汉和：中国094战略核潜舰生产状况公开

汉和：中国094战略核潜舰生产状况公开 094战略核潜舰生产状况公开 　　汉和平可夫专电﹕美国的情报部门对外公开声称中国海军的094型弹道导弹核潜水舰已经于去年七月下水。本刊认为094自从1999年张万年视察431厂（3189信箱）之后﹐093﹑094核潜的建造速度大大加快了。西方的情报部门声称093核动力攻击潜水舰曾经在2003年进行码头试验﹐还有消息声称进行了水面航行试验。 　　早在1999年﹐汉和在英文内部版"汉和情报评论"（Kanwa Intelligence Review）中就全球独家透露了中国与白俄罗斯在海军合作领域合作的一些情况。汉和了解到白俄罗斯明斯克Kamerton设计局在1998年秋天向中国海军出售了X套该设计局研制的NEMIGA声纳电传通讯系统。它可以使用在战略核潜艇上。汉和当时估计这一动向与093 SSN﹑094 SSBN的建造有关。消息来源声称这套系统的有效通讯距离是1000公里以上﹐数据传输速度是类比式通讯系统的8-10倍以上。它主要用于水面舰与潜水艇﹑潜水艇之间以及潜水艇与地面的通讯。整个系统的重量只有19公斤。多数的俄罗斯核潜水舰配备了这一声纳通讯系统。 　　汉和掌握的状况是首批放料配置为093两艘﹐094舰一艘﹐第二批次的一艘094舰生产计划也会加快进行。其中第二艘093舰的安装工作极有可能与第一艘094同步举行。而且至少一艘093和一艘094已经在2003年以前进行了"立体段"对接拼装﹐对接精度是正负2毫米。 　　极为权威的消息透露在093﹑094的生产过程中﹐采用了机器人生产线。焊接工艺已经自动化。为生产这两种潜水舰﹐专门从俄罗斯进口了F335自动管焊机。潜水舰的焊接工程是在非常大的高温下进行﹐焊接的温度带到摄氏64度左右。美苏迄今为止都采用人工焊接﹐工人体力消耗极大。苏联核潜的生产后期也实现了焊接工艺的自动化。 　　093﹑094核反应堆的钢材供应在1998年就完成了。重量达到50吨。涉及3个钢种和57个品种。在两种潜水舰的研制过程中﹐实施了"精品工程"规划﹐要求所有的配套设备都能够达到"精品"要求。与此同时﹐其他的各种配套工程也在2000年以前建成到位。因此﹐汉和的判断是至少一艘093﹑094工程在2000年以后进入了指挥台安装﹑密水测试的阶段。094工程的核燃料灌注极有可能在今年进行﹐因此﹐2005年094工程可能进入海试。最终投入服役可能还需要2－3年左右。 　　中国在此时下水094工程使其核战略威慑力量大大强化了。而且同时生产战略导弹核潜水舰和核攻击潜水舰的举动除了美苏英法之外只有中国。显示北京急于形成有效的战略阻遏力量以警告美国不要介入未来的台海冲突。同时生产093﹑094工程的举动还说明下一批次的094﹑093工程也可能以同时开工的方式进行。汉和获悉﹐与052B水面舰﹑039A柴油潜水舰服役进度拖后﹐进而不得不引进956EM和KILO 636的状况相同﹐中国海军一度考虑替代进口至少两艘俄式Akula核动力攻击潜水舰作为过渡使用﹐但是由于政治以及价钱因素不得不只能加快093的生产。刘华清回忆录明确声称（093型）核潜的研制是从1994年开始的。 　　094的重大进展促使中国具备了真正的第二核反击能力。由于装备了射程达到8000公里的潜射战略核导弹﹐094只需要在近岸就可以打击美国本土的若干目标。由于DF31已经持续进行改良﹐A型弹也在2002年取得了决定性的研制进展﹐因此﹐JL2的改良工作很可能早已展开。第二艘以后的094工程极有可能配备更为远程的DF31系列改良型潜射战略导弹。与此同时﹐弹头的数量也会因为分导弹头的配备而增加。一艘094就可能携带48个弹头。 　　军方消息来源已经多次强调093﹑094是一个配套工程﹐多数精品项目同时运用于两种核潜。 　　094 PROJECT MAKES NEW PROGRESS 　　The US intelligence establishment has openly claimed that the PLA Navy’s 094 ballistic missile submarine was launched in July 2004. Kanwa believes that the construction of 093 and 094 nuclear submarines have been accelerated since Zhang Wannian’s inspection visit to No.431 Factory (Mailbox No.3189) in 1999. Western intelligence agencies claimed earlier that 093 nuclear-powered attack submarine had the dock test in 2003, and some other sources said it conducted the surface test during this time. 　　According to Kanwa’s sources, two 093 subs were initially built, the second of which could have undergone (weapon) system installation simultaneously with the first 094 sub. At least one 093 sub and one 094 sub underwent multi-dimensional comprehensive butting operation in 2002-03, with a welding precision of ±2mm. 　　A highly authoritative source disclosed that in the course of building 093 and 094 subs, a robot production line was adopted, making the welding virtually an automatic process. For the purpose of building these two types of nuclear subs, China imported F335 automatic welding machine. In submarine building, the welding operation is often undertaken under high-temperature conditions, with the temperature in the working setting as high as 64 °C. Up to the present, manual welding has been employed in both Russia and the US and is extremely energy consuming. In the later stage of nuclear sub construction in the former Soviet Union, automation technology was used in the welding operation. 　　