超级军网所谓美国投资1200亿（准确数字1270亿）研制机器人的更多 ...
来源：百度文库 编辑：超级军网 时间：2024/04/19 19:11:10
这是英国卫报2006年的一篇文章
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/oct/26/guardianweeklytechnologysection.robots
Launching a new kind of warfare
Robot vehicles are increasingly taking a role on the battlefield - but their deployment raises moral and philosophical as well as technical questions, says Pete Warren
Pete Warren
The Guardian, Thursday 26 October 2006
The following correction was printed in the Guardian's Corrections and clarifications column on Wednesday November 1 2006
In the report below we describe John Pike as "director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists". He has not held that position for some years. He is the founder and director of GlobalSecurity.org
In November 2004, during the second battle of Fallujah, an American uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) - a robot plane - located a mortar battery that had been hampering the US operation to retake the town.The mortar's position was logged by the UAV's operator, who was sitting at his desk in Nellis Air Force base near Las Vegas, thousands of miles away. Using the internet, the operator contacted the operator of another armed UAV at a desk in central command ("Centcom") - a safe area away from the theatre of war, with centres in Kuwait, Qutar or Iraq.
The two operators swapped information on the mortar in a secure internet chat room, guiding the armed drone to its position to destroy the mortar and its crew.
According to Lieutenant General John Sattler, commander of the coalition forces at the battle, it was a proving ground for the use of remote vehicles. "We learned that UAVs can provide the coordinates required for artillery as well as aviation [targeting]. Our UAVs gave us the grid coordinates of an enemy position and allowed us to clear the area for fires and estimate collateral damage," says Sattler.
The new remote-controlled technology was also tested in 2001 in the Tora Bora caves in Afghanistan, close to the Pakistan border, believed to be the last stronghold for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida fighters. Sending soldiers into the caves to try to capture fighters inside would carry huge risks. Instead, the US sent in armed Talon reconnaissance drones - small tanks equipped with camera and sensing equipment, and armed with anything from a sniper's rifle to rocket launchers. They were used to identify caves and positions held by al-Qaida.
Information gleaned from the Talons was used to direct what rapidly became a mopping-up operation - although bin Laden was not caught.
But that is only the beginning. By 2015, the US Department of Defense plans that one third of its fighting strength will be composed of robots, part of a $127bn (£68bn) project known as Future Combat Systems (FCS), a transformation that is part of the largest technology project in American history.
到2015年，美国防部计划三分之一的作战力量将由机器人构成，这是一项价值1270亿美元的，名为未来战斗系统 Future Combat Systems (FCS) 的项目一部分。。。
The US army has already developed around 20 remotely controlled Unmanned Ground Systems that can be controlled by a laptop from around a mile away, and the US Navy and US Air Force are working on a similar number of systems with varying ranges. According to a US general quoted in the US Army's Joint Robotics Program Master Plan (http://tinyurl.com/yl7s52 - 13.8MB PDF), "what we're doing with unmanned ground and air vehicles is really bringing movies like Star Wars to reality". The US military has 2,500 uncrewed systems deployed in conflicts around the world. But is it Star Wars or I, Robot that the US is bringing to reality? By 2035, the plan is for the first completely autonomous robot soldiers to stride on to the battlefield.
The US is not alone. Around the globe, 32 countries are now working on the development of uncrewed systems. In the UK, Qinetiq, the former Defence Research Agency which owns Foster-Miller, manufacturers of the Talon system, confirmed that it has developed remote bulldozers and earthmovers and that its technology could also be installed in tanks - and scientists at Qinetiq told the Guardian two years ago that it had built a robot fighter plane. When flown on test flights, they said, the fighter is accompanied by two crewed fighters, whose role is to shoot it down if it malfunctions.
Among the 37 or so UAVs detailed in the "US Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030" (http://tinyurl.com/ozv78 - 9MB PDF), two projects demonstrated in 2004 - the Boeing X45a and the Northrop Grumman X47a (both uncannily similar to the Stealth fighter) - are listed as Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems. A similar project, the Cormorant, which can be launched from a submerged submarine, can be used by special forces for ground support. A close reading of the UAV Systems Roadmap shows the startling progress the US has already made in this field, with systems ranging from fighters to helicopters and propeller driven missiles called Long Guns on display.
Ethical debate
But if this is the beginning of the end of humanity's presence on the battlefield, it merits an ethical debate that the military and its weapons designers are shying away from. Neither of the documents detailing the US military robot plans, for example, mentions the Geneva Convention which sets out the treatment in wartime of the sick, wounded, civilians and prisoners.
Reacting to claims that the deployment of the Talon systems in Iraq and Afghanistan was not fair, Foster-Miller replied that the war on terror was not a fair fight anyway. "These robots will continue to evolve," says Bob Quinn, general manager at Foster-Miller. "The concept now is to introduce a range of human sensors, so that we can convey the impression to the operator that they are actually there, so that they can talk, smell and see. The thinking is that it is very important to have people involved in the loop."
In the fog of battle, some UAVs have already fired on their own side. With the increasing likelihood of more autonomous systems being deployed, some US generals have also raised concerns about the reliability of software and its vulnerability to hacking and viruses, pointing out that a rogue robot could inflict considerable damage on humans on its own side in a battle.
For the FCS project is far more than the use of robots. It also involves the creation of a hugely complex, distributed mobile computer network on to a battlefield with huge numbers of drones supplying nodes and communication points in an environment under continual attack.
For the military, a hacker taking over any part of the FCS is its worst nightmare - and a prospect the US has actively examined. In the mid-90s, hackers from the US Air Force Information Warfare Centre managed to take over the cruise missile system on a US Navy missile frigate, and stray mentions of other covert hacking operations occasionally surface in US military publications. In 1999, one US military source told Aviation Week and Space Technology that "Air Combat Command has been conducting a lot of information warfare activity. By that I mean getting into their computer system and screwing it up. We're trying to use that capability. By getting into the microwave net, you can insert viruses and deceptive computer communications." It's a technique that other US soldiers say was honed against the Serbians during the recent conflicts in the Balkans: "False messages and targets were injected into Yugoslavia's complex computer integrated air defence system."
In fact, cyberspace has been a recognised domain for war by the Air Force since last December; and next month Air Force commanders will meet in Washington to discuss the development of a Cyber Command to "deliver sovereign options for the defense of the United States and its global interests - to fly and fight in air, space and cyberspace."
But for generals seeking the certainty of destruction, hacking isn't enough. They want a more concrete back-up; as a result work is now been carried out on futuristic microwave weapons including High Emission Radio Frequency guns, which can knock out individual systems, and the Electromagnetic Pulse, which can be used to knock out a country's electronic infrastructure.
That could take the debate into much deeper territory, says Peter Zimmerman, professor of science and security at the Department of War Studies at King's College in London.
"Sir Arthur C Clarke once wrote a short story about a group of scientists who built a galaxy-wide computer and then asked it whether there was a God," Zimmerman recalls. "The computer fused its power supply into the 'on' position and then told them: 'there is now' - and that's the question that we really need to be thinking about with these systems."
However, the Pentagon is not keen to address the problem, says John Pike, director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists. "There is a difference between soldiers and soldiers in the movies. On the battlefield, half of the soldiers don't aim their weapons at people because they don't want to hurt them or they don't want to give them cause to hurt them. The robots that are under development can sense, direct and fire dispassionately and are being pointed by people who don't have to worry about being shot at."
The introduction of robot forces, he says, "is raising some very difficult issues that the DoD has not thought through, and those are about hearts and minds. Warfare until now has been about the sacrifice of blood or treasure and the US has chosen to sacrifice treasure to avoid body bags."
The Pentagon declined to answer questions about the issues raised by the use of robots, saying that the department would "be happy to discuss particular weapons systems under development rather than theoretical issues".
But Peter Singer, director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institute, who is an expert on FCS, says that the DoD and other states developing robots will have to address the issue in time. "At the moment we have cubicle warriors sitting a long way away from the action, and in the future we will have completely robot systems," he says. "How the use of those will be reported on al-Jazeera will be interesting to see.
