贫铀弹是一种微型核武器

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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 114.2pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.32;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体">贫铀弹是一种微型核武器<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 135.55pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 9.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">——</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">论燃烧之九</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">——</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 112.45pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">王紫馨(方悟)</span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>2006.2.15</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></b></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">铀是一种稀有元素,贫铀则是从</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">金属</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">铀中</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">提炼核材料</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">以后得到</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">的副产品,其主要成分是具有低水平放射性的<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>。天然铀中,含有<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>、<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>、<span lang="EN-US">U234</span>三种同位素,铀的各种同位素都具有放射性。但只有<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>可用于核裂变反应,天然铀必须加工处理成高含<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>的浓缩铀,才能作为核武器和核电站燃料。纯天然铀中<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>占<span lang="EN-US">0.72</span>%,大部分为<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>,获取浓缩铀后剩余的铀材料,<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>含量降低,这种<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>含量比天然铀更低的铀称贫铀。贫铀除了放射性外,还具有高密度、高硬度、高韧性等物理特性,其密度为<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="19.3" unitname="克"><span lang="EN-US">19.3</span>克</chmetcnv>/立方厘米(有的材料为<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="18.7" unitname="克"><span lang="EN-US">18.7</span>克</chmetcnv>/立方厘米),可以和钨匹敌,几乎是铅的<span lang="EN-US">2</span>倍、钢的<span lang="EN-US">2.8</span>倍。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">所谓贫铀弹,是指以贫铀为主要原料制成的炸弹、炮弹和枪弹。美国原子能标准委员会(<span lang="EN-US">NRC</span>)将 <span lang="EN-US">U235</span>低于<span lang="EN-US">0.711</span>%的铀定为贫铀,美国国防部标准为<span lang="EN-US"> U235</span>含量在<span lang="EN-US"> 0.3</span>%以下,而实际使用的标准是<span lang="EN-US">0.2</span>%。 贫铀作为核燃料的副产品被视为核废料,用于核废料的管理费相当巨大,生产核燃料的国家都为利用贫铀寻出路,不少国家将贫铀用于新弹药研制,生产贫铀弹。主要产品贫铀穿甲弹穿甲性能很强,由于贫铀密度大,同体积的弹丸质量大。根据物理学原理,,一个物体的动量<span lang="EN-US">P</span>和动能<span lang="EN-US">Ek</span>的关系为<span lang="EN-US">P=2mEk</span>,动能相同的情况下,弹丸动量(弹丸穿透力)和质量<span lang="EN-US">m</span>的平方根成正比。根据动量原理,弹丸穿甲时的平均穿透力<span lang="EN-US">F</span>、穿甲时间和弹丸动量<span lang="EN-US">P</span>有如下关系: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US">Fdt—P…F</span>=<span lang="EN-US">P/t=ZmE/t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这就是贫铀穿甲弹穿甲性能强的主要原因。贫铀的高硬度是另一个重要因素。由于铀易氧化,穿甲时发热燃烧,形成较大的后破坏作用,可杀伤乘员及破坏坦克的内部设备。(美国<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代开始研制,用含<span lang="EN-US">0.75%</span>钛的贫铀钛合金制作尾翼脱壳穿甲弹弹芯,美<span lang="EN-US">M<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="a">1A</chmetcnv>1</span>坦克使用的<span lang="EN-US">M<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="829" unitname="a">829A</chmetcnv>1</span>型<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="120" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN-US">120</span>毫米</chmetcnv>贫铀穿甲弹,穿甲厚度可达<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="650" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN-US">650</span>毫米</chmetcnv>,穿透装甲后还会在坦克内引起燃烧。