[原创]我的设想:天宫计划- 模块式天基信息联网平台,欢 ...

来源:百度文库 编辑:超级军网 时间:2024/03/29 16:02:43
<p>这是我去年写的一篇上报参加竞赛的论文,因为上面下的任务紧,我在资料查询方面做得工作不够,只是简单地提出了自己长期来的一个设想;</p><p>曾和老师讨论过这个问题,也了解到我提出的部分问题现在的GPS星座就能解决了,但是,还是就此文,希望得到坛子里老大们指正:)</p><p>这是我去年写的一篇上报参加竞赛的论文,因为上面下的任务紧,我在资料查询方面做得工作不够,只是简单地提出了自己长期来的一个设想;</p><p>曾和老师讨论过这个问题,也了解到我提出的部分问题现在的GPS星座就能解决了,但是,还是就此文,希望得到坛子里老大们指正:)</p>
<font face="宋体"><font size="7"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">提出了</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">天宫计划</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">的概念与思路,由总计五台分布在地球同步静止轨道的天宫站组成涵盖全球范围的天基信息联网、管理平台系统网。这一种新</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">概念的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">模块式天基信息联网平台,在联网的同时可通过地面站集成命令对各种在</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">轨航天器按用途分类进行轨道统一规划管理。天宫计划试图从以下<span lang="EN-US">5</span>个方面:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>空间信息联网化;<span lang="EN-US">2.</span>任务布置模块化;<span lang="EN-US">3.</span>在轨航天器管理有绪化;<span lang="EN-US">4.</span>资料传递实时化;<span lang="EN-US">5.</span>跟踪定位连续化,结合一系列国际社会资源规划方案,达到从宏观角度,总体高度更高层次地利用空间、实现造福人类的目标。</span></font></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天宫是我国古代神话中经久不衰的话题,人们幻想在湛蓝的天顶深处有一片神仙的国度,各位神仙在天宫里云集,施展法力预示、改变、主宰着我们的世界。在科技高速发展的今天,我们已经实现了中华民族的飞天之梦,如今我们也许即将有机会设计出属于华夏民族,属于全人类的真正“天宫”,它不仅仅是施展“法力”的中心,更是网聚各路“神仙”力量的众神之车。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1997</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,欧洲航天局规划并实施了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Envisat-1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对地观测近极地太阳同步轨道平台(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">ESA Polar Platform</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)计划,该卫星是欧洲迄今建造的最大的环境卫星,也是费用最高的地球观测卫星(总研制成本约</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">亿美元)。星上载有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种探测设备,可生成海洋、海岸、极地冰冠和陆地的高质量图象,为科学家提供更高分辨率的图象来研究海洋的变化。其他设备将提供更高精度的数据,用于研究地球大气层及大气密度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Envisat-1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">极轨高度约为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">768</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里,星上产生的数据主要用于监视环境,即对地球表面和大气层进行连续的观测,供制图、资源勘查、气象及灾害判断之用。该极轨平台由两个舱组成,即有效载荷舱和服务舱,有效载荷舱带有观察地球和大气层的仪器,有效载荷数据可以</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X-</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">波段传送给卫星直接视界内的地面站(同时用两个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">100Mbit/s</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的信道),或者用直接覆盖欧洲的数据中继系统。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与此同时,美国研制了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Terra(EOS-AM1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号极地轨道环境遥感卫星,该星于</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="18" month="12" year="1999"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1999</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">成功发射,是美国国家宇航局</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(NASA)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">地球行星使命计划中总数</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颗卫星的第一颗,也是第一个提供对地球过程进行整体观测的系统。其主要目标是实现从单系列极轨空间平台上对太阳辐射、大气、海洋和陆地进行综合观测,获取有关海洋、陆地、冰雪圈和太阳动力系统等信息,进行土地利用和土地覆盖研究、气候季节和年际变化研究、自然灾害监测和分析研究、长期气候变率和变化研究以及大气臭氧变化研究等,实现对地球环境变化的长期观测和研究。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">上述两套卫星设施的建设反映了国际航天界日益重视系统组合的趋势。当前,我国天基信息勘测类系统研制和应用的主要问题是对系统工程缺乏统筹规划,管理上尚未理顺关系,未能形成配套的信息服务产业;应用部门和卫星、传感器研制部门缺乏有机联系和交流;地面应用系统与火箭发射、卫星制造投入比例不平衡,对地面应用系统建设不够重视,成为梗塞空间技术成果转换为社会生产力的瓶颈;应用部门分割、工作低水平重复,成果数据不能共享。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">美国人在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代提出了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">TDRS</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计划,即航天器天基测控网计划,该计划可以看作人们试图建立空间管理秩序的一种尝试。</span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">以上国外空间计划的提出进一步表明了人类对了解自身家园的愿望的迫切程度,我国航天应用领域出现的问题证明了以服务全人类为本航天事业走全球联合合作之路的必要性。为此,我们完全可以建造一种更新概念的航天器,即创新性地推出一种“空间管理者”(具体工作模式与思想见下文),从而创造这样一种机会,真正意义上早日实现全人类(并非单独某个国家)在外层空间中的联手向前。鉴于国外太空站技术已发展的较为成熟,我们可以充分借用太空站的技术基础并依照天宫计划的核心思想加以创新,发展。</span>
<p>节选:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天宫计划的主体结构与现有空间站类似,采用舱段式基础构型,全重</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80~90</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">吨。主体是模块化的积木式结构。这样做可以降低开发风险、提高系统可靠性指标并在相对较短的时间内可以进行试制。作为设想中大型天基信息联网平台,天宫计划具备现已实现的太空站、科研平台、信息中继卫星中的若干特点,但是前者对这些特点、概念进行了必要的优化重组和更新。欧洲在总结了美国和俄罗斯发展载人航天的经验教训之后,采取了三项基本规则:</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一切不需要人参与就能完成的太空活动,都应该由无人航天器来完成;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一切能用航天机器人完成的任务都应该用机器人去完成;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">惟有必须人来完成的任务才派航天员来完成。这些基本政策对我国航天技术发展同样具有指导意义。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在空间应用上,载人太空站存在诸多不足之处:鉴于运载系统的能力,为了避免高能辐射对航天员的损伤,空间站轨道一般仅能保持在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">400~</font><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="公里" sourcevalue="500" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><font face="Times New Roman">500</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">公里</span></span></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的高度,不能覆盖更广阔的范围,<span lang="EN-US">而且必须考虑碎片撞击和大气阻力造成<span lang="EN-US">轨道衰减的不利因素。</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天宫计划由总计五台分布在地球同步静止轨道的天基信息联网平台组成系统涵盖全球范围,采用无人值班式管理模式,必要时可由天地载人往返运载器(比如航天飞机)执行系统维护、调试、燃料补给、模块式外接舱对接等工作。五个平台间实施高优先级的信息联网以备任意地面站调用其所需数据。</span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">作为无人天基平台,天宫计划在实施时由有效载荷、结构系统、电源系统、数据管理系统、热控制系统、对接控制系统、姿态控制系统、轨道保持系统、推进系统等系统结合而成。本文不可能面面俱到,仅是在可能的范围内就相关概念与设想提出了方案。</span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2. 1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">空间信息联网化</span></strong></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2. 2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">任务布置模块化</span></span></strong></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2. 3</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在轨航天器管理有绪化</span></b></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2. 4</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">资料传递实时化</span></b></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2 .5</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">跟踪定位连续化</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p></span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></span></span></strong></span>