AESA 满天飞了--为卖给沙特的72架台风装AESA

AESA已经应用了？！厉害。J-10什么时候可以装啊。

AESA已经应用了？！厉害。J-10什么时候可以装啊。

可能还不够成熟！
别样三哥的SU30MKI那样哦！

夏风 发表于 2009-11-20 23:40
active phased array antenna(APAA)和active electronic scan array(AESA)有没有差别？
AFAR又是什么？

zhang3wood 发表于 2009-11-20 23:41

一个意思...........

EF2000少了约翰牛就啥也不是了。。。。。{:yan:}

如果不给AESa，不光沙特的订单要飞，希腊的订单也要飞，可是欧洲四国不紧不慢，居然还折腾出T3A这种标准的东西来

JSTCVW09CD 发表于 2009-11-20 23:36

裝了試飛就算是了

APAR是“主动相控阵天线”“active phased array radar"
AFAR=APAR
AESA是“主动电扫描阵列”
APAR或AFAR也应该有机械扫描的，例如E-3望楼和A50。
台风上现在装备的是机械扫描的。

呵呵 aesa夜游很多种吧

:D UK的机载AESA，要超过APG-79发展型号的水平，是很困难的

pzgr43 发表于 2009-11-20 23:52

一个T/R 单元成本超过1000欧............那个造价...........:L

自我科普一把：
An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a type of phased array radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small solid-state transmit/receive (T/R) modules. AESAs aim their "beam" by broadcasting a number of different frequencies of coherent radio energy that interfere constructively at certain angles in front of the antenna. They improve on the older passive electronically scanned radars by spreading their broadcasts out across a band of frequencies, which makes it very difficult to detect over background noise. AESAs allow ships and aircraft to broadcast powerful radar signals while still remaining stealthy.

“主动电扫描阵列（AESA）”，也就是“主动相位阵列雷达”是一种相位雷达，其发射和接收功能由很多的小型固态发射/接收器模块所组成。AESA以广播几个不同相干电波能量的频率的方式施加其“波束”，其能量以“建设性”地在天线前面的角度上干预控制方式被控制。它以扩展其广播频率为一段频率的方式改善了老式被动电子扫描雷达，这使得它很难从背景噪声中被探测到。AESA使得轮船或飞机可以广播其大功率的雷达信号而又同时保持“隐身”。

Contents [hide]
1 Basic concept 基本概念
2 Advantages   优点
2.1 Low Probability of Intercept 低干扰概率
2.2 High jamming resistance 高抗阻塞
2.3 Other advantages  其他优点
3 List of existing systems 现存系统列表
3.1 Airborne systems 机载系统
3.2 Ground and sea-based systems 地面系统和海面系统
4 See also 也看
5 References 参考
6 External links 外部联接


[edit] Basic concept
基本概论

Radar systems generally work by connecting an antenna to a powerful radio transmitter to broadcast a short pulse of signal. The transmitter is then disconnected and the antenna is attached to a sensitive receiver which amplifies any echos from target objects and then sends the resulting output to a display of some sort. The transmitter elements were typically klystron tubes, which are suitable for amplifying a small range of frequencies. In order to scan a portion of the sky, the radar antenna has to be physically moved to point in different directions.

雷达系统总的来说就是把天线连接到一个功率强大的无线电发射器上进行短脉冲信号的广播发射。发射器马上断开，天线又附加到一个灵敏的接收器上，其放大器放大目标的反射信号再把结果输出传送到某种显示器上。发射单元一般典型是调速管，它可以放大小范围的频率信号。为了扫描一部分天空，雷达天线还得作物理运动以指向不同的方向。

Starting in the 1960s new solid-state delays were introduced that led to the first practical large-scale passive electronically scanned array (PESA), or simply phased array radar. PESAs took a signal from a single source, split it up into hundreds of paths, selectively delayed some of them, and send them to individual antennas. The resulting broadcasts overlapped in space, and the interference patterns between the individual signals was selected in order to reinforce the signal at certain angles, and mute it down in all others. The delays could be easily controlled electronically, allowing the beam to be steered without the antenna having to move. A PESA can scan a volume of space much more quickly than a traditional mechanical system. Additionally, as the electronics improved, PESAs added the ability to produce several active beams, allowing them to continue scanning the sky while at the same time focusing smaller beams on certain targets for tracking or guiding semi-active radar homing missiles. PESAs quickly became widespread on ships and large fixed emplacements in the 1960s, followed by airborne sensors as the electronics shrank.