<span lang="EN-US">1975</span>年以来,美国已经生产和装备<span lang="EN-US">5</span>种口径<span lang="EN-US">11</span>种型号的贫铀弹药,广泛用于摧毁坚固工事、机场跑道和坦克、装甲车辆。)贫铀弹燃烧爆炸时,会形成烟雾和尘埃,造成放射性污染,伤害人体,污染环境</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">以美国为首的多国部队在伊拉克和巴尔干等地大量使用了贫铀弹,对当地居民和环境造成严重危害,世界各国对贫铀弹深恶痛绝,但美军方还顽固坚持继续使用贫铀弹:一是看中这种弹药的杀伤威力;二是利用这种特殊武器将战争伤害永久留给对手,令其在短时间内无法恢复元气。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">以上</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">材料没有说明的是,贫铀弹实际是一个微型核弹,大部分贫铀材料都在爆炸产生的两三千度高温中因裂变反应而燃烧掉了,贫铀弹所产生的放射性污染比它的烟尘污染大得多。贫铀弹释放的能量也远大于炸药部,根据质能同一规律(公式),它只能来源于核裂变。按照大一统引力场论,温度场下会产生能级跃迁,使原子核趋于分裂,不仅仅是天然放射性材料,其它重元素也会产生核裂变,释放出较大能量。可以作这样的试验:将细铅粉加一些细镁粉掺入<span lang="EN-US">TNT</span>炸药或塑胶炸药中,可以制成高爆炸药,其能量大于同质量炸药,多出的能量来自重元素的裂变效应。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">重核裂变链式反应要在一定质量条件下才能进行,能持续核裂变链式反应的最小裂变物质质量,叫临界质量(<span lang="EN-US">critical mass</span>),与临界质量相对应的体积,叫临界体积(<span lang="EN-US">critical size</span>)。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">固态物质球形的体积与表面积的比值最大,从单位球形裂变材料中逃逸出来的中子数最少,因此球形是临界质量最小的一种形状。如采用裸球,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">PU239</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的临界质量分别为</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span></b><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="10" unitname="千克"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">千克</span></b></chmetcnv><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的密度小于钚</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">239</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">)。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">核武器的威力取决于爆炸释放出的能量,以<span lang="EN-US">TNT</span>当量(<span lang="EN-US">TNt equivalent</span>)表示,即相当于多少吨<span lang="EN-US">TNT</span>炸药爆炸所释放的能量。核武器按爆炸威力分为百吨(<span lang="EN-US">10<sup>2</sup>t</span>)级、千吨<span lang="EN-US">(kt)</span>级、万吨<span lang="EN-US">(10<sup>1</sup>kt)</span>级、十万吨<span lang="EN-US">(10<sup>2</sup>kt)</span>级、百万吨(<span lang="EN-US">Mt</span>)级和千万吨<span lang="EN-US">(10<sup>1</sup>Mt)</span>级。<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="kg"><span lang="EN-US">1kg</span></chmetcnv><sup><span lang="EN-US">235</span></sup><span lang="EN-US">U</span>或<sup><span lang="EN-US">239</span></sup><span lang="EN-US">PU</span>,只需百万分之几秒,经<span lang="EN-US">200</span>代就可以全部裂变,释放的能量相当于<span lang="EN-US">20ktTNT</span>炸药。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 114.2pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.32;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体">贫铀弹是一种微型核武器<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 135.55pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 9.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">——</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">论燃烧之九</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">——</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 112.45pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">王紫馨(方悟)</span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>2006.2.15</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></b></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">铀是一种稀有元素,贫铀则是从</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">金属</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">铀中</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">提炼核材料</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">以后得到</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">的副产品,其主要成分是具有低水平放射性的<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>。