超级军网英国：没法山寨了，中国就试着建造自己的喷气发动机
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/28 02:18:43
没法山寨了，中国就试着建造自己的喷气发动机
Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
作者:翻译加工厂 发布日期:2012-11-08 浏览:13516
译文简介:
中国没法山寨喷气发动机了，就试着建造自己的喷气发动机。
译文来源:
原文地址：ht tp://w ww.reuters.com/article/2012/10/29/us-china-engine-idUSBRE89S17B20121029
原创翻译：龙腾网 ww w.ltaaa.com 翻译：翻译加工厂 转载请注明出处
正文翻译:
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Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
观察:无法将其复制,中国试图构建自己的喷气发动机
(Reuters) - China has designed nuclear missiles and blasted astronauts into space, but one vital technology remains out of reach. Despite decades of research and development, China has so far failed to build a reliable, high performance jet engine.
(路透社)——中国设计了核导弹并将宇航员发射到太空,但一个至关重要的技术仍然遥不可及。尽管几十年的研究和开发,到目前为止,中国一直未能建立一个可靠的、高性能喷气式发动机。
This may be about to change. China's aviation sector is striving for a breakthrough that would end its dependence on Russian and Western power plants for military and commercial aircraft.
这种情况可能即将改变。中国航空业正追求一个突破，以摆脱中国军用和商业飞机对俄罗斯及西方发动机的依赖。
Beijing is evaluating a 100 billion yuan ($16 billion) plan to galvanize a disjointed and under-funded engine research effort, aviation industry officials say. The giant, state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), China's dominant military and commercial aviation contractor, has been lobbying hard for the extra money, officials familiar with the details say.
北京正在评估一个1000亿元人民币(合160亿美元)的计划以刺激一个脱节且资金不足的引擎研究工作,航空业官员说。据熟悉细节的官员透露，中国占主导地位的军事和商业航空承包商、巨大的国企中航工业集团一直在努力游说额外资金。
AVIC, with more than 400,000 employees and 200 subsidiaries including 20 listed companies, has already set aside about 10 billion yuan of its own funds for jet engine development over the next three years.
中航工业，拥有超过400,000名员工和200家子公司，其中包括20家上市公司，在未来三年已经预留约10亿元人民币的自有资金用于喷气发动机的发展。
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The engine financing plan is under high-level discussion in Beijing, said Zhao Yuxing, an official at the securities office of Shanghai-listed Xi'an Aero-Engine Plc, a key military engine-making unit of AVIC. "What we know is our company has been included in the strategic program, which is designed to greatly develop and support the engine industry," he said by phone from his company's headquarters in the northwestern city of Xi'an.
中航工业集团旗下军用发动机重点研制单位、在上交所上市的西安航空动力股份有限公司的金融办公室官员赵玉星（音译）表示，北京高层正在讨论发动机融资计划。他在位于西安的公司总部接受电话采访时说到：＂据我所知，我们公司已进入旨在大力发展和支持发动机行业的战略性计划。＂
China's military industry as a whole has suffered from Tiananmen-era bans on the sale of military equipment from the United States and Europe. Moreover, foreign engine-makers have been loath to transfer technology. That has prevented China from taking its usual route to closing a technology gap: copying it.
中国军工行业作为一个整体受制于八平方事件后实施的欧美军事禁运。此外，外国发动机制造商坚决反对技术转让。因此，中国缩小技术差距的传统道路：＂山寨＂，行不通了。
Some Chinese aviation industry specialists forecast that Beijing will eventually spend up to 300 billion yuan ($49 billion) on jet engine development over the next two decades.
一些中国航空工业专家估计，在未来二十年，北京终将在飞机发动机研发上投入三千亿元人民币（合490亿美元）。
"China's aircraft engines have obviously been under-invested," said Wang Tianyi, a defense sector analyst with Shanghai's Orient Securities. "One hundred billion yuan is not a huge amount of money in the engine world."
上海东方证券国防分析师王天翼（音译）表示：＂中国的飞机发动机明显投入不足，一千亿人民币在发动机领域并不是一个大数目。＂
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JEALOUSLY GUARDED SECRETS
严守秘密
While AVIC's long term priority is to develop high performance engines for military aircraft, it is also trying to design power plants for passenger aircraft in the world's fastest growing civil aviation market. Based on projected demand from Western aircraft manufacturers, engines for new passenger aircraft delivered in China could be worth more than $100 billion over the next 20 years.
中航工业集团的长期重点在于发展出高性能的军用飞机引擎，它同时也着眼于为世界上成长最快的民航市场设计客机引擎。根据西方飞机制造商需求的预测，未来二十年，在中国交货的客机所装备的引擎价值将超过一千亿美元。
"Historically, all major players in aerospace have possessed both airframe and engine design capabilities," said Carlo Kopp, the Melbourne, Australia-based founder of Air Power Australia, an independent military aviation think tank. "Until China can design and produce competitive engines, the performance and capabilities of Chinese aircraft designs will be seriously limited by what technology they are permitted to import."
军事航空独立智库＂澳大利亚空中力量＂的墨尔本创始人Carlo Kopp指出：＂历史上所有的航空航天大国均同时具备设计机身和引擎的能力。在设计并生产出有竞争力的引擎之前，中国飞机设计的能力与表现将严重受制于技术进口的局限。
For China's aviation engineers, the traditional short cuts of extracting intellectual property from foreign joint venture partners or simply copying technology from abroad have so far delivered minimal results.
对中国航空工程师而言，从外国合资企业中获取知识产权或直接山寨海外技术的传统捷径到目前为止基本上没有什么成效。
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Foreign engine manufacturers including General Electric, Snecma, a subsidiary of French aerospace group Safran, Rolls Royce Plc and Pratt & Whitney - a unit of United Technology Corp, jealously guard their industrial secrets, limiting the transfer of know-how and opportunities for intellectual property theft.
包括通用动力、斯奈克玛、罗罗、普惠 在内的外国引擎制造商对他们的商业秘密严防死守，限制技术转让并减少知识产权窃贼得手的机会。
However, China may be poised to win access to technology from an expanding range of commercial aviation joint ventures with these companies. China's ability to develop engines for passenger aircraft could have considerable potential for technology transfer to the military, experts say.
但是，中国有可能通过与这些公司建立一系列不断扩展的商业航空合资企业来获取技术。专家们指出，中国具备开发客机引擎的能力就极有可能向军方转移技术。
THE BOTTLENECK IN ENGINES
引擎的瓶颈
Under AVIC's plan, fragmented engine research and development would be consolidated to minimize competition and duplication of effort.
根据中航工业集团的计划，零散的发动机研发将被整合，以减少相互竞争和重复功。
A legacy of Maoist-era dispersal of defense industries, engine research institutes and aerospace manufacturing companies are scattered about the country in cities including Shenyang, Xi'an, Shanghai, Chengdu and Anshun.
作为一项毛主义时代分散国防工业的产物，发动机研究机构和航空航天制造公司散落在中国各地，其中包括沈阳、西安、上海、成都和安顺。
AVIC plans to inject its major engine related businesses into Xi'an Aero- Engine as part of this consolidation, the listed company said in its 2011 annual report. "There is widespread consensus that engines have become a bottleneck constraining the development of China's aviation industry," the report said.
作为整合的一部分，中航工业集团计划将把与引擎有关的主要业务交给西安航空动力，该上市公司在2011年报中如是说。这份年报写到：＂目前已形成广泛共识：引擎已成为制约中国航空工业发展的瓶颈。＂
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China faces a daunting challenge. Only a handful of companies in the United States, Europe and Russia have mastered this expertise.
中国面临着一个艰巨的挑战。只有少数在美国，欧洲和俄国的公司掌握这项专门技术。
"Modern jet engine technology is like an industrial revolution in power," said Andrei Chang, a Hong Kong-based analyst of the Chinese military and editor of Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine. "Europe, the U.S. and Russia have hundreds of years of combined experience, but China has only been working on this for 30 years."
“现代喷气发动机技术就像是动力领域的工业革命”，基于香港的中国军事分析师，同时也是《汉和防务评论》的编辑Andrei Chang说，“欧洲，美国和俄国加起来有数百年的经验，但中国在这方面只从事了30年”。
Established manufacturers have labored on research and development since the 1950s to build safe and reliable engines with thousands of components that function under extremes of temperature and pressure. This involves state-of-the-art technologies in design, machining, casting, composite materials, exotic alloys, electronic performance monitoring and quality control.
从上世纪50年代起制造商就致力于研究开发，建造安全可靠的发动机。这些发动机要有成千上万个可以在极端的温度和高压下运行的零件。这涉及了在设计、加工、铸造、复合材料、特殊合金，电子性能监控和质量控制这些方面最顶尖的技术。
Since then, the big players have collected vast stores of performance and operational data from existing engines that gives them a head start in designing new versions with improved fuel efficiency and reliability that airlines now demand.
从那以后，制造商从现有的发动机中收集了大量发动机的性能资料和操作数据，这使得他们在设计符合航空公司要求的、拥有更高的燃料效率和可靠性的新型发动机上处于领先。
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And, for commercial engines, all of the design and manufacturing processes must be carefully coordinated and exhaustively documented to satisfy aviation certification authorities.
对商用发动机来说，所有的设计与加工过程必须经过认真的协调和详尽的记录，以便满足航空认证机构的要求。
"The reason so few can do it is because it is really, really difficult," says Richard Margolis, a former regional director of Rolls Royce in northeast Asia.
“很少有人能做到这点的原因是因为它真的非常非常困难”，劳斯莱斯在东北亚的前地区经理Richard Margolis说。
High performance military jet engines are crucial to Beijing's long term plan to increase the number of frontline fighters and strike aircraft in its air force and naval aviation units. These aircraft are a key element of a long term military build-up aimed primarily at securing military dominance over Taiwan and a vast swathe of disputed maritime territory off China's east and southern coasts.
高性能的军事喷气发动机对北京长期计划在空军和海军航空兵部队里增加前线战斗机和攻击机的数量起着至关重要的作用。这些飞机是长期的军事积累的关键要素，主要目的是确保对台湾和中国东南海地区大量有争议领土的军事控制。
Due to the export bans on military equipment to China, Beijing has been forced to rely on imported fighters from Russia, reverse engineered copies of these Russian aircraft, and some home-grown designs.
由于对中国军事装备的出口禁令，北京不得不依赖从俄国进口战斗机，逆向工程山寨品及一些本土设计。
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This strategy has delivered rapid results. Since 2000, China has added more than 500 advanced fighters and strike aircraft with capabilities thought to equal all but the most advanced U.S. stealth aircraft. At the same time, it has also sharply reduced the number of obsolete aircraft based on Soviet-era designs, military experts say.
这一战略很快见效。自2000年以来，中国新增500余架性能被评为仅次于美国最先进隐身飞机的先进战斗机和攻击机。军事专家们还指出，中国同时大幅减少采用苏联时期设计的老式飞机的数量。
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
制造过程
A clear example of this progress was on display recently when a Chinese-made J-15 jet fighter practiced "touch and go" circuits on China's first aircraft carrier, the newly commissioned Liaoning. These maneuvers suggest that J-15 pilots and crews will soon master take-offs and landings from the carrier at sea.
该过程的一个清晰例子就是国产J15喷气战机最近在中国首艘航母、新近入编的辽宁舰上实施的＂触舰复飞＂。这些演练预示J15飞官和地勤将很快掌握在航母上起降。
Foreign and Chinese military experts were quick to point out that the J-15, one of China's newest military aircraft, was powered by a pair of Russian Al-31 turbofans - they power almost all of China's frontline aircraft. Reports in the Russian media say Moscow has sold more than 1,000 engines from the A1-31 family to China with further, substantial orders in the pipeline.
中外军事专家迅速指出J15这一中国最新款战机由俄制Al31涡轮风扇提供动力，中国几乎所有的主战飞机都采用这款涡扇发动机。俄媒体记者表示莫斯科向中国出售了千余台Al31系列引擎，未来还将有大单。
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While Chinese engineers have been able to reverse-engineer Russian airframes, the engines have been much more difficult to copy without access to the complex manufacturing processes. AVIC subsidiary and China's lead military jet engine maker, Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group Corporation, has been working on a homegrown equivalent, the WS-10 Taihang, but this power plant has so far failed to meet performance targets after testing on the J-15 and other fighters, Chinese and Western military experts say.
虽然中国工程师们有能力逆向仿造俄式机身，但由于无法接近发动机复杂的制造过程，仿制发动机要困难得多。中航工业的下属机构、中国领先的军用喷气发动机制造商沈阳黎明航空发动机集团公司正在研制一款类似的国产发动机——WS10太行，据中外军事专家披露，在J15及其它战斗机上测试之后，这款发动机尚不能满足性能要求。
The Chinese military is expected to introduce another 1,000 advanced fighters over the next two decades, according to Chinese defense sector analysts. However, anger over reverse engineering and wariness of China's growing military power has made Moscow reluctant to supply engines more advanced than the Al-31. Without imported or locally built versions of these engines, China will be unable to build aircraft that could compete with the latest U.S. or Russian stealth fighters, experts say.
据中国防务分析师预测，中国军队将在未来二十年另增编一千架先进战机。然而，出于对逆向工程的愤怒及对中国不断增长的军力的担忧，莫斯科不情愿供应比Al31更先进的发动机。专家们表示，若无进口或国产类似发动机，中国将无法造出匹敌美俄最新隐身机型的战机。
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While military jets are strategically important, the commercial market is potentially much bigger. Boeing forecasts China will need an extra 5,260 large passenger aircraft by 2031. Bombardier Inc. projects demand for business jets will reach 2,400 aircraft over the same period. With each aircraft requiring at least two engines plus spares, total demand could reach 16,000 engines with an estimated average cost of $10 million each at current prices.
虽然军用喷气机有战略重要性，商业市场则有可能更为庞大。波音预计中国将在2031年前另需5260架大型客机。庞巴迪预测同期商务机的需求将达到2400架。每架飞机需要2个发动机加上备用件，发动机总需求将可达到1万6千件，目前平均单价约为一千万美元。
China plans to compete for some of these aircraft orders with two locally built passenger aircraft, the 90-seat ARJ21 regional jet and the 150-seat C919. GE will supply engines for the ARJ21. CFM International, a joint venture between GE and France's Snecma, won the contract to develop new engines for the C919. Some of these engines will be assembled at joint ventures in China.
