5百年前葡萄牙人打到了中国澳门，而历史的今天我们打回 ...

源链接：http://thediplomat.com/2013/09/20/chinas-southern-european-spending-spree/

Five hundred years ago Portugal began the quasi-colonization of China. With Lisbon deeply in debt, the tables have turned.
As the world marks the 500 year anniversary of the arrival of the Portuguese people to China, a wave of Chinese investment and capital is pouring into Portugal.
Portugal was the first European power to establish a permanent settlement in China and was the last to leave when it returned Macau to Beijing in 1999. Now, suffering from a severe economic crisis, Portugal is making a strong push to attract foreign investment. China, despite its own economic slowdown, is taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the crisis in Portugal – and in other southern European countries like Spain and Greece.
To begin with, a growing number of Chinese investors have also been taking advantage of the drop in Portuguese property prices by buying new luxurious apartments in Lisbon’s best districts. The Portuguese government is trying to attract this investment as well by offering Portuguese citizenship to any Chinese willing to invest a minimum of US$800,000 in the country. The “Golden Passport” plan is attracting an increasing amount of Chinese companies and private citizens to buy real estate and set up offices in the country. Chinese businesses have also expressed interest in acquiring several struggling vineyards and olive farms in southern Portugal too. This makes sense since China is quickly emerging as one of the world's major destinations for European wine exports.
Meanwhile, over the past two years, Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been acquiring major shares in strategic sectors of the Portuguese economy, such as the water, electricity, and communications industries. One example of such a purchase occurred in late 2011, when China’s Three Gorges Corporation acquired a 22 percent stake in Portugal’s national energy company, Energias de Portugal (EDP), for US$3.5 billion (nearly twice EDP’s actual market value). This was also followed by a loan of US$1 billion by the Bank of China to EDP.
Another example of Chinese business acquisitions in Portugal includes China State Grid’s 2012 purchase of 25% of Redes Energeticas Nacionais’ (REN) shares for a total of US$524 million. China State Grid paid the Portuguese power company 2.9 euros for each share, which was 40 percent over the value of the stock at the time of the agreement.
Also, in March of this year, Beijing Enterprise Water Group acquired Veolia Water Portugal from its French parent company for US$123 million. Veolia provides water to four districts in Lisbon, supplying approximately 670,000 people. That same month, China Mobile announced that it was considering acquiring an unspecified stake in Portugal Telecom too.
宣布它正在考虑收购葡萄牙电信的流通股。
These acquisitions not only allow China to establish a strong foothold in Portugal; they also facilitate Beijing’s expansion into Portuguese-speaking countries in South America, Africa and Asia, since many Portuguese companies already have a strong presence in these regions. For instance, last March, the Three Gorges Corporation and EDP both announced they were planning major investments in hydropower and solar parks in Brazil, Angola and Mozambique. In April 2012, China’s Sinopec bought 30 percent of the operations of Portugal’s state-owned oil company, Galp Energia SGPS, in Brazil for US$4.8 billion. Also, China Mobile’s interest in Portugal Telecom is highly motivated by the strong presence the company has in Angola, Mozambique and Timor-Leste. In Angola, for instance, Portugal Telecom has 25 percent of the cell phone market and provides 40 percent of internet communications, while in Timor-Leste, it virtually controls the whole market.
In the past decade, China’s presence has grown rather quickly in the former Portuguese colonies, especially given that China is now Brazil’s largest trading partner. and Angola became China’s largest trading partner in Africa in 2012. China’s rapid penetration of the Portuguese market should further its presence in the Portuguese-speaking world. It will also likely improve China’s access to Western technology and to European and U.S. markets. For example, EDP has landed at the forefront of renewable energies, and is among the most competitive companies in the U.S. market.
Opinions in Portugal and around the world are divided over the surge of Chinese business acquisitions, and some fear that Portugal is sacrificing important assets with serious consequences for the future. However, some proponents of Chinese investment counter that the Portuguese state still has a majority stake in all companies and that China has clearly made the best offers, so there is little reason to worry.
Even though there are some risks for Portugal by allowing Chinese capital into its strategic sectors, there can still be many mutually beneficial opportunities. For instance, Portugal can contribute industry expertise and provide market access to China in exchange for increased Chinese investment and funding in important sectors.
Still, many worry about how much Portugal will benefit from opening its market to China, especially considering that many Portuguese and Brazilian companies have struggled to profit in the current Chinese market. For instance, Brazil’s EMBRAER and China Harbin Aviation developed a commercial passenger jet that was hailed as a symbol of south-south cooperation. In exchange for Brazilian technology, China agreed to give Brazil access to its growing aviation market and it had promised to purchase 1,000 planes in their deal. However, in 2011 EMBRAER was considering closing its factory located in China and had reportedly complained that the Chinese had taken their technology to build their own planes instead. (The company has apparently had a more positive outlook in recent months.)
While opinions remain divided over the benefits of China’s growing presence in Portugal, Chinese interest in Portugal and southern Europe is likely to continue growing. So far, China has bought US$1.3 billion of the country’s national debt and opened a US$1 billion fund to support investment projects between China and eight Portuguese-speaking countries. For a country in urgent need of cash, Portugal and its neighbors have very few places to turn to as the rest of the continent struggles, so Chinese investment will likely play an important role in their economic future.