1960年代固体继电器开始引入导致第一个实用的大规模“被动电子扫描阵列（PESA）”雷达产生，或者是简单的相阵雷达。PESA从信号源取得信号，分离成数百个部分，某些进行延时，再送到单信分离的天线上。在天空中导致广播重叠，作为电子化的方式，使得波束在天线不动的情况下被控制。PESA可以比传统机制的系统快速扫描大量的天空。另外，随着电子技术进步，PESA可以产生几个主动波束能力，使得它可以连续地扫描天空的同时聚焦到一些特定的目标以进行跟踪或导引半主动的雷达制导导弹。PESA在1960年代很快扩散到舰船和固定炮位，随后电子部分缩小后成为机载传感器。

AESAs are the result of further developments in solid-state electronics. In earlier systems the broadcast signal was originally created in a klystron tube or similar device, which are relatively large. Receiver electronics were also large due to the high frequencies that they worked with. The introduction of gallium arsenide microelectronics through the 1980s served to greatly reduce the size of the receiver elements, until effective ones could be built at sizes similar to those of handheld radios, only a few centimeters in volume. The introduction of JFETs and MESFETs did the same to the transmitter side of the systems as well. Now an entire radar, the transmitter, receiver and antenna, could be shrunk into a single "transmitter-receiver module" (TRM) about the size of a carton of milk.

AESA是固态电子的进一步开发的结果。早期系统中，广播信号由调速管产生或者类似管子产生，这些管子它位都很大。因为同时工作的高频的原因使得接收电路也很大。在1980年代引入的砷化镓微电子技术使得接收单元极大地缩小了尺寸，直到有效的小单元可以制造成象手持无线电一样大小，只有几个厘米的体积。引入JFET和MOSFET也使得系统的发射器缩小。现在整个雷达的发射器、接收器和天线可以缩小到一个单个的“发射接收模块（TRM）”象一个牛奶盒一样大小。

The primary advantage of a AESA over a PESA is that the different modules can operate on different frequencies. Unlike the PESA, where the signal was generated at single frequencies by a small number of transmitters, in the AESA each module broadcasts its own independent signal. This allows the AESA to produce numerous "sub-beams" and actively "paint" a much larger number of targets. Additionally, the solid-state transmitters are able to broadcast effectively at a much wider range of frequencies, giving AESAs the ability to change their operating frequency with every pulse sent out. AESAs can also produce beams that consist of many different frequencies at once, using post-processing of the combined signal from a number of TRMs to re-create a display as if there was a single powerful beam being sent.

AESA比PESA最主要的优点是不同的模块可以在不同的频率工作。不象PESA，较少数量的发射器产生单个的频率信号，AESA中每个模块广播出自已独立的信号。这使得AESA产生数量众多的“边束”并主动地“涂”到数量众多的目标上。另外，固态发射器也能有效的广播更宽频率范围的电波，使得AESA在每次发射出去时都可以改变其他工作频率。AESA也能产生同一时刻的很多不同频率的波束，使后处理技术对从许多TRM来的混合信号进行处理以再生显示，如同只有一个单独的大功率的信号被发出去一样。

呵呵 aesa夜游很多种吧
erfd 发表于 2009-11-20 23:51

自我科普一把：
An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a type of phased array radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small solid-state transmit/receive (T/R) modules. AESAs aim their "beam" by broadcasting a number of different frequencies of coherent radio energy that interfere constructively at certain angles in front of the antenna. They improve on the older passive electronically scanned radars by spreading their broadcasts out across a band of frequencies, which makes it very difficult to detect over background noise. AESAs allow ships and aircraft to broadcast powerful radar signals while still remaining stealthy.

“主动电扫描阵列（AESA）”，也就是“主动相位阵列雷达”是一种相位雷达，其发射和接收功能由很多的小型固态发射/接收器模块所组成。AESA以广播几个不同相干电波能量的频率的方式施加其“波束”，其能量以“建设性”地在天线前面的角度上干预控制方式被控制。它以扩展其广播频率为一段频率的方式改善了老式被动电子扫描雷达，这使得它很难从背景噪声中被探测到。AESA使得轮船或飞机可以广播其大功率的雷达信号而又同时保持“隐身”。

Contents [hide]
1 Basic concept 基本概念
2 Advantages   优点
2.1 Low Probability of Intercept 低干扰概率
2.2 High jamming resistance 高抗阻塞
2.3 Other advantages  其他优点
3 List of existing systems 现存系统列表
3.1 Airborne systems 机载系统
3.2 Ground and sea-based systems 地面系统和海面系统
4 See also 也看
5 References 参考
6 External links 外部联接


[edit] Basic concept
基本概论

Radar systems generally work by connecting an antenna to a powerful radio transmitter to broadcast a short pulse of signal. The transmitter is then disconnected and the antenna is attached to a sensitive receiver which amplifies any echos from target objects and then sends the resulting output to a display of some sort. The transmitter elements were typically klystron tubes, which are suitable for amplifying a small range of frequencies. In order to scan a portion of the sky, the radar antenna has to be physically moved to point in different directions.