"I think we will see people in al-Qaida pointing out that these are people too cowardly to fight out in the open. In the event of a robot system destroying a hospital in a situation similar to the cruise missile strike in Baghdad, the reaction will be more than interesting. This is a very historic period; we are now determining who will fight wars in the future and how we will fight them. The human monopoly on war is being broken. Science fiction has now become science reality and we are changing the rules of the game. It's something we have to discuss and it's better we talk now than afterwards."
Even though the Pentagon does not want to talk just now, the introduction of robots has already begun one upheaval: a re-evaluation of how it awards medals. After all, should robots' operators receive combat service medals for battles at which they were not physically present?
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F
未来战斗系统
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转至： 导航、 搜索
未来战斗系统 （Future Combat Systems，FCS）是美国陆军之前发展的现代化项目。
FCS 共有十四个单独的子系统，包括：
无人值守地面传感器 （Unattended Ground Sensors，UGS)
非瞄准线发射系统 （Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System，NLOS-LS)
无人飞行器 （Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，UAV)两款
小型无人地面车 （Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle，SUGV）两款
多功能功用／后勤和装备载具 （Multifunctional Utility Logistics Equipment，MULE)
有人地面载具 （Manned Ground Vehicle，MGV)八款
联系所有这些子系统的网络 （14+1)，以及士兵本身 （14+1+1)
该项目已于2009年4月宣布取消，验证成果转至旅级战斗队现代化计划（Brigade Combat Teams Modernization Plan）继续发展。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems
Future Combat Systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
![]()
![]()
Future Combat Systems logo
Future Combat Systems (FCS) was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009.[1] Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network. In April and May 2009, Pentagon and army officials announced that the FCS vehicle-development effort would be cancelled. The rest of the FCS effort would be swept into a new, pan-army program called the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program.[2]
Development history![]()
![]()
FCS timeline (click to view)
As planned, FCS included the network; unattended ground sensors (UGS); unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); unmanned ground vehicles; and the eight manned ground vehicles.
The Boeing Company and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) worked together as the lead systems integrator, coordinating more than 550 contractors and subcontractors in 41 states.[3]
A spiral model was planned for FCS development and upgrades. As of 2004, FCS was in the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase, which included four two-year spirals. Spiral 1 was to begin fielding in Fiscal Year 2008 and consist of prototypes for use and evaluation. Following successful evaluation, production and fielding of Spiral 2 would have commenced in 2010. The evaluation was conducted by the Army Evaluation Task Force (AETF), previously known as Evaluation Brigade Combat Team (EBCT), stationed in Fort Bliss. As of December 2007, AETF consisted of 1,000 soldiers from the 1st Armored Division.[3]
In August 2005, the program met 100% of the criteria in its most important milestone to date, Systems of Systems Functional Review.[4] On October 5, 2005, Pentagon team recommended "further delaying the Army's Future Combat Systems program" in light of the costs of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, and expected declines in future budgets.[5]
The Pentagon announced plans in January 2006 to cut $236 million over five years from the $25 billion FCS 2007-2011 budget. The entire program was expected to cost $340 billion.[6] As of late December 2006, funding was scaled back for critical elements of the overall FCS battlespace, and the most advanced elements were deferred.
The program had completed about one-third of its development as of 2008, which had been planned to run through 2030. Technical field tests began in 2008. The first combat brigade equipped with FCS had been expected to roll out around 2015, followed by full production to equip up to 15 brigades by 2030.[7] However, the program had not met the initial 2004 plan of fielding the first FCS-equipped unit in 2008.[8]
On April 6, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates announced plans to cut FCS spending as part of a shift toward spending more on counter-terrorism and less to prepare for conventional warfare against large states like China and Russia.[9] This included, but was not limited to, cancelling the series of Manned Ground Vehicles.[10]
In May 2009, the proposed DoD budget for fiscal year 2010 has minimal funding for Manned Ground Vehicles research.[11] The Army plans to restart from the beginning on manned ground vehicles.[12] The service is to restructure FCS so more Army units will be supported.[2][13]
The DoD released a memorandum on 23 June 2009 that cancelled the Future Combat Systems program and replaced it with separate programs under the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization umbrella to meet the Army's plans.[14]
SubsystemsActive SubsystemsThe following subsystems were swept into the Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program:
![]()
![]()
XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) prototype in 2009
兰德公司的报告，题为 未来战斗系统项目的经验教训
瞄了一眼，有300多页，好像比较具体。
Lessons from the Army’s Future Combat Systems Program
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1206.pdf
这是英国卫报2006年的一篇文章
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/oct/26/guardianweeklytechnologysection.robots
Launching a new kind of warfare
Robot vehicles are increasingly taking a role on the battlefield - but their deployment raises moral and philosophical as well as technical questions, says Pete Warren
Pete Warren
The Guardian, Thursday 26 October 2006
The following correction was printed in the Guardian's Corrections and clarifications column on Wednesday November 1 2006
In the report below we describe John Pike as "director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists". He has not held that position for some years. He is the founder and director of GlobalSecurity.org
In November 2004, during the second battle of Fallujah, an American uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) - a robot plane - located a mortar battery that had been hampering the US operation to retake the town.The mortar's position was logged by the UAV's operator, who was sitting at his desk in Nellis Air Force base near Las Vegas, thousands of miles away. Using the internet, the operator contacted the operator of another armed UAV at a desk in central command ("Centcom") - a safe area away from the theatre of war, with centres in Kuwait, Qutar or Iraq.
The two operators swapped information on the mortar in a secure internet chat room, guiding the armed drone to its position to destroy the mortar and its crew.
According to Lieutenant General John Sattler, commander of the coalition forces at the battle, it was a proving ground for the use of remote vehicles. "We learned that UAVs can provide the coordinates required for artillery as well as aviation [targeting]. Our UAVs gave us the grid coordinates of an enemy position and allowed us to clear the area for fires and estimate collateral damage," says Sattler.
The new remote-controlled technology was also tested in 2001 in the Tora Bora caves in Afghanistan, close to the Pakistan border, believed to be the last stronghold for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida fighters. Sending soldiers into the caves to try to capture fighters inside would carry huge risks. Instead, the US sent in armed Talon reconnaissance drones - small tanks equipped with camera and sensing equipment, and armed with anything from a sniper's rifle to rocket launchers. They were used to identify caves and positions held by al-Qaida.
Information gleaned from the Talons was used to direct what rapidly became a mopping-up operation - although bin Laden was not caught.
But that is only the beginning. By 2015, the US Department of Defense plans that one third of its fighting strength will be composed of robots, part of a $127bn (£68bn) project known as Future Combat Systems (FCS), a transformation that is part of the largest technology project in American history.
到2015年，美国防部计划三分之一的作战力量将由机器人构成，这是一项价值1270亿美元的，名为未来战斗系统 Future Combat Systems (FCS) 的项目一部分。。。
The US army has already developed around 20 remotely controlled Unmanned Ground Systems that can be controlled by a laptop from around a mile away, and the US Navy and US Air Force are working on a similar number of systems with varying ranges. According to a US general quoted in the US Army's Joint Robotics Program Master Plan (http://tinyurl.com/yl7s52 - 13.8MB PDF), "what we're doing with unmanned ground and air vehicles is really bringing movies like Star Wars to reality". The US military has 2,500 uncrewed systems deployed in conflicts around the world. But is it Star Wars or I, Robot that the US is bringing to reality? By 2035, the plan is for the first completely autonomous robot soldiers to stride on to the battlefield.
The US is not alone. Around the globe, 32 countries are now working on the development of uncrewed systems. In the UK, Qinetiq, the former Defence Research Agency which owns Foster-Miller, manufacturers of the Talon system, confirmed that it has developed remote bulldozers and earthmovers and that its technology could also be installed in tanks - and scientists at Qinetiq told the Guardian two years ago that it had built a robot fighter plane. When flown on test flights, they said, the fighter is accompanied by two crewed fighters, whose role is to shoot it down if it malfunctions.
Among the 37 or so UAVs detailed in the "US Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030" (http://tinyurl.com/ozv78 - 9MB PDF), two projects demonstrated in 2004 - the Boeing X45a and the Northrop Grumman X47a (both uncannily similar to the Stealth fighter) - are listed as Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems. A similar project, the Cormorant, which can be launched from a submerged submarine, can be used by special forces for ground support. A close reading of the UAV Systems Roadmap shows the startling progress the US has already made in this field, with systems ranging from fighters to helicopters and propeller driven missiles called Long Guns on display.