Steel supply for 093 and 094 subs’ nuclear reactors was completed as early as in 1998, totalling 50 metric tons and involving three different types of 57 steel products. In the R&D process of these two nuclear subs, a “premiere (jingpin) project” was initiated, demanding that all the supporting systems of the project must attain the “premiere or the highest quality standard”. Meanwhile, all the supporting projects were completed before 2000. Kanwa’s judgment is that at least one 093 and one 094 subs have entered the stage of installation and hermetic test. The nuclear fuel injection of 094 Project would very likely have taken place within 2004, and consequently, 094 may conduct sea test this year. However, it will take another 2-3 years before 094 enters formal service in the PLA Navy. 　　Launching of 094 Project at this particular time indicates a reinforced nuclear strategic deterrence posture of China. Apart from the US, Russia, UK and France, China is the only country that produces both strategic nuclear ballistic missile and nuclear attack submarines simultaneously, an indication that Beijing is eager to establish effective deterrence in order to warn the US not to get involved in the future Taiwan Strait conflict. Constructing 093 and 094 projects simultaneously also suggests that the next batches of 094 and 093 Projects may also start at the same time. Kanwa has learned that due to the delayed service of 052B DDGs and 039 diesel subs, China had to import 956EM and KILO 636; similarly, the PLA Navy once considered importing 2 Russian Akula-class nuclear attack subs as the transitional vessels. However, because of some political factors and the price problem, China eventually had to accelerate the building of 093 Project. Liu Huaqing’s Memoir clearly stated that the development of 093 was started in 1994. 　　The major breakthrough that China has made in its 094 Project gives China the genuine capability to conduct second round nuclear counter-reaction. Equipped with the 8,000km-ranged submarine-launched strategic nuclear missile, 094 will be able to launch attacks upon the targets on the US homeland from China’s offshore waters. DF31 has undergone constant upgrading, and the development of Type A of this ballistic missile made some decisive breakthrough in 2002. As a result, upgrading JL2 may have very likely started long before. The 094 subs after the second one will very possibly be fitted with longer-ranged DF31 series upgraded submarine-launched strategic missiles. In addition, the warheads of these missiles will also increase in number due to the installation of sub-warheads on the missiles. One 094 may carry as many as 48 warheads. 　　Multiple sources from the military assert that 093 and 094 are serial projects. Most of China’s such “premiere projects” are intended for two types of nuclear submarines.