雷达系统总的来说就是把天线连接到一个功率强大的无线电发射器上进行短脉冲信号的广播发射。发射器马上断开，天线又附加到一个灵敏的接收器上，其放大器放大目标的反射信号再把结果输出传送到某种显示器上。发射单元一般典型是调速管，它可以放大小范围的频率信号。为了扫描一部分天空，雷达天线还得作物理运动以指向不同的方向。

Starting in the 1960s new solid-state delays were introduced that led to the first practical large-scale passive electronically scanned array (PESA), or simply phased array radar. PESAs took a signal from a single source, split it up into hundreds of paths, selectively delayed some of them, and send them to individual antennas. The resulting broadcasts overlapped in space, and the interference patterns between the individual signals was selected in order to reinforce the signal at certain angles, and mute it down in all others. The delays could be easily controlled electronically, allowing the beam to be steered without the antenna having to move. A PESA can scan a volume of space much more quickly than a traditional mechanical system. Additionally, as the electronics improved, PESAs added the ability to produce several active beams, allowing them to continue scanning the sky while at the same time focusing smaller beams on certain targets for tracking or guiding semi-active radar homing missiles. PESAs quickly became widespread on ships and large fixed emplacements in the 1960s, followed by airborne sensors as the electronics shrank.

1960年代固体继电器开始引入导致第一个实用的大规模“被动电子扫描阵列（PESA）”雷达产生，或者是简单的相阵雷达。PESA从信号源取得信号，分离成数百个部分，某些进行延时，再送到单信分离的天线上。在天空中导致广播重叠，作为电子化的方式，使得波束在天线不动的情况下被控制。PESA可以比传统机制的系统快速扫描大量的天空。另外，随着电子技术进步，PESA可以产生几个主动波束能力，使得它可以连续地扫描天空的同时聚焦到一些特定的目标以进行跟踪或导引半主动的雷达制导导弹。PESA在1960年代很快扩散到舰船和固定炮位，随后电子部分缩小后成为机载传感器。

AESAs are the result of further developments in solid-state electronics. In earlier systems the broadcast signal was originally created in a klystron tube or similar device, which are relatively large. Receiver electronics were also large due to the high frequencies that they worked with. The introduction of gallium arsenide microelectronics through the 1980s served to greatly reduce the size of the receiver elements, until effective ones could be built at sizes similar to those of handheld radios, only a few centimeters in volume. The introduction of JFETs and MESFETs did the same to the transmitter side of the systems as well. Now an entire radar, the transmitter, receiver and antenna, could be shrunk into a single "transmitter-receiver module" (TRM) about the size of a carton of milk.

AESA是固态电子的进一步开发的结果。早期系统中，广播信号由调速管产生或者类似管子产生，这些管子它位都很大。因为同时工作的高频的原因使得接收电路也很大。在1980年代引入的砷化镓微电子技术使得接收单元极大地缩小了尺寸，直到有效的小单元可以制造成象手持无线电一样大小，只有几个厘米的体积。引入JFET和MOSFET也使得系统的发射器缩小。现在整个雷达的发射器、接收器和天线可以缩小到一个单个的“发射接收模块（TRM）”象一个牛奶盒一样大小。

The primary advantage of a AESA over a PESA is that the different modules can operate on different frequencies. Unlike the PESA, where the signal was generated at single frequencies by a small number of transmitters, in the AESA each module broadcasts its own independent signal. This allows the AESA to produce numerous "sub-beams" and actively "paint" a much larger number of targets. Additionally, the solid-state transmitters are able to broadcast effectively at a much wider range of frequencies, giving AESAs the ability to change their operating frequency with every pulse sent out. AESAs can also produce beams that consist of many different frequencies at once, using post-processing of the combined signal from a number of TRMs to re-create a display as if there was a single powerful beam being sent.