Ethical debate
But if this is the beginning of the end of humanity's presence on the battlefield, it merits an ethical debate that the military and its weapons designers are shying away from. Neither of the documents detailing the US military robot plans, for example, mentions the Geneva Convention which sets out the treatment in wartime of the sick, wounded, civilians and prisoners.
Reacting to claims that the deployment of the Talon systems in Iraq and Afghanistan was not fair, Foster-Miller replied that the war on terror was not a fair fight anyway. "These robots will continue to evolve," says Bob Quinn, general manager at Foster-Miller. "The concept now is to introduce a range of human sensors, so that we can convey the impression to the operator that they are actually there, so that they can talk, smell and see. The thinking is that it is very important to have people involved in the loop."
In the fog of battle, some UAVs have already fired on their own side. With the increasing likelihood of more autonomous systems being deployed, some US generals have also raised concerns about the reliability of software and its vulnerability to hacking and viruses, pointing out that a rogue robot could inflict considerable damage on humans on its own side in a battle.
For the FCS project is far more than the use of robots. It also involves the creation of a hugely complex, distributed mobile computer network on to a battlefield with huge numbers of drones supplying nodes and communication points in an environment under continual attack.
For the military, a hacker taking over any part of the FCS is its worst nightmare - and a prospect the US has actively examined. In the mid-90s, hackers from the US Air Force Information Warfare Centre managed to take over the cruise missile system on a US Navy missile frigate, and stray mentions of other covert hacking operations occasionally surface in US military publications. In 1999, one US military source told Aviation Week and Space Technology that "Air Combat Command has been conducting a lot of information warfare activity. By that I mean getting into their computer system and screwing it up. We're trying to use that capability. By getting into the microwave net, you can insert viruses and deceptive computer communications." It's a technique that other US soldiers say was honed against the Serbians during the recent conflicts in the Balkans: "False messages and targets were injected into Yugoslavia's complex computer integrated air defence system."
In fact, cyberspace has been a recognised domain for war by the Air Force since last December; and next month Air Force commanders will meet in Washington to discuss the development of a Cyber Command to "deliver sovereign options for the defense of the United States and its global interests - to fly and fight in air, space and cyberspace."
But for generals seeking the certainty of destruction, hacking isn't enough. They want a more concrete back-up; as a result work is now been carried out on futuristic microwave weapons including High Emission Radio Frequency guns, which can knock out individual systems, and the Electromagnetic Pulse, which can be used to knock out a country's electronic infrastructure.
That could take the debate into much deeper territory, says Peter Zimmerman, professor of science and security at the Department of War Studies at King's College in London.
"Sir Arthur C Clarke once wrote a short story about a group of scientists who built a galaxy-wide computer and then asked it whether there was a God," Zimmerman recalls. "The computer fused its power supply into the 'on' position and then told them: 'there is now' - and that's the question that we really need to be thinking about with these systems."
However, the Pentagon is not keen to address the problem, says John Pike, director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists. "There is a difference between soldiers and soldiers in the movies. On the battlefield, half of the soldiers don't aim their weapons at people because they don't want to hurt them or they don't want to give them cause to hurt them. The robots that are under development can sense, direct and fire dispassionately and are being pointed by people who don't have to worry about being shot at."
The introduction of robot forces, he says, "is raising some very difficult issues that the DoD has not thought through, and those are about hearts and minds. Warfare until now has been about the sacrifice of blood or treasure and the US has chosen to sacrifice treasure to avoid body bags."
The Pentagon declined to answer questions about the issues raised by the use of robots, saying that the department would "be happy to discuss particular weapons systems under development rather than theoretical issues".
But Peter Singer, director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institute, who is an expert on FCS, says that the DoD and other states developing robots will have to address the issue in time. "At the moment we have cubicle warriors sitting a long way away from the action, and in the future we will have completely robot systems," he says. "How the use of those will be reported on al-Jazeera will be interesting to see.
"I think we will see people in al-Qaida pointing out that these are people too cowardly to fight out in the open. In the event of a robot system destroying a hospital in a situation similar to the cruise missile strike in Baghdad, the reaction will be more than interesting. This is a very historic period; we are now determining who will fight wars in the future and how we will fight them. The human monopoly on war is being broken. Science fiction has now become science reality and we are changing the rules of the game. It's something we have to discuss and it's better we talk now than afterwards."
Even though the Pentagon does not want to talk just now, the introduction of robots has already begun one upheaval: a re-evaluation of how it awards medals. After all, should robots' operators receive combat service medals for battles at which they were not physically present?
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F
未来战斗系统
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转至： 导航、 搜索
未来战斗系统 （Future Combat Systems，FCS）是美国陆军之前发展的现代化项目。
FCS 共有十四个单独的子系统，包括：
无人值守地面传感器 （Unattended Ground Sensors，UGS)
非瞄准线发射系统 （Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System，NLOS-LS)
无人飞行器 （Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，UAV)两款
小型无人地面车 （Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle，SUGV）两款
多功能功用／后勤和装备载具 （Multifunctional Utility Logistics Equipment，MULE)
有人地面载具 （Manned Ground Vehicle，MGV)八款
联系所有这些子系统的网络 （14+1)，以及士兵本身 （14+1+1)
该项目已于2009年4月宣布取消，验证成果转至旅级战斗队现代化计划（Brigade Combat Teams Modernization Plan）继续发展。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems
Future Combat Systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
![]()
![]()
Future Combat Systems logo
Future Combat Systems (FCS) was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009.[1] Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network. In April and May 2009, Pentagon and army officials announced that the FCS vehicle-development effort would be cancelled. The rest of the FCS effort would be swept into a new, pan-army program called the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program.[2]
Contents
Development history![]()
![]()
FCS timeline (click to view)
As planned, FCS included the network; unattended ground sensors (UGS); unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); unmanned ground vehicles; and the eight manned ground vehicles.
The Boeing Company and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) worked together as the lead systems integrator, coordinating more than 550 contractors and subcontractors in 41 states.[3]
A spiral model was planned for FCS development and upgrades. As of 2004, FCS was in the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase, which included four two-year spirals. Spiral 1 was to begin fielding in Fiscal Year 2008 and consist of prototypes for use and evaluation. Following successful evaluation, production and fielding of Spiral 2 would have commenced in 2010. The evaluation was conducted by the Army Evaluation Task Force (AETF), previously known as Evaluation Brigade Combat Team (EBCT), stationed in Fort Bliss. As of December 2007, AETF consisted of 1,000 soldiers from the 1st Armored Division.[3]
In August 2005, the program met 100% of the criteria in its most important milestone to date, Systems of Systems Functional Review.[4] On October 5, 2005, Pentagon team recommended "further delaying the Army's Future Combat Systems program" in light of the costs of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, and expected declines in future budgets.[5]
The Pentagon announced plans in January 2006 to cut $236 million over five years from the $25 billion FCS 2007-2011 budget. The entire program was expected to cost $340 billion.[6] As of late December 2006, funding was scaled back for critical elements of the overall FCS battlespace, and the most advanced elements were deferred.
