NASA地球遥感卫星系列介绍

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CERES (Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy System
LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor)
TMI (TRMM Microwave Radiometer)
PR (RADAR)
VIRS (Visible/Infrared Radiometer)

Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM)
Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) A and B
Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) A and B
XUV Photometer System (XPS)

. Hence for our current image highlight, we break with tradition and show not one but three images, one from Aqua's MODIS instrument, one from Aqua's AIRS instrument, and one from CloudSat, all obtained together from the Data Depot. All three images show aspects of Tropical Storm Ernesto on August 29, 2006.

While MODIS and AIRS resolve horizontal details of the land, ocean, and cloud surfaces, CloudSat measures the vertical structure of clouds with unprecedented sensitivity. Specifically, the MODIS image shows the brightness temperature in the 12 μm band, the AIRS image shows a false-color composite composed from its visible channels, and the CloudSat image displays radar reflectivity. The CloudSat track appears as a yellow line in the MODIS and AIRS images.

Satellite images such as this view from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured on June 29, 2007, can document land cover changes such as the conversion of natural landscapes to cropland, or cropland to urban development. Information on how fast and where changes are occurring can help scientists and urban planners predict future water supply and demand.

Star Camera Assembly
GPS Turbo-Rogue Receiver
Instruments Processing Unit (IPU)
Laser Retro-Reflector Assembly
K-Band Ranging Instruments
SuperSTAR Accelerometers

The Ice, Clouds, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission, part of NASA' Earth Observing System (EOS), was launched in January 2003 from Vandenberg Air Force Base. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on ICESat will measure ice sheet elevations, changes in elevation through time, height profiles of clouds and aerosols, land elevations and vegetation cover, and approximate sea ice thickness. Future ICESat missions will extend and improve assessments from the first mission, as well as monitor ongoing changes. Together with other aspects of NASA Earth science and current and planned EOS satellites, ICESat will enable scientists to study the Earth's climate and, ultimately, predict how ice sheets and sea level will respond to future climate change.

The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite mission is pleased to announce an initial release of its data products. CALIPSO provides new insight into the role that clouds and atmospheric aerosols (airborne particles) play in regulating Earth's weather, climate, and air quality. CALIPSO is a joint mission between NASA and CNES, the French space agency.

CALIPSO's payload includes an active lidar (CALIOP), a passive Infrared Imaging Radiometer (IIR), and visible Wide Field Camera. This data release consists of data beginning in mid June 2006 and includes Level 1 radiances from each of the instruments. This release also includes the lidar Level 2 vertical feature mask and cloud and aerosol layer products.

The four GMAO-5 meteorological parameters are used to compute the CALIOP Level 1B data for the 532 nm and 1064 nm calibration constants and their associated uncertainties. The CALIOP Level 1B calibration constant data products are named Calibration Constant 532 and Calibration Constant 1064. The CALIOP Level 1B calibration constant data product uncertainties are named Calibration Constant Uncertainty 532 and Calibration Constant Uncertainty 1064. The CALIOP Level 1B 532 nm total and perpendicular and 1064 nm attenuated backscatter profiles are derived from the calibrated (divided by calibration constant), range-corrected, laser energy normalized, baseline subtracted lidar return signal. Thus, the following CALIOP Level 1B data products are also affected by the GEOS-5 transition: Total Attenuated Backscatter 532, Perpendicular Attenuated Backscatter 532, and Attenuated Backscatter 1064.
Version 1.20 is a provisional data release. A preliminary comparison of the CALIOP Level 1B calibration constants and uncertainties computed using GEOS-4 and 5 was performed and revealed small differences. Uncertainties and possible biases will be documented when the data are validated.

For the first time, NASA scientists have used a shrewd spaceborne detective to track the origin and movement of water vapor throughout Earth's atmosphere. This perspective is vital to improve the understanding of Earth's water cycle and its role in weather and climate.

NASA's newest detective in the mysteries of atmospheric water vapor is the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer instrument on the Aura satellite. A team of scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and the University of Colorado, Boulder, used the instrument's observations of heavy and light water vapor to retrace the "history" of water over oceans and continents, from ice and liquid to vapor and back again. Heavy water vapor molecules have more neutrons than lighter ones do.

Image right: This view depicts the distribution of "heavy" and "light" water vapor molecules over Earth's tropics. Red illustrates heavy water vapor, which indicates recent evaporation or plant "exhalation." Blue and purple show lighter water vapor that has undergone significant condensation. The data was obtained Oct. 7, 2006, by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer on NASA's Aura satellite. Image credit: NASA/JPL

By analyzing the distribution of the heavy and light molecules, the team was able to deduce the sources and processes that cycle water vapor, the most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

The team found that tropical rainfall evaporation and water "exhaled" by forests are key sources of moisture in the tropical atmosphere. They noted that more water than they had expected is transported over land rather than ocean into the lower troposphere (Earth's lowermost atmosphere), especially over the Amazon River basin and tropical Africa.

"One might expect most of the water to come directly from the wet ocean," said study co-author Dr. David Noone of the University of Colorado. "Instead, it appears that thunderstorm activity over the tropical continents plays a key role in keeping the troposphere hydrated."

The team found that in the tropics and regions of tropical rain clouds, rainfall evaporation significantly adds moisture to the lower troposphere, with typically 20 percent and up to 50 percent of rain there evaporating before it reaches the ground. The atmosphere retains this water, which can be used to make clouds. The strength and location of this evaporation give scientists new insight into how water in Earth's atmosphere helps move energy from Earth's surface upwards. The main role of the atmosphere in Earth's climate system is to take energy deposited by the sun and dispose of it back into space.