中国计划使用两款国产客机抢占市场，90座的ARJ21支线喷气机和150座的C919。GE将为ARJ21提供发动机。GE与法国Snecma的合资企业CFM国际则获得为C919开发新引擎的合同。这些发动机中的一部分将在中国的合资企业生产。
Despite the intensified research effort and potential for technology transfer from these ventures, some experts say foreign engines will continue to rule the skies in China. "This won't change for 10 or 15 years," says Chang from Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine.
虽然研发力度加大并有从上述合资企业转移技术的可能性，一些专家称外国发动机仍将继续统治中国的天空。《汉和防务》杂志的张表示：＂未来10至15年间都不会改变。＂
评论翻译:
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joshua08 wrote:
Browett took over as head of Apple’s retail stores earlier this year, replacing Ron Johnson, who went on to become the CEO of JC Penney.-Markus Lattner
十月 29, 2012 6:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
今年年初，Browett接管了苹果零售商店的老总职务，他的前任Ron Johnson则当了JC Penney的ceo。
AlkalineState wrote:
It works but it only flies backwards. Stupid China.
十月 29, 2012 6:18pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个能用，但是只能倒着飞，愚蠢的中国
Wassup wrote:
It’s amazing to me that the Chinese haven’t stolen enough information from Russia and the USA to have already perfected one of their “own”? Steeling secrets and tecnology is a mantra of Chinese culture running the gamut from Ma and Pa shops to the largest “government owned” companies. Making inferior products and killing foreign people with their lack of oversight is well known. If they did not have someone to copy they would still be in the stone age.
十月 29, 2012 7:26pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这太让我震惊了，中国人居然没从美国和俄罗斯那里偷到足够信息来造一架他们“自己的”完整的飞机！从家庭经营的小商店到最大的“国有公司”，窃取秘密和技术就是中国文化里的基因！大家都知道，因为没有监管，他们生产残次品，残害异国人！要是没有人能给他们山寨，他们只能停留在石器时代！
（译注：“mantra”是“口头禅”的意思，翻译成“基因”是意译）
DavidinWY wrote:
It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.
十月 29, 2012 7:27pm EDT -- Report as abuse
能是能造出来，只是飞机上90%的乘客必须是中国政府的代理人，这样才能确保中国的飞行员和乘客不会叛变。
Vuenbelvue wrote:
It works but looks very familiar to aeronautic engineers in the USA.
十月 29, 2012 7:29pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个东西对于美国的航空工程师来说已经很熟悉啦！
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Pterosaur wrote:
The West has banned the export of high tech for the last 20+ years, and China has progressed from building nothing to designing and building the 4th generation fighter jets. Thanks to the ban, China has become self-reliance on defense industry. The last piece is the engine technology which I guess China is at most 10 years behind. So the decision to investors in developing this technolgy will make the West completely out of this market sooner or later. At least Russia is able to exploit this Chinese market until then.
十月 29, 2012 7:44pm EDT -- Report as abuse
在过去的20多年，西方国家已明令禁止出口高科技，中国已经实现从无到有的建造了第四代战斗机。多亏了该禁令，中国的国防工业已自力更生。现在就差发动机技术，我想中国最多落后10年。所以投资者发展这技术的决定将使西方完全退出这个市场是迟早的事情。至少俄罗斯在此之前可在中国市场大赚一笔。
in-the-money wrote:
DavidinWY wrote:
“It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.”
Oh, that’s SO last year. You must be living under a rock. Oh, right, you are DavidinWY–Wyoming, you say? no wonder! Hey do you know where all the expats are heading to these days?
十月 29, 2012 8:10pm EDT -- Report as abuse
“研制发动机没问题，但90%的乘客必须是中国政府特工，以防中国飞行员和乘客叛逃。” 哦，真是老掉牙了！你肯定是躲石头下面哦，对，你是DavidinWY–Wyoming，你说呢？难怪 ！嘿，你知道所有外国人现在都前往哪儿吗？
ChrisHerz wrote:
My money says China will find a way around this bottleneck — perhaps offering employment to laid-off US engineers and workers.
我敢打赌，中国会找到一个办法解决这个瓶颈 -- 也许能给美国的下岗失业工程师和工人提供就业机会
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But the tactical problem is that China does not need the very best engine, only one that is just good enough and can be manufactured en masse. Remember, the MIG 3 was the aircraft produced in the greatest numbers in WWII. It had a Soviet copy of a French engine, but that was good enough to put the Luftwaffe out of business on the Russian front.
And that was that.
十月 29, 2012 8:32pm EDT -- Report as abuse
但这是个策略问题，中国并不需要最最好的发动机，只需要足够好的、能大量生产的发动机就行了。要知道二战中生产量最大的战斗机是米格-3。它的发动机是苏联山寨法国的，但已经足够把德军从俄国前线赶出去了。
就是这样。
Maunsell wrote:
Looks like the Chinese are now trying to get their hands on German jet engine technology and know how by working with MTU Aero Engines Ag.
看起来中国人把他的手伸到了德国，在德国找一些航空公司合作以获取发动机技术。
This sounds very like the usual Chinese line “Come on over and show us how to make these engines and we MAY give you access to the China market – maybe MTU will find out too late that perhaps what China really wants is to copy the technology and get the knowhow transferred so they can make the engines themselves, thus allowing them (the Chinese) to control the market over the longer term.
这听起来很像一般的“中国人来了”，他们采用通过市场换取技术的阴谋——可能我们发现得太晚，也许中国真正想要的是通过制作产品学习到技术，再把新技术转移到他们自己的发动机，从而使他们（中国）能长久的控制市场。
A copy of MTU’s press release is set out below.
这个德国航空公司有如下的公告：
MTU Aero Engines and ACAE sign agreement on key terms for a future coop-eration
德国航空公司与ACAE达成协议，在一些关键领域展开合作。
The two partners take their cooperation to a next level
双方的合作将达到一个新的高度。
Agreement signed at Aviation Expo China in Beijing
签署这些协议的地点是中国北京。
Beijing, September 21, 2011 – MTU Aero Engines of Germany and the Chinese en-gine manufacturer AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co. Ltd. (ACAE) have signed an agreement on key terms for a possible cooperation on the future CJ1000 engine. CJ stands for ChangJiang the Chinese name for the river Yangtse meaning continuity for the future – the basis for the relationship.
2011年9月21日于北京–德国航空发动机公司的德国和中国引擎制造商中航商用飞机发动机有限公司（acae）签署了一项协议，就合作开发CJ1000的可能性签署了原则性协议。发动机命名为长江，意喻源源不绝，象征着双方的合作基础。
In a next step the parties intend to jointly prepare the development phase of this en-gine, targeted as a future application for the C919 narrowbody aircraft. This next level also includes an economical feasibility study as well as further partner discussions for the indigenous Chinese aero engine.
下一步，双方有意于共同为这款发动机的开发阶段做准备，该发动机着眼于C919窄体客机。这一步也包括经济可行性研究以及进一步商讨合作开发中国本土航空发动机。
The agreement was signed by MTU CEO Egon Behle and Wang Zhi Lin, President of ACAE, on the occasion of the Aviation Expo China in Beijing. “We are very pleased with the ongoing cooperation with AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Company”, Behle stated. “The Chinese aviation market is very dynamic and we intend to participate in this expected growth through our business expertise and know-how.”
In a first step, ACAE and MTU conduct a joint definition study to explore options of building a domestic aircraft engine in China. The study will be finalized in November 2011 and evaluates the structure of a future local engine and the parameters needed to be successful in the market.
该协议由德国MTU首席执行官Egon Behle 和ACAE总裁王志林（音译）在北京中国航展上签署。Behle表示：＂我们很高兴与中航工业商飞发动机公司继续合作，中国航空市场极具活力，我们有意凭藉自己的行业专长与技术参与这一意料中的（市场）增长。＂在第一步，ACAE与MTU进行了联合定义研究以探究在中国建造一款本土飞机发动机的不同选项。这项研究将在2011年11月结束，它将评价能够获得市场成功的未来本土发动机所需的结构和参数。
Headquartered in Shanghai, ACAE was set up in spring 2009. Plans are that the company will develop and manufacture engines for future aircraft built by newly es-tablished Chinese airframer COMAC. ACAE is a subsidiary of AVIC bearing the re-sponsibility for commercial aircraft engines and related products, including R&D, manufacture, final assembly, testing, sales, MRO, service, technological develop-ment and consulting.
总部设在上海的ACAE于09年春成立。根据计划，ACAE将研发引擎、向中国商飞日后推出的飞机供货。ACAE是中航工业下属机构，负责商业飞机发动机及相关产品的研发、制造、总装、测试、销售、MRO、服务、技术开发和资询。
MTU Aero Engines is not only Germany’s leading – and only independent – engine manufacturer, but a major player in the civil aero engine industry. Together with its affiliates, MTU maintains a presence in all key markets and regions. In the commer-cial engine sector, the company has close working ties with the world’s major aero engine manufacturers – General Electric, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce. MTU Maintenance is the world’s biggest independent provider of maintenance services for commercial aircraft engines. The company is a technological leader in low-pressure turbines, high-pressure compressors, manufacturing processes, and repair techniques.
MTU航空发动机不但是德国领先的、唯一独立的发动机生产商，更是民用航空业内的佼佼者。携其下属机构，MTU涉足所有重要的市场和地区。在商业发动机领域，该公司与世界主要航空发动机厂家有着密切的工作关系，其中包括通用动力、普惠和罗罗。MTU维修是世界上最大的商业飞机引擎维修服务商。该公司是低压涡轮、高压压缩机、制造工艺、维修技术等领域的技术先锋。
（译注：这条评论可能是一条软文广告）
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With MTU Maintenance Zhuhai, a joint venture of MTU and China Southern Airlines, the German engine builder has already established a 10-year presence in China; meanwhile, the Chinese company has grown into the country’s largest maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) shop for commercial engines
十月 29, 2012 9:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
凭藉MTU维修（珠海）——MTU与中国南方航空公司的合资企业——这家德国发动机生产商已在中国立足十年；同时，这家中国公司已成长为该国最大的商业发动机维护、修理、大修厂商。
Pterosaur wrote:
@Maunsell,
It doesn’t matter who sells the know-how. As a rule, technological know-how only has value when it is still unknown to most others and it will always become obsolete sooner or later. Especially in the case of China, it’s rather sooner than later it will discover the somehow. 十月 29, 2012 9:25pm EDT -- Report as abuse
谁出售技术并不重要。一般来讲，技术只在大多数其他人尚未知晓的情况下才有价值，技术迟早都会落伍。尤其是在中国，早早卖了最好，反正中国总有办法开发出这些技术。
Akrunner907 wrote:
Great, GE will ship more jobs to China and start building jet engines there. They have already shipped over 100,000 jobs in the last few years. 十月 29, 2012 9:33pm EDT -- Report as abuse
太棒了，通用要将更多的工作迁到中国，并在那里开建喷飞发动机。过去几年间，他们已经向外搬走了十万余个工作岗位。
Sinbad1 wrote:
The China bashing is quite amazing, and it seems to come from those with the least knowledge of the matter.
对中国的批斗真是惊人啊，似乎都来自那些最无知的人。
@Wassup Stealing secrets was the mantra of the US after WWII. Petro chemicals jets and rocketry were all developed by Germany. The US didn’t just steal the secrets it actually kidnapped the German scientists.
偷窃秘密是美国二战后的口号。石油化工喷气飞机和火箭都由德国开发，美国不但偷秘密，还绑架德国科学家。
@ChrisHerz remember the P51 Mustang, it had a British designed Rolls Royce engine in it that the US made under license.
还记得野马P51吗？它的引擎是英国罗罗设计的，美国受权生产。
@Maunsell The US got its hands on German jet technology at the end of WWII. The US might still be using propeller aircraft if it hadn’t pillaged the German technology.
美国在二战末期染指德国喷气飞机技术。若非剽窃德国技术，美国可能还在使用螺旋桨呢。
The attitude that many Americans have that the US invented everything and the Chinese just steal it is truly naive.
十月 29, 2012 9:46pm EDT -- Report as abuse
许多美国人认为自家发明一切而中国人只会偷的态度实在天真。
没法山寨了，中国就试着建造自己的喷气发动机
Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
作者:翻译加工厂 发布日期:2012-11-08 浏览:13516
译文简介:
中国没法山寨喷气发动机了，就试着建造自己的喷气发动机。
译文来源:
原文地址：ht tp://w ww.reuters.com/article/2012/10/29/us-china-engine-idUSBRE89S17B20121029
原创翻译：龙腾网 ww w.ltaaa.com 翻译：翻译加工厂 转载请注明出处
正文翻译:
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Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
观察:无法将其复制,中国试图构建自己的喷气发动机
(Reuters) - China has designed nuclear missiles and blasted astronauts into space, but one vital technology remains out of reach. Despite decades of research and development, China has so far failed to build a reliable, high performance jet engine.
(路透社)——中国设计了核导弹并将宇航员发射到太空,但一个至关重要的技术仍然遥不可及。尽管几十年的研究和开发,到目前为止,中国一直未能建立一个可靠的、高性能喷气式发动机。
This may be about to change. China's aviation sector is striving for a breakthrough that would end its dependence on Russian and Western power plants for military and commercial aircraft.
这种情况可能即将改变。中国航空业正追求一个突破，以摆脱中国军用和商业飞机对俄罗斯及西方发动机的依赖。
Beijing is evaluating a 100 billion yuan ($16 billion) plan to galvanize a disjointed and under-funded engine research effort, aviation industry officials say. The giant, state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), China's dominant military and commercial aviation contractor, has been lobbying hard for the extra money, officials familiar with the details say.
北京正在评估一个1000亿元人民币(合160亿美元)的计划以刺激一个脱节且资金不足的引擎研究工作,航空业官员说。据熟悉细节的官员透露，中国占主导地位的军事和商业航空承包商、巨大的国企中航工业集团一直在努力游说额外资金。
AVIC, with more than 400,000 employees and 200 subsidiaries including 20 listed companies, has already set aside about 10 billion yuan of its own funds for jet engine development over the next three years.