The program had completed about one-third of its development as of 2008, which had been planned to run through 2030. Technical field tests began in 2008. The first combat brigade equipped with FCS had been expected to roll out around 2015, followed by full production to equip up to 15 brigades by 2030.[7] However, the program had not met the initial 2004 plan of fielding the first FCS-equipped unit in 2008.[8]
On April 6, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates announced plans to cut FCS spending as part of a shift toward spending more on counter-terrorism and less to prepare for conventional warfare against large states like China and Russia.[9] This included, but was not limited to, cancelling the series of Manned Ground Vehicles.[10]
In May 2009, the proposed DoD budget for fiscal year 2010 has minimal funding for Manned Ground Vehicles research.[11] The Army plans to restart from the beginning on manned ground vehicles.[12] The service is to restructure FCS so more Army units will be supported.[2][13]
The DoD released a memorandum on 23 June 2009 that cancelled the Future Combat Systems program and replaced it with separate programs under the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization umbrella to meet the Army's plans.[14]
SubsystemsActive SubsystemsThe following subsystems were swept into the Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program:
![]()
![]()
XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) prototype in 2009
兰德公司的报告，题为 未来战斗系统项目的经验教训
瞄了一眼，有300多页，好像比较具体。
Lessons from the Army’s Future Combat Systems Program
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1206.pdf
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/oct/26/guardianweeklytechnologysection.robots
Launching a new kind of warfare
Robot vehicles are increasingly taking a role on the battlefield - but their deployment raises moral and philosophical as well as technical questions, says Pete Warren
Pete Warren
The Guardian, Thursday 26 October 2006
The following correction was printed in the Guardian's Corrections and clarifications column on Wednesday November 1 2006
In the report below we describe John Pike as "director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists". He has not held that position for some years. He is the founder and director of GlobalSecurity.org
In November 2004, during the second battle of Fallujah, an American uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) - a robot plane - located a mortar battery that had been hampering the US operation to retake the town.The mortar's position was logged by the UAV's operator, who was sitting at his desk in Nellis Air Force base near Las Vegas, thousands of miles away. Using the internet, the operator contacted the operator of another armed UAV at a desk in central command ("Centcom") - a safe area away from the theatre of war, with centres in Kuwait, Qutar or Iraq.
The two operators swapped information on the mortar in a secure internet chat room, guiding the armed drone to its position to destroy the mortar and its crew.
According to Lieutenant General John Sattler, commander of the coalition forces at the battle, it was a proving ground for the use of remote vehicles. "We learned that UAVs can provide the coordinates required for artillery as well as aviation [targeting]. Our UAVs gave us the grid coordinates of an enemy position and allowed us to clear the area for fires and estimate collateral damage," says Sattler.
The new remote-controlled technology was also tested in 2001 in the Tora Bora caves in Afghanistan, close to the Pakistan border, believed to be the last stronghold for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida fighters. Sending soldiers into the caves to try to capture fighters inside would carry huge risks. Instead, the US sent in armed Talon reconnaissance drones - small tanks equipped with camera and sensing equipment, and armed with anything from a sniper's rifle to rocket launchers. They were used to identify caves and positions held by al-Qaida.
Information gleaned from the Talons was used to direct what rapidly became a mopping-up operation - although bin Laden was not caught.
But that is only the beginning. By 2015, the US Department of Defense plans that one third of its fighting strength will be composed of robots, part of a $127bn (£68bn) project known as Future Combat Systems (FCS), a transformation that is part of the largest technology project in American history.
到2015年，美国防部计划三分之一的作战力量将由机器人构成，这是一项价值1270亿美元的，名为未来战斗系统 Future Combat Systems (FCS) 的项目一部分。。。
The US army has already developed around 20 remotely controlled Unmanned Ground Systems that can be controlled by a laptop from around a mile away, and the US Navy and US Air Force are working on a similar number of systems with varying ranges. According to a US general quoted in the US Army's Joint Robotics Program Master Plan (http://tinyurl.com/yl7s52 - 13.8MB PDF), "what we're doing with unmanned ground and air vehicles is really bringing movies like Star Wars to reality". The US military has 2,500 uncrewed systems deployed in conflicts around the world. But is it Star Wars or I, Robot that the US is bringing to reality? By 2035, the plan is for the first completely autonomous robot soldiers to stride on to the battlefield.
The US is not alone. Around the globe, 32 countries are now working on the development of uncrewed systems. In the UK, Qinetiq, the former Defence Research Agency which owns Foster-Miller, manufacturers of the Talon system, confirmed that it has developed remote bulldozers and earthmovers and that its technology could also be installed in tanks - and scientists at Qinetiq told the Guardian two years ago that it had built a robot fighter plane. When flown on test flights, they said, the fighter is accompanied by two crewed fighters, whose role is to shoot it down if it malfunctions.
Among the 37 or so UAVs detailed in the "US Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030" (http://tinyurl.com/ozv78 - 9MB PDF), two projects demonstrated in 2004 - the Boeing X45a and the Northrop Grumman X47a (both uncannily similar to the Stealth fighter) - are listed as Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems. A similar project, the Cormorant, which can be launched from a submerged submarine, can be used by special forces for ground support. A close reading of the UAV Systems Roadmap shows the startling progress the US has already made in this field, with systems ranging from fighters to helicopters and propeller driven missiles called Long Guns on display.
Ethical debate
But if this is the beginning of the end of humanity's presence on the battlefield, it merits an ethical debate that the military and its weapons designers are shying away from. Neither of the documents detailing the US military robot plans, for example, mentions the Geneva Convention which sets out the treatment in wartime of the sick, wounded, civilians and prisoners.
Reacting to claims that the deployment of the Talon systems in Iraq and Afghanistan was not fair, Foster-Miller replied that the war on terror was not a fair fight anyway. "These robots will continue to evolve," says Bob Quinn, general manager at Foster-Miller. "The concept now is to introduce a range of human sensors, so that we can convey the impression to the operator that they are actually there, so that they can talk, smell and see. The thinking is that it is very important to have people involved in the loop."
In the fog of battle, some UAVs have already fired on their own side. With the increasing likelihood of more autonomous systems being deployed, some US generals have also raised concerns about the reliability of software and its vulnerability to hacking and viruses, pointing out that a rogue robot could inflict considerable damage on humans on its own side in a battle.
For the FCS project is far more than the use of robots. It also involves the creation of a hugely complex, distributed mobile computer network on to a battlefield with huge numbers of drones supplying nodes and communication points in an environment under continual attack.
For the military, a hacker taking over any part of the FCS is its worst nightmare - and a prospect the US has actively examined. In the mid-90s, hackers from the US Air Force Information Warfare Centre managed to take over the cruise missile system on a US Navy missile frigate, and stray mentions of other covert hacking operations occasionally surface in US military publications. In 1999, one US military source told Aviation Week and Space Technology that "Air Combat Command has been conducting a lot of information warfare activity. By that I mean getting into their computer system and screwing it up. We're trying to use that capability. By getting into the microwave net, you can insert viruses and deceptive computer communications." It's a technique that other US soldiers say was honed against the Serbians during the recent conflicts in the Balkans: "False messages and targets were injected into Yugoslavia's complex computer integrated air defence system."
In fact, cyberspace has been a recognised domain for war by the Air Force since last December; and next month Air Force commanders will meet in Washington to discuss the development of a Cyber Command to "deliver sovereign options for the defense of the United States and its global interests - to fly and fight in air, space and cyberspace."
But for generals seeking the certainty of destruction, hacking isn't enough. They want a more concrete back-up; as a result work is now been carried out on futuristic microwave weapons including High Emission Radio Frequency guns, which can knock out individual systems, and the Electromagnetic Pulse, which can be used to knock out a country's electronic infrastructure.
That could take the debate into much deeper territory, says Peter Zimmerman, professor of science and security at the Department of War Studies at King's College in London.
"Sir Arthur C Clarke once wrote a short story about a group of scientists who built a galaxy-wide computer and then asked it whether there was a God," Zimmerman recalls. "The computer fused its power supply into the 'on' position and then told them: 'there is now' - and that's the question that we really need to be thinking about with these systems."
However, the Pentagon is not keen to address the problem, says John Pike, director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists. "There is a difference between soldiers and soldiers in the movies. On the battlefield, half of the soldiers don't aim their weapons at people because they don't want to hurt them or they don't want to give them cause to hurt them. The robots that are under development can sense, direct and fire dispassionately and are being pointed by people who don't have to worry about being shot at."
The introduction of robot forces, he says, "is raising some very difficult issues that the DoD has not thought through, and those are about hearts and minds. Warfare until now has been about the sacrifice of blood or treasure and the US has chosen to sacrifice treasure to avoid body bags."
The Pentagon declined to answer questions about the issues raised by the use of robots, saying that the department would "be happy to discuss particular weapons systems under development rather than theoretical issues".
But Peter Singer, director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institute, who is an expert on FCS, says that the DoD and other states developing robots will have to address the issue in time. "At the moment we have cubicle warriors sitting a long way away from the action, and in the future we will have completely robot systems," he says. "How the use of those will be reported on al-Jazeera will be interesting to see.