全文翻译：
——该文章来自美国《外交家》
内容：
5百年前，葡萄牙开始了在中国的准殖民。而当里斯本债台高筑之际，形势翻转了。
正当世界纪念葡萄牙人到达中国500周年之际，中国的投资和资本浪潮席卷了葡萄牙。
葡萄牙是当年欧洲列强中，第一个在中国建立了永久性殖民地，而1999年将澳门归还中国，也使它成为最后一个离开中国的殖民国家。现在，由于遭受严重经济危机，葡萄牙正竭力吸引外国投资。中国，虽然经济发展有所放缓，正抓住危机中的葡萄牙所释放的机会——其他南欧国家如西班牙希腊也在同样给予这种机会。
一开始，是许多中国投资者利用葡萄牙资产价格下降的机会，购买里斯本最好街区的豪华公寓。葡萄牙政府为了吸引这方面的投资，为愿意投资80万美元以上的中国人提供葡萄牙国籍。这个“金护照”计划正日益吸引越来越多的中国公司和公民在葡萄牙购买房产和开设业务。中国的商人也对葡萄牙南部的几处处于困境当中的葡萄园和橄榄种植场表现出了购买兴趣。这是个不错的想法，因为中国正快速成为欧洲酒类的最大出口目的地之一。
与此同时，在过去两年间，中国国有企业在葡萄牙经济的战略部门收购了大量股份，例如在水务，电力，通讯等行业。一个典型的并购案例发生在2011年年底，当时中国三峡集团收购了葡萄牙国家能源公司（EDP）22%的股份，总价值达35亿美元（接近EDP实际市场价值的两倍）。这项交易还附带了中国银行向EDP提供10亿美元的贷款。
另一个中国在葡萄牙的商业并购案例包含中国国家电网2012年收购葡萄牙国家电网公司（REN）25%的股份，其总值达5亿2千4百万美元。中国国家电网为此给葡萄牙电力公司支付了2.9欧元/股的价格，比当时的市场价格多出了40%。
另外，今年3月，北京水务集团公司从法国母公司处，以1亿2千3百万美元的价格收购了葡萄牙威立雅水务公司。威立雅公司为里斯本的四个区接近67万人供应自来水。就在同月，中国移动宣布它正在考虑收购葡萄牙电信的流通股。
这些并购不仅使中国在葡萄牙获得了强大的立足之地，也促成了北京向南美、非洲和亚洲的葡语国家的扩张，因为有许多葡萄牙公司已在上述地区经营日久。例如，去年3月，三峡集团和EDP公司联合宣布计划向巴西、安哥拉和莫桑比克的水电和太阳能进行重大投资。2012年4月，中石化以48亿美元购买了葡萄牙国有石油公司在巴西的30%的业务。而中国移动能对葡萄牙电信产生兴趣，也是由于葡萄牙电信在安哥拉、莫桑比克和东帝汶具有深厚影响力。比如在安哥拉，葡萄牙电信拥有25%的手机市场份额，并提供40%的互联通讯；在东帝汶，该公司实际控制着整个市场。
在过去10年，中国的影响力在葡萄牙的前殖民地区迅速增长，中国甚至成了巴西的第一大贸易伙伴，而安哥拉则在2012年成了中国在非洲的最大贸易伙伴。中国对葡萄牙市场的快速渗透也必定会继续推进它在葡语国家的影响，也将促进中国获取西方技术和欧美市场。例如，EDP处于可再生能源的尖端领域，也是美国市场上最具竞争力的公司之一。
面对中国企业的并购浪潮，葡萄牙人的看法和世界其他地区一样存在分歧。一些人害怕葡萄牙因为失去重要资产而在未来出现严重后果。然而，一些支持中国投资的人则反驳说，葡萄牙仍然持有这些公司的大部分股份，而中国毫不含糊的给出了最好的价格，因此没有什么好担心的。