中航工业，拥有超过400,000名员工和200家子公司，其中包括20家上市公司，在未来三年已经预留约10亿元人民币的自有资金用于喷气发动机的发展。
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The engine financing plan is under high-level discussion in Beijing, said Zhao Yuxing, an official at the securities office of Shanghai-listed Xi'an Aero-Engine Plc, a key military engine-making unit of AVIC. "What we know is our company has been included in the strategic program, which is designed to greatly develop and support the engine industry," he said by phone from his company's headquarters in the northwestern city of Xi'an.
中航工业集团旗下军用发动机重点研制单位、在上交所上市的西安航空动力股份有限公司的金融办公室官员赵玉星（音译）表示，北京高层正在讨论发动机融资计划。他在位于西安的公司总部接受电话采访时说到：＂据我所知，我们公司已进入旨在大力发展和支持发动机行业的战略性计划。＂
China's military industry as a whole has suffered from Tiananmen-era bans on the sale of military equipment from the United States and Europe. Moreover, foreign engine-makers have been loath to transfer technology. That has prevented China from taking its usual route to closing a technology gap: copying it.
中国军工行业作为一个整体受制于八平方事件后实施的欧美军事禁运。此外，外国发动机制造商坚决反对技术转让。因此，中国缩小技术差距的传统道路：＂山寨＂，行不通了。
Some Chinese aviation industry specialists forecast that Beijing will eventually spend up to 300 billion yuan ($49 billion) on jet engine development over the next two decades.
一些中国航空工业专家估计，在未来二十年，北京终将在飞机发动机研发上投入三千亿元人民币（合490亿美元）。
"China's aircraft engines have obviously been under-invested," said Wang Tianyi, a defense sector analyst with Shanghai's Orient Securities. "One hundred billion yuan is not a huge amount of money in the engine world."
上海东方证券国防分析师王天翼（音译）表示：＂中国的飞机发动机明显投入不足，一千亿人民币在发动机领域并不是一个大数目。＂
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JEALOUSLY GUARDED SECRETS
严守秘密
While AVIC's long term priority is to develop high performance engines for military aircraft, it is also trying to design power plants for passenger aircraft in the world's fastest growing civil aviation market. Based on projected demand from Western aircraft manufacturers, engines for new passenger aircraft delivered in China could be worth more than $100 billion over the next 20 years.
中航工业集团的长期重点在于发展出高性能的军用飞机引擎，它同时也着眼于为世界上成长最快的民航市场设计客机引擎。根据西方飞机制造商需求的预测，未来二十年，在中国交货的客机所装备的引擎价值将超过一千亿美元。
"Historically, all major players in aerospace have possessed both airframe and engine design capabilities," said Carlo Kopp, the Melbourne, Australia-based founder of Air Power Australia, an independent military aviation think tank. "Until China can design and produce competitive engines, the performance and capabilities of Chinese aircraft designs will be seriously limited by what technology they are permitted to import."
军事航空独立智库＂澳大利亚空中力量＂的墨尔本创始人Carlo Kopp指出：＂历史上所有的航空航天大国均同时具备设计机身和引擎的能力。在设计并生产出有竞争力的引擎之前，中国飞机设计的能力与表现将严重受制于技术进口的局限。
For China's aviation engineers, the traditional short cuts of extracting intellectual property from foreign joint venture partners or simply copying technology from abroad have so far delivered minimal results.
对中国航空工程师而言，从外国合资企业中获取知识产权或直接山寨海外技术的传统捷径到目前为止基本上没有什么成效。
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Foreign engine manufacturers including General Electric, Snecma, a subsidiary of French aerospace group Safran, Rolls Royce Plc and Pratt & Whitney - a unit of United Technology Corp, jealously guard their industrial secrets, limiting the transfer of know-how and opportunities for intellectual property theft.
包括通用动力、斯奈克玛、罗罗、普惠 在内的外国引擎制造商对他们的商业秘密严防死守，限制技术转让并减少知识产权窃贼得手的机会。
However, China may be poised to win access to technology from an expanding range of commercial aviation joint ventures with these companies. China's ability to develop engines for passenger aircraft could have considerable potential for technology transfer to the military, experts say.
但是，中国有可能通过与这些公司建立一系列不断扩展的商业航空合资企业来获取技术。专家们指出，中国具备开发客机引擎的能力就极有可能向军方转移技术。
THE BOTTLENECK IN ENGINES
引擎的瓶颈
Under AVIC's plan, fragmented engine research and development would be consolidated to minimize competition and duplication of effort.
根据中航工业集团的计划，零散的发动机研发将被整合，以减少相互竞争和重复功。
A legacy of Maoist-era dispersal of defense industries, engine research institutes and aerospace manufacturing companies are scattered about the country in cities including Shenyang, Xi'an, Shanghai, Chengdu and Anshun.
作为一项毛主义时代分散国防工业的产物，发动机研究机构和航空航天制造公司散落在中国各地，其中包括沈阳、西安、上海、成都和安顺。
AVIC plans to inject its major engine related businesses into Xi'an Aero- Engine as part of this consolidation, the listed company said in its 2011 annual report. "There is widespread consensus that engines have become a bottleneck constraining the development of China's aviation industry," the report said.
作为整合的一部分，中航工业集团计划将把与引擎有关的主要业务交给西安航空动力，该上市公司在2011年报中如是说。这份年报写到：＂目前已形成广泛共识：引擎已成为制约中国航空工业发展的瓶颈。＂
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China faces a daunting challenge. Only a handful of companies in the United States, Europe and Russia have mastered this expertise.
中国面临着一个艰巨的挑战。只有少数在美国，欧洲和俄国的公司掌握这项专门技术。
"Modern jet engine technology is like an industrial revolution in power," said Andrei Chang, a Hong Kong-based analyst of the Chinese military and editor of Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine. "Europe, the U.S. and Russia have hundreds of years of combined experience, but China has only been working on this for 30 years."
“现代喷气发动机技术就像是动力领域的工业革命”，基于香港的中国军事分析师，同时也是《汉和防务评论》的编辑Andrei Chang说，“欧洲，美国和俄国加起来有数百年的经验，但中国在这方面只从事了30年”。
Established manufacturers have labored on research and development since the 1950s to build safe and reliable engines with thousands of components that function under extremes of temperature and pressure. This involves state-of-the-art technologies in design, machining, casting, composite materials, exotic alloys, electronic performance monitoring and quality control.
从上世纪50年代起制造商就致力于研究开发，建造安全可靠的发动机。这些发动机要有成千上万个可以在极端的温度和高压下运行的零件。这涉及了在设计、加工、铸造、复合材料、特殊合金，电子性能监控和质量控制这些方面最顶尖的技术。
Since then, the big players have collected vast stores of performance and operational data from existing engines that gives them a head start in designing new versions with improved fuel efficiency and reliability that airlines now demand.
从那以后，制造商从现有的发动机中收集了大量发动机的性能资料和操作数据，这使得他们在设计符合航空公司要求的、拥有更高的燃料效率和可靠性的新型发动机上处于领先。
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And, for commercial engines, all of the design and manufacturing processes must be carefully coordinated and exhaustively documented to satisfy aviation certification authorities.
对商用发动机来说，所有的设计与加工过程必须经过认真的协调和详尽的记录，以便满足航空认证机构的要求。
"The reason so few can do it is because it is really, really difficult," says Richard Margolis, a former regional director of Rolls Royce in northeast Asia.
“很少有人能做到这点的原因是因为它真的非常非常困难”，劳斯莱斯在东北亚的前地区经理Richard Margolis说。
High performance military jet engines are crucial to Beijing's long term plan to increase the number of frontline fighters and strike aircraft in its air force and naval aviation units. These aircraft are a key element of a long term military build-up aimed primarily at securing military dominance over Taiwan and a vast swathe of disputed maritime territory off China's east and southern coasts.
高性能的军事喷气发动机对北京长期计划在空军和海军航空兵部队里增加前线战斗机和攻击机的数量起着至关重要的作用。这些飞机是长期的军事积累的关键要素，主要目的是确保对台湾和中国东南海地区大量有争议领土的军事控制。
Due to the export bans on military equipment to China, Beijing has been forced to rely on imported fighters from Russia, reverse engineered copies of these Russian aircraft, and some home-grown designs.
由于对中国军事装备的出口禁令，北京不得不依赖从俄国进口战斗机，逆向工程山寨品及一些本土设计。
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This strategy has delivered rapid results. Since 2000, China has added more than 500 advanced fighters and strike aircraft with capabilities thought to equal all but the most advanced U.S. stealth aircraft. At the same time, it has also sharply reduced the number of obsolete aircraft based on Soviet-era designs, military experts say.
这一战略很快见效。自2000年以来，中国新增500余架性能被评为仅次于美国最先进隐身飞机的先进战斗机和攻击机。军事专家们还指出，中国同时大幅减少采用苏联时期设计的老式飞机的数量。
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
制造过程
A clear example of this progress was on display recently when a Chinese-made J-15 jet fighter practiced "touch and go" circuits on China's first aircraft carrier, the newly commissioned Liaoning. These maneuvers suggest that J-15 pilots and crews will soon master take-offs and landings from the carrier at sea.
该过程的一个清晰例子就是国产J15喷气战机最近在中国首艘航母、新近入编的辽宁舰上实施的＂触舰复飞＂。这些演练预示J15飞官和地勤将很快掌握在航母上起降。
Foreign and Chinese military experts were quick to point out that the J-15, one of China's newest military aircraft, was powered by a pair of Russian Al-31 turbofans - they power almost all of China's frontline aircraft. Reports in the Russian media say Moscow has sold more than 1,000 engines from the A1-31 family to China with further, substantial orders in the pipeline.
中外军事专家迅速指出J15这一中国最新款战机由俄制Al31涡轮风扇提供动力，中国几乎所有的主战飞机都采用这款涡扇发动机。俄媒体记者表示莫斯科向中国出售了千余台Al31系列引擎，未来还将有大单。
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While Chinese engineers have been able to reverse-engineer Russian airframes, the engines have been much more difficult to copy without access to the complex manufacturing processes. AVIC subsidiary and China's lead military jet engine maker, Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group Corporation, has been working on a homegrown equivalent, the WS-10 Taihang, but this power plant has so far failed to meet performance targets after testing on the J-15 and other fighters, Chinese and Western military experts say.
虽然中国工程师们有能力逆向仿造俄式机身，但由于无法接近发动机复杂的制造过程，仿制发动机要困难得多。中航工业的下属机构、中国领先的军用喷气发动机制造商沈阳黎明航空发动机集团公司正在研制一款类似的国产发动机——WS10太行，据中外军事专家披露，在J15及其它战斗机上测试之后，这款发动机尚不能满足性能要求。
The Chinese military is expected to introduce another 1,000 advanced fighters over the next two decades, according to Chinese defense sector analysts. However, anger over reverse engineering and wariness of China's growing military power has made Moscow reluctant to supply engines more advanced than the Al-31. Without imported or locally built versions of these engines, China will be unable to build aircraft that could compete with the latest U.S. or Russian stealth fighters, experts say.
据中国防务分析师预测，中国军队将在未来二十年另增编一千架先进战机。然而，出于对逆向工程的愤怒及对中国不断增长的军力的担忧，莫斯科不情愿供应比Al31更先进的发动机。专家们表示，若无进口或国产类似发动机，中国将无法造出匹敌美俄最新隐身机型的战机。
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While military jets are strategically important, the commercial market is potentially much bigger. Boeing forecasts China will need an extra 5,260 large passenger aircraft by 2031. Bombardier Inc. projects demand for business jets will reach 2,400 aircraft over the same period. With each aircraft requiring at least two engines plus spares, total demand could reach 16,000 engines with an estimated average cost of $10 million each at current prices.
虽然军用喷气机有战略重要性，商业市场则有可能更为庞大。波音预计中国将在2031年前另需5260架大型客机。庞巴迪预测同期商务机的需求将达到2400架。每架飞机需要2个发动机加上备用件，发动机总需求将可达到1万6千件，目前平均单价约为一千万美元。
China plans to compete for some of these aircraft orders with two locally built passenger aircraft, the 90-seat ARJ21 regional jet and the 150-seat C919. GE will supply engines for the ARJ21. CFM International, a joint venture between GE and France's Snecma, won the contract to develop new engines for the C919. Some of these engines will be assembled at joint ventures in China.
中国计划使用两款国产客机抢占市场，90座的ARJ21支线喷气机和150座的C919。GE将为ARJ21提供发动机。GE与法国Snecma的合资企业CFM国际则获得为C919开发新引擎的合同。这些发动机中的一部分将在中国的合资企业生产。
Despite the intensified research effort and potential for technology transfer from these ventures, some experts say foreign engines will continue to rule the skies in China. "This won't change for 10 or 15 years," says Chang from Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine.
虽然研发力度加大并有从上述合资企业转移技术的可能性，一些专家称外国发动机仍将继续统治中国的天空。《汉和防务》杂志的张表示：＂未来10至15年间都不会改变。＂
评论翻译:
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joshua08 wrote:
Browett took over as head of Apple’s retail stores earlier this year, replacing Ron Johnson, who went on to become the CEO of JC Penney.-Markus Lattner
十月 29, 2012 6:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
今年年初，Browett接管了苹果零售商店的老总职务，他的前任Ron Johnson则当了JC Penney的ceo。
AlkalineState wrote:
It works but it only flies backwards. Stupid China.
十月 29, 2012 6:18pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个能用，但是只能倒着飞，愚蠢的中国
Wassup wrote:
It’s amazing to me that the Chinese haven’t stolen enough information from Russia and the USA to have already perfected one of their “own”? Steeling secrets and tecnology is a mantra of Chinese culture running the gamut from Ma and Pa shops to the largest “government owned” companies. Making inferior products and killing foreign people with their lack of oversight is well known. If they did not have someone to copy they would still be in the stone age.
十月 29, 2012 7:26pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这太让我震惊了，中国人居然没从美国和俄罗斯那里偷到足够信息来造一架他们“自己的”完整的飞机！从家庭经营的小商店到最大的“国有公司”，窃取秘密和技术就是中国文化里的基因！大家都知道，因为没有监管，他们生产残次品，残害异国人！要是没有人能给他们山寨，他们只能停留在石器时代！
（译注：“mantra”是“口头禅”的意思，翻译成“基因”是意译）
DavidinWY wrote:
It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.
