programmable signal processor TS200 and TS300, a new processor. NIISI Academy of Sciences (KB "Corundum-M), presented a large sample signal processor" Baguette-55-02 "(TS400), which performs" Butterfly "at 40 million inv. / Sec. Currently the development of improved processor TS600.

For three decades BTSVM qualitatively changed. Their speed has increased more than three orders of magnitude and reached tens of millions of operations per second and storage capacity up to 8 - 16 MB. At the same time reduce the weight and power consumption. This is due to the improvement of the element base, architectural and structural organization of machines.

If in the beginning to build BTSVM used discrete components, then with the development of component base, they were replaced by integrated circuits (ICs), then schemes with medium and high integration (SIS and BIS), and finally sets of microprocessor-based LSI (LSI IPC).

Replacing the discrete components of large integrated circuits has increased the speed of the machine more than two orders of magnitude while reducing the order of magnitude more power and weight. Improvement of microprocessors in the 80's and early 90-ies allowed to raise at least another order of magnitude performance BTSVM, also improved internal and external interfaces of computers.

In the first BTSVM used non-standardized tires, providing interaction between the blocks machine and converters "code - analog and analog - code" to communicate with subscribers. As the structure BTSVM as an internal interface of the first interface is used "common rail", GOST 26765.51 - 86, and then the system bus VME, which is already an open interface. The analog front end is complemented by the radial channels for transmission of serial codes with a throughput of 48 kbps (GOST 18977 - 79), and then into the external input interface multiplexed channels with a bandwidth of 1 Mbps (GOST 26765.52 - 87). In the future, as the improvement of the structure, comprising an external interface, you can use channels in accordance with GOST 50832 - 95 (20 Mbps) network interfaces such as AS4074 (HSDB), but in the long run and type interface SCI (in option for real-time systems -- 1394) with a throughput of 1 Gb / s and 1 Gb / sec.

Analyzing the stages of development of the element base, architecture, structure BTSVM, its software, we can formulate the main features that characterize the generation of airborne digital computers. Although any BTSVM can only be conditionally assigned to any particular generation, as some of its parameters can correspond to either the previous or subsequent generations.

For BTSVM first generation was characterized by relatively low information and computing capacity and relatively primitive (from a modern point of view) the structure, implemented using discrete components. The structure of these BTSVM were arithmetic unit (AU), rapid and permanent storage devices (RAM and ROM), the control unit (CU) and a secondary power supply (VIP). Memory was a single-level cars. Closed architecture of these machines was based on functional blocks, which were developed specifically for each case. Any upgrading required additional development of the functional blocks with the desired characteristics. Programming was done in machine language, and for testing programs used by interpreting systems and control panels and display.

For the typical representatives BTSVM first generation are created in LNPOEA CVM-263 CVM-264, which are produced commercially from 1964 machines have a speed of 62 thousand op. / S (for the operation of the register - the register) and 31 thousand op. / S (for the operation of the register - the memory), RAM capacity of 256 16-bit words and ROM capacity 8Kx16 bit. MTBF - 200 hours, weight - 330 kg, power consumption - 2000 Tues

The structure BTSVM second generation begin to use elements of pipelining to ensure combine in the performance of operations, the processors that contain more sophisticated adders, and special devices to perform multiplication, division and calculation of elementary functions. Structure of machines sold on integrated circuits, but it remains deterministic and difficult modernized, ie, in effect, closed. To write programs that "are beginning to use language-level assembler, and for their operation - special debugging facilities, integrate with instrumental BTSVM computer.

The interaction with subscribers BTSVM first and second generations produced through the interface device (CS), which contained the necessary set of transducers, analogue - a figure "and" figure - the equivalent, as on-board equipment was basically an analog interface.

This device performed constructively or as a standalone unit, interacting with the machine via a digital channel, or integrate with BTSVM, forming input / output device. Even for the first generation BTSVM attempted unification of the introduction of the normal 847AT, which is regulated by the parameters of analog channels. For the exchange of consistent codes and one-off commands in the onboard computers of the second generation introduced channels such as ARINC-429 (GOST 18977 - 79).

Second generation can be roughly classified BTSVM families "Orbita-10" and "Orbit-20", created in LNPOEA and BTSVM Argon-15 "Development NII Argon (NITSEVT).



Appearance CVM 10-15

Serial production BTSVM family Orbita-10 "started in 1970 within the family - more than a dozen modifications having the same speed and different composition of peripherals and memory capacity.

BTSVM family "Orbita-10" - 16-bit, their performance in the format RS and RR is 62.5 and 125 thousand op. / Sec. In the basic model used memory capacity of 1024 words, the ROM capacity of 16K words and EZU capacity of 256 words. MTBF, weight and power consumption depend on the configuration of the machine and are within 250 - 500 h, 90 - 60 kg and 1500 - 500 W, respectively.

Programming BTSVM family performed at the level of machine code, attempts were made to create a programming language-level assembler. For debugging GosNIIAS suggested working out a set of programs (CPC), consisting of board machines, computers and instrumentation equipment, ensuring their pairing.

Mass production BTSVM family "Orbita-20" (LNPOEA), which brings together more than 50 different modifications, which started in 1974 BTSVM Today one of the family are the most massive computers aviation applications.

All machines have the same family of performance, equal to 200 thousand op. / S (operation addition) and 100 thousand op. / S (multiplication). The base model includes 512 words of RAM and ROM capacity of 16K words.

On-board digital computer "Argon-15" developed in the early 70's. It was delivered to users as a computing device consisting of a central processing unit (CPU) with a speed of 200 thousand op. / S (operation addition), a capacity of 2K words of RAM, a ROM capacity of 32K words (four blocks of 8K words) and nonvolatile memory (zushi) . The interface machine with onboard equipment (peripherals) created a developer corresponding subsystem.

By the mid 80-ies was developed four versions of the machine: "Argon-15", "Argon-15A", "Argon-15K" and "Argon-15-M. BTSVM Argon-15 "(RAM - 1K ROM - 24K words) has a mass of 35 kg and uptime 500 hours

Performance cars Argon-15K "- 500 thousand, and Argon-15-M" - 800 thousand short operations per second. BTSVM Argon-15-M "with a total capacity of 86K words of memory (RAM - 5K, ROM - 80 K and zushi - 1K words) has uptime 5000 h and weighs 16.6 kg.

In BTSVM third generation used hierarchical memory, including the scratchpad memory (Ron, general-purpose registers), a multi-level interrupt system, the channels of direct memory access, as well as mechanisms to protect information from unauthorized access. In the structure of the third generation of airborne vehicles are beginning to apply a means to support multiprocessing. The structure of these BTSVM is mainly line-modular organization and allows the alteration of the machines in a fairly wide range by using the required number of the (uniform) modules, ie, acquires a certain transparency. To build a unified scheme of modules used with middle and high levels of integration, including the microprocessor sets of large integrated circuits (MIC BIS). As part of the external interface for the exchange of information, along with converters, analog - a figure "and" figure - the analog "are used ad hoc teams and serial codes (GOST 18977-79), and multiplex channels are made in accordance with GOST 26765.52 - 87 (MIL - STD-1553B).