天然铀中,含有<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>、<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>、<span lang="EN-US">U234</span>三种同位素,铀的各种同位素都具有放射性。但只有<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>可用于核裂变反应,天然铀必须加工处理成高含<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>的浓缩铀,才能作为核武器和核电站燃料。纯天然铀中<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>占<span lang="EN-US">0.72</span>%,大部分为<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>,获取浓缩铀后剩余的铀材料,<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>含量降低,这种<span lang="EN-US">U235</span>含量比天然铀更低的铀称贫铀。贫铀除了放射性外,还具有高密度、高硬度、高韧性等物理特性,其密度为<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="19.3" unitname="克"><span lang="EN-US">19.3</span>克</chmetcnv>/立方厘米(有的材料为<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="18.7" unitname="克"><span lang="EN-US">18.7</span>克</chmetcnv>/立方厘米),可以和钨匹敌,几乎是铅的<span lang="EN-US">2</span>倍、钢的<span lang="EN-US">2.8</span>倍。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">所谓贫铀弹,是指以贫铀为主要原料制成的炸弹、炮弹和枪弹。美国原子能标准委员会(<span lang="EN-US">NRC</span>)将 <span lang="EN-US">U235</span>低于<span lang="EN-US">0.711</span>%的铀定为贫铀,美国国防部标准为<span lang="EN-US"> U235</span>含量在<span lang="EN-US"> 0.3</span>%以下,而实际使用的标准是<span lang="EN-US">0.2</span>%。 贫铀作为核燃料的副产品被视为核废料,用于核废料的管理费相当巨大,生产核燃料的国家都为利用贫铀寻出路,不少国家将贫铀用于新弹药研制,生产贫铀弹。主要产品贫铀穿甲弹穿甲性能很强,由于贫铀密度大,同体积的弹丸质量大。根据物理学原理,,一个物体的动量<span lang="EN-US">P</span>和动能<span lang="EN-US">Ek</span>的关系为<span lang="EN-US">P=2mEk</span>,动能相同的情况下,弹丸动量(弹丸穿透力)和质量<span lang="EN-US">m</span>的平方根成正比。根据动量原理,弹丸穿甲时的平均穿透力<span lang="EN-US">F</span>、穿甲时间和弹丸动量<span lang="EN-US">P</span>有如下关系: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US">Fdt—P…F</span>=<span lang="EN-US">P/t=ZmE/t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这就是贫铀穿甲弹穿甲性能强的主要原因。贫铀的高硬度是另一个重要因素。由于铀易氧化,穿甲时发热燃烧,形成较大的后破坏作用,可杀伤乘员及破坏坦克的内部设备。(美国<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代开始研制,用含<span lang="EN-US">0.75%</span>钛的贫铀钛合金制作尾翼脱壳穿甲弹弹芯,美<span lang="EN-US">M<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="a">1A</chmetcnv>1</span>坦克使用的<span lang="EN-US">M<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="829" unitname="a">829A</chmetcnv>1</span>型<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="120" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN-US">120</span>毫米</chmetcnv>贫铀穿甲弹,穿甲厚度可达<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="650" unitname="毫米"><span lang="EN-US">650</span>毫米</chmetcnv>,穿透装甲后还会在坦克内引起燃烧。<span lang="EN-US">1975</span>年以来,美国已经生产和装备<span lang="EN-US">5</span>种口径<span lang="EN-US">11</span>种型号的贫铀弹药,广泛用于摧毁坚固工事、机场跑道和坦克、装甲车辆。)贫铀弹燃烧爆炸时,会形成烟雾和尘埃,造成放射性污染,伤害人体,污染环境</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">以美国为首的多国部队在伊拉克和巴尔干等地大量使用了贫铀弹,对当地居民和环境造成严重危害,世界各国对贫铀弹深恶痛绝,但美军方还顽固坚持继续使用贫铀弹:一是看中这种弹药的杀伤威力;二是利用这种特殊武器将战争伤害永久留给对手,令其在短时间内无法恢复元气。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">以上</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">材料没有说明的是,贫铀弹实际是一个微型核弹,大部分贫铀材料都在爆炸产生的两三千度高温中因裂变反应而燃烧掉了,贫铀弹所产生的放射性污染比它的烟尘污染大得多。贫铀弹释放的能量也远大于炸药部,根据质能同一规律(公式),它只能来源于核裂变。按照大一统引力场论,温度场下会产生能级跃迁,使原子核趋于分裂,不仅仅是天然放射性材料,其它重元素也会产生核裂变,释放出较大能量。可以作这样的试验:将细铅粉加一些细镁粉掺入<span lang="EN-US">TNT</span>炸药或塑胶炸药中,可以制成高爆炸药,其能量大于同质量炸药,多出的能量来自重元素的裂变效应。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">重核裂变链式反应要在一定质量条件下才能进行,能持续核裂变链式反应的最小裂变物质质量,叫临界质量(<span lang="EN-US">critical mass</span>),与临界质量相对应的体积,叫临界体积(<span lang="EN-US">critical size</span>)。