十月 29, 2012 7:27pm EDT -- Report as abuse
能是能造出来，只是飞机上90%的乘客必须是中国政府的代理人，这样才能确保中国的飞行员和乘客不会叛变。
Vuenbelvue wrote:
It works but looks very familiar to aeronautic engineers in the USA.
十月 29, 2012 7:29pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个东西对于美国的航空工程师来说已经很熟悉啦！
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Pterosaur wrote:
The West has banned the export of high tech for the last 20+ years, and China has progressed from building nothing to designing and building the 4th generation fighter jets. Thanks to the ban, China has become self-reliance on defense industry. The last piece is the engine technology which I guess China is at most 10 years behind. So the decision to investors in developing this technolgy will make the West completely out of this market sooner or later. At least Russia is able to exploit this Chinese market until then.
十月 29, 2012 7:44pm EDT -- Report as abuse
在过去的20多年，西方国家已明令禁止出口高科技，中国已经实现从无到有的建造了第四代战斗机。多亏了该禁令，中国的国防工业已自力更生。现在就差发动机技术，我想中国最多落后10年。所以投资者发展这技术的决定将使西方完全退出这个市场是迟早的事情。至少俄罗斯在此之前可在中国市场大赚一笔。
in-the-money wrote:
DavidinWY wrote:
“It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.”
Oh, that’s SO last year. You must be living under a rock. Oh, right, you are DavidinWY–Wyoming, you say? no wonder! Hey do you know where all the expats are heading to these days?
十月 29, 2012 8:10pm EDT -- Report as abuse
“研制发动机没问题，但90%的乘客必须是中国政府特工，以防中国飞行员和乘客叛逃。” 哦，真是老掉牙了！你肯定是躲石头下面哦，对，你是DavidinWY–Wyoming，你说呢？难怪 ！嘿，你知道所有外国人现在都前往哪儿吗？
ChrisHerz wrote:
My money says China will find a way around this bottleneck — perhaps offering employment to laid-off US engineers and workers.
我敢打赌，中国会找到一个办法解决这个瓶颈 -- 也许能给美国的下岗失业工程师和工人提供就业机会
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But the tactical problem is that China does not need the very best engine, only one that is just good enough and can be manufactured en masse. Remember, the MIG 3 was the aircraft produced in the greatest numbers in WWII. It had a Soviet copy of a French engine, but that was good enough to put the Luftwaffe out of business on the Russian front.
And that was that.
十月 29, 2012 8:32pm EDT -- Report as abuse
但这是个策略问题，中国并不需要最最好的发动机，只需要足够好的、能大量生产的发动机就行了。要知道二战中生产量最大的战斗机是米格-3。它的发动机是苏联山寨法国的，但已经足够把德军从俄国前线赶出去了。
就是这样。
Maunsell wrote:
Looks like the Chinese are now trying to get their hands on German jet engine technology and know how by working with MTU Aero Engines Ag.
看起来中国人把他的手伸到了德国，在德国找一些航空公司合作以获取发动机技术。
This sounds very like the usual Chinese line “Come on over and show us how to make these engines and we MAY give you access to the China market – maybe MTU will find out too late that perhaps what China really wants is to copy the technology and get the knowhow transferred so they can make the engines themselves, thus allowing them (the Chinese) to control the market over the longer term.
这听起来很像一般的“中国人来了”，他们采用通过市场换取技术的阴谋——可能我们发现得太晚，也许中国真正想要的是通过制作产品学习到技术，再把新技术转移到他们自己的发动机，从而使他们（中国）能长久的控制市场。
A copy of MTU’s press release is set out below.
这个德国航空公司有如下的公告：
MTU Aero Engines and ACAE sign agreement on key terms for a future coop-eration
德国航空公司与ACAE达成协议，在一些关键领域展开合作。
The two partners take their cooperation to a next level
双方的合作将达到一个新的高度。
Agreement signed at Aviation Expo China in Beijing
签署这些协议的地点是中国北京。
Beijing, September 21, 2011 – MTU Aero Engines of Germany and the Chinese en-gine manufacturer AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co. Ltd. (ACAE) have signed an agreement on key terms for a possible cooperation on the future CJ1000 engine. CJ stands for ChangJiang the Chinese name for the river Yangtse meaning continuity for the future – the basis for the relationship.
2011年9月21日于北京–德国航空发动机公司的德国和中国引擎制造商中航商用飞机发动机有限公司（acae）签署了一项协议，就合作开发CJ1000的可能性签署了原则性协议。发动机命名为长江，意喻源源不绝，象征着双方的合作基础。
In a next step the parties intend to jointly prepare the development phase of this en-gine, targeted as a future application for the C919 narrowbody aircraft. This next level also includes an economical feasibility study as well as further partner discussions for the indigenous Chinese aero engine.
下一步，双方有意于共同为这款发动机的开发阶段做准备，该发动机着眼于C919窄体客机。这一步也包括经济可行性研究以及进一步商讨合作开发中国本土航空发动机。
The agreement was signed by MTU CEO Egon Behle and Wang Zhi Lin, President of ACAE, on the occasion of the Aviation Expo China in Beijing. “We are very pleased with the ongoing cooperation with AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Company”, Behle stated. “The Chinese aviation market is very dynamic and we intend to participate in this expected growth through our business expertise and know-how.”
In a first step, ACAE and MTU conduct a joint definition study to explore options of building a domestic aircraft engine in China. The study will be finalized in November 2011 and evaluates the structure of a future local engine and the parameters needed to be successful in the market.
该协议由德国MTU首席执行官Egon Behle 和ACAE总裁王志林（音译）在北京中国航展上签署。Behle表示：＂我们很高兴与中航工业商飞发动机公司继续合作，中国航空市场极具活力，我们有意凭藉自己的行业专长与技术参与这一意料中的（市场）增长。＂在第一步，ACAE与MTU进行了联合定义研究以探究在中国建造一款本土飞机发动机的不同选项。这项研究将在2011年11月结束，它将评价能够获得市场成功的未来本土发动机所需的结构和参数。
Headquartered in Shanghai, ACAE was set up in spring 2009. Plans are that the company will develop and manufacture engines for future aircraft built by newly es-tablished Chinese airframer COMAC. ACAE is a subsidiary of AVIC bearing the re-sponsibility for commercial aircraft engines and related products, including R&D, manufacture, final assembly, testing, sales, MRO, service, technological develop-ment and consulting.
总部设在上海的ACAE于09年春成立。根据计划，ACAE将研发引擎、向中国商飞日后推出的飞机供货。ACAE是中航工业下属机构，负责商业飞机发动机及相关产品的研发、制造、总装、测试、销售、MRO、服务、技术开发和资询。
MTU Aero Engines is not only Germany’s leading – and only independent – engine manufacturer, but a major player in the civil aero engine industry. Together with its affiliates, MTU maintains a presence in all key markets and regions. In the commer-cial engine sector, the company has close working ties with the world’s major aero engine manufacturers – General Electric, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce. MTU Maintenance is the world’s biggest independent provider of maintenance services for commercial aircraft engines. The company is a technological leader in low-pressure turbines, high-pressure compressors, manufacturing processes, and repair techniques.
MTU航空发动机不但是德国领先的、唯一独立的发动机生产商，更是民用航空业内的佼佼者。携其下属机构，MTU涉足所有重要的市场和地区。在商业发动机领域，该公司与世界主要航空发动机厂家有着密切的工作关系，其中包括通用动力、普惠和罗罗。MTU维修是世界上最大的商业飞机引擎维修服务商。该公司是低压涡轮、高压压缩机、制造工艺、维修技术等领域的技术先锋。
（译注：这条评论可能是一条软文广告）
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With MTU Maintenance Zhuhai, a joint venture of MTU and China Southern Airlines, the German engine builder has already established a 10-year presence in China; meanwhile, the Chinese company has grown into the country’s largest maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) shop for commercial engines
十月 29, 2012 9:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
凭藉MTU维修（珠海）——MTU与中国南方航空公司的合资企业——这家德国发动机生产商已在中国立足十年；同时，这家中国公司已成长为该国最大的商业发动机维护、修理、大修厂商。
Pterosaur wrote:
@Maunsell,
It doesn’t matter who sells the know-how. As a rule, technological know-how only has value when it is still unknown to most others and it will always become obsolete sooner or later. Especially in the case of China, it’s rather sooner than later it will discover the somehow. 十月 29, 2012 9:25pm EDT -- Report as abuse
谁出售技术并不重要。一般来讲，技术只在大多数其他人尚未知晓的情况下才有价值，技术迟早都会落伍。尤其是在中国，早早卖了最好，反正中国总有办法开发出这些技术。
Akrunner907 wrote:
Great, GE will ship more jobs to China and start building jet engines there. They have already shipped over 100,000 jobs in the last few years. 十月 29, 2012 9:33pm EDT -- Report as abuse
太棒了，通用要将更多的工作迁到中国，并在那里开建喷飞发动机。过去几年间，他们已经向外搬走了十万余个工作岗位。
Sinbad1 wrote:
The China bashing is quite amazing, and it seems to come from those with the least knowledge of the matter.
对中国的批斗真是惊人啊，似乎都来自那些最无知的人。
@Wassup Stealing secrets was the mantra of the US after WWII. Petro chemicals jets and rocketry were all developed by Germany. The US didn’t just steal the secrets it actually kidnapped the German scientists.
偷窃秘密是美国二战后的口号。石油化工喷气飞机和火箭都由德国开发，美国不但偷秘密，还绑架德国科学家。
@ChrisHerz remember the P51 Mustang, it had a British designed Rolls Royce engine in it that the US made under license.
还记得野马P51吗？它的引擎是英国罗罗设计的，美国受权生产。
@Maunsell The US got its hands on German jet technology at the end of WWII. The US might still be using propeller aircraft if it hadn’t pillaged the German technology.
美国在二战末期染指德国喷气飞机技术。若非剽窃德国技术，美国可能还在使用螺旋桨呢。
The attitude that many Americans have that the US invented everything and the Chinese just steal it is truly naive.
十月 29, 2012 9:46pm EDT -- Report as abuse
许多美国人认为自家发明一切而中国人只会偷的态度实在天真。
Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
作者:翻译加工厂 发布日期:2012-11-08 浏览:13516
译文简介:
中国没法山寨喷气发动机了，就试着建造自己的喷气发动机。
译文来源:
原文地址：ht tp://w ww.reuters.com/article/2012/10/29/us-china-engine-idUSBRE89S17B20121029
原创翻译：龙腾网 ww w.ltaaa.com 翻译：翻译加工厂 转载请注明出处
正文翻译:
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Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
观察:无法将其复制,中国试图构建自己的喷气发动机
(Reuters) - China has designed nuclear missiles and blasted astronauts into space, but one vital technology remains out of reach. Despite decades of research and development, China has so far failed to build a reliable, high performance jet engine.
(路透社)——中国设计了核导弹并将宇航员发射到太空,但一个至关重要的技术仍然遥不可及。尽管几十年的研究和开发,到目前为止,中国一直未能建立一个可靠的、高性能喷气式发动机。
This may be about to change. China's aviation sector is striving for a breakthrough that would end its dependence on Russian and Western power plants for military and commercial aircraft.
这种情况可能即将改变。中国航空业正追求一个突破，以摆脱中国军用和商业飞机对俄罗斯及西方发动机的依赖。
Beijing is evaluating a 100 billion yuan ($16 billion) plan to galvanize a disjointed and under-funded engine research effort, aviation industry officials say. The giant, state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), China's dominant military and commercial aviation contractor, has been lobbying hard for the extra money, officials familiar with the details say.
北京正在评估一个1000亿元人民币(合160亿美元)的计划以刺激一个脱节且资金不足的引擎研究工作,航空业官员说。据熟悉细节的官员透露，中国占主导地位的军事和商业航空承包商、巨大的国企中航工业集团一直在努力游说额外资金。
AVIC, with more than 400,000 employees and 200 subsidiaries including 20 listed companies, has already set aside about 10 billion yuan of its own funds for jet engine development over the next three years.
中航工业，拥有超过400,000名员工和200家子公司，其中包括20家上市公司，在未来三年已经预留约10亿元人民币的自有资金用于喷气发动机的发展。
---------翻译：翻译工兵---------审核：翻译工兵---------
The engine financing plan is under high-level discussion in Beijing, said Zhao Yuxing, an official at the securities office of Shanghai-listed Xi'an Aero-Engine Plc, a key military engine-making unit of AVIC. "What we know is our company has been included in the strategic program, which is designed to greatly develop and support the engine industry," he said by phone from his company's headquarters in the northwestern city of Xi'an.
中航工业集团旗下军用发动机重点研制单位、在上交所上市的西安航空动力股份有限公司的金融办公室官员赵玉星（音译）表示，北京高层正在讨论发动机融资计划。他在位于西安的公司总部接受电话采访时说到：＂据我所知，我们公司已进入旨在大力发展和支持发动机行业的战略性计划。＂
China's military industry as a whole has suffered from Tiananmen-era bans on the sale of military equipment from the United States and Europe. Moreover, foreign engine-makers have been loath to transfer technology. That has prevented China from taking its usual route to closing a technology gap: copying it.
中国军工行业作为一个整体受制于八平方事件后实施的欧美军事禁运。此外，外国发动机制造商坚决反对技术转让。因此，中国缩小技术差距的传统道路：＂山寨＂，行不通了。
Some Chinese aviation industry specialists forecast that Beijing will eventually spend up to 300 billion yuan ($49 billion) on jet engine development over the next two decades.
一些中国航空工业专家估计，在未来二十年，北京终将在飞机发动机研发上投入三千亿元人民币（合490亿美元）。
"China's aircraft engines have obviously been under-invested," said Wang Tianyi, a defense sector analyst with Shanghai's Orient Securities. "One hundred billion yuan is not a huge amount of money in the engine world."
上海东方证券国防分析师王天翼（音译）表示：＂中国的飞机发动机明显投入不足，一千亿人民币在发动机领域并不是一个大数目。＂
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JEALOUSLY GUARDED SECRETS
严守秘密
While AVIC's long term priority is to develop high performance engines for military aircraft, it is also trying to design power plants for passenger aircraft in the world's fastest growing civil aviation market. Based on projected demand from Western aircraft manufacturers, engines for new passenger aircraft delivered in China could be worth more than $100 billion over the next 20 years.