"I think we will see people in al-Qaida pointing out that these are people too cowardly to fight out in the open. In the event of a robot system destroying a hospital in a situation similar to the cruise missile strike in Baghdad, the reaction will be more than interesting. This is a very historic period; we are now determining who will fight wars in the future and how we will fight them. The human monopoly on war is being broken. Science fiction has now become science reality and we are changing the rules of the game. It's something we have to discuss and it's better we talk now than afterwards."
Even though the Pentagon does not want to talk just now, the introduction of robots has already begun one upheaval: a re-evaluation of how it awards medals. After all, should robots' operators receive combat service medals for battles at which they were not physically present?
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F
未来战斗系统
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转至： 导航、 搜索
未来战斗系统 （Future Combat Systems，FCS）是美国陆军之前发展的现代化项目。
FCS 共有十四个单独的子系统，包括：
无人值守地面传感器 （Unattended Ground Sensors，UGS)
非瞄准线发射系统 （Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System，NLOS-LS)
无人飞行器 （Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，UAV)两款
小型无人地面车 （Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle，SUGV）两款
多功能功用／后勤和装备载具 （Multifunctional Utility Logistics Equipment，MULE)
有人地面载具 （Manned Ground Vehicle，MGV)八款
联系所有这些子系统的网络 （14+1)，以及士兵本身 （14+1+1)
该项目已于2009年4月宣布取消，验证成果转至旅级战斗队现代化计划（Brigade Combat Teams Modernization Plan）继续发展。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems
Future Combat Systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Future Combat Systems logo
Future Combat Systems (FCS) was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009.[1] Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network. In April and May 2009, Pentagon and army officials announced that the FCS vehicle-development effort would be cancelled. The rest of the FCS effort would be swept into a new, pan-army program called the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program.[2]
| Contents |
FCS timeline (click to view)
As planned, FCS included the network; unattended ground sensors (UGS); unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); unmanned ground vehicles; and the eight manned ground vehicles.
The Boeing Company and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) worked together as the lead systems integrator, coordinating more than 550 contractors and subcontractors in 41 states.[3]
A spiral model was planned for FCS development and upgrades. As of 2004, FCS was in the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase, which included four two-year spirals. Spiral 1 was to begin fielding in Fiscal Year 2008 and consist of prototypes for use and evaluation. Following successful evaluation, production and fielding of Spiral 2 would have commenced in 2010. The evaluation was conducted by the Army Evaluation Task Force (AETF), previously known as Evaluation Brigade Combat Team (EBCT), stationed in Fort Bliss. As of December 2007, AETF consisted of 1,000 soldiers from the 1st Armored Division.[3]
In August 2005, the program met 100% of the criteria in its most important milestone to date, Systems of Systems Functional Review.[4] On October 5, 2005, Pentagon team recommended "further delaying the Army's Future Combat Systems program" in light of the costs of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, and expected declines in future budgets.[5]
The Pentagon announced plans in January 2006 to cut $236 million over five years from the $25 billion FCS 2007-2011 budget. The entire program was expected to cost $340 billion.[6] As of late December 2006, funding was scaled back for critical elements of the overall FCS battlespace, and the most advanced elements were deferred.
The program had completed about one-third of its development as of 2008, which had been planned to run through 2030. Technical field tests began in 2008. The first combat brigade equipped with FCS had been expected to roll out around 2015, followed by full production to equip up to 15 brigades by 2030.[7] However, the program had not met the initial 2004 plan of fielding the first FCS-equipped unit in 2008.[8]
On April 6, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates announced plans to cut FCS spending as part of a shift toward spending more on counter-terrorism and less to prepare for conventional warfare against large states like China and Russia.[9] This included, but was not limited to, cancelling the series of Manned Ground Vehicles.[10]
In May 2009, the proposed DoD budget for fiscal year 2010 has minimal funding for Manned Ground Vehicles research.[11] The Army plans to restart from the beginning on manned ground vehicles.[12] The service is to restructure FCS so more Army units will be supported.[2][13]
The DoD released a memorandum on 23 June 2009 that cancelled the Future Combat Systems program and replaced it with separate programs under the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization umbrella to meet the Army's plans.[14]
SubsystemsActive SubsystemsThe following subsystems were swept into the Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program:
- FCS Network
- Future Force Warrior
- Vehicles
- Manned Ground Vehicles (canceled along with FCS superseded with the Ground Combat Vehicle program)
- XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV)
- XM1202 Mounted Combat System (MCS)
- XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C)
- XM1204 Non-Line-of-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M)
- XM1205 Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV)
- XM1206 Infantry Carrier Vehicle (ICV)
- XM1207 Medical Vehicle-Evacuation (MV-E)
- XM1208 Medical Vehicle-Treatment (MV-T)
- XM1209 Command and Control Vehicle (C2V)
- Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment vehicle (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- XM1219 ARV
- XM1218 Countermine
- XM1217 Transport
- XM1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV) (swept into BCT Modernization)
- XM156 Class I Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- Class II UAVs for Companies (canceled early on)
- Class III UAVs for Battalions (canceled early on)
- XM157 Class IV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- Devices
- XM1100: Intelligent Munitions System
- XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- AN/PSW-2 Common System Controller (CC)
- Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) prototype in 2009
兰德公司的报告，题为 未来战斗系统项目的经验教训
瞄了一眼，有300多页，好像比较具体。
Lessons from the Army’s Future Combat Systems Program
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1206.pdf
这是英国卫报2006年的一篇文章
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/oct/26/guardianweeklytechnologysection.robots
Launching a new kind of warfare
Robot vehicles are increasingly taking a role on the battlefield - but their deployment raises moral and philosophical as well as technical questions, says Pete Warren
Pete Warren
The Guardian, Thursday 26 October 2006
The following correction was printed in the Guardian's Corrections and clarifications column on Wednesday November 1 2006
In the report below we describe John Pike as "director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists". He has not held that position for some years. He is the founder and director of GlobalSecurity.org
In November 2004, during the second battle of Fallujah, an American uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) - a robot plane - located a mortar battery that had been hampering the US operation to retake the town.The mortar's position was logged by the UAV's operator, who was sitting at his desk in Nellis Air Force base near Las Vegas, thousands of miles away. Using the internet, the operator contacted the operator of another armed UAV at a desk in central command ("Centcom") - a safe area away from the theatre of war, with centres in Kuwait, Qutar or Iraq.
The two operators swapped information on the mortar in a secure internet chat room, guiding the armed drone to its position to destroy the mortar and its crew.
According to Lieutenant General John Sattler, commander of the coalition forces at the battle, it was a proving ground for the use of remote vehicles. "We learned that UAVs can provide the coordinates required for artillery as well as aviation [targeting]. Our UAVs gave us the grid coordinates of an enemy position and allowed us to clear the area for fires and estimate collateral damage," says Sattler.
The new remote-controlled technology was also tested in 2001 in the Tora Bora caves in Afghanistan, close to the Pakistan border, believed to be the last stronghold for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida fighters. Sending soldiers into the caves to try to capture fighters inside would carry huge risks. Instead, the US sent in armed Talon reconnaissance drones - small tanks equipped with camera and sensing equipment, and armed with anything from a sniper's rifle to rocket launchers. They were used to identify caves and positions held by al-Qaida.
Information gleaned from the Talons was used to direct what rapidly became a mopping-up operation - although bin Laden was not caught.
But that is only the beginning. By 2015, the US Department of Defense plans that one third of its fighting strength will be composed of robots, part of a $127bn (£68bn) project known as Future Combat Systems (FCS), a transformation that is part of the largest technology project in American history.
到2015年，美国防部计划三分之一的作战力量将由机器人构成，这是一项价值1270亿美元的，名为未来战斗系统 Future Combat Systems (FCS) 的项目一部分。。。
The US army has already developed around 20 remotely controlled Unmanned Ground Systems that can be controlled by a laptop from around a mile away, and the US Navy and US Air Force are working on a similar number of systems with varying ranges. According to a US general quoted in the US Army's Joint Robotics Program Master Plan (http://tinyurl.com/yl7s52 - 13.8MB PDF), "what we're doing with unmanned ground and air vehicles is really bringing movies like Star Wars to reality". The US military has 2,500 uncrewed systems deployed in conflicts around the world. But is it Star Wars or I, Robot that the US is bringing to reality? By 2035, the plan is for the first completely autonomous robot soldiers to stride on to the battlefield.