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">固态物质球形的体积与表面积的比值最大,从单位球形裂变材料中逃逸出来的中子数最少,因此球形是临界质量最小的一种形状。如采用裸球,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">PU239</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的临界质量分别为</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span></b><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="10" unitname="千克"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">千克</span></b></chmetcnv><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的密度小于钚</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">239</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">)。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">核武器的威力取决于爆炸释放出的能量,以<span lang="EN-US">TNT</span>当量(<span lang="EN-US">TNt equivalent</span>)表示,即相当于多少吨<span lang="EN-US">TNT</span>炸药爆炸所释放的能量。核武器按爆炸威力分为百吨(<span lang="EN-US">10<sup>2</sup>t</span>)级、千吨<span lang="EN-US">(kt)</span>级、万吨<span lang="EN-US">(10<sup>1</sup>kt)</span>级、十万吨<span lang="EN-US">(10<sup>2</sup>kt)</span>级、百万吨(<span lang="EN-US">Mt</span>)级和千万吨<span lang="EN-US">(10<sup>1</sup>Mt)</span>级。<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="kg"><span lang="EN-US">1kg</span></chmetcnv><sup><span lang="EN-US">235</span></sup><span lang="EN-US">U</span>或<sup><span lang="EN-US">239</span></sup><span lang="EN-US">PU</span>,只需百万分之几秒,经<span lang="EN-US">200</span>代就可以全部裂变,释放的能量相当于<span lang="EN-US">20ktTNT</span>炸药。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 114.2pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.32;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;">贫铀弹是一种微型核武器<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 135.55pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 9.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">论燃烧之九</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 112.45pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">王紫馨(方悟)</span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>2006.2.15</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></b></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">按传统理论临界质量的大小取决于裂变材料的种类、结构密度、几何形状以及核装置中有无中子反射层结构等。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在地球表面引力场中铀的临界质量在同一条件下是不变的,为什么可以制成核材料</span></b><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="52" unitname="千克"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千克</span></b></chmetcnv><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以下的核武器?传统理论解释不合理。例如说用中子反射层作为包壳材料把裂变材料包起来,使一部分向外逃逸的中子反射回裂变材料中,增加轰击重核的中子数量。中子反射层可使裂变材料临界质量减小到原来的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1/3</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">到</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1/2</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,使</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">PU239</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的临界质量可减至</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千克。这种说法的问题在无论哪种反射材料都不可能使中子数成倍增加,当年英国卢瑟福在发现原子核的实验中,被原子核反射的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">粒子的概率相当小,因为相对于原子的空间来说,原子核太小了,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如把原子看作是我们生活的地球,原子核就相当于一个乒乓球,它怎么会成倍反射中子或</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">粒子?依据大一统引力场理论,引力场每一区域都有固定的能量值,当放射性能量进入这一区域时,使总能量超出临界点,适者生存,这一区域物质就会以分裂方式释放出多余的能量。多余能量造成的高温使临界点降低,又使更多的物质进入释放能量过程,循环往复,最后使参与裂变反应的物质都加入进来,这就是链式反应代际效应的实质。现有裂变理论液滴模型的一个错误是认为中子轰击原子核,把它打裂成两部分产生裂变。从引力场论说,它遵守能量守恒定律,即特定区域能量特定,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">粒子或其它能量子的进入使它不再保持运动的平衡、不再守恒,因此必须释放部分能量以恢复守恒,这是裂变的实质,也是燃烧的实质。