汉和：中国094战略核潜舰生产状况公开
094战略核潜舰生产状况公开
　　汉和平可夫专电﹕美国的情报部门对外公开声称中国海军的094型弹道导弹核潜水舰已经于去年七月下水。本刊认为094自从1999年张万年视察431厂（3189信箱）之后﹐093﹑094核潜的建造速度大大加快了。西方的情报部门声称093核动力攻击潜水舰曾经在2003年进行码头试验﹐还有消息声称进行了水面航行试验。
　　早在1999年﹐汉和在英文内部版"汉和情报评论"（Kanwa Intelligence Review）中就全球独家透露了中国与白俄罗斯在海军合作领域合作的一些情况。汉和了解到白俄罗斯明斯克Kamerton设计局在1998年秋天向中国海军出售了X套该设计局研制的NEMIGA声纳电传通讯系统。它可以使用在战略核潜艇上。汉和当时估计这一动向与093 SSN﹑094 SSBN的建造有关。消息来源声称这套系统的有效通讯距离是1000公里以上﹐数据传输速度是类比式通讯系统的8-10倍以上。它主要用于水面舰与潜水艇﹑潜水艇之间以及潜水艇与地面的通讯。整个系统的重量只有19公斤。多数的俄罗斯核潜水舰配备了这一声纳通讯系统。
　　汉和掌握的状况是首批放料配置为093两艘﹐094舰一艘﹐第二批次的一艘094舰生产计划也会加快进行。其中第二艘093舰的安装工作极有可能与第一艘094同步举行。而且至少一艘093和一艘094已经在2003年以前进行了"立体段"对接拼装﹐对接精度是正负2毫米。
　　极为权威的消息透露在093﹑094的生产过程中﹐采用了机器人生产线。焊接工艺已经自动化。为生产这两种潜水舰﹐专门从俄罗斯进口了F335自动管焊机。潜水舰的焊接工程是在非常大的高温下进行﹐焊接的温度带到摄氏64度左右。美苏迄今为止都采用人工焊接﹐工人体力消耗极大。苏联核潜的生产后期也实现了焊接工艺的自动化。
　　093﹑094核反应堆的钢材供应在1998年就完成了。重量达到50吨。涉及3个钢种和57个品种。在两种潜水舰的研制过程中﹐实施了"精品工程"规划﹐要求所有的配套设备都能够达到"精品"要求。与此同时﹐其他的各种配套工程也在2000年以前建成到位。因此﹐汉和的判断是至少一艘093﹑094工程在2000年以后进入了指挥台安装﹑密水测试的阶段。094工程的核燃料灌注极有可能在今年进行﹐因此﹐2005年094工程可能进入海试。最终投入服役可能还需要2－3年左右。
　　中国在此时下水094工程使其核战略威慑力量大大强化了。而且同时生产战略导弹核潜水舰和核攻击潜水舰的举动除了美苏英法之外只有中国。显示北京急于形成有效的战略阻遏力量以警告美国不要介入未来的台海冲突。同时生产093﹑094工程的举动还说明下一批次的094﹑093工程也可能以同时开工的方式进行。汉和获悉﹐与052B水面舰﹑039A柴油潜水舰服役进度拖后﹐进而不得不引进956EM和KILO 636的状况相同﹐中国海军一度考虑替代进口至少两艘俄式Akula核动力攻击潜水舰作为过渡使用﹐但是由于政治以及价钱因素不得不只能加快093的生产。刘华清回忆录明确声称（093型）核潜的研制是从1994年开始的。
　　094的重大进展促使中国具备了真正的第二核反击能力。由于装备了射程达到8000公里的潜射战略核导弹﹐094只需要在近岸就可以打击美国本土的若干目标。由于DF31已经持续进行改良﹐A型弹也在2002年取得了决定性的研制进展﹐因此﹐JL2的改良工作很可能早已展开。第二艘以后的094工程极有可能配备更为远程的DF31系列改良型潜射战略导弹。与此同时﹐弹头的数量也会因为分导弹头的配备而增加。一艘094就可能携带48个弹头。
　　军方消息来源已经多次强调093﹑094是一个配套工程﹐多数精品项目同时运用于两种核潜。
　　094 PROJECT MAKES NEW PROGRESS
　　The US intelligence establishment has openly claimed that the PLA Navy’s 094 ballistic missile submarine was launched in July 2004. Kanwa believes that the construction of 093 and 094 nuclear submarines have been accelerated since Zhang Wannian’s inspection visit to No.431 Factory (Mailbox No.3189) in 1999. Western intelligence agencies claimed earlier that 093 nuclear-powered attack submarine had the dock test in 2003, and some other sources said it conducted the surface test during this time.