AESA比PESA最主要的优点是不同的模块可以在不同的频率工作。不象PESA，较少数量的发射器产生单个的频率信号，AESA中每个模块广播出自已独立的信号。这使得AESA产生数量众多的“边束”并主动地“涂”到数量众多的目标上。另外，固态发射器也能有效的广播更宽频率范围的电波，使得AESA在每次发射出去时都可以改变其他工作频率。AESA也能产生同一时刻的很多不同频率的波束，使后处理技术对从许多TRM来的混合信号进行处理以再生显示，如同只有一个单独的大功率的信号被发出去一样。

[edit] Advantages
优点

In addition to the advantages offered by PESAs, notably the lack of mechanical steering and the ability to form multiple beams, but add many capabilities of their own. Among these are the ability to use some of the TRMs for "other purposes", like radar detection, and more importantly, the difficulties that AESAs cause for radar detectors.

除了PESA提供的所有优点外，因为不需要机械操作以形成多种波速，但是，可以增加自身多种功能。这些功能中其中一种是使用一些“收发模块”（TRMs）作为“其他用途”，象雷达探测，更重要的是，使得AESA导致雷达探测困难。

[edit] Low Probability of Intercept
低拦截概率

Radar systems work by sending out a signal and then listening for its echo off distant objects. Each of these paths, to and from the target, is subject to the inverse square law of propagation. That means that a radar's received energy drops with the fourth power of distance, which is why radar systems require high powers, often in the megawatt range, in order to be effective at long range.

雷达依靠向远处目标发射一个信号再“听”其回声的方式来工作。每个路径，去到目标或来自目标的，遵从传播的反向平方律。这意味着雷达接收信号是距离的四次方倍的衰减，这就是为什么雷达系统需要高功率，经常是要兆瓦的数级，以便能够在远程距离上有效。

The radar signal being sent out is a simple radio signal, and can be received with a simple radio receiver. It is common to use such a receiver in the targets, normally aircraft, to detect radar broadcasts. Unlike the radar unit, which has to send the pulse out and then receive its reflection, the target's receiver does not need the reflection and thus the signal drops off only as the square of distance. This means that the receiver is always at an advantage over the radar in terms of range - it will always be able to detect the signal long before the radar can see the target's echo. Since the position of the radar is extremely useful information in an attack on that platform, this means that radars generally have to be turned off for lengthy periods if they are subject to attack; this is common on ships, for instance.

发射出去的雷达信号是单个的雷达信号，也可以使用一个单个的雷达信号接收器。普通使用一个接收器在目标机里，如飞机上，去探测雷达广播。不象雷达单元，需要发射脉冲再接收其反射，目标的接收器不反射因此信号只是距离的平方关系。这意味着接收器永远具有射程的优势，它将一直能够探测到在雷达看到目标反射之前很长时间探测到信号。

Turning that received signal into a useful display is the purpose of the "radar warning receiver" (RWR). Unlike the radar, which knows which direction it is sending its signal, the receiver simply gets a pulse of energy and has to interpret it. Since the radio spectrum is filled with noise, the receiver's signal is integrated over a short period of time, making periodic sources like a radar add up and stand out over the random background. Typically RWRs store the detected pulses for a short period of time, and compare their broadcast frequency and pulse repetition frequency against a database of known radars. The rough direction can be calculated using a rotating antenna, or similar passive array, and combined with symbology indicating the likely purpose of the radar - airborne early warning, surface to air missile, etc.

将接收到的信号调节到有用的显示就是“雷达告警接收器（RWR）”的目的。不象雷达一样知道发射信号的方向，接收器简单地得到能量并处理它。因为雷达频谱是充满噪声的，接收器的信号也在很短的时间里集中，使得周期性源如雷达从随机背景中累加和提炼出来。典型的RSR将短周期的脉冲存储起来，并与数据库中已知的的广播频率和接收频率来进行比较。大致方向由旋转天线计算得到，或者由类似的被动阵列得到，并象形地指示雷达机载早期告警，对地和对空导弹等等。

This technique is much less useful against AESA radars. Since the AESA can change its frequency with every pulse, and generally does so using a pseudo-random sequence, integrating over time does not help pull the signal out of the background noise. Nor does the AESA have any sort of fixed pulse repetition frequency, which can also be varied and thus hide any periodic brightening across the entire spectrum. Traditional RWRs are essentially useless against AESA radars.