葡萄牙允许中国资本进入战略部门，即使有些风险，但更多的是互利的机会。例如，葡萄牙可以通过向中国提供专业技术和市场准入来换取在重要部门不断增加的中国投资和融资。
但是，许多人还是担心葡萄牙在向中国开放市场的同时，能否获取利益，特别是考虑到当下许多葡萄牙和巴西企业在中国市场获利艰难。例如，巴西航空工业公司（EMBRAER）与中国哈尔滨航空公司共同开发商业喷气客机，当时被称作南南合作的典范。为了获取巴西的技术，中国同意向巴西开放其增长中的航空市场，答应购买1千架飞机。然而，到了2011年，巴西航空工业公司开始考虑关闭其位于中国的工厂，据说，该公司抱怨中国在拿走了他们的技术后，就转身修建了自己的工厂。（最近几个月，该公司显然有了更为积极的展望。）
如何看待中国在葡萄牙正在不断加强的影响力，各方观点虽仍大有分歧，但与此同时，中国对葡萄牙和南欧的兴趣很可能会继续增长。到目前为止，中国购买了葡萄牙价值13亿美元的国债，并设立了10亿美元的基金用于支持中国对8个葡语国家的投资项目。对于急需现金的国家来说，葡萄牙和它的邻居们没有什么其他地方可供求助，因为整个欧洲大陆都在苦苦挣扎，所以中国人的投资对南欧经济的未来，很可能会扮演一个非常重要的角色。