The team also found evidence that water transported upwards by thunderstorm activity over land originates from both plant "exhalation" in large forests and evaporation over nearby oceans. The balance between these two different sources tells us how vegetation interacts with climate and helps maintain regional rainfall levels.

"This link between vegetation, hydrology and climate has implications for how societies choose to manage their ecological resources," said Noone. "Our measurements provide a baseline against which future changes in vegetation-climate interactions can be measured."

The details of this journey are critical for understanding clouds and climate, as well as changes in precipitation patterns and water resources, Noone explained. "Our study measures the conditions under which precipitation and evaporation occur, providing insights into the processes responsible. Better knowledge of these processes ultimately leads to a clearer understanding of the factors that drive the global water cycle and its importance in climate and global climate change."

Noone and his co-authors said there has been a general lack of information on the way water moves around in Earth's atmosphere -- where it comes from and where it ends up.

"Since we measure the history of water, so to speak, we can tell the difference between air masses that have undergone extensive condensation from those that are more dominated by evaporation from the ocean surface," said study co-author Dr. John Worden of JPL.

"These results also lay the groundwork for research to help interpret the isotopic measurements that scientists use to study Earth's climate in the past," added JPL co-author Dr. Kevin Bowman.

Study results appear in the February 1 issue of the journal Nature.

哥们.......翻译成汉语吧.......

3-channel near infrared grating spectrometer

呵呵，先谢了 。
不过发错版了，航天二炮那都快荒芜得长草了

Microwave radiometer
GPS receiver
Laser retroreflector array
Dual frequency NASA radar altimeter
Single frequency CNES radar altimeter
DORIS: Doppler tracking system receiver

ISAMS (Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder)
MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder)
HALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment)
HRDI (High Resolution Doppler Imager)
WIND II (Wind Imaging Interferometer)
SOLSTICE (Solar-stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment)
SUSIM (Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor)
PEM (Particle Environment Monitor)
ACRIM II (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor)
CLAES (Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer)

X-SAR
SIR-C
GPS BlackJack receiver

Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES)
Solar Imaging Suite (SIS)
Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS)
Magnetometer
Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)

    Scan Frequency: 13.4 GHz
    Radiometric Accuracy: 189-Hertz PRF

MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder)
SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer)
DCS (Data Collection System)
AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)
HIRS (High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder)
AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A)
S and R (Search and Rescue)
SEM (Space Environment Monitor)

GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) - Core Spacecraft
Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) - Core Spacecraft
GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) - NASA Constellation Spacecraft
Various passive microwave radiometers - contributed constellation spacecraft

Weight: 2600 kg
Size: 73 cm x 45 cm x 93 cm
Power: 80 watts
Design Life: 5 years

Just as the first weather and communications satellites fundamentally changed our way of thinking about those fields, so the elements of the Earth Science Enterprise will expand our perspective of the global environment and climate. Working together with our partners around the world, we are well on our way to improving our knowledge of the Earth and using that knowledge to the benefit of all humanity.

[wmv]http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/spacesci/pictures/2002/1126icesat/package%20no%20titles.mpg[/wmv]

翻译中，不过可能需要几天时间

请二锅头帮忙转到航天版，谢谢

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读得累
先存起来

看起来太吃力了，翻译成汉语才好看啊。

这种贴一定要顶起来，航天二炮版怎么这么没人气呀。把人气搞起来

资料很有价值，如果楼主能翻译成汉语，这个帖子可以授高级精华！

可以组织版内有兴趣的通晓E文的同志一人翻译一部分,锻炼出一支队伍;P

看起来挺累的
一句一句的看，非常耗费体力
楼主还是要赞一下

原帖由 bigblu 于 2007-9-17 18:00 发表
资料很有价值，如果楼主能翻译成汉语，这个帖子可以授高级精华！

高级精华是什么样的精华? 好的话可以考虑;P

专业名词太多，试着翻译，好辛苦，好多不理解的东东。

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第2个：


quikscat，是一个全天候测量、纪录全球海洋海面风速和风向数据的计划。quikscat的意思，就是快速恢复日本的先进地球观测卫星（ adeos ）在时1997年6月30日停止运转造成的海洋大气数据损失。 quikscat从范登堡空军基地发射后（用泰坦2火箭），至今恢复损失的数据约一半。

quikscat在一个近地轨道运，高度大约800公里（ 500英里）。周期约一百零一分钟。
quikscat卫星的主要装备quikskat散射雷达。这种雷达发射高频率微波脉冲到海洋表面，并计算反射到卫星的脉冲。该雷达估算海洋10米以上的风速和风向。该仪器能在连续1800多公里的宽广区域带收集海洋，土地和冰区的数据，在1天内可以探测地球表面90 ％的区域。 quikscat能全天候提供连续，准确的风速和风向。这些数据对于全球气候研究，天气预报，风暴预告是非常重要的。

1999年8月10日，quikscat海洋监视卫星在东太平洋热带海区发现飓风“多拉”，风速在每秒40米（ 90英里每小时）左右 。图像显示，地面风速（有色背景）和风向（箭头） ，围绕西经14.5度，北纬117.8度的风眼旋转。
quikskat上面的散射雷达提供了前所未有的准确的全球海洋表面风速和风向测量数据。加上其他卫星测量的云图，水气和降雨，大大帮助了科学家预测飓风和其他海洋气候变化。


发射：6/19/99
运载火箭：泰坦二
发射地点：范登堡空军基地西靶场
  
轨道：海拔803公里
倾角： 98.6
周期： 100.9
地球同步
  
重量： 970公斤
功率： 874瓦
设计使用年限： 3年
  
装备仪器： quikskat