这种技术在AESA对抗中很少用到，因为AESA可以在每个脉冲中变换频率，通常这种做时是以伪随机序列来进行的，长时间集中信号并不能从背景噪声中提取出来。也不能从AESA雷达的固定重复频率中得到，频率可以变化因此可以将任何周期性的显示信号在整个频谱中隐藏起来。传统RWR对AESA雷达没有作用。

[edit] Advantages
优点

In addition to the advantages offered by PESAs, notably the lack of mechanical steering and the ability to form multiple beams, but add many capabilities of their own. Among these are the ability to use some of the TRMs for "other purposes", like radar detection, and more importantly, the difficulties that AESAs cause for radar detectors.

除了PESA提供的所有优点外，因为不需要机械操作以形成多种波速，但是，可以增加自身多种功能。这些功能中其中一种是使用一些“收发模块”（TRMs）作为“其他用途”，象雷达探测，更重要的是，使得AESA导致雷达探测困难。

[edit] Low Probability of Intercept
低拦截概率

Radar systems work by sending out a signal and then listening for its echo off distant objects. Each of these paths, to and from the target, is subject to the inverse square law of propagation. That means that a radar's received energy drops with the fourth power of distance, which is why radar systems require high powers, often in the megawatt range, in order to be effective at long range.

雷达依靠向远处目标发射一个信号再“听”其回声的方式来工作。每个路径，去到目标或来自目标的，遵从传播的反向平方律。这意味着雷达接收信号是距离的四次方倍的衰减，这就是为什么雷达系统需要高功率，经常是要兆瓦的数级，以便能够在远程距离上有效。

The radar signal being sent out is a simple radio signal, and can be received with a simple radio receiver. It is common to use such a receiver in the targets, normally aircraft, to detect radar broadcasts. Unlike the radar unit, which has to send the pulse out and then receive its reflection, the target's receiver does not need the reflection and thus the signal drops off only as the square of distance. This means that the receiver is always at an advantage over the radar in terms of range - it will always be able to detect the signal long before the radar can see the target's echo. Since the position of the radar is extremely useful information in an attack on that platform, this means that radars generally have to be turned off for lengthy periods if they are subject to attack; this is common on ships, for instance.

发射出去的雷达信号是单个的雷达信号，也可以使用一个单个的雷达信号接收器。普通使用一个接收器在目标机里，如飞机上，去探测雷达广播。不象雷达单元，需要发射脉冲再接收其反射，目标的接收器不反射因此信号只是距离的平方关系。这意味着接收器永远具有射程的优势，它将一直能够探测到在雷达看到目标反射之前很长时间探测到信号。

Turning that received signal into a useful display is the purpose of the "radar warning receiver" (RWR). Unlike the radar, which knows which direction it is sending its signal, the receiver simply gets a pulse of energy and has to interpret it. Since the radio spectrum is filled with noise, the receiver's signal is integrated over a short period of time, making periodic sources like a radar add up and stand out over the random background. Typically RWRs store the detected pulses for a short period of time, and compare their broadcast frequency and pulse repetition frequency against a database of known radars. The rough direction can be calculated using a rotating antenna, or similar passive array, and combined with symbology indicating the likely purpose of the radar - airborne early warning, surface to air missile, etc.

将接收到的信号调节到有用的显示就是“雷达告警接收器（RWR）”的目的。不象雷达一样知道发射信号的方向，接收器简单地得到能量并处理它。因为雷达频谱是充满噪声的，接收器的信号也在很短的时间里集中，使得周期性源如雷达从随机背景中累加和提炼出来。典型的RSR将短周期的脉冲存储起来，并与数据库中已知的的广播频率和接收频率来进行比较。大致方向由旋转天线计算得到，或者由类似的被动阵列得到，并象形地指示雷达机载早期告警，对地和对空导弹等等。

This technique is much less useful against AESA radars. Since the AESA can change its frequency with every pulse, and generally does so using a pseudo-random sequence, integrating over time does not help pull the signal out of the background noise. Nor does the AESA have any sort of fixed pulse repetition frequency, which can also be varied and thus hide any periodic brightening across the entire spectrum. Traditional RWRs are essentially useless against AESA radars.