PS：很不错的文章和大家分享~

源链接：http://thediplomat.com/2013/09/20/chinas-southern-european-spending-spree/

Five hundred years ago Portugal began the quasi-colonization of China. With Lisbon deeply in debt, the tables have turned.
As the world marks the 500 year anniversary of the arrival of the Portuguese people to China, a wave of Chinese investment and capital is pouring into Portugal.
Portugal was the first European power to establish a permanent settlement in China and was the last to leave when it returned Macau to Beijing in 1999. Now, suffering from a severe economic crisis, Portugal is making a strong push to attract foreign investment. China, despite its own economic slowdown, is taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the crisis in Portugal – and in other southern European countries like Spain and Greece.
To begin with, a growing number of Chinese investors have also been taking advantage of the drop in Portuguese property prices by buying new luxurious apartments in Lisbon’s best districts. The Portuguese government is trying to attract this investment as well by offering Portuguese citizenship to any Chinese willing to invest a minimum of US$800,000 in the country. The “Golden Passport” plan is attracting an increasing amount of Chinese companies and private citizens to buy real estate and set up offices in the country. Chinese businesses have also expressed interest in acquiring several struggling vineyards and olive farms in southern Portugal too. This makes sense since China is quickly emerging as one of the world's major destinations for European wine exports.
Meanwhile, over the past two years, Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been acquiring major shares in strategic sectors of the Portuguese economy, such as the water, electricity, and communications industries. One example of such a purchase occurred in late 2011, when China’s Three Gorges Corporation acquired a 22 percent stake in Portugal’s national energy company, Energias de Portugal (EDP), for US$3.5 billion (nearly twice EDP’s actual market value). This was also followed by a loan of US$1 billion by the Bank of China to EDP.
Another example of Chinese business acquisitions in Portugal includes China State Grid’s 2012 purchase of 25% of Redes Energeticas Nacionais’ (REN) shares for a total of US$524 million. China State Grid paid the Portuguese power company 2.9 euros for each share, which was 40 percent over the value of the stock at the time of the agreement.
Also, in March of this year, Beijing Enterprise Water Group acquired Veolia Water Portugal from its French parent company for US$123 million. Veolia provides water to four districts in Lisbon, supplying approximately 670,000 people. That same month, China Mobile announced that it was considering acquiring an unspecified stake in Portugal Telecom too.
宣布它正在考虑收购葡萄牙电信的流通股。
These acquisitions not only allow China to establish a strong foothold in Portugal; they also facilitate Beijing’s expansion into Portuguese-speaking countries in South America, Africa and Asia, since many Portuguese companies already have a strong presence in these regions. For instance, last March, the Three Gorges Corporation and EDP both announced they were planning major investments in hydropower and solar parks in Brazil, Angola and Mozambique. In April 2012, China’s Sinopec bought 30 percent of the operations of Portugal’s state-owned oil company, Galp Energia SGPS, in Brazil for US$4.8 billion. Also, China Mobile’s interest in Portugal Telecom is highly motivated by the strong presence the company has in Angola, Mozambique and Timor-Leste. In Angola, for instance, Portugal Telecom has 25 percent of the cell phone market and provides 40 percent of internet communications, while in Timor-Leste, it virtually controls the whole market.
In the past decade, China’s presence has grown rather quickly in the former Portuguese colonies, especially given that China is now Brazil’s largest trading partner. and Angola became China’s largest trading partner in Africa in 2012. China’s rapid penetration of the Portuguese market should further its presence in the Portuguese-speaking world. It will also likely improve China’s access to Western technology and to European and U.S. markets. For example, EDP has landed at the forefront of renewable energies, and is among the most competitive companies in the U.S. market.
Opinions in Portugal and around the world are divided over the surge of Chinese business acquisitions, and some fear that Portugal is sacrificing important assets with serious consequences for the future. However, some proponents of Chinese investment counter that the Portuguese state still has a majority stake in all companies and that China has clearly made the best offers, so there is little reason to worry.
Even though there are some risks for Portugal by allowing Chinese capital into its strategic sectors, there can still be many mutually beneficial opportunities. For instance, Portugal can contribute industry expertise and provide market access to China in exchange for increased Chinese investment and funding in important sectors.
Still, many worry about how much Portugal will benefit from opening its market to China, especially considering that many Portuguese and Brazilian companies have struggled to profit in the current Chinese market. For instance, Brazil’s EMBRAER and China Harbin Aviation developed a commercial passenger jet that was hailed as a symbol of south-south cooperation. In exchange for Brazilian technology, China agreed to give Brazil access to its growing aviation market and it had promised to purchase 1,000 planes in their deal. However, in 2011 EMBRAER was considering closing its factory located in China and had reportedly complained that the Chinese had taken their technology to build their own planes instead. (The company has apparently had a more positive outlook in recent months.)
While opinions remain divided over the benefits of China’s growing presence in Portugal, Chinese interest in Portugal and southern Europe is likely to continue growing. So far, China has bought US$1.3 billion of the country’s national debt and opened a US$1 billion fund to support investment projects between China and eight Portuguese-speaking countries. For a country in urgent need of cash, Portugal and its neighbors have very few places to turn to as the rest of the continent struggles, so Chinese investment will likely play an important role in their economic future.