The US is not alone. Around the globe, 32 countries are now working on the development of uncrewed systems. In the UK, Qinetiq, the former Defence Research Agency which owns Foster-Miller, manufacturers of the Talon system, confirmed that it has developed remote bulldozers and earthmovers and that its technology could also be installed in tanks - and scientists at Qinetiq told the Guardian two years ago that it had built a robot fighter plane. When flown on test flights, they said, the fighter is accompanied by two crewed fighters, whose role is to shoot it down if it malfunctions.
Among the 37 or so UAVs detailed in the "US Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030" (http://tinyurl.com/ozv78 - 9MB PDF), two projects demonstrated in 2004 - the Boeing X45a and the Northrop Grumman X47a (both uncannily similar to the Stealth fighter) - are listed as Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems. A similar project, the Cormorant, which can be launched from a submerged submarine, can be used by special forces for ground support. A close reading of the UAV Systems Roadmap shows the startling progress the US has already made in this field, with systems ranging from fighters to helicopters and propeller driven missiles called Long Guns on display.
Ethical debate
But if this is the beginning of the end of humanity's presence on the battlefield, it merits an ethical debate that the military and its weapons designers are shying away from. Neither of the documents detailing the US military robot plans, for example, mentions the Geneva Convention which sets out the treatment in wartime of the sick, wounded, civilians and prisoners.
Reacting to claims that the deployment of the Talon systems in Iraq and Afghanistan was not fair, Foster-Miller replied that the war on terror was not a fair fight anyway. "These robots will continue to evolve," says Bob Quinn, general manager at Foster-Miller. "The concept now is to introduce a range of human sensors, so that we can convey the impression to the operator that they are actually there, so that they can talk, smell and see. The thinking is that it is very important to have people involved in the loop."
In the fog of battle, some UAVs have already fired on their own side. With the increasing likelihood of more autonomous systems being deployed, some US generals have also raised concerns about the reliability of software and its vulnerability to hacking and viruses, pointing out that a rogue robot could inflict considerable damage on humans on its own side in a battle.
For the FCS project is far more than the use of robots. It also involves the creation of a hugely complex, distributed mobile computer network on to a battlefield with huge numbers of drones supplying nodes and communication points in an environment under continual attack.
For the military, a hacker taking over any part of the FCS is its worst nightmare - and a prospect the US has actively examined. In the mid-90s, hackers from the US Air Force Information Warfare Centre managed to take over the cruise missile system on a US Navy missile frigate, and stray mentions of other covert hacking operations occasionally surface in US military publications. In 1999, one US military source told Aviation Week and Space Technology that "Air Combat Command has been conducting a lot of information warfare activity. By that I mean getting into their computer system and screwing it up. We're trying to use that capability. By getting into the microwave net, you can insert viruses and deceptive computer communications." It's a technique that other US soldiers say was honed against the Serbians during the recent conflicts in the Balkans: "False messages and targets were injected into Yugoslavia's complex computer integrated air defence system."
In fact, cyberspace has been a recognised domain for war by the Air Force since last December; and next month Air Force commanders will meet in Washington to discuss the development of a Cyber Command to "deliver sovereign options for the defense of the United States and its global interests - to fly and fight in air, space and cyberspace."
But for generals seeking the certainty of destruction, hacking isn't enough. They want a more concrete back-up; as a result work is now been carried out on futuristic microwave weapons including High Emission Radio Frequency guns, which can knock out individual systems, and the Electromagnetic Pulse, which can be used to knock out a country's electronic infrastructure.
That could take the debate into much deeper territory, says Peter Zimmerman, professor of science and security at the Department of War Studies at King's College in London.
"Sir Arthur C Clarke once wrote a short story about a group of scientists who built a galaxy-wide computer and then asked it whether there was a God," Zimmerman recalls. "The computer fused its power supply into the 'on' position and then told them: 'there is now' - and that's the question that we really need to be thinking about with these systems."
However, the Pentagon is not keen to address the problem, says John Pike, director of global security and spokesman for the Federation of American Scientists. "There is a difference between soldiers and soldiers in the movies. On the battlefield, half of the soldiers don't aim their weapons at people because they don't want to hurt them or they don't want to give them cause to hurt them. The robots that are under development can sense, direct and fire dispassionately and are being pointed by people who don't have to worry about being shot at."
The introduction of robot forces, he says, "is raising some very difficult issues that the DoD has not thought through, and those are about hearts and minds. Warfare until now has been about the sacrifice of blood or treasure and the US has chosen to sacrifice treasure to avoid body bags."
The Pentagon declined to answer questions about the issues raised by the use of robots, saying that the department would "be happy to discuss particular weapons systems under development rather than theoretical issues".
But Peter Singer, director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institute, who is an expert on FCS, says that the DoD and other states developing robots will have to address the issue in time. "At the moment we have cubicle warriors sitting a long way away from the action, and in the future we will have completely robot systems," he says. "How the use of those will be reported on al-Jazeera will be interesting to see.
"I think we will see people in al-Qaida pointing out that these are people too cowardly to fight out in the open. In the event of a robot system destroying a hospital in a situation similar to the cruise missile strike in Baghdad, the reaction will be more than interesting. This is a very historic period; we are now determining who will fight wars in the future and how we will fight them. The human monopoly on war is being broken. Science fiction has now become science reality and we are changing the rules of the game. It's something we have to discuss and it's better we talk now than afterwards."
Even though the Pentagon does not want to talk just now, the introduction of robots has already begun one upheaval: a re-evaluation of how it awards medals. After all, should robots' operators receive combat service medals for battles at which they were not physically present?
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F
未来战斗系统
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转至： 导航、 搜索
未来战斗系统 （Future Combat Systems，FCS）是美国陆军之前发展的现代化项目。
FCS 共有十四个单独的子系统，包括：
无人值守地面传感器 （Unattended Ground Sensors，UGS)
非瞄准线发射系统 （Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System，NLOS-LS)
无人飞行器 （Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，UAV)两款
小型无人地面车 （Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle，SUGV）两款
多功能功用／后勤和装备载具 （Multifunctional Utility Logistics Equipment，MULE)
有人地面载具 （Manned Ground Vehicle，MGV)八款
联系所有这些子系统的网络 （14+1)，以及士兵本身 （14+1+1)
该项目已于2009年4月宣布取消，验证成果转至旅级战斗队现代化计划（Brigade Combat Teams Modernization Plan）继续发展。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems
Future Combat Systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Future Combat Systems logo
Future Combat Systems (FCS) was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009.[1] Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network. In April and May 2009, Pentagon and army officials announced that the FCS vehicle-development effort would be cancelled. The rest of the FCS effort would be swept into a new, pan-army program called the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program.[2]
Contents
Development history
FCS timeline (click to view)
As planned, FCS included the network; unattended ground sensors (UGS); unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); unmanned ground vehicles; and the eight manned ground vehicles.
The Boeing Company and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) worked together as the lead systems integrator, coordinating more than 550 contractors and subcontractors in 41 states.[3]
A spiral model was planned for FCS development and upgrades. As of 2004, FCS was in the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase, which included four two-year spirals. Spiral 1 was to begin fielding in Fiscal Year 2008 and consist of prototypes for use and evaluation. Following successful evaluation, production and fielding of Spiral 2 would have commenced in 2010. The evaluation was conducted by the Army Evaluation Task Force (AETF), previously known as Evaluation Brigade Combat Team (EBCT), stationed in Fort Bliss. As of December 2007, AETF consisted of 1,000 soldiers from the 1st Armored Division.[3]
In August 2005, the program met 100% of the criteria in its most important milestone to date, Systems of Systems Functional Review.[4] On October 5, 2005, Pentagon team recommended "further delaying the Army's Future Combat Systems program" in light of the costs of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, and expected declines in future budgets.[5]
The Pentagon announced plans in January 2006 to cut $236 million over five years from the $25 billion FCS 2007-2011 budget. The entire program was expected to cost $340 billion.[6] As of late December 2006, funding was scaled back for critical elements of the overall FCS battlespace, and the most advanced elements were deferred.