中航工业集团的长期重点在于发展出高性能的军用飞机引擎，它同时也着眼于为世界上成长最快的民航市场设计客机引擎。根据西方飞机制造商需求的预测，未来二十年，在中国交货的客机所装备的引擎价值将超过一千亿美元。
"Historically, all major players in aerospace have possessed both airframe and engine design capabilities," said Carlo Kopp, the Melbourne, Australia-based founder of Air Power Australia, an independent military aviation think tank. "Until China can design and produce competitive engines, the performance and capabilities of Chinese aircraft designs will be seriously limited by what technology they are permitted to import."
军事航空独立智库＂澳大利亚空中力量＂的墨尔本创始人Carlo Kopp指出：＂历史上所有的航空航天大国均同时具备设计机身和引擎的能力。在设计并生产出有竞争力的引擎之前，中国飞机设计的能力与表现将严重受制于技术进口的局限。
For China's aviation engineers, the traditional short cuts of extracting intellectual property from foreign joint venture partners or simply copying technology from abroad have so far delivered minimal results.
对中国航空工程师而言，从外国合资企业中获取知识产权或直接山寨海外技术的传统捷径到目前为止基本上没有什么成效。
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Foreign engine manufacturers including General Electric, Snecma, a subsidiary of French aerospace group Safran, Rolls Royce Plc and Pratt & Whitney - a unit of United Technology Corp, jealously guard their industrial secrets, limiting the transfer of know-how and opportunities for intellectual property theft.
包括通用动力、斯奈克玛、罗罗、普惠 在内的外国引擎制造商对他们的商业秘密严防死守，限制技术转让并减少知识产权窃贼得手的机会。
However, China may be poised to win access to technology from an expanding range of commercial aviation joint ventures with these companies. China's ability to develop engines for passenger aircraft could have considerable potential for technology transfer to the military, experts say.
但是，中国有可能通过与这些公司建立一系列不断扩展的商业航空合资企业来获取技术。专家们指出，中国具备开发客机引擎的能力就极有可能向军方转移技术。
THE BOTTLENECK IN ENGINES
引擎的瓶颈
Under AVIC's plan, fragmented engine research and development would be consolidated to minimize competition and duplication of effort.
根据中航工业集团的计划，零散的发动机研发将被整合，以减少相互竞争和重复功。
A legacy of Maoist-era dispersal of defense industries, engine research institutes and aerospace manufacturing companies are scattered about the country in cities including Shenyang, Xi'an, Shanghai, Chengdu and Anshun.
作为一项毛主义时代分散国防工业的产物，发动机研究机构和航空航天制造公司散落在中国各地，其中包括沈阳、西安、上海、成都和安顺。
AVIC plans to inject its major engine related businesses into Xi'an Aero- Engine as part of this consolidation, the listed company said in its 2011 annual report. "There is widespread consensus that engines have become a bottleneck constraining the development of China's aviation industry," the report said.
作为整合的一部分，中航工业集团计划将把与引擎有关的主要业务交给西安航空动力，该上市公司在2011年报中如是说。这份年报写到：＂目前已形成广泛共识：引擎已成为制约中国航空工业发展的瓶颈。＂
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China faces a daunting challenge. Only a handful of companies in the United States, Europe and Russia have mastered this expertise.
中国面临着一个艰巨的挑战。只有少数在美国，欧洲和俄国的公司掌握这项专门技术。
"Modern jet engine technology is like an industrial revolution in power," said Andrei Chang, a Hong Kong-based analyst of the Chinese military and editor of Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine. "Europe, the U.S. and Russia have hundreds of years of combined experience, but China has only been working on this for 30 years."
“现代喷气发动机技术就像是动力领域的工业革命”，基于香港的中国军事分析师，同时也是《汉和防务评论》的编辑Andrei Chang说，“欧洲，美国和俄国加起来有数百年的经验，但中国在这方面只从事了30年”。
Established manufacturers have labored on research and development since the 1950s to build safe and reliable engines with thousands of components that function under extremes of temperature and pressure. This involves state-of-the-art technologies in design, machining, casting, composite materials, exotic alloys, electronic performance monitoring and quality control.
从上世纪50年代起制造商就致力于研究开发，建造安全可靠的发动机。这些发动机要有成千上万个可以在极端的温度和高压下运行的零件。这涉及了在设计、加工、铸造、复合材料、特殊合金，电子性能监控和质量控制这些方面最顶尖的技术。
Since then, the big players have collected vast stores of performance and operational data from existing engines that gives them a head start in designing new versions with improved fuel efficiency and reliability that airlines now demand.
从那以后，制造商从现有的发动机中收集了大量发动机的性能资料和操作数据，这使得他们在设计符合航空公司要求的、拥有更高的燃料效率和可靠性的新型发动机上处于领先。
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And, for commercial engines, all of the design and manufacturing processes must be carefully coordinated and exhaustively documented to satisfy aviation certification authorities.
对商用发动机来说，所有的设计与加工过程必须经过认真的协调和详尽的记录，以便满足航空认证机构的要求。
"The reason so few can do it is because it is really, really difficult," says Richard Margolis, a former regional director of Rolls Royce in northeast Asia.
“很少有人能做到这点的原因是因为它真的非常非常困难”，劳斯莱斯在东北亚的前地区经理Richard Margolis说。
High performance military jet engines are crucial to Beijing's long term plan to increase the number of frontline fighters and strike aircraft in its air force and naval aviation units. These aircraft are a key element of a long term military build-up aimed primarily at securing military dominance over Taiwan and a vast swathe of disputed maritime territory off China's east and southern coasts.
高性能的军事喷气发动机对北京长期计划在空军和海军航空兵部队里增加前线战斗机和攻击机的数量起着至关重要的作用。这些飞机是长期的军事积累的关键要素，主要目的是确保对台湾和中国东南海地区大量有争议领土的军事控制。
Due to the export bans on military equipment to China, Beijing has been forced to rely on imported fighters from Russia, reverse engineered copies of these Russian aircraft, and some home-grown designs.
由于对中国军事装备的出口禁令，北京不得不依赖从俄国进口战斗机，逆向工程山寨品及一些本土设计。
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This strategy has delivered rapid results. Since 2000, China has added more than 500 advanced fighters and strike aircraft with capabilities thought to equal all but the most advanced U.S. stealth aircraft. At the same time, it has also sharply reduced the number of obsolete aircraft based on Soviet-era designs, military experts say.
这一战略很快见效。自2000年以来，中国新增500余架性能被评为仅次于美国最先进隐身飞机的先进战斗机和攻击机。军事专家们还指出，中国同时大幅减少采用苏联时期设计的老式飞机的数量。
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
制造过程
A clear example of this progress was on display recently when a Chinese-made J-15 jet fighter practiced "touch and go" circuits on China's first aircraft carrier, the newly commissioned Liaoning. These maneuvers suggest that J-15 pilots and crews will soon master take-offs and landings from the carrier at sea.
该过程的一个清晰例子就是国产J15喷气战机最近在中国首艘航母、新近入编的辽宁舰上实施的＂触舰复飞＂。这些演练预示J15飞官和地勤将很快掌握在航母上起降。
Foreign and Chinese military experts were quick to point out that the J-15, one of China's newest military aircraft, was powered by a pair of Russian Al-31 turbofans - they power almost all of China's frontline aircraft. Reports in the Russian media say Moscow has sold more than 1,000 engines from the A1-31 family to China with further, substantial orders in the pipeline.
中外军事专家迅速指出J15这一中国最新款战机由俄制Al31涡轮风扇提供动力，中国几乎所有的主战飞机都采用这款涡扇发动机。俄媒体记者表示莫斯科向中国出售了千余台Al31系列引擎，未来还将有大单。
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While Chinese engineers have been able to reverse-engineer Russian airframes, the engines have been much more difficult to copy without access to the complex manufacturing processes. AVIC subsidiary and China's lead military jet engine maker, Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group Corporation, has been working on a homegrown equivalent, the WS-10 Taihang, but this power plant has so far failed to meet performance targets after testing on the J-15 and other fighters, Chinese and Western military experts say.
虽然中国工程师们有能力逆向仿造俄式机身，但由于无法接近发动机复杂的制造过程，仿制发动机要困难得多。中航工业的下属机构、中国领先的军用喷气发动机制造商沈阳黎明航空发动机集团公司正在研制一款类似的国产发动机——WS10太行，据中外军事专家披露，在J15及其它战斗机上测试之后，这款发动机尚不能满足性能要求。
The Chinese military is expected to introduce another 1,000 advanced fighters over the next two decades, according to Chinese defense sector analysts. However, anger over reverse engineering and wariness of China's growing military power has made Moscow reluctant to supply engines more advanced than the Al-31. Without imported or locally built versions of these engines, China will be unable to build aircraft that could compete with the latest U.S. or Russian stealth fighters, experts say.
据中国防务分析师预测，中国军队将在未来二十年另增编一千架先进战机。然而，出于对逆向工程的愤怒及对中国不断增长的军力的担忧，莫斯科不情愿供应比Al31更先进的发动机。专家们表示，若无进口或国产类似发动机，中国将无法造出匹敌美俄最新隐身机型的战机。
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While military jets are strategically important, the commercial market is potentially much bigger. Boeing forecasts China will need an extra 5,260 large passenger aircraft by 2031. Bombardier Inc. projects demand for business jets will reach 2,400 aircraft over the same period. With each aircraft requiring at least two engines plus spares, total demand could reach 16,000 engines with an estimated average cost of $10 million each at current prices.
虽然军用喷气机有战略重要性，商业市场则有可能更为庞大。波音预计中国将在2031年前另需5260架大型客机。庞巴迪预测同期商务机的需求将达到2400架。每架飞机需要2个发动机加上备用件，发动机总需求将可达到1万6千件，目前平均单价约为一千万美元。
China plans to compete for some of these aircraft orders with two locally built passenger aircraft, the 90-seat ARJ21 regional jet and the 150-seat C919. GE will supply engines for the ARJ21. CFM International, a joint venture between GE and France's Snecma, won the contract to develop new engines for the C919. Some of these engines will be assembled at joint ventures in China.
中国计划使用两款国产客机抢占市场，90座的ARJ21支线喷气机和150座的C919。GE将为ARJ21提供发动机。GE与法国Snecma的合资企业CFM国际则获得为C919开发新引擎的合同。这些发动机中的一部分将在中国的合资企业生产。
Despite the intensified research effort and potential for technology transfer from these ventures, some experts say foreign engines will continue to rule the skies in China. "This won't change for 10 or 15 years," says Chang from Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine.
虽然研发力度加大并有从上述合资企业转移技术的可能性，一些专家称外国发动机仍将继续统治中国的天空。《汉和防务》杂志的张表示：＂未来10至15年间都不会改变。＂
评论翻译:
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joshua08 wrote:
Browett took over as head of Apple’s retail stores earlier this year, replacing Ron Johnson, who went on to become the CEO of JC Penney.-Markus Lattner
十月 29, 2012 6:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
今年年初，Browett接管了苹果零售商店的老总职务，他的前任Ron Johnson则当了JC Penney的ceo。
AlkalineState wrote:
It works but it only flies backwards. Stupid China.
十月 29, 2012 6:18pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个能用，但是只能倒着飞，愚蠢的中国
Wassup wrote:
It’s amazing to me that the Chinese haven’t stolen enough information from Russia and the USA to have already perfected one of their “own”? Steeling secrets and tecnology is a mantra of Chinese culture running the gamut from Ma and Pa shops to the largest “government owned” companies. Making inferior products and killing foreign people with their lack of oversight is well known. If they did not have someone to copy they would still be in the stone age.
十月 29, 2012 7:26pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这太让我震惊了，中国人居然没从美国和俄罗斯那里偷到足够信息来造一架他们“自己的”完整的飞机！从家庭经营的小商店到最大的“国有公司”，窃取秘密和技术就是中国文化里的基因！大家都知道，因为没有监管，他们生产残次品，残害异国人！要是没有人能给他们山寨，他们只能停留在石器时代！
（译注：“mantra”是“口头禅”的意思，翻译成“基因”是意译）
DavidinWY wrote:
It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.
十月 29, 2012 7:27pm EDT -- Report as abuse
能是能造出来，只是飞机上90%的乘客必须是中国政府的代理人，这样才能确保中国的飞行员和乘客不会叛变。
Vuenbelvue wrote:
It works but looks very familiar to aeronautic engineers in the USA.
十月 29, 2012 7:29pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个东西对于美国的航空工程师来说已经很熟悉啦！
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Pterosaur wrote:
The West has banned the export of high tech for the last 20+ years, and China has progressed from building nothing to designing and building the 4th generation fighter jets. Thanks to the ban, China has become self-reliance on defense industry. The last piece is the engine technology which I guess China is at most 10 years behind. So the decision to investors in developing this technolgy will make the West completely out of this market sooner or later. At least Russia is able to exploit this Chinese market until then.
十月 29, 2012 7:44pm EDT -- Report as abuse
在过去的20多年，西方国家已明令禁止出口高科技，中国已经实现从无到有的建造了第四代战斗机。多亏了该禁令，中国的国防工业已自力更生。现在就差发动机技术，我想中国最多落后10年。所以投资者发展这技术的决定将使西方完全退出这个市场是迟早的事情。至少俄罗斯在此之前可在中国市场大赚一笔。
in-the-money wrote:
DavidinWY wrote:
“It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.”
Oh, that’s SO last year. You must be living under a rock. Oh, right, you are DavidinWY–Wyoming, you say? no wonder! Hey do you know where all the expats are heading to these days?
十月 29, 2012 8:10pm EDT -- Report as abuse
“研制发动机没问题，但90%的乘客必须是中国政府特工，以防中国飞行员和乘客叛逃。” 哦，真是老掉牙了！你肯定是躲石头下面哦，对，你是DavidinWY–Wyoming，你说呢？难怪 ！嘿，你知道所有外国人现在都前往哪儿吗？
ChrisHerz wrote:
My money says China will find a way around this bottleneck — perhaps offering employment to laid-off US engineers and workers.