这种技术在AESA对抗中很少用到，因为AESA可以在每个脉冲中变换频率，通常这种做时是以伪随机序列来进行的，长时间集中信号并不能从背景噪声中提取出来。也不能从AESA雷达的固定重复频率中得到，频率可以变化因此可以将任何周期性的显示信号在整个频谱中隐藏起来。传统RWR对AESA雷达没有作用。

[edit] High jamming resistance
高抗阻塞性

Jamming is likewise much more difficult against an AESA. Traditionally, jammers have operated by determining the operating frequency of the radar and then broadcasting a signal on it to confuse the receiver as to which is the "real" pulse and which is the jammer's. This technique works as long as the radar system cannot easily change its operating frequency. When the transmitters were based on klystron tubes this was generally true, and radars, especially airborne ones, had only a few frequencies to chose among. A jammer could listen to those possible frequencies and select the one being used to jam.

阻塞也同样难以针对AESA雷达。传统上，阻塞器用雷达的操作频率来进行，广播一个信号到雷达以使之不能分清哪个是“真的”脉冲哪个是阻塞信号。这种技术使雷达不能容易地变换其操作频率。当发射管用基于调速管原理的管子来组成是通常是对的，雷达特别是机载雷达，只能从少数几个频率中选择一个来运行。阻塞器可以“听”那些可能的频率并选择一个已经用过的对其进行阻塞。

Since an AESA changes its operating frequency with every pulse, and spreads the frequencies across a wide band even in a single pulse, jammers are much less effective. Although it is possible to send out broadband white noise against all the possible frequencies, this means the amount of energy being sent at any one frequency is much lower, reducing its effectiveness. Moreover, AESAs can be switched to a receive-only mode, and use the targets jamming signals as a powerful source to track, something that required a separate receiver in older platforms.

因为AESA雷达每发一次脉冲都进行一次频率转换，即使在一次发射中也进行扩频，阻塞器就不那么有效了。尽管可以在所有可能的频率上发射广播的白噪声信号，意味着每个频率的能量总值很小，以此降低其效能。此外，AESA也可以切换到单收模式，用目标阻塞信号来作为一种强大的跟踪信号源，这在老的系统平台上需要一个分离的接收器。

AESAs are so much more difficult to detect, and so much more useful in receiving signals from the targets, that they can broadcast continually and still have a very low chance of being detected. This allows the radar system to generate far more data than if it is being used only periodically, greatly improving overall system effectiveness.

AESA很难检测到，因此对接收目标信号非常有用，它可以连续广播并且仍然有低的检测机率。这使得雷达系统比周期性工作时可以收到更多的数据，极大地改善了系统的总体效能。

[edit] High jamming resistance
高抗阻塞性

Jamming is likewise much more difficult against an AESA. Traditionally, jammers have operated by determining the operating frequency of the radar and then broadcasting a signal on it to confuse the receiver as to which is the "real" pulse and which is the jammer's. This technique works as long as the radar system cannot easily change its operating frequency. When the transmitters were based on klystron tubes this was generally true, and radars, especially airborne ones, had only a few frequencies to chose among. A jammer could listen to those possible frequencies and select the one being used to jam.

阻塞也同样难以针对AESA雷达。传统上，阻塞器用雷达的操作频率来进行，广播一个信号到雷达以使之不能分清哪个是“真的”脉冲哪个是阻塞信号。这种技术使雷达不能容易地变换其操作频率。当发射管用基于调速管原理的管子来组成是通常是对的，雷达特别是机载雷达，只能从少数几个频率中选择一个来运行。阻塞器可以“听”那些可能的频率并选择一个已经用过的对其进行阻塞。

Since an AESA changes its operating frequency with every pulse, and spreads the frequencies across a wide band even in a single pulse, jammers are much less effective. Although it is possible to send out broadband white noise against all the possible frequencies, this means the amount of energy being sent at any one frequency is much lower, reducing its effectiveness. Moreover, AESAs can be switched to a receive-only mode, and use the targets jamming signals as a powerful source to track, something that required a separate receiver in older platforms.

因为AESA雷达每发一次脉冲都进行一次频率转换，即使在一次发射中也进行扩频，阻塞器就不那么有效了。尽管可以在所有可能的频率上发射广播的白噪声信号，意味着每个频率的能量总值很小，以此降低其效能。此外，AESA也可以切换到单收模式，用目标阻塞信号来作为一种强大的跟踪信号源，这在老的系统平台上需要一个分离的接收器。

AESAs are so much more difficult to detect, and so much more useful in receiving signals from the targets, that they can broadcast continually and still have a very low chance of being detected. This allows the radar system to generate far more data than if it is being used only periodically, greatly improving overall system effectiveness.