The program had completed about one-third of its development as of 2008, which had been planned to run through 2030. Technical field tests began in 2008. The first combat brigade equipped with FCS had been expected to roll out around 2015, followed by full production to equip up to 15 brigades by 2030.[7] However, the program had not met the initial 2004 plan of fielding the first FCS-equipped unit in 2008.[8]
On April 6, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates announced plans to cut FCS spending as part of a shift toward spending more on counter-terrorism and less to prepare for conventional warfare against large states like China and Russia.[9] This included, but was not limited to, cancelling the series of Manned Ground Vehicles.[10]
In May 2009, the proposed DoD budget for fiscal year 2010 has minimal funding for Manned Ground Vehicles research.[11] The Army plans to restart from the beginning on manned ground vehicles.[12] The service is to restructure FCS so more Army units will be supported.[2][13]
The DoD released a memorandum on 23 June 2009 that cancelled the Future Combat Systems program and replaced it with separate programs under the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization umbrella to meet the Army's plans.[14]
SubsystemsActive SubsystemsThe following subsystems were swept into the Brigade Combat Team Modernization Program:
- FCS Network
- Future Force Warrior
- Vehicles
- Manned Ground Vehicles (canceled along with FCS superseded with the Ground Combat Vehicle program)
- XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV)
- XM1202 Mounted Combat System (MCS)
- XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C)
- XM1204 Non-Line-of-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M)
- XM1205 Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV)
- XM1206 Infantry Carrier Vehicle (ICV)
- XM1207 Medical Vehicle-Evacuation (MV-E)
- XM1208 Medical Vehicle-Treatment (MV-T)
- XM1209 Command and Control Vehicle (C2V)
- Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment vehicle (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- XM1219 ARV
- XM1218 Countermine
- XM1217 Transport
- XM1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV) (swept into BCT Modernization)
- XM156 Class I Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- Class II UAVs for Companies (canceled early on)
- Class III UAVs for Battalions (canceled early on)
- XM157 Class IV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- Devices
- XM1100: Intelligent Munitions System
- XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
- AN/PSW-2 Common System Controller (CC)
- Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) (swept into BCT Modernization and subsequently canceled)
XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) prototype in 2009
兰德公司的报告，题为 未来战斗系统项目的经验教训
瞄了一眼，有300多页，好像比较具体。
Lessons from the Army’s Future Combat Systems Program
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1206.pdf
不懂地方话的人飘过~~~~~~ 话说乃就不能翻译一下咩！
明显这是在探索未来陆军的发展方向。
只是到底投入有多大，进展怎么样，这还得谨慎围观
只是到底投入有多大，进展怎么样，这还得谨慎围观
嗯，软实力已被扒得光腚；只能加强硬实力的建设了。
也就是说这1270亿是FCS项目的总投资，并不是全部用于研制机器人?
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/fcs.htm
There are four major components of FCS - Manned Ground Vehicles, Unmanned Systems, FCS Network, and Soldiers. The Manned Ground Vehicles (MGVs) consists of 8 platforms. The Unmanned Systems include Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Unattended Systems, and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV).
该FCS计划貌似结束了或者说改头换面了？
http://forum.defence.org.cn/viewthread.php?tid=24888
维基百科也这么说
也就是说这1270亿是FCS项目的总投资，并不是全部用于研制机器人?
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/fcs.htm
There are four major components of FCS - Manned Ground Vehicles, Unmanned Systems, FCS Network, and Soldiers. The Manned Ground Vehicles (MGVs) consists of 8 platforms. The Unmanned Systems include Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Unattended Systems, and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV).
该FCS计划貌似结束了或者说改头换面了？
http://forum.defence.org.cn/viewthread.php?tid=24888
维基百科也这么说
原来UAV也算进去了啊
我隐隐赶脚这是MD精心打造的鳖版星球大战
当兔子的智商都是毛子呢
当兔子的智商都是毛子呢加勒比小海带 发表于 2013-7-15 14:16
我隐隐赶脚这是MD精心打造的鳖版星球大战当兔子的智商都是毛子呢
忽悠！接着忽悠！
我隐隐赶脚这是MD精心打造的鳖版星球大战当兔子的智商都是毛子呢
忽悠！接着忽悠！
地面无人装置不等于高达，很多人理解的“机器人”一定要有手有脚才牛X，这属于看好莱坞科幻电影看多了留下后遗症。
真正的地面战斗机器人最有可能的外形是一辆外形低矮、有8个、6个轮子或者机械足可以适应各种地形甚至可以垂直爬壁的智能化小坦克。
地面无人装置不等于高达，很多人理解的“机器人”一定要有手有脚才牛X，这属于看好莱坞科幻电影看多了留下后遗症。
真正的地面战斗机器人最有可能的外形是一辆外形低矮、有8个、6个轮子或者机械足可以适应各种地形甚至可以垂直爬壁的智能化小坦克。
刚开始的新闻强调的就是“人形机器人” 高1.9米。。。
华盛顿红军 发表于 2013-7-15 14:27
地面无人装置不等于高达，很多人理解的“机器人”一定要有手有脚才牛X，这属于看好莱坞科幻电影看多了留下 ...
搬运个维基页面佐证下
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot
Military robot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
![]()
![]()
Gladiator unmanned ground vehicle
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices designed for military applications.
Such systems are currently being researched by a number of militaries.
Contents
History![]()
![]()
Soviet TT-26 teletank, February 1940
![]()
![]()
British soldiers with captured German Goliath remote-controlled demolition vehicles (Battle of Normandy, 1944)
![]()
![]()
Armed Predator drone
Broadly defined, military robots date back to World War II and the Cold War in the form of the German Goliath tracked mines and the Soviet teletanks. The MQ-1 Predator drone was when "CIA officers began to see the first practical returns on their decade-old fantasy of using aerial robots to collect intelligence".[1]
The use of robots in warfare, although traditionally a topic for science fiction, is being researched as a possible future means of fighting wars. Already several military robots have been developed by various armies.
Some believe the future of modern warfare will be fought by automated weapons systems.[2] The U.S. Military is investing heavily in research and development towards testing and deploying increasingly automated systems. The most prominent system currently in use is the unmanned aerial vehicle (IAI Pioneer & RQ-1 Predator) which can be armed with Air-to-ground missiles and remotely operated from a command center in reconnaissance roles. DARPA has hosted competitions in 2004 & 2005 to involve private companies and universities to develop unmanned ground vehicles to navigate through rough terrain in the Mojave Desert for a final prize of $2 Million.[3]
The field of artillery has also seen some promising research with an experimental weapons system named "Dragon Fire II" which automates the loading and ballistics calculations required for accurate predicted fire, providing a 12 second response time to fire support requests. However, weapons of warfare have one limitation in becoming fully autonomous: they require human input at certain intervention points to ensure that targets are not within restricted fire areas as defined by Geneva Conventions for the laws of war.
There have been some developments towards developing autonomous fighter jets and bombers.[4] The use of autonomous fighters and bombers to destroy enemy targets is especially promising because of the lack of training required for robotic pilots, autonomous planes are capable of performing maneuvers which could not otherwise be done with human pilots (due to high amount of G-Force), plane designs do not require a life support system, and a loss of a plane does not mean a loss of a pilot. However, the largest draw back to robotics is their inability to accommodate for non-standard conditions. Advances in artificial intelligence in the near future may help to rectify this.
ExamplesIn current use![]()
![]()
Foster-Miller TALON SWORDS units equipped with various weaponry
In development![]()
![]()
The Armed Robotic Vehicle variant of the MULE. Photo courtesy of U.S. Army.
Effects and impactAdvantagesMajor Kenneth Rose of the US Army's Training and Doctrine Command outlined some of the advantages of robotic technology in warfare:[13] "Machines don't get tired. They don't close their eyes. They don't hide under trees when it rains and they don't talk to their buddies ... A human's attention to detail on guard duty drops dramatically in the first 30 minutes ... Machines know no fear."
Increasing attention is also paid to how to make the robots more autonomous, with a view of eventually allowing them to operate on their own for extended periods of time, possibly behind enemy lines. For such functions, systems like the Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot are being tried, which is intended to gain its own energy by foraging for plant matter.