我敢打赌，中国会找到一个办法解决这个瓶颈 -- 也许能给美国的下岗失业工程师和工人提供就业机会
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But the tactical problem is that China does not need the very best engine, only one that is just good enough and can be manufactured en masse. Remember, the MIG 3 was the aircraft produced in the greatest numbers in WWII. It had a Soviet copy of a French engine, but that was good enough to put the Luftwaffe out of business on the Russian front.
And that was that.
十月 29, 2012 8:32pm EDT -- Report as abuse
但这是个策略问题，中国并不需要最最好的发动机，只需要足够好的、能大量生产的发动机就行了。要知道二战中生产量最大的战斗机是米格-3。它的发动机是苏联山寨法国的，但已经足够把德军从俄国前线赶出去了。
就是这样。
Maunsell wrote:
Looks like the Chinese are now trying to get their hands on German jet engine technology and know how by working with MTU Aero Engines Ag.
看起来中国人把他的手伸到了德国，在德国找一些航空公司合作以获取发动机技术。
This sounds very like the usual Chinese line “Come on over and show us how to make these engines and we MAY give you access to the China market – maybe MTU will find out too late that perhaps what China really wants is to copy the technology and get the knowhow transferred so they can make the engines themselves, thus allowing them (the Chinese) to control the market over the longer term.
这听起来很像一般的“中国人来了”，他们采用通过市场换取技术的阴谋——可能我们发现得太晚，也许中国真正想要的是通过制作产品学习到技术，再把新技术转移到他们自己的发动机，从而使他们（中国）能长久的控制市场。
A copy of MTU’s press release is set out below.
这个德国航空公司有如下的公告：
MTU Aero Engines and ACAE sign agreement on key terms for a future coop-eration
德国航空公司与ACAE达成协议，在一些关键领域展开合作。
The two partners take their cooperation to a next level
双方的合作将达到一个新的高度。
Agreement signed at Aviation Expo China in Beijing
签署这些协议的地点是中国北京。
Beijing, September 21, 2011 – MTU Aero Engines of Germany and the Chinese en-gine manufacturer AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co. Ltd. (ACAE) have signed an agreement on key terms for a possible cooperation on the future CJ1000 engine. CJ stands for ChangJiang the Chinese name for the river Yangtse meaning continuity for the future – the basis for the relationship.
2011年9月21日于北京–德国航空发动机公司的德国和中国引擎制造商中航商用飞机发动机有限公司（acae）签署了一项协议，就合作开发CJ1000的可能性签署了原则性协议。发动机命名为长江，意喻源源不绝，象征着双方的合作基础。
In a next step the parties intend to jointly prepare the development phase of this en-gine, targeted as a future application for the C919 narrowbody aircraft. This next level also includes an economical feasibility study as well as further partner discussions for the indigenous Chinese aero engine.
下一步，双方有意于共同为这款发动机的开发阶段做准备，该发动机着眼于C919窄体客机。这一步也包括经济可行性研究以及进一步商讨合作开发中国本土航空发动机。
The agreement was signed by MTU CEO Egon Behle and Wang Zhi Lin, President of ACAE, on the occasion of the Aviation Expo China in Beijing. “We are very pleased with the ongoing cooperation with AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Company”, Behle stated. “The Chinese aviation market is very dynamic and we intend to participate in this expected growth through our business expertise and know-how.”
In a first step, ACAE and MTU conduct a joint definition study to explore options of building a domestic aircraft engine in China. The study will be finalized in November 2011 and evaluates the structure of a future local engine and the parameters needed to be successful in the market.
该协议由德国MTU首席执行官Egon Behle 和ACAE总裁王志林（音译）在北京中国航展上签署。Behle表示：＂我们很高兴与中航工业商飞发动机公司继续合作，中国航空市场极具活力，我们有意凭藉自己的行业专长与技术参与这一意料中的（市场）增长。＂在第一步，ACAE与MTU进行了联合定义研究以探究在中国建造一款本土飞机发动机的不同选项。这项研究将在2011年11月结束，它将评价能够获得市场成功的未来本土发动机所需的结构和参数。
Headquartered in Shanghai, ACAE was set up in spring 2009. Plans are that the company will develop and manufacture engines for future aircraft built by newly es-tablished Chinese airframer COMAC. ACAE is a subsidiary of AVIC bearing the re-sponsibility for commercial aircraft engines and related products, including R&D, manufacture, final assembly, testing, sales, MRO, service, technological develop-ment and consulting.
总部设在上海的ACAE于09年春成立。根据计划，ACAE将研发引擎、向中国商飞日后推出的飞机供货。ACAE是中航工业下属机构，负责商业飞机发动机及相关产品的研发、制造、总装、测试、销售、MRO、服务、技术开发和资询。
MTU Aero Engines is not only Germany’s leading – and only independent – engine manufacturer, but a major player in the civil aero engine industry. Together with its affiliates, MTU maintains a presence in all key markets and regions. In the commer-cial engine sector, the company has close working ties with the world’s major aero engine manufacturers – General Electric, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce. MTU Maintenance is the world’s biggest independent provider of maintenance services for commercial aircraft engines. The company is a technological leader in low-pressure turbines, high-pressure compressors, manufacturing processes, and repair techniques.
MTU航空发动机不但是德国领先的、唯一独立的发动机生产商，更是民用航空业内的佼佼者。携其下属机构，MTU涉足所有重要的市场和地区。在商业发动机领域，该公司与世界主要航空发动机厂家有着密切的工作关系，其中包括通用动力、普惠和罗罗。MTU维修是世界上最大的商业飞机引擎维修服务商。该公司是低压涡轮、高压压缩机、制造工艺、维修技术等领域的技术先锋。
（译注：这条评论可能是一条软文广告）
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With MTU Maintenance Zhuhai, a joint venture of MTU and China Southern Airlines, the German engine builder has already established a 10-year presence in China; meanwhile, the Chinese company has grown into the country’s largest maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) shop for commercial engines
十月 29, 2012 9:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
凭藉MTU维修（珠海）——MTU与中国南方航空公司的合资企业——这家德国发动机生产商已在中国立足十年；同时，这家中国公司已成长为该国最大的商业发动机维护、修理、大修厂商。
Pterosaur wrote:
@Maunsell,
It doesn’t matter who sells the know-how. As a rule, technological know-how only has value when it is still unknown to most others and it will always become obsolete sooner or later. Especially in the case of China, it’s rather sooner than later it will discover the somehow. 十月 29, 2012 9:25pm EDT -- Report as abuse
谁出售技术并不重要。一般来讲，技术只在大多数其他人尚未知晓的情况下才有价值，技术迟早都会落伍。尤其是在中国，早早卖了最好，反正中国总有办法开发出这些技术。
Akrunner907 wrote:
Great, GE will ship more jobs to China and start building jet engines there. They have already shipped over 100,000 jobs in the last few years. 十月 29, 2012 9:33pm EDT -- Report as abuse
太棒了，通用要将更多的工作迁到中国，并在那里开建喷飞发动机。过去几年间，他们已经向外搬走了十万余个工作岗位。
Sinbad1 wrote:
The China bashing is quite amazing, and it seems to come from those with the least knowledge of the matter.
对中国的批斗真是惊人啊，似乎都来自那些最无知的人。
@Wassup Stealing secrets was the mantra of the US after WWII. Petro chemicals jets and rocketry were all developed by Germany. The US didn’t just steal the secrets it actually kidnapped the German scientists.
偷窃秘密是美国二战后的口号。石油化工喷气飞机和火箭都由德国开发，美国不但偷秘密，还绑架德国科学家。
@ChrisHerz remember the P51 Mustang, it had a British designed Rolls Royce engine in it that the US made under license.
还记得野马P51吗？它的引擎是英国罗罗设计的，美国受权生产。
@Maunsell The US got its hands on German jet technology at the end of WWII. The US might still be using propeller aircraft if it hadn’t pillaged the German technology.
美国在二战末期染指德国喷气飞机技术。若非剽窃德国技术，美国可能还在使用螺旋桨呢。
The attitude that many Americans have that the US invented everything and the Chinese just steal it is truly naive.
十月 29, 2012 9:46pm EDT -- Report as abuse
许多美国人认为自家发明一切而中国人只会偷的态度实在天真。
没法山寨了，中国就试着建造自己的喷气发动机
Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
作者:翻译加工厂 发布日期:2012-11-08 浏览:13516
译文简介:
中国没法山寨喷气发动机了，就试着建造自己的喷气发动机。
译文来源:
原文地址：ht tp://w ww.reuters.com/article/2012/10/29/us-china-engine-idUSBRE89S17B20121029
原创翻译：龙腾网 ww w.ltaaa.com 翻译：翻译加工厂 转载请注明出处
正文翻译:
---------翻译：踏雪流痕---------审核：翻译工兵---------
Insight: Unable to copy it, China tries building own jet engine
观察:无法将其复制,中国试图构建自己的喷气发动机
(Reuters) - China has designed nuclear missiles and blasted astronauts into space, but one vital technology remains out of reach. Despite decades of research and development, China has so far failed to build a reliable, high performance jet engine.
(路透社)——中国设计了核导弹并将宇航员发射到太空,但一个至关重要的技术仍然遥不可及。尽管几十年的研究和开发,到目前为止,中国一直未能建立一个可靠的、高性能喷气式发动机。
This may be about to change. China's aviation sector is striving for a breakthrough that would end its dependence on Russian and Western power plants for military and commercial aircraft.
这种情况可能即将改变。中国航空业正追求一个突破，以摆脱中国军用和商业飞机对俄罗斯及西方发动机的依赖。
Beijing is evaluating a 100 billion yuan ($16 billion) plan to galvanize a disjointed and under-funded engine research effort, aviation industry officials say. The giant, state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), China's dominant military and commercial aviation contractor, has been lobbying hard for the extra money, officials familiar with the details say.
北京正在评估一个1000亿元人民币(合160亿美元)的计划以刺激一个脱节且资金不足的引擎研究工作,航空业官员说。据熟悉细节的官员透露，中国占主导地位的军事和商业航空承包商、巨大的国企中航工业集团一直在努力游说额外资金。
AVIC, with more than 400,000 employees and 200 subsidiaries including 20 listed companies, has already set aside about 10 billion yuan of its own funds for jet engine development over the next three years.
中航工业，拥有超过400,000名员工和200家子公司，其中包括20家上市公司，在未来三年已经预留约10亿元人民币的自有资金用于喷气发动机的发展。
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The engine financing plan is under high-level discussion in Beijing, said Zhao Yuxing, an official at the securities office of Shanghai-listed Xi'an Aero-Engine Plc, a key military engine-making unit of AVIC. "What we know is our company has been included in the strategic program, which is designed to greatly develop and support the engine industry," he said by phone from his company's headquarters in the northwestern city of Xi'an.
中航工业集团旗下军用发动机重点研制单位、在上交所上市的西安航空动力股份有限公司的金融办公室官员赵玉星（音译）表示，北京高层正在讨论发动机融资计划。他在位于西安的公司总部接受电话采访时说到：＂据我所知，我们公司已进入旨在大力发展和支持发动机行业的战略性计划。＂
China's military industry as a whole has suffered from Tiananmen-era bans on the sale of military equipment from the United States and Europe. Moreover, foreign engine-makers have been loath to transfer technology. That has prevented China from taking its usual route to closing a technology gap: copying it.
中国军工行业作为一个整体受制于八平方事件后实施的欧美军事禁运。此外，外国发动机制造商坚决反对技术转让。因此，中国缩小技术差距的传统道路：＂山寨＂，行不通了。
Some Chinese aviation industry specialists forecast that Beijing will eventually spend up to 300 billion yuan ($49 billion) on jet engine development over the next two decades.
一些中国航空工业专家估计，在未来二十年，北京终将在飞机发动机研发上投入三千亿元人民币（合490亿美元）。
"China's aircraft engines have obviously been under-invested," said Wang Tianyi, a defense sector analyst with Shanghai's Orient Securities. "One hundred billion yuan is not a huge amount of money in the engine world."
上海东方证券国防分析师王天翼（音译）表示：＂中国的飞机发动机明显投入不足，一千亿人民币在发动机领域并不是一个大数目。＂
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JEALOUSLY GUARDED SECRETS
严守秘密
While AVIC's long term priority is to develop high performance engines for military aircraft, it is also trying to design power plants for passenger aircraft in the world's fastest growing civil aviation market. Based on projected demand from Western aircraft manufacturers, engines for new passenger aircraft delivered in China could be worth more than $100 billion over the next 20 years.
中航工业集团的长期重点在于发展出高性能的军用飞机引擎，它同时也着眼于为世界上成长最快的民航市场设计客机引擎。根据西方飞机制造商需求的预测，未来二十年，在中国交货的客机所装备的引擎价值将超过一千亿美元。
"Historically, all major players in aerospace have possessed both airframe and engine design capabilities," said Carlo Kopp, the Melbourne, Australia-based founder of Air Power Australia, an independent military aviation think tank. "Until China can design and produce competitive engines, the performance and capabilities of Chinese aircraft designs will be seriously limited by what technology they are permitted to import."
军事航空独立智库＂澳大利亚空中力量＂的墨尔本创始人Carlo Kopp指出：＂历史上所有的航空航天大国均同时具备设计机身和引擎的能力。在设计并生产出有竞争力的引擎之前，中国飞机设计的能力与表现将严重受制于技术进口的局限。
For China's aviation engineers, the traditional short cuts of extracting intellectual property from foreign joint venture partners or simply copying technology from abroad have so far delivered minimal results.
对中国航空工程师而言，从外国合资企业中获取知识产权或直接山寨海外技术的传统捷径到目前为止基本上没有什么成效。
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Foreign engine manufacturers including General Electric, Snecma, a subsidiary of French aerospace group Safran, Rolls Royce Plc and Pratt & Whitney - a unit of United Technology Corp, jealously guard their industrial secrets, limiting the transfer of know-how and opportunities for intellectual property theft.
包括通用动力、斯奈克玛、罗罗、普惠 在内的外国引擎制造商对他们的商业秘密严防死守，限制技术转让并减少知识产权窃贼得手的机会。
However, China may be poised to win access to technology from an expanding range of commercial aviation joint ventures with these companies. China's ability to develop engines for passenger aircraft could have considerable potential for technology transfer to the military, experts say.