AESA很难检测到，因此对接收目标信号非常有用，它可以连续广播并且仍然有低的检测机率。这使得雷达系统比周期性工作时可以收到更多的数据，极大地改善了系统的总体效能。

[edit] Other advantages
其他优点

Since each element in a AESA is a powerful radio receiver, active arrays have many roles besides traditional radar. One use is to dedicate several of the elements to reception of common radar signals, eliminating the need for a separate radar warning receiver. The same basic concept can be used to provide traditional radio support, and with some elements also broadcasting, form a very high bandwidth data link. The F-35 uses this mechanism to send sensor data between aircraft in order to provide a synthetic picture of higher resolution and range than any one radar could generate.

因每一个AESA单元都是一个功率强大的雷达接收器，主动阵列比传统雷达相比扮演很多角色。其中之一几个专用单元作为雷达的共有接收信号，以去除雷达告警接收器的需要。可以提供传统雷达的同样的基本概念，这些单元也从一个非常窄的数据链发射广播信号。F-35使用这种机制发射飞机之间的传感器数据，以提供比其他雷达能够提供的更高解像度和更大范围的同步图象。

AESAs are also much more reliable than either a PESA or older designs. Since each module operates independently of the others, single failures have little effect on the operation of the system as a whole. Additionally, the modules individually operate at low powers, perhaps 40 to 60 watts, so the need for a large high-voltage power supply is eliminated.

AESA比PESA或老设计更可靠。因为每个单元与其他单元是独立工作的，单个损坏对整个系统作为整体动作只有很轻微的影响，每个单元以低功率方式运行，也许只有40~60瓦，因此可以去掉高压电源供电部分。

[edit] List of existing systems
现存系统列表

US based manufacturers of the AESA radars used in the F22 and Super Hornet include Northrop Grumman[1] and Raytheon.[2] These companies also design, develop and manufacture the transmit/receive modules which comprise the 'building blocks' of an AESA radar. The requisite electronics technology was developed in-house via Department of Defense research programs such as MIMIC Program.[3][4]

在F-22和大黄蜂上使用的AESA的美国生产商包括“诺斯罗普/格鲁曼”和“雷声”。这些厂商也生产组成AESA雷达的的“积木块”发射/接收模块。国内由国防部开发的捕获技术研究计划有例如MIMIC计划。

[edit] Other advantages
其他优点

Since each element in a AESA is a powerful radio receiver, active arrays have many roles besides traditional radar. One use is to dedicate several of the elements to reception of common radar signals, eliminating the need for a separate radar warning receiver. The same basic concept can be used to provide traditional radio support, and with some elements also broadcasting, form a very high bandwidth data link. The F-35 uses this mechanism to send sensor data between aircraft in order to provide a synthetic picture of higher resolution and range than any one radar could generate.

因每一个AESA单元都是一个功率强大的雷达接收器，主动阵列比传统雷达相比扮演很多角色。其中之一几个专用单元作为雷达的共有接收信号，以去除雷达告警接收器的需要。可以提供传统雷达的同样的基本概念，这些单元也从一个非常窄的数据链发射广播信号。F-35使用这种机制发射飞机之间的传感器数据，以提供比其他雷达能够提供的更高解像度和更大范围的同步图象。

AESAs are also much more reliable than either a PESA or older designs. Since each module operates independently of the others, single failures have little effect on the operation of the system as a whole. Additionally, the modules individually operate at low powers, perhaps 40 to 60 watts, so the need for a large high-voltage power supply is eliminated.

AESA比PESA或老设计更可靠。因为每个单元与其他单元是独立工作的，单个损坏对整个系统作为整体动作只有很轻微的影响，每个单元以低功率方式运行，也许只有40~60瓦，因此可以去掉高压电源供电部分。

[edit] List of existing systems
现存系统列表

US based manufacturers of the AESA radars used in the F22 and Super Hornet include Northrop Grumman[1] and Raytheon.[2] These companies also design, develop and manufacture the transmit/receive modules which comprise the 'building blocks' of an AESA radar. The requisite electronics technology was developed in-house via Department of Defense research programs such as MIMIC Program.[3][4]

在F-22和大黄蜂上使用的AESA的美国生产商包括“诺斯罗普/格鲁曼”和“雷声”。这些厂商也生产组成AESA雷达的的“积木块”发射/接收模块。国内由国防部开发的捕获技术研究计划有例如MIMIC计划。

JSTCVW09CD 发表于 2009-11-20 23:54


    成本是一回事，性能是另一回事

AESA可不只是功率大就完事的  多个T/R组件的波束组合成型控制，这里面大有学问

欧洲、毛子、TG要想达到美帝那水平，我看是不可能，美帝玩了多少年机载AESA了 :D

台风的AESE是02年开始研制的,已试飞了几年了,计划在2011年服役,刚好能赶得上竞争沙特的这个合同.