Potential risksIn 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference to discuss the impact of the hypothetical possibility that robots and computers could become self-sufficient and able to make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard. They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved cockroach intelligence.
Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.[14] The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.[15][16]
In fictional mediaMain article: List of military robots in fictional media
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8 ... F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA
军用机器人 维基百科，自由的百科全书
![]()
![]()
苏维埃TT-26teletank，1940年2月摄
军用机器人（英语：Military robots）是为军事用途而设计的自主机器人或遥控装置。
该系统目前一些军队正在研究中。
历史![]()
![]()
英国士兵补获德国Goliath 远控毁坏载具(诺曼底战役，1944年摄)
![]()
![]()
Armed Predator drone.
广义来说，军用机器人可追溯至第二次世界大战与冷战，分别成形于德国的Goliath tracked mine与苏维埃的teletank。
战争中对机器人的应用，尽管传统上属于科幻小说中的主题，然而已正在研究做为作战中一种未来可能的手段。已有数种军用机器人于各军队中开发出来。
有一些人相信现代战争的未来将以自动武器系统来作战[1]。
实例开发中![]()
![]()
Foster-Miller TALON的实战版“刀剑”。
![]()
![]()
波士顿机械狗
效果与影响优点潜在风险2009年，学者与技术专家出席一场会议进行讨论，假设机器人与电脑拥有自给自足与独立思考时，所带来可能性的影响。
一些专家与学者质疑军事作战方面对机器人的应用，尤其当这些机器人被赐予某种程度的自动机能时[4]。
地面无人装置不等于高达，很多人理解的“机器人”一定要有手有脚才牛X，这属于看好莱坞科幻电影看多了留下 ...
搬运个维基页面佐证下
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot
Military robot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gladiator unmanned ground vehicle
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices designed for military applications.
Such systems are currently being researched by a number of militaries.
Contents
History
Soviet TT-26 teletank, February 1940
British soldiers with captured German Goliath remote-controlled demolition vehicles (Battle of Normandy, 1944)
Armed Predator drone
Broadly defined, military robots date back to World War II and the Cold War in the form of the German Goliath tracked mines and the Soviet teletanks. The MQ-1 Predator drone was when "CIA officers began to see the first practical returns on their decade-old fantasy of using aerial robots to collect intelligence".[1]
The use of robots in warfare, although traditionally a topic for science fiction, is being researched as a possible future means of fighting wars. Already several military robots have been developed by various armies.
Some believe the future of modern warfare will be fought by automated weapons systems.[2] The U.S. Military is investing heavily in research and development towards testing and deploying increasingly automated systems. The most prominent system currently in use is the unmanned aerial vehicle (IAI Pioneer & RQ-1 Predator) which can be armed with Air-to-ground missiles and remotely operated from a command center in reconnaissance roles. DARPA has hosted competitions in 2004 & 2005 to involve private companies and universities to develop unmanned ground vehicles to navigate through rough terrain in the Mojave Desert for a final prize of $2 Million.[3]
The field of artillery has also seen some promising research with an experimental weapons system named "Dragon Fire II" which automates the loading and ballistics calculations required for accurate predicted fire, providing a 12 second response time to fire support requests. However, weapons of warfare have one limitation in becoming fully autonomous: they require human input at certain intervention points to ensure that targets are not within restricted fire areas as defined by Geneva Conventions for the laws of war.
There have been some developments towards developing autonomous fighter jets and bombers.[4] The use of autonomous fighters and bombers to destroy enemy targets is especially promising because of the lack of training required for robotic pilots, autonomous planes are capable of performing maneuvers which could not otherwise be done with human pilots (due to high amount of G-Force), plane designs do not require a life support system, and a loss of a plane does not mean a loss of a pilot. However, the largest draw back to robotics is their inability to accommodate for non-standard conditions. Advances in artificial intelligence in the near future may help to rectify this.
ExamplesIn current use
Foster-Miller TALON SWORDS units equipped with various weaponry
- DRDO Daksh
- Goalkeeper CIWS
- Guardium [5]
- PackBot
- MARCbot
- RQ-9 Predator B
- RQ-1 Predator
- TALON
- Samsung SGR-A1 [6]
- Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (used by the United States Marine Corps)
In development
The Armed Robotic Vehicle variant of the MULE. Photo courtesy of U.S. Army.
- US Mechatronics has produced a working automated sentry gun and is currently developing it further for commercial and military use.
- MIDARS, a four-wheeled robot outfitted with several cameras, radar, and possibly a firearm, that automatically performs random or preprogrammed patrols around a military base or other government installation. It alerts a human overseer when it detects movement in unauthorized areas, or other programmed conditions. The operator can then instruct the robot to ignore the event, or take over remote control to deal with an intruder, or to get better camera views of an emergency. The robot would also regularly scan radio frequency identification tags (RFID) placed on stored inventory as it passed and report any missing items.
- Tactical Autonomous Combatant (TAC) units, described in Project Alpha study 'Unmanned Effects: Taking the Human out of the Loop'[7]
- Autonomous Rotorcraft Sniper System is an experimental robotic weapons system being developed by the U.S. Army since 2005.[8][9] It consists of a remotely operated sniper rifle attached to an unmanned autonomous helicopter.[10] It is intended for use in urban combat or for several other missions requiring snipers.[11] Flight tests are scheduled to begin in Summer 2009.[8]
- The "Mobile Autonomous Robot Software" research program was started in December 2003 by the Pentagon who purchased 15 Segways in an attempt to develop more advanced military robots.[12] The program was part of a $26 million Pentagon program to develop software for autonomous systems.[12]
- ACER
- BigDog
- Dassault nEUROn (French UCAV)
- Dragon Runner
- MATILDA
- MULE (US UGV)
- R-Gator
- Ripsaw MS1 [1]
- SUGV
- Syrano
- iRobot Warrior
- PETMAN
- Excalibur unmanned aerial vehicle
Effects and impactAdvantagesMajor Kenneth Rose of the US Army's Training and Doctrine Command outlined some of the advantages of robotic technology in warfare:[13] "Machines don't get tired. They don't close their eyes. They don't hide under trees when it rains and they don't talk to their buddies ... A human's attention to detail on guard duty drops dramatically in the first 30 minutes ... Machines know no fear."
Increasing attention is also paid to how to make the robots more autonomous, with a view of eventually allowing them to operate on their own for extended periods of time, possibly behind enemy lines. For such functions, systems like the Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot are being tried, which is intended to gain its own energy by foraging for plant matter.
Potential risksIn 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference to discuss the impact of the hypothetical possibility that robots and computers could become self-sufficient and able to make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard. They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved cockroach intelligence.
Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.[14] The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.[15][16]
In fictional mediaMain article: List of military robots in fictional media
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8 ... F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA
军用机器人 维基百科，自由的百科全书
苏维埃TT-26teletank，1940年2月摄
军用机器人（英语：Military robots）是为军事用途而设计的自主机器人或遥控装置。
该系统目前一些军队正在研究中。
历史
英国士兵补获德国Goliath 远控毁坏载具(诺曼底战役，1944年摄)
Armed Predator drone.
广义来说，军用机器人可追溯至第二次世界大战与冷战，分别成形于德国的Goliath tracked mine与苏维埃的teletank。
战争中对机器人的应用，尽管传统上属于科幻小说中的主题，然而已正在研究做为作战中一种未来可能的手段。已有数种军用机器人于各军队中开发出来。
有一些人相信现代战争的未来将以自动武器系统来作战[1]。
实例开发中
Foster-Miller TALON的实战版“刀剑”。
波士顿机械狗
- 波士顿机械狗
- DRDO Daksh
- 守门员近迫武器系统
- Guardium [2]
- PackBot
- MARCbot
- MQ-9 收割者侦察机
- MQ-1 捕食者侦察机
- TALON
- Samsung SGR-A1 [3]
- Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (used by the United States Marine Corps)
效果与影响优点潜在风险2009年，学者与技术专家出席一场会议进行讨论，假设机器人与电脑拥有自给自足与独立思考时，所带来可能性的影响。
一些专家与学者质疑军事作战方面对机器人的应用，尤其当这些机器人被赐予某种程度的自动机能时[4]。