但是，中国有可能通过与这些公司建立一系列不断扩展的商业航空合资企业来获取技术。专家们指出，中国具备开发客机引擎的能力就极有可能向军方转移技术。
THE BOTTLENECK IN ENGINES
引擎的瓶颈
Under AVIC's plan, fragmented engine research and development would be consolidated to minimize competition and duplication of effort.
根据中航工业集团的计划，零散的发动机研发将被整合，以减少相互竞争和重复功。
A legacy of Maoist-era dispersal of defense industries, engine research institutes and aerospace manufacturing companies are scattered about the country in cities including Shenyang, Xi'an, Shanghai, Chengdu and Anshun.
作为一项毛主义时代分散国防工业的产物，发动机研究机构和航空航天制造公司散落在中国各地，其中包括沈阳、西安、上海、成都和安顺。
AVIC plans to inject its major engine related businesses into Xi'an Aero- Engine as part of this consolidation, the listed company said in its 2011 annual report. "There is widespread consensus that engines have become a bottleneck constraining the development of China's aviation industry," the report said.
作为整合的一部分，中航工业集团计划将把与引擎有关的主要业务交给西安航空动力，该上市公司在2011年报中如是说。这份年报写到：＂目前已形成广泛共识：引擎已成为制约中国航空工业发展的瓶颈。＂
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China faces a daunting challenge. Only a handful of companies in the United States, Europe and Russia have mastered this expertise.
中国面临着一个艰巨的挑战。只有少数在美国，欧洲和俄国的公司掌握这项专门技术。
"Modern jet engine technology is like an industrial revolution in power," said Andrei Chang, a Hong Kong-based analyst of the Chinese military and editor of Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine. "Europe, the U.S. and Russia have hundreds of years of combined experience, but China has only been working on this for 30 years."
“现代喷气发动机技术就像是动力领域的工业革命”，基于香港的中国军事分析师，同时也是《汉和防务评论》的编辑Andrei Chang说，“欧洲，美国和俄国加起来有数百年的经验，但中国在这方面只从事了30年”。
Established manufacturers have labored on research and development since the 1950s to build safe and reliable engines with thousands of components that function under extremes of temperature and pressure. This involves state-of-the-art technologies in design, machining, casting, composite materials, exotic alloys, electronic performance monitoring and quality control.
从上世纪50年代起制造商就致力于研究开发，建造安全可靠的发动机。这些发动机要有成千上万个可以在极端的温度和高压下运行的零件。这涉及了在设计、加工、铸造、复合材料、特殊合金，电子性能监控和质量控制这些方面最顶尖的技术。
Since then, the big players have collected vast stores of performance and operational data from existing engines that gives them a head start in designing new versions with improved fuel efficiency and reliability that airlines now demand.
从那以后，制造商从现有的发动机中收集了大量发动机的性能资料和操作数据，这使得他们在设计符合航空公司要求的、拥有更高的燃料效率和可靠性的新型发动机上处于领先。
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And, for commercial engines, all of the design and manufacturing processes must be carefully coordinated and exhaustively documented to satisfy aviation certification authorities.
对商用发动机来说，所有的设计与加工过程必须经过认真的协调和详尽的记录，以便满足航空认证机构的要求。
"The reason so few can do it is because it is really, really difficult," says Richard Margolis, a former regional director of Rolls Royce in northeast Asia.
“很少有人能做到这点的原因是因为它真的非常非常困难”，劳斯莱斯在东北亚的前地区经理Richard Margolis说。
High performance military jet engines are crucial to Beijing's long term plan to increase the number of frontline fighters and strike aircraft in its air force and naval aviation units. These aircraft are a key element of a long term military build-up aimed primarily at securing military dominance over Taiwan and a vast swathe of disputed maritime territory off China's east and southern coasts.
高性能的军事喷气发动机对北京长期计划在空军和海军航空兵部队里增加前线战斗机和攻击机的数量起着至关重要的作用。这些飞机是长期的军事积累的关键要素，主要目的是确保对台湾和中国东南海地区大量有争议领土的军事控制。
Due to the export bans on military equipment to China, Beijing has been forced to rely on imported fighters from Russia, reverse engineered copies of these Russian aircraft, and some home-grown designs.
由于对中国军事装备的出口禁令，北京不得不依赖从俄国进口战斗机，逆向工程山寨品及一些本土设计。
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This strategy has delivered rapid results. Since 2000, China has added more than 500 advanced fighters and strike aircraft with capabilities thought to equal all but the most advanced U.S. stealth aircraft. At the same time, it has also sharply reduced the number of obsolete aircraft based on Soviet-era designs, military experts say.
这一战略很快见效。自2000年以来，中国新增500余架性能被评为仅次于美国最先进隐身飞机的先进战斗机和攻击机。军事专家们还指出，中国同时大幅减少采用苏联时期设计的老式飞机的数量。
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
制造过程
A clear example of this progress was on display recently when a Chinese-made J-15 jet fighter practiced "touch and go" circuits on China's first aircraft carrier, the newly commissioned Liaoning. These maneuvers suggest that J-15 pilots and crews will soon master take-offs and landings from the carrier at sea.
该过程的一个清晰例子就是国产J15喷气战机最近在中国首艘航母、新近入编的辽宁舰上实施的＂触舰复飞＂。这些演练预示J15飞官和地勤将很快掌握在航母上起降。
Foreign and Chinese military experts were quick to point out that the J-15, one of China's newest military aircraft, was powered by a pair of Russian Al-31 turbofans - they power almost all of China's frontline aircraft. Reports in the Russian media say Moscow has sold more than 1,000 engines from the A1-31 family to China with further, substantial orders in the pipeline.
中外军事专家迅速指出J15这一中国最新款战机由俄制Al31涡轮风扇提供动力，中国几乎所有的主战飞机都采用这款涡扇发动机。俄媒体记者表示莫斯科向中国出售了千余台Al31系列引擎，未来还将有大单。
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While Chinese engineers have been able to reverse-engineer Russian airframes, the engines have been much more difficult to copy without access to the complex manufacturing processes. AVIC subsidiary and China's lead military jet engine maker, Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group Corporation, has been working on a homegrown equivalent, the WS-10 Taihang, but this power plant has so far failed to meet performance targets after testing on the J-15 and other fighters, Chinese and Western military experts say.
虽然中国工程师们有能力逆向仿造俄式机身，但由于无法接近发动机复杂的制造过程，仿制发动机要困难得多。中航工业的下属机构、中国领先的军用喷气发动机制造商沈阳黎明航空发动机集团公司正在研制一款类似的国产发动机——WS10太行，据中外军事专家披露，在J15及其它战斗机上测试之后，这款发动机尚不能满足性能要求。
The Chinese military is expected to introduce another 1,000 advanced fighters over the next two decades, according to Chinese defense sector analysts. However, anger over reverse engineering and wariness of China's growing military power has made Moscow reluctant to supply engines more advanced than the Al-31. Without imported or locally built versions of these engines, China will be unable to build aircraft that could compete with the latest U.S. or Russian stealth fighters, experts say.
据中国防务分析师预测，中国军队将在未来二十年另增编一千架先进战机。然而，出于对逆向工程的愤怒及对中国不断增长的军力的担忧，莫斯科不情愿供应比Al31更先进的发动机。专家们表示，若无进口或国产类似发动机，中国将无法造出匹敌美俄最新隐身机型的战机。
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While military jets are strategically important, the commercial market is potentially much bigger. Boeing forecasts China will need an extra 5,260 large passenger aircraft by 2031. Bombardier Inc. projects demand for business jets will reach 2,400 aircraft over the same period. With each aircraft requiring at least two engines plus spares, total demand could reach 16,000 engines with an estimated average cost of $10 million each at current prices.
虽然军用喷气机有战略重要性，商业市场则有可能更为庞大。波音预计中国将在2031年前另需5260架大型客机。庞巴迪预测同期商务机的需求将达到2400架。每架飞机需要2个发动机加上备用件，发动机总需求将可达到1万6千件，目前平均单价约为一千万美元。
China plans to compete for some of these aircraft orders with two locally built passenger aircraft, the 90-seat ARJ21 regional jet and the 150-seat C919. GE will supply engines for the ARJ21. CFM International, a joint venture between GE and France's Snecma, won the contract to develop new engines for the C919. Some of these engines will be assembled at joint ventures in China.
中国计划使用两款国产客机抢占市场，90座的ARJ21支线喷气机和150座的C919。GE将为ARJ21提供发动机。GE与法国Snecma的合资企业CFM国际则获得为C919开发新引擎的合同。这些发动机中的一部分将在中国的合资企业生产。
Despite the intensified research effort and potential for technology transfer from these ventures, some experts say foreign engines will continue to rule the skies in China. "This won't change for 10 or 15 years," says Chang from Kanwa Asian Defence Magazine.
虽然研发力度加大并有从上述合资企业转移技术的可能性，一些专家称外国发动机仍将继续统治中国的天空。《汉和防务》杂志的张表示：＂未来10至15年间都不会改变。＂
评论翻译:
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joshua08 wrote:
Browett took over as head of Apple’s retail stores earlier this year, replacing Ron Johnson, who went on to become the CEO of JC Penney.-Markus Lattner
十月 29, 2012 6:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
今年年初，Browett接管了苹果零售商店的老总职务，他的前任Ron Johnson则当了JC Penney的ceo。
AlkalineState wrote:
It works but it only flies backwards. Stupid China.
十月 29, 2012 6:18pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个能用，但是只能倒着飞，愚蠢的中国
Wassup wrote:
It’s amazing to me that the Chinese haven’t stolen enough information from Russia and the USA to have already perfected one of their “own”? Steeling secrets and tecnology is a mantra of Chinese culture running the gamut from Ma and Pa shops to the largest “government owned” companies. Making inferior products and killing foreign people with their lack of oversight is well known. If they did not have someone to copy they would still be in the stone age.
十月 29, 2012 7:26pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这太让我震惊了，中国人居然没从美国和俄罗斯那里偷到足够信息来造一架他们“自己的”完整的飞机！从家庭经营的小商店到最大的“国有公司”，窃取秘密和技术就是中国文化里的基因！大家都知道，因为没有监管，他们生产残次品，残害异国人！要是没有人能给他们山寨，他们只能停留在石器时代！
（译注：“mantra”是“口头禅”的意思，翻译成“基因”是意译）
DavidinWY wrote:
It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.
十月 29, 2012 7:27pm EDT -- Report as abuse
能是能造出来，只是飞机上90%的乘客必须是中国政府的代理人，这样才能确保中国的飞行员和乘客不会叛变。
Vuenbelvue wrote:
It works but looks very familiar to aeronautic engineers in the USA.
十月 29, 2012 7:29pm EDT -- Report as abuse
这个东西对于美国的航空工程师来说已经很熟悉啦！
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Pterosaur wrote:
The West has banned the export of high tech for the last 20+ years, and China has progressed from building nothing to designing and building the 4th generation fighter jets. Thanks to the ban, China has become self-reliance on defense industry. The last piece is the engine technology which I guess China is at most 10 years behind. So the decision to investors in developing this technolgy will make the West completely out of this market sooner or later. At least Russia is able to exploit this Chinese market until then.
十月 29, 2012 7:44pm EDT -- Report as abuse
在过去的20多年，西方国家已明令禁止出口高科技，中国已经实现从无到有的建造了第四代战斗机。多亏了该禁令，中国的国防工业已自力更生。现在就差发动机技术，我想中国最多落后10年。所以投资者发展这技术的决定将使西方完全退出这个市场是迟早的事情。至少俄罗斯在此之前可在中国市场大赚一笔。
in-the-money wrote:
DavidinWY wrote:
“It works but 90% of the passengers have to be Chinese government agents to make sure the Chinese pilots and passengers don’t defect.”
Oh, that’s SO last year. You must be living under a rock. Oh, right, you are DavidinWY–Wyoming, you say? no wonder! Hey do you know where all the expats are heading to these days?
十月 29, 2012 8:10pm EDT -- Report as abuse
“研制发动机没问题，但90%的乘客必须是中国政府特工，以防中国飞行员和乘客叛逃。” 哦，真是老掉牙了！你肯定是躲石头下面哦，对，你是DavidinWY–Wyoming，你说呢？难怪 ！嘿，你知道所有外国人现在都前往哪儿吗？
ChrisHerz wrote:
My money says China will find a way around this bottleneck — perhaps offering employment to laid-off US engineers and workers.
我敢打赌，中国会找到一个办法解决这个瓶颈 -- 也许能给美国的下岗失业工程师和工人提供就业机会
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But the tactical problem is that China does not need the very best engine, only one that is just good enough and can be manufactured en masse. Remember, the MIG 3 was the aircraft produced in the greatest numbers in WWII. It had a Soviet copy of a French engine, but that was good enough to put the Luftwaffe out of business on the Russian front.
And that was that.
十月 29, 2012 8:32pm EDT -- Report as abuse
但这是个策略问题，中国并不需要最最好的发动机，只需要足够好的、能大量生产的发动机就行了。要知道二战中生产量最大的战斗机是米格-3。它的发动机是苏联山寨法国的，但已经足够把德军从俄国前线赶出去了。
就是这样。
Maunsell wrote:
Looks like the Chinese are now trying to get their hands on German jet engine technology and know how by working with MTU Aero Engines Ag.
看起来中国人把他的手伸到了德国，在德国找一些航空公司合作以获取发动机技术。
This sounds very like the usual Chinese line “Come on over and show us how to make these engines and we MAY give you access to the China market – maybe MTU will find out too late that perhaps what China really wants is to copy the technology and get the knowhow transferred so they can make the engines themselves, thus allowing them (the Chinese) to control the market over the longer term.
这听起来很像一般的“中国人来了”，他们采用通过市场换取技术的阴谋——可能我们发现得太晚，也许中国真正想要的是通过制作产品学习到技术，再把新技术转移到他们自己的发动机，从而使他们（中国）能长久的控制市场。
A copy of MTU’s press release is set out below.