从扫描技术来看，AESA是很复杂。而且它可以独立地取代RWR之类东东来看，是很猛！

最关键的是AESA提供雷达信号的本身隐身性能，这个在旧雷达体制中只能被动式地监听，完全没有办法去探测对方，现在如果是AESA的雷达，连听都听不到了。

这个性能太恐怖！也就是说，四代如果没有他等白做所有的机身隐身工作。

成本是一回事，性能是另一回事

AESA可不只是功率大就完事的  多个T/R组件的波束组合成型控制， ...
pzgr43 发表于 2009-11-21 00:00

从扫描技术来看，AESA是很复杂。而且它可以独立地取代RWR之类东东来看，是很猛！

最关键的是AESA提供雷达信号的本身隐身性能，这个在旧雷达体制中只能被动式地监听，完全没有办法去探测对方，现在如果是AESA的雷达，连听都听不到了。

这个性能太恐怖！也就是说，四代如果没有他等白做所有的机身隐身工作。

pzgr43 发表于 2009-11-21 00:00


    tg的相扫出现的不晚！少说也有几十年了，主要是t、r组件的小型化没有搞好！“功率大就完事的  多个T/R组件的波束组合成型控制，这里面大有学问”这些tg不见得差多少！

zhang3wood 发表于 2009-11-20 23:37
反了，情况是未来2，3个才决定是否签合同给沙特的台风装主动相控阵。即使合同镇签了，首批装的时间也是2012，起码还有两年

解放军的报道是2008年完成试飞，现在新生产的j10，j11都应该是装主动相控阵了

rongzhili.au 发表于 2009-11-21 06:34


    台风的AESA实验是07年的事……，教主你不知道就不要信口开河……;P

f818 发表于 2009-11-21 02:19
王小谟不是说，通过与以色列人学习，T/R组件已经提高很多吗？

赶超欧洲和毛子应该只是时间问题了

拿钱堆起来的。。。。。。不知道TG能不能把这东西从零部件到半成品100%国产化。。。。。{:3_90:}

一个T/R 单元成本超过1000欧............那个造价...........
JSTCVW09CD 发表于 2009-11-20 23:54

拿钱堆起来的。。。。。。不知道TG能不能把这东西从零部件到半成品100%国产化。。。。。{:3_90:}

JSTCVW09CD 发表于 2009-11-20 23:54
AN/APG-77 for Raptor  F/A-22 有1500个TRM，这部分造价会高达：150万欧元，好象不算贵！

rongzhili.au 发表于 2009-11-21 06:34

{:3_91:}

闲云潭影 发表于 2009-11-21 09:17

J-11还是装的Zuke-AE还是什么其他毛子货吧？

zhang3wood 发表于 2009-11-21 08:43

说是工艺提高不少。

啥时候tg能有这么大的客户呀。[:a2:]
银子哗哗滴

回复 28# zhang3wood


    J11哪来的毛子相控阵雷达

别说主动的，连被动的都没有

zhang3wood 发表于 2009-11-21 09:20

国产PD雷达。

闲云潭影 发表于 2009-11-21 09:29

毛子确实有AESA雷达，没有随SU-27一起卖？不太可能吧？

zhang3wood 发表于 2009-11-21 09:33

要他的干嘛？

回复 33# zhang3wood


要分清楚，天朝买的的SU27SK和SU30MKK，不是买j-11


买SU27SK的时候毛子的相控阵还在实验室，买SU30MKK的时候TG自己不要相控阵

回复 33# zhang3wood


要分清楚，天朝买的的SU27SK和SU30MKK，不是买j-11


买SU27SK的时候毛子的相控阵还在实验室，买SU30MKK的时候TG自己不要相控阵

放心~~   TG不会被欧洲落下多少的，想想170兰州呵呵。。。

闲云潭影 发表于 2009-11-21 09:36
J-10A装的什么雷达？

回复 37# zhang3wood


    国产PD{:3_79:}

zhang3wood 发表于 2009-11-21 09:39

只要空军出得起钱，最时髦的都可以给你整上。

闲云潭影 发表于 2009-11-21 09:42
那个从ZUKI-M改过来的1473？我觉着不太可能。KJ2K已经做了很久，小型化的应该有了。