全文翻译：
——该文章来自美国《外交家》
内容：
5百年前，葡萄牙开始了在中国的准殖民。而当里斯本债台高筑之际，形势翻转了。
正当世界纪念葡萄牙人到达中国500周年之际，中国的投资和资本浪潮席卷了葡萄牙。
葡萄牙是当年欧洲列强中，第一个在中国建立了永久性殖民地，而1999年将澳门归还中国，也使它成为最后一个离开中国的殖民国家。现在，由于遭受严重经济危机，葡萄牙正竭力吸引外国投资。中国，虽然经济发展有所放缓，正抓住危机中的葡萄牙所释放的机会——其他南欧国家如西班牙希腊也在同样给予这种机会。
一开始，是许多中国投资者利用葡萄牙资产价格下降的机会，购买里斯本最好街区的豪华公寓。葡萄牙政府为了吸引这方面的投资，为愿意投资80万美元以上的中国人提供葡萄牙国籍。这个“金护照”计划正日益吸引越来越多的中国公司和公民在葡萄牙购买房产和开设业务。中国的商人也对葡萄牙南部的几处处于困境当中的葡萄园和橄榄种植场表现出了购买兴趣。这是个不错的想法，因为中国正快速成为欧洲酒类的最大出口目的地之一。
与此同时，在过去两年间，中国国有企业在葡萄牙经济的战略部门收购了大量股份，例如在水务，电力，通讯等行业。一个典型的并购案例发生在2011年年底，当时中国三峡集团收购了葡萄牙国家能源公司（EDP）22%的股份，总价值达35亿美元（接近EDP实际市场价值的两倍）。这项交易还附带了中国银行向EDP提供10亿美元的贷款。
另一个中国在葡萄牙的商业并购案例包含中国国家电网2012年收购葡萄牙国家电网公司（REN）25%的股份，其总值达5亿2千4百万美元。中国国家电网为此给葡萄牙电力公司支付了2.9欧元/股的价格，比当时的市场价格多出了40%。
另外，今年3月，北京水务集团公司从法国母公司处，以1亿2千3百万美元的价格收购了葡萄牙威立雅水务公司。威立雅公司为里斯本的四个区接近67万人供应自来水。就在同月，中国移动宣布它正在考虑收购葡萄牙电信的流通股。
这些并购不仅使中国在葡萄牙获得了强大的立足之地，也促成了北京向南美、非洲和亚洲的葡语国家的扩张，因为有许多葡萄牙公司已在上述地区经营日久。例如，去年3月，三峡集团和EDP公司联合宣布计划向巴西、安哥拉和莫桑比克的水电和太阳能进行重大投资。2012年4月，中石化以48亿美元购买了葡萄牙国有石油公司在巴西的30%的业务。而中国移动能对葡萄牙电信产生兴趣，也是由于葡萄牙电信在安哥拉、莫桑比克和东帝汶具有深厚影响力。比如在安哥拉，葡萄牙电信拥有25%的手机市场份额，并提供40%的互联通讯；在东帝汶，该公司实际控制着整个市场。
在过去10年，中国的影响力在葡萄牙的前殖民地区迅速增长，中国甚至成了巴西的第一大贸易伙伴，而安哥拉则在2012年成了中国在非洲的最大贸易伙伴。中国对葡萄牙市场的快速渗透也必定会继续推进它在葡语国家的影响，也将促进中国获取西方技术和欧美市场。例如，EDP处于可再生能源的尖端领域，也是美国市场上最具竞争力的公司之一。
面对中国企业的并购浪潮，葡萄牙人的看法和世界其他地区一样存在分歧。一些人害怕葡萄牙因为失去重要资产而在未来出现严重后果。然而，一些支持中国投资的人则反驳说，葡萄牙仍然持有这些公司的大部分股份，而中国毫不含糊的给出了最好的价格，因此没有什么好担心的。

葡萄牙允许中国资本进入战略部门，即使有些风险，但更多的是互利的机会。例如，葡萄牙可以通过向中国提供专业技术和市场准入来换取在重要部门不断增加的中国投资和融资。
但是，许多人还是担心葡萄牙在向中国开放市场的同时，能否获取利益，特别是考虑到当下许多葡萄牙和巴西企业在中国市场获利艰难。例如，巴西航空工业公司（EMBRAER）与中国哈尔滨航空公司共同开发商业喷气客机，当时被称作南南合作的典范。为了获取巴西的技术，中国同意向巴西开放其增长中的航空市场，答应购买1千架飞机。然而，到了2011年，巴西航空工业公司开始考虑关闭其位于中国的工厂，据说，该公司抱怨中国在拿走了他们的技术后，就转身修建了自己的工厂。（最近几个月，该公司显然有了更为积极的展望。）
如何看待中国在葡萄牙正在不断加强的影响力，各方观点虽仍大有分歧，但与此同时，中国对葡萄牙和南欧的兴趣很可能会继续增长。到目前为止，中国购买了葡萄牙价值13亿美元的国债，并设立了10亿美元的基金用于支持中国对8个葡语国家的投资项目。对于急需现金的国家来说，葡萄牙和它的邻居们没有什么其他地方可供求助，因为整个欧洲大陆都在苦苦挣扎，所以中国人的投资对南欧经济的未来，很可能会扮演一个非常重要的角色。

PS：很不错的文章和大家分享~