这个德国航空公司有如下的公告：
MTU Aero Engines and ACAE sign agreement on key terms for a future coop-eration
德国航空公司与ACAE达成协议，在一些关键领域展开合作。
The two partners take their cooperation to a next level
双方的合作将达到一个新的高度。
Agreement signed at Aviation Expo China in Beijing
签署这些协议的地点是中国北京。
Beijing, September 21, 2011 – MTU Aero Engines of Germany and the Chinese en-gine manufacturer AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co. Ltd. (ACAE) have signed an agreement on key terms for a possible cooperation on the future CJ1000 engine. CJ stands for ChangJiang the Chinese name for the river Yangtse meaning continuity for the future – the basis for the relationship.
2011年9月21日于北京–德国航空发动机公司的德国和中国引擎制造商中航商用飞机发动机有限公司（acae）签署了一项协议，就合作开发CJ1000的可能性签署了原则性协议。发动机命名为长江，意喻源源不绝，象征着双方的合作基础。
In a next step the parties intend to jointly prepare the development phase of this en-gine, targeted as a future application for the C919 narrowbody aircraft. This next level also includes an economical feasibility study as well as further partner discussions for the indigenous Chinese aero engine.
下一步，双方有意于共同为这款发动机的开发阶段做准备，该发动机着眼于C919窄体客机。这一步也包括经济可行性研究以及进一步商讨合作开发中国本土航空发动机。
The agreement was signed by MTU CEO Egon Behle and Wang Zhi Lin, President of ACAE, on the occasion of the Aviation Expo China in Beijing. “We are very pleased with the ongoing cooperation with AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Company”, Behle stated. “The Chinese aviation market is very dynamic and we intend to participate in this expected growth through our business expertise and know-how.”
In a first step, ACAE and MTU conduct a joint definition study to explore options of building a domestic aircraft engine in China. The study will be finalized in November 2011 and evaluates the structure of a future local engine and the parameters needed to be successful in the market.
该协议由德国MTU首席执行官Egon Behle 和ACAE总裁王志林（音译）在北京中国航展上签署。Behle表示：＂我们很高兴与中航工业商飞发动机公司继续合作，中国航空市场极具活力，我们有意凭藉自己的行业专长与技术参与这一意料中的（市场）增长。＂在第一步，ACAE与MTU进行了联合定义研究以探究在中国建造一款本土飞机发动机的不同选项。这项研究将在2011年11月结束，它将评价能够获得市场成功的未来本土发动机所需的结构和参数。
Headquartered in Shanghai, ACAE was set up in spring 2009. Plans are that the company will develop and manufacture engines for future aircraft built by newly es-tablished Chinese airframer COMAC. ACAE is a subsidiary of AVIC bearing the re-sponsibility for commercial aircraft engines and related products, including R&D, manufacture, final assembly, testing, sales, MRO, service, technological develop-ment and consulting.
总部设在上海的ACAE于09年春成立。根据计划，ACAE将研发引擎、向中国商飞日后推出的飞机供货。ACAE是中航工业下属机构，负责商业飞机发动机及相关产品的研发、制造、总装、测试、销售、MRO、服务、技术开发和资询。
MTU Aero Engines is not only Germany’s leading – and only independent – engine manufacturer, but a major player in the civil aero engine industry. Together with its affiliates, MTU maintains a presence in all key markets and regions. In the commer-cial engine sector, the company has close working ties with the world’s major aero engine manufacturers – General Electric, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce. MTU Maintenance is the world’s biggest independent provider of maintenance services for commercial aircraft engines. The company is a technological leader in low-pressure turbines, high-pressure compressors, manufacturing processes, and repair techniques.
MTU航空发动机不但是德国领先的、唯一独立的发动机生产商，更是民用航空业内的佼佼者。携其下属机构，MTU涉足所有重要的市场和地区。在商业发动机领域，该公司与世界主要航空发动机厂家有着密切的工作关系，其中包括通用动力、普惠和罗罗。MTU维修是世界上最大的商业飞机引擎维修服务商。该公司是低压涡轮、高压压缩机、制造工艺、维修技术等领域的技术先锋。
（译注：这条评论可能是一条软文广告）
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With MTU Maintenance Zhuhai, a joint venture of MTU and China Southern Airlines, the German engine builder has already established a 10-year presence in China; meanwhile, the Chinese company has grown into the country’s largest maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) shop for commercial engines
十月 29, 2012 9:03pm EDT -- Report as abuse
凭藉MTU维修（珠海）——MTU与中国南方航空公司的合资企业——这家德国发动机生产商已在中国立足十年；同时，这家中国公司已成长为该国最大的商业发动机维护、修理、大修厂商。
Pterosaur wrote:
@Maunsell,
It doesn’t matter who sells the know-how. As a rule, technological know-how only has value when it is still unknown to most others and it will always become obsolete sooner or later. Especially in the case of China, it’s rather sooner than later it will discover the somehow. 十月 29, 2012 9:25pm EDT -- Report as abuse
谁出售技术并不重要。一般来讲，技术只在大多数其他人尚未知晓的情况下才有价值，技术迟早都会落伍。尤其是在中国，早早卖了最好，反正中国总有办法开发出这些技术。
Akrunner907 wrote:
Great, GE will ship more jobs to China and start building jet engines there. They have already shipped over 100,000 jobs in the last few years. 十月 29, 2012 9:33pm EDT -- Report as abuse
太棒了，通用要将更多的工作迁到中国，并在那里开建喷飞发动机。过去几年间，他们已经向外搬走了十万余个工作岗位。
Sinbad1 wrote:
The China bashing is quite amazing, and it seems to come from those with the least knowledge of the matter.
对中国的批斗真是惊人啊，似乎都来自那些最无知的人。
@Wassup Stealing secrets was the mantra of the US after WWII. Petro chemicals jets and rocketry were all developed by Germany. The US didn’t just steal the secrets it actually kidnapped the German scientists.
偷窃秘密是美国二战后的口号。石油化工喷气飞机和火箭都由德国开发，美国不但偷秘密，还绑架德国科学家。
@ChrisHerz remember the P51 Mustang, it had a British designed Rolls Royce engine in it that the US made under license.
还记得野马P51吗？它的引擎是英国罗罗设计的，美国受权生产。
@Maunsell The US got its hands on German jet technology at the end of WWII. The US might still be using propeller aircraft if it hadn’t pillaged the German technology.
美国在二战末期染指德国喷气飞机技术。若非剽窃德国技术，美国可能还在使用螺旋桨呢。
The attitude that many Americans have that the US invented everything and the Chinese just steal it is truly naive.
十月 29, 2012 9:46pm EDT -- Report as abuse
许多美国人认为自家发明一切而中国人只会偷的态度实在天真。
忑长了，看着郈累从来没有人说说四大发明版权问题
长得像就一定是一个人吗 是我朝的人民太聪明懒得解释
还是他国的人民太傻 太天真 解释不清楚
我还是那句话 偷一偷 买一买 买不来国防现代化
真山寨的恐怕是某些人的心
长得像就一定是一个人吗 是我朝的人民太聪明懒得解释
还是他国的人民太傻 太天真 解释不清楚
我还是那句话 偷一偷 买一买 买不来国防现代化
真山寨的恐怕是某些人的心
把鸟文跟汉文分开，估计看着能省点劲，你
想起MD关于TG的核武的乌鸦嘴系列了，现在可以被吐槽的就是那么几样了，继续吧。
有现成的大路不走，难道还要另辟小径？
等着看牛牛被打脸
另外 我发现个严重的问题 外国的民众明显没有对事件真实性的了解权
普通老百姓也没有对事物的正确认识 用一个词形容就是：愚民
bbc我听了半年 从来没有说过自己的坏话 从来没有说过中国的好话
一说到我们就是这样那样的问题 他们不关心我们为建设国家作出努力
只关心薄 瓜 瓜的家庭问题 还故作深沉的说一句：类似问题为什么老是在中国发生。。。。
另外他们对自己家死一只猫 死一只狗的关心程度远大于关心下一任首相
选择性失明的程度 我很吃惊 如此的文化氛围 培养出来的民众 怎么可能知道事情的真像
一个只关心小事的媒体 怎么能培养大局的世界视角 ccav虽然有时错误不断
但是我敢说ccav比bbc敢说实话 敢说实事 敢正确的面对事实
说到底 中国在改变 我们不再愚民 西方是不是也应该反思
一味说我们是山寨 一味像民众强调中国的坏 是不是应该终止了
普通老百姓也没有对事物的正确认识 用一个词形容就是：愚民
bbc我听了半年 从来没有说过自己的坏话 从来没有说过中国的好话
一说到我们就是这样那样的问题 他们不关心我们为建设国家作出努力
只关心薄 瓜 瓜的家庭问题 还故作深沉的说一句：类似问题为什么老是在中国发生。。。。
另外他们对自己家死一只猫 死一只狗的关心程度远大于关心下一任首相
选择性失明的程度 我很吃惊 如此的文化氛围 培养出来的民众 怎么可能知道事情的真像
一个只关心小事的媒体 怎么能培养大局的世界视角 ccav虽然有时错误不断
但是我敢说ccav比bbc敢说实话 敢说实事 敢正确的面对事实
说到底 中国在改变 我们不再愚民 西方是不是也应该反思
一味说我们是山寨 一味像民众强调中国的坏 是不是应该终止了
英国人没有资格对此说三道四, 自己想想当时怎么从中国学种茶叶的.
真正原创的国家只有一个兔子，其它海盗都是山寨
对，让他们无路可走
看这些评论 明显比脚盆家的理性一些 老欧洲的底蕴还在
牛牛：兔子，你怎么老山寨呢
兔子：山寨你妹啊，脚盆东京热上各种姿势，你家小民也没少学，丫的我说过你是山寨么？
脚盆：（一口鲜血喷出），丫的，真是潜到玛利亚那海沟也中枪啊
兔子：山寨你妹啊，脚盆东京热上各种姿势，你家小民也没少学，丫的我说过你是山寨么？
脚盆：（一口鲜血喷出），丫的，真是潜到玛利亚那海沟也中枪啊
人畜无害小白 发表于 2012-11-8 21:43 
看这些评论 明显比脚盆家的理性一些 老欧洲的底蕴还在
翻着花样吐黑水 只不过面子绅士点摆了
看这些评论 明显比脚盆家的理性一些 老欧洲的底蕴还在
翻着花样吐黑水 只不过面子绅士点摆了
如果不是你们这帮家伙整天制裁制裁的，我们用得着山寨么？
喂喂 最后回复的那几个是兔家的吧？
我一直坚信中国人是这是家最聪明的，最勤劳的，但是，发动机啊。。。。
航空蜗喷不是造不造得出的问题，是造出来的始终未赶上世界先进水平的问题
另外 我发现个严重的问题 外国的民众明显没有对事件真实性的了解权 普通老百姓也没有对事物的正确认识 用一 ...
很正常，不然自己人犯罪怎么可以隐瞒几十年呢。
很正常，不然自己人犯罪怎么可以隐瞒几十年呢。
英国的RR还真是羡煞人啊！被牛牛嘲笑发动机认了！
tiete 发表于 2012-11-8 22:00
很正常，不然自己人犯罪怎么可以隐瞒几十年呢。
你算是也是知道实情了
同样的话 我在cd 以外说 就是五毛党
很正常，不然自己人犯罪怎么可以隐瞒几十年呢。
你算是也是知道实情了
同样的话 我在cd 以外说 就是五毛党
对我们英国人欠债不少
lancer27 发表于 2012-11-8 22:00
英国的RR还真是羡煞人啊！被牛牛嘲笑发动机认了！
的确是这样的 rr的汽车制造 飞机制造
的确是世界一流 没有办法不佩服
英国的RR还真是羡煞人啊！被牛牛嘲笑发动机认了！
的确是这样的 rr的汽车制造 飞机制造
的确是世界一流 没有办法不佩服
装有太行的歼11系列都满天飞了，这些白皮猪一边嚷嚷中国军事不透明，一边还自我感觉良好地认为中国人的航空发动机不堪用
可笑。无论任何一个国家都不可能保证永远领先，科技更加如此。随着投入加大，攻克是必然的。让他们抱着花冻鸡进棺材吧，做他的日不落大梦去。
牛牛：兔子，你怎么老山寨呢 兔子：山寨你妹啊，脚盆东京热上各种姿势，你家小民也没少学，丫的我说过你是 ...
你应该在二楼啊
你应该在二楼啊
不能山寨的自建
能建的算山寨
神马逻辑！
这些回复是作者筛选过的吗
牛牛那张脸我都不想说了
最后的几个回复怎么那么HKC = =？ 好不适应啊
GE的6代出来了，感觉罗罗的好日子也不太多了
TG走出动力困境之时 就是列强诸豪难堪之日……
什么时候咱们的发动机也来个像J20那样的横空出世就好了我只有一个疑点
兔子家的发动机如果没有把握的话，敢同时开发两款四代机？
难道要造出用进口发动机的四代机？那还不如不造呢，贻笑大方。
按照兔子家的性格，不会做这种没谱的事吧。
兔子家的发动机如果没有把握的话，敢同时开发两款四代机？
难道要造出用进口发动机的四代机？那还不如不造呢，贻笑大方。
按照兔子家的性格，不会做这种没谱的事吧。
的确是这样的 rr的汽车制造 飞机制造
的确是世界一流 没有办法不佩服
rr造过什么太行级的军用大推发动机？
的确是世界一流 没有办法不佩服
rr造过什么太行级的军用大推发动机？
我怎么感觉牛牛醋味不小？
毛绒球 发表于 2012-11-8 21:56
喂喂 最后回复的那几个是兔家的吧？
没准是巴铁或者哭泣国的哦！
喂喂 最后回复的那几个是兔家的吧？
没准是巴铁或者哭泣国的哦！毛绒球 发表于 2012-11-8 21:56
喂喂 最后回复的那几个是兔家的吧？
没准是巴铁或者哭泣国的哦！
喂喂 最后回复的那几个是兔家的吧？
没准是巴铁或者哭泣国的哦！牛牛：兔子，你怎么老山寨呢
兔子：山寨你妹啊，脚盆东京热上各种姿势，你家小民也没少学，丫的我说过你是 ...
兄台二楼的水准…
兔子：山寨你妹啊，脚盆东京热上各种姿势，你家小民也没少学，丫的我说过你是 ...
兄台二楼的水准…
如果我们像阿三那样什么都能买，还用山寨个屁啊！