　　According to Kanwa’s sources, two 093 subs were initially built, the second of which could have undergone (weapon) system installation simultaneously with the first 094 sub. At least one 093 sub and one 094 sub underwent multi-dimensional comprehensive butting operation in 2002-03, with a welding precision of ±2mm.
　　A highly authoritative source disclosed that in the course of building 093 and 094 subs, a robot production line was adopted, making the welding virtually an automatic process. For the purpose of building these two types of nuclear subs, China imported F335 automatic welding machine. In submarine building, the welding operation is often undertaken under high-temperature conditions, with the temperature in the working setting as high as 64 °C. Up to the present, manual welding has been employed in both Russia and the US and is extremely energy consuming. In the later stage of nuclear sub construction in the former Soviet Union, automation technology was used in the welding operation.
　　Steel supply for 093 and 094 subs’ nuclear reactors was completed as early as in 1998, totalling 50 metric tons and involving three different types of 57 steel products. In the R&D process of these two nuclear subs, a “premiere (jingpin) project” was initiated, demanding that all the supporting systems of the project must attain the “premiere or the highest quality standard”. Meanwhile, all the supporting projects were completed before 2000. Kanwa’s judgment is that at least one 093 and one 094 subs have entered the stage of installation and hermetic test. The nuclear fuel injection of 094 Project would very likely have taken place within 2004, and consequently, 094 may conduct sea test this year. However, it will take another 2-3 years before 094 enters formal service in the PLA Navy.
　　Launching of 094 Project at this particular time indicates a reinforced nuclear strategic deterrence posture of China. Apart from the US, Russia, UK and France, China is the only country that produces both strategic nuclear ballistic missile and nuclear attack submarines simultaneously, an indication that Beijing is eager to establish effective deterrence in order to warn the US not to get involved in the future Taiwan Strait conflict. Constructing 093 and 094 projects simultaneously also suggests that the next batches of 094 and 093 Projects may also start at the same time. Kanwa has learned that due to the delayed service of 052B DDGs and 039 diesel subs, China had to import 956EM and KILO 636; similarly, the PLA Navy once considered importing 2 Russian Akula-class nuclear attack subs as the transitional vessels. However, because of some political factors and the price problem, China eventually had to accelerate the building of 093 Project. Liu Huaqing’s Memoir clearly stated that the development of 093 was started in 1994.
　　The major breakthrough that China has made in its 094 Project gives China the genuine capability to conduct second round nuclear counter-reaction. Equipped with the 8,000km-ranged submarine-launched strategic nuclear missile, 094 will be able to launch attacks upon the targets on the US homeland from China’s offshore waters. DF31 has undergone constant upgrading, and the development of Type A of this ballistic missile made some decisive breakthrough in 2002. As a result, upgrading JL2 may have very likely started long before. The 094 subs after the second one will very possibly be fitted with longer-ranged DF31 series upgraded submarine-launched strategic missiles. In addition, the warheads of these missiles will also increase in number due to the installation of sub-warheads on the missiles. One 094 may carry as many as 48 warheads.
　　Multiple sources from the military assert that 093 and 094 are serial projects. Most of China’s such “premiere projects” are intended for two types of nuclear submarines.