牛顿力学三定律包括万有引力定律都是能量守恒定律的表现,你看,两种说法哪一种更符合自然逻辑、更符合基本规律?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外从结构密度上说,单一元素的液体和固体都是不可压缩的,一定条件下的元素密度是一个常数,高压虽可使物质密度有微小变化,但一般忽略不计,热胀冷缩,你用炸药怎么能把核材料压缩成更高密度材料?谁能拿出这种高密度实物而不是一种理论?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">美和前苏联于<span lang="EN-US">80</span>年代末开始研制当量小到<span lang="EN-US">10</span>吨级、大到百吨级的微型与超微型核弹头及当量可调核弹头,据说已经制成。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">U235</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">临界质量</span></b><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="52" unitname="千克"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">千克</span></b></chmetcnv><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">为一百万当量,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">10</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">吨级什么概念?就是<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".5" unitname="克"><span lang="EN-US">0.5</span>克</chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">U235</span>,为临界质量的十万分之一,要使它发生裂变或聚变的链式反应,它的密度该有多大?在地表重力场条件下,不考虑温度和压力,物质发生物理及化学反应的临界点应该是不变的,它由能量守恒及不平衡分布规律决定,现在居然可以随意变化,说明我们对物理现象的解释不合理。这种不合理性用大一统引力场理论可以得到纠正,新的说法就是能量场也是温度场,高温产生能级跃迁,使临界质量大幅缩小,这才可能生产出微型核武器,制造小当量核弹头。另外当量大小也与重量相联系,重量愈大,当量愈大,当量重量比也愈大,核裂变产生的高温使构成弹体的所有材料都发生了裂变反应,所以质量愈大的,其能量也愈大。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">中子弹也是统一场理论的一个例证。中子弹(<span lang="EN-US">neutron bomb</span>)是利用氘氚“聚变”反应,产生高能中子杀伤人员的战术核武器,其构造与“氢弹”类似,其“聚变”能量<span lang="EN-US">80</span>%以上以中子形式释放出来。与同等爆炸威力的原子弹相比,中子弹的中子产额大<span lang="EN-US">10</span>倍,中子的平均能量达<span lang="EN-US">14MeV</span>,甚至高达<span lang="EN-US">17MeV</span>,而光辐射、冲击波作用仅为同当量原子弹的十分之一,放射性污染轻微,当量仅为<span lang="EN-US">1</span>~<span lang="EN-US">3kt</span>。中子弹可以成功地运用在战场上,人工核聚变却长期无结果;中子弹仅使用<span lang="EN-US">50<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="True" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="150" unitname="克">-150<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">克</span></span></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">核材料,我们的实验装置却要投入几十亿元,人们不禁要产生疑问,中子弹原理是聚变反应吗?<span lang="EN-US">如果是,它为什么不用千万度乃至上亿度高温?它<span lang="EN-US">说<span lang="EN-US">明<span lang="EN-US">聚变反应是不存在的,<span lang="EN-US">宇宙中能量的释放只有裂变一种方<span lang="EN-US">式<span lang="EN-US">,中子弹能够产生大量中子,也是原子核裂变释放出来的,因为以中子弹的爆炸力不足以产生上千万度乃至上亿度的高温,促成“聚变”<span lang="EN-US">,是<span lang="EN-US">炸药爆炸燃烧产生的高温能量场下,其<span lang="EN-US">材料发生了裂变反应<span lang="EN-US">。<p></p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">本文要论证两个内容:一是核聚变不存在,二是核裂变的临界质量随温度变化,温度升高等于能量空间缩小,物质因必须保持能量与一定空间的守恒关系而产生裂变。按照大一统质能同一规律和引力场理论,一切能量的释放都和粒子的裂变,把质量转换成能量联系着,所以裂变不是放射性元素的专利,它使我们可以把贫铀弹、中子弹看成微型核武器。一方面是使用者必须承担禁核的责任,补偿受害者<span lang="EN-US">;</span>另一方面也告诉世人:只要有足够的温度,任何数量的任意材料都可以作为能源或武器来使用,只有反对战争,不用武力解决争端,和平利用原子能,人类才能避免核危害。伊朗浓缩铀牵动世界神经,实际上谁都可能生产出核武器(只要能达到一定温度),禁是禁不了的。解决能源危机,聚变是一条死路,裂变才是出路,用万度高温,你可以使所有重元素产生裂变,这比搞聚变容易得多,何不换一个思路呢?贫铀既然可以做武器,也可以作燃料,建设新型核电站进行和平利用,从此不再有核废料。<span lang="EN-US">U238</span>在三千度以上高温中也可以实现完全的核裂变反应,其临界点极低,小质量便可操作,不信你试试看!<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一年前,我曾提出,用铀一类重元素靶丸代替氘氚靶丸做激光裂变试验,有可能开创新天地,并希望国内抢得先机,垄断专利,既然无人响应,那么此类技术就应为全人类共有。美国人会发现,北朝鲜、伊朗已经拥有了廉价核武器;以色列人也会发现,哈马斯能制造核武器了。如果当年第三帝国了解了引力场秘密,二战结果就会改观。今后,防止核扩散的重点不在核技术,而在控制核资源,在于控制铀矿及核废料,核废料将成为最抢手的能源。有人讥讽说:“自然逻辑没有实用价值!”他们不知道自然逻辑就是自然规律,敬畏自然,尊重客观规律,按客观规律办事就无往不胜。一旦不需铀浓缩和大型反应堆将意味什么,煤炭和石油将淡出能源领域转以化工原料为主,燃料汽车也会被电力汽车所取代。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>
<p>作者需要补习高中物理。</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 建立在常识性错误上的奇思妙想就叫走火入魔。</p>
<p>干吗来的,跑来就发这种胡言乱语